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1

Alderton, Gemma. "The neural substrate of memory." Science 367, no. 6473 (2020): 36.9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6473.36-i.

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2

FRIEDMAN, ERNEST H. "Neural Substrate of Empathic Communication." American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 6 (1989): 817—a—817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.6.817-a.

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3

Abdul Sahli, Fakharudin, Zainol Norazwina, and Dzulkefli Noor Athirah. "Application of Artificial Neural Network to Improve Pleurotus sp. Cultivation Modelling." MATEC Web of Conferences 255 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925502010.

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Mathematical modelling for nitrogen concentration in mycelium (N) during Pleurotus sp. cultivation had successfully been produced using multiple linear regression. Two different substrates were used to cultivate the Pleurotus sp. which were empty palm fruit bunch (EFB) and sugarcane bagasse (SB). Both substrates were collected and prepared as the selected factors which were type of substrate (SB - A and EFB - B), size of substrates (0.5 cm and 2.5 cm), mass ratio of spawn to substrate (SP/SS) (1:10 and 1:14), temperature during spawn running (25°C and ambient) and pre-treatment of substrates (
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4

Morra, J. T. "The Neural Substrate of Disappointment Revealed?" Journal of Neuroscience 27, no. 40 (2007): 10647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3026-07.2007.

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5

KALIVAS, PETER W. "NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF SENSITIZATION TO PSYCHOSTIMULANTS." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 648A—649A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199201001-00335.

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6

Murtha, Susan, Howard Chertkow, Mario Beauregard, and Alan Evans. "The Neural Substrate of Picture Naming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (1999): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563508.

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A PET study of 10 normal males was carried out using the bolus H215O intravenous injection technique to examine the effects of picture naming and semantic judgment on blood flow. In a series of conditions, subjects (1) passively viewed flashing plus signs, (2) noted the occurrence of abstract patterns, (3) named animal pictures, or (4) carried out a semantic judgment on animal pictures. Anticipatory scans were carried out after the subjects were presented with the instructions but before they began the cognitive task, as they were passively viewing plus signs. Our results serve to clarify a nu
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7

Griffiths, T. D. "A neural substrate for musical hallucinosis." Neurocase 3, no. 3 (1997): 167a—172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/3.3.167-a.

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8

Lévesque, Johanne, Yves Joanette, Boualem Mensour, Pierre Bourgouin, and Mario Beauregard. "Neural substrate of sadness in children." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (2001): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91782-3.

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9

Villarreal, Mirta, Esteban A. Fridman, Alejandra Amengual, et al. "The neural substrate of gesture recognition." Neuropsychologia 46, no. 9 (2008): 2371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.004.

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10

Griffiths, T. D., M. C. Jackson, J. A. Spillane, K. J. Friston, and R. S. J. Frackowiak. "A neural substrate for musical hallucinosis." Neurocase 3, no. 3 (1997): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554799708404051.

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11

Kavanau, J. Lee. "Conservative behavioural evolution, the neural substrate." Animal Behaviour 39, no. 4 (1990): 758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80387-2.

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12

Burstein, Rami, and M. Jakubowski. "Neural substrate of depression during migraine." Neurological Sciences 30, S1 (2009): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-009-0061-7.

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13

Kim, Woo Jin, Eun Joo Yang, and Nam-Jong Paik. "Neural Substrate Responsible for Crossed Aphasia." Journal of Korean Medical Science 28, no. 10 (2013): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.10.1529.

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14

Mather, George. "Motion perception: behavior and neural substrate." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2, no. 3 (2010): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.110.

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15

Gilissen, Emmanuel. "Aspects of human language: Where motherese?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (2004): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04340112.

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Human language is a peculiar primate communication tool because of its large neocortical substrate, comparable to the structural substrates of cognitive systems. Although monkey calls and human language rely on different structures, neural substrate for human language emotional coding, prosody, and intonation is already part of nonhuman primate vocalization circuitry. Motherese could be an aspect of language at the crossing or at the origin of communicative and cognitive content.
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16

Giulietti, Nicola, Silvia Discepolo, Paolo Castellini, and Milena Martarelli. "Correction of Substrate Spectral Distortion in Hyper-Spectral Imaging by Neural Network for Blood Stain Characterization." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197311.

