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Academic literature on the topic 'Neurocognitive Mechanisms'

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Books on the topic "Neurocognitive Mechanisms"

1

NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Changes in Speech and Face Processing in Infancy: a Glimpse at Developmental Mechanisms of Cognition (1992 Carry-le-Rouet, France). Developmental neurocognition: speech and face processing in the first year of life: [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Changes in Speech and Face Processing inInfancy: A Glimpse at Developmental Mechanisms of Cognition]. Kluwer, 1993.

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Piccinini, Gualtiero. Neurocognitive Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866282.001.0001.

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This book provides the foundations for a neurocomputational explanation of cognition based on contemporary cognitive neuroscience. An ontologically egalitarian account of composition and realization, according to which all levels are equally real, is defended. Multiple realizability and mechanisms are explicated in light of this ontologically egalitarian framework. A goal-contribution account of teleological functions is defended, and so is a mechanistic version of functionalism. This provides the foundation for a mechanistic account of computation, which in turn clarifies the ways in which the computational theory of cognition is a multilevel mechanistic theory supported by contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The book argues that cognition is computational at least in a generic sense. The computational theory of cognition is defended from standard objections yet a priori arguments for the computational theory of cognition are rebutted. The book contends that the typical vehicles of neural computations are representations and that, contrary to the received view, neural representations are observable and manipulable in the laboratory. The book also contends that neural computations are neither digital nor analog; instead, neural computations are sui generis. The book concludes by investigating the relation between computation and consciousness, suggesting that consciousness may have a functional yet not wholly computational nature.
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3

Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Attention. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2020-0-02386-8.

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4

Piccinini, Gualtiero. Neurocognitive Mechanisms: Explaining Biological Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2020.

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5

Drane, Daniel L., and Dona E. C. Locke. Mechanisms of Possible Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0005.

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This chapter covers what is known about the possible mechanisms of neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). It begins with a review of all research examining possible cognitive deficits in this population. Cognitive research in PNES is often obscured by noise created by a host of comorbid conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain) and associated issues (e.g., effects of medications and psychological processes that can compromise attention or broader cognition). More recent studies employing performance validity tests raise the possibility that studies finding broad cognitive problems in PNES may be highlighting a more transient phenomenon secondary to these comorbid or secondary factors. Such dysfunction would likely improve with successful management of PNES symptomatology, yet the effects of even transient variability likely compromises daily function until these issues are resolved. Future research must combine the use of neuropsychological testing, performance validity measures, psychological theory, neuroimaging analysis, and a thorough understanding of brain–behavior relationships to address whether there is a focal neuropathological syndrome associated with PNES.
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Hopkins, Ramona O., and James C. Jackson. Neurocognitive impairment after critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0382.

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More than 5 million individuals are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in North America annually. Due to improvements in treatment, increasing numbers of these individuals survive and go on to develop long-term neurocognitive impairment in a variety of cognitive domains. As evidence from over two dozen studies demonstrates, neurocognitive impairment occurs in up to two-thirds of individuals. While it may be particularly common in those with pre-existing vulnerabilities, even patients who are young with robust health prior to critical illness are at risk of post-ICU neurocognitive impairment. While neurocognitive impairment may improve over time and even dissipate in a subset of ICU survivors, neurocognitive impairment is often permanent and, in some cases may be progressive. As commonly occurs in the context of acquired brain injury, the neurocognitive impairment observed after critical illness is typically diffuse, although domains including memory, attention, and executive functioning are often particularly impaired. This impairment is sufficiently severe to negatively impact daily functioning. Although the risk factors and mechanisms undergirding neurocognitive impairment have yet to be fully elucidated, potential contributors include inflammation, hypoxia, and delirium. While one way to impact on the prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment after critical illness is to attempt to modify key ‘in-hospital’ risk factors, another approach involves the use of post-ICU cognitive rehabilitation, which is increasingly being successfully employed with other impaired medical populations.
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7

Han, Shihui. Cultural differences in neurocognitive processing of the self. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 examines the difference in self-concept proposed by philosophers and psychologists in Western and East Asian cultures. It then introduces a dominant theoretical framework of cultural differences in self-concept that focuses on independence and interdependence in Western and East Asian cultures, respectively. It reviews behavioral and brain imaging findings that reveal cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying self-advantage during face recognition. It also examines the neural mechanisms related to self-reflection in Western and East Asian cultures by showing that the enhanced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex characterizes the independent self-construals, and the activity in the temporoparietal junction involved in self-reflection mediates the interdependent self-construals. It discusses the relationship between the neural roots of culturally specific self-concept and behavior.
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8

O'Callaghan, Claire, and Muireann Irish. Candidate Mechanisms of Spontaneous Cognition as Revealed by Dementia Syndromes. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.6.

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The capacity to engage in spontaneous self-generated thought is fundamental to the human experience, yet surprisingly little is known regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms that support this complex ability. Dementia syndromes offer a unique opportunity to study how the breakdown of large-scale functional brain networks impacts spontaneous cognition. Indeed, many of the characteristic cognitive changes in dementia reflect the breakdown of foundational processes essential for discrete aspects of self-generated thought. This chapter discusses how disease-specific alterations in memory-based/construction and mentalizing processes likely disrupt specific aspects of spontaneous, self-generated thought. In doing so, it provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocognitive architecture of spontaneous cognition, paying specific attention to how this sophisticated endeavor is compromised in dementia.
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9

Klapwijk, Eduard T., Wouter van den Bos, and Berna Güroğlu. Neural Mechanisms of Criminal Decision Making in Adolescence. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.12.

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Adolescence is a time of change in which there is an increase and peak in criminal behavior. This chapter discusses the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying criminal decision making in adolescents. First, it provides a brief overview of the neural basis of decision making in typically developing adolescents. Second, it discusses studies that examine decision-making processes in delinquent and antisocial adolescents compared to their typically developing peers. The chapter focuses on executive functioning and empathy, and it is concluded that delinquent and antisocial adolescents mainly display affective deficits. This is manifested in risky and impulsive decisions and in impaired sensitivity to the distress and perspectives of other people. Finally, the chapter argues that future research on criminal decision making in adolescence could benefit from focusing on subgroups of offenders and from including environmental factors such as peer influence in experimental designs.
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10

Padhi, Ashwini K., Ali M. Mehdi, Kevin J. Craig, and Naomi A. Fineberg. Current Classification of Impulse Control Disorders: Neurocognitive and Behavioral Models of Impulsivity and the Role of Personality. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0017.

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Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are common disabling disorders that have impulsive behavior as a core feature. They emerge early in life and run a chronic lifelong course. They are assumed to lie at the severest end of a continuum of impulsivity that connects normal with pathological states. People with ICDs experience a drive to undertake repetitive acts. Although the consequences are damaging, performance of the impulsive act may be experienced as rewarding, or alternatively may relieve distress, implicating dysfunction of the neural circuitry involved in reward processing and/or behavioral inhibition. Clinical data are increasingly pointing toward an etiological association between some ICDs, such as pathological gambling and addiction, and others, such as trichotillomania and compulsive disorders. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is also common, and hints at overlapping psychobiological processes across several diagnostic groups. The results of neurocognitive studies suggest that impulsivity is multidimensional and comprises dissociable cognitive and behavioral indices governed by separate underlying neural mechanisms. For example, trichotillomania may primarily involve motor impulsivity, whereas problem gambling may involve reward impulsivity and reflection impulsivity. Exploring neurocognitive changes in individuals with ICDs and other mental disorders characterized by poor impulse control, and among their family members, may help to elucidate the underpinning neurocircuitry and clarify their nosological status.
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