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In the recent past, hyper-spectral imaging has found widespread application in forensic science, performing both geometric characterization of biological traces and trace classification by exploiting their spectral emission. Methods proposed in the literature for blood stain analysis have been shown to be effectively limited to collaborative surfaces. This proves to be restrictive in real-case scenarios. The problem of the substrate material and color is then still an open issue for blood stain analysis. This paper presents a novel method for blood spectra correction when contaminated by the i
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17

Djordjević, Katarina Lj, Dragana K. Markushev, Marica N. Popović, et al. "Photoacoustic Characterization of TiO2 Thin-Films Deposited on Silicon Substrate Using Neural Networks." Materials 16, no. 7 (2023): 2865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072865.

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In this paper, the possibility of determining the thermal, elastic and geometric characteristics of a thin TiO2 film deposited on a silicon substrate, with a thickness of 30 μm, in the frequency range of 20 to 20 kHz with neural networks were analysed. For this purpose, the geometric (thickness), thermal (thermal diffusivity, coefficient of linear expansion) and electronic parameters of substrates were known and constant in the two-layer model, while the following nano-layer thin-film parameters were changed: thickness, expansion and thermal diffusivity. Predictions of these three parameters o
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18

Runyan, R. B., G. D. Maxwell, and B. D. Shur. "Evidence for a novel enzymatic mechanism of neural crest cell migration on extracellular glycoconjugate matrices." Journal of Cell Biology 102, no. 2 (1986): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.102.2.432.

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Migrating embryonic cells have high levels of cell surface galactosyltransferase (GalTase) activity. It has been proposed that GalTase participates during migration by recognizing and binding to terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues on glycoconjugates within the extracellular matrix (Shur, B. D., 1982, Dev. Biol. 91:149-162). We tested this hypothesis using migrating neural crest cells as an in vitro model system. Cell surface GalTase activity was perturbed using three independent sets of reagents, and the effects on cell migration were analyzed by time-lapse microphotography. The Gal
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19

Rutten, W. L. C., T. G. Ruardij, E. Marani, and B. H. Roelofsen. "Cultured Neural Networks: Optimization of Patterned Network Adhesiveness and Characterization of their Neural Activity." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 3, no. 1 (2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/251713.

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One type of future, improved neural interface is the “cultured probe”. It is a hybrid type of neural information transducer or prosthesis, for stimulation and/or recording of neural activity. It would consist of a microelectrode array (MEA) on a planar substrate, each electrode being covered and surrounded by a local circularly confined network (“island”) of cultured neurons. The main purpose of the local networks is that they act as biofriendly intermediates for collateral sprouts from thein vivosystem, thus allowing for an effective and selective neuron–electrode interface. As a secondary pu
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20

Greenfield, Patricia M., and Kristen Gillespie-Lynch. "Intersubjectivity evolved to fit the brain, but grammar co-evolved with the brain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 5 (2008): 523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08005141.

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AbstractWe propose that some aspects of language – notably intersubjectivity – evolved to fit the brain, whereas other aspects – notably grammar – co-evolved with the brain. Cladistic analysis indicates that common basic structures of both action and grammar arose in phylogeny six million years ago and in ontogeny before age two, with a shared prefrontal neural substrate. In contrast, mirror neurons, found in both humans and monkeys, suggest that the neural basis for intersubjectivity evolved before language. Natural selection acts upon genes controlling the neural substrates of these phenotyp
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21

Hall, D. E., K. M. Neugebauer, and L. F. Reichardt. "Embryonic neural retinal cell response to extracellular matrix proteins: developmental changes and effects of the cell substratum attachment antibody (CSAT)." Journal of Cell Biology 104, no. 3 (1987): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.104.3.623.

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Cell attachment and neurite outgrowth by embryonic neural retinal cells were measured in separate quantitative assays to define differences in substrate preference and to demonstrate developmentally regulated changes in cellular response to different extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Cells attached to laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV in a concentration-dependent fashion, though fibronectin was less effective for attachment than the other two substrates. Neurite outgrowth was much more extensive on laminin than on fibronectin or collagen IV. These results suggest that different substrate
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22

Chang, S., F. G. Rathjen, and J. A. Raper. "Extension of neurites on axons is impaired by antibodies against specific neural cell surface glycoproteins." Journal of Cell Biology 104, no. 2 (1987): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.104.2.355.

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We have developed an in vitro assay which measures the ability of growth cones to extend on an axonal substrate. Neurite lengths were compared in the presence or absence of monovalent antibodies against specific neural cell surface glycoproteins. Fab fragments of antibodies against the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, have an insignificant effect on the lengths of neurites elongating on either an axonal substrate or a laminin substrate. Fab fragments of polyclonal antibodies against two new neural cell surface antigens, defined by mAb G4 and mAb F11, decrease the lengths of neurites elonga
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23

Saha, Krishanu, Albert J. Keung, Elizabeth F. Irwin, et al. "Substrate Modulus Directs Neural Stem Cell Behavior." Biophysical Journal 95, no. 9 (2008): 4426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.108.132217.

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24

Lin, Zhenglong, Jiajia Yang, Xiujun Li, et al. "Similar neural substrate for font size processing." Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering 04, no. 999 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213385204666160317002045.

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25

Licea-Haquet, G. L., A. Reyes-Aguilar, S. Alcauter, and M. Giordano. "The Neural Substrate of Speech Act Recognition." Neuroscience 471 (September 2021): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.020.

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26

Domi, Esi, Li Xu, Sanne Toivainen, et al. "A neural substrate of compulsive alcohol use." Science Advances 7, no. 34 (2021): eabg9045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg9045.

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Alcohol intake remains controlled in a majority of users but becomes “compulsive,” i.e., continues despite adverse consequences, in a minority who develop alcohol addiction. Here, using a footshock-punished alcohol self-administration procedure, we screened a large population of outbred rats to identify those showing compulsivity operationalized as punishment-resistant self-administration. Using unsupervised clustering, we found that this behavior emerged as a stable trait in a subpopulation of rats and was associated with activity of a brain network that included central nucleus of the amygda
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27

Jung, Sieun, Myungsun Lee, Dong-Yoon Kim, et al. "A forebrain neural substrate for behavioral thermoregulation." Neuron 110, no. 2 (2022): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.039.

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28

Grätsch, Swantje, François Auclair, Olivier Demers, et al. "A Brainstem Neural Substrate for Stopping Locomotion." Journal of Neuroscience 39, no. 6 (2018): 1044–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1992-18.2018.

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29

Cornette, L., P. Dupont, E. Salmon, and Guy A. Orban. "The Neural Substrate of Orientation Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 6 (2001): 813–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290152541476.

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We have used positron emission tomography (PET) to identify the neural substrate of two major cognitive components of working memory (WM), maintenance and manipulation of a single elementary visual attribute, i.e., the orientation of a grating presented in central vision. This approach allowed us to equate difficulty across tasks and prevented subjects from using verbal strategies or vestibular cues. Maintenance of orientations involved a distributed fronto-parietal network, that is, left and right lateral superior frontal sulcus (SFSl), bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), bilat
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30

Goddard, Graham V. "Learning: A step nearer a neural substrate." Nature 319, no. 6056 (1986): 721–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/319721a0.

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31

Shergill, Sukhi S., Lucy A. Cameron, Mick Brammer, Steve Williams, Robin Murray, and Philip McGuire. "Somatic hallucinations in schizophrenia: the neural substrate." NeuroImage 11, no. 5 (2000): S225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91157-1.

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32

Gariepy, J. F., K. Missaghi, S. Chevallier, et al. "Specific neural substrate linking respiration to locomotion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 2 (2011): E84—E92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113002109.

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33

Schultz, W., P. Dayan, and P. R. Montague. "A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward." Science 275, no. 5306 (1997): 1593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5306.1593.

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34

Franklin, K. B. J. "Analgesia and the neural substrate of reward." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 13, no. 2-3 (1989): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(89)80024-7.

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35

Warraich, Zuha, and Jeffrey A. Kleim. "Neural Plasticity: The Biological Substrate For Neurorehabilitation." PM&R 2 (December 2010): S208—S219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.016.

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36

Wilson, V. J., and R. H. Schor. "The neural substrate of the vestibulocollic reflex." Experimental Brain Research 129, no. 4 (1999): 0483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050918.

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37

Rodrı´guez, V., R. Thompson, and J. Duncan. "79. Neural substrate of face conscious perception." Clinical Neurophysiology 119, no. 9 (2008): e119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.04.095.

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38

Nakana, Shun, and Yoshiaki Kikuchi. "Neural Substrate of Unconscious Visuo-Spatial Perception." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 79 (September 22, 2015): 2EV—063–2EV—063. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.79.0_2ev-063.

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39

Modi, R. M., and W. V. Voit. "High-density neural interface on softening substrate." Brain Stimulation 10, no. 2 (2017): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.335.

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40

Clément, Jean-Pierre, Laila Al-Alwan, Stephen D. Glasgow, et al. "Dendritic Polyglycerol Amine: An Enhanced Substrate to Support Long-Term Neural Cell Culture." ASN Neuro 14 (January 2022): 175909142110732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914211073276.

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Long-term stable cell culture is a critical tool to better understand cell function. Most adherent cell culture models require a polymer substrate coating of poly-lysine or poly-ornithine for the cells to adhere and survive. However, polypeptide-based substrates are degraded by proteolysis and it remains a challenge to maintain healthy cell cultures for extended periods of time. Here, we report the development of an enhanced cell culture substrate based on a coating of dendritic polyglycerol amine (dPGA), a non-protein macromolecular biomimetic of poly-lysine, to promote the adhesion and survi
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41

Polyakov, Igor V., Yulia I. Meteleshko, Tatiana I. Mulashkina, Mikhail I. Varentsov, Mikhail A. Krinitskiy, and Maria G. Khrenova. "Substrate Activation Efficiency in Active Sites of Hydrolases Determined by QM/MM Molecular Dynamics and Neural Networks." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 11 (2025): 5097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115097.

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The active sites of enzymes are able to activate substrates and perform chemical reactions that cannot occur in solutions. We focus on the hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by enzymes and initiated by the nucleophilic attack of the substrate’s carbonyl carbon atom. From an electronic structure standpoint, substrate activation can be characterized in terms of the Laplacian of the electron density. This is a simple and easily visible imaging technique that allows one to “visualize” the electrophilic site on the carbonyl carbon atom, which occurs only in the activated species. The efficiency of subs
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42

Sha, Pengxing, Chushu Zhu, Tianran Wang, Peitao Dong, and Xuezhong Wu. "Detection and Identification of Pesticides in Fruits Coupling to an Au–Au Nanorod Array SERS Substrate and RF-1D-CNN Model Analysis." Nanomaterials 14, no. 8 (2024): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14080717.

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In this research, a method was developed for fabricating Au–Au nanorod array substrates through the deposition of large-area Au nanostructures on an Au nanorod array using a galvanic cell reaction. The incorporation of a granular structure enhanced both the number and intensity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) hot spots on the substrate, thereby elevating the SERS performance beyond that of substrates composed solely of an Au nanorod. Calculations using the finite difference time domain method confirmed the generation of a strong electromagnetic field around the nanoparticles. Motiv
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43

Funamizu, Akihiro. "Neural Substrate and Computation for Perceptual Decision Making." Brain & Neural Networks 27, no. 3-4 (2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3902/jnns.27.165.

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44

Stukel, Jessica M., and Rebecca Kuntz Willits. "Mechanotransduction of Neural Cells Through Cell–Substrate Interactions." Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 22, no. 3 (2016): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0380.

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45

Dreher, J. C., and K. F. Berman. "Fractionating the neural substrate of cognitive control processes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 22 (2002): 14595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.222193299.

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46

Chambon, Valerian, Dorit Wenke, Stephen M. Fleming, Wolfgang Prinz, and Patrick Haggard. "An Online Neural Substrate for Sense of Agency." Cerebral Cortex 23, no. 5 (2012): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs059.

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47

Flor, Herta, Werner Mühlnickel, Anke Karl, et al. "A neural substrate for nonpainful phantom limb phenomena." NeuroReport 11, no. 7 (2000): 1407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200005150-00011.

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48

Mcquoid, Malcolm R. J., and Chris H. Dobbyn. "A Dynamic Neural Substrate and Automatic Perception Switching." Connection Science 8, no. 1 (1996): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095400996116956.

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49

Condy, C., S. Rivaud-Pechoux, F. Ostendorf, C. J. Ploner, and B. Gaymard. "Neural substrate of antisaccades: Role of subcortical structures." Neurology 63, no. 9 (2004): 1571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000142990.44979.5a.

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50

Murray, R. M., A. Englund, A. Abi-Dargham, et al. "Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact." Neuropharmacology 124 (September 2017): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018.

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