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Books on the topic 'Neurocognitive Mechanisms'
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1
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Changes in Speech and Face Processing in Infancy: a Glimpse at Developmental Mechanisms of Cognition (1992 Carry-le-Rouet, France). Developmental neurocognition: speech and face processing in the first year of life: [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Changes in Speech and Face Processing inInfancy: A Glimpse at Developmental Mechanisms of Cognition]. Kluwer, 1993.
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Piccinini, Gualtiero. Neurocognitive Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866282.001.0001.
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This book provides the foundations for a neurocomputational explanation of cognition based on contemporary cognitive neuroscience. An ontologically egalitarian account of composition and realization, according to which all levels are equally real, is defended. Multiple realizability and mechanisms are explicated in light of this ontologically egalitarian framework. A goal-contribution account of teleological functions is defended, and so is a mechanistic version of functionalism. This provides the foundation for a mechanistic account of computation, which in turn clarifies the ways in which the computational theory of cognition is a multilevel mechanistic theory supported by contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The book argues that cognition is computational at least in a generic sense. The computational theory of cognition is defended from standard objections yet a priori arguments for the computational theory of cognition are rebutted. The book contends that the typical vehicles of neural computations are representations and that, contrary to the received view, neural representations are observable and manipulable in the laboratory. The book also contends that neural computations are neither digital nor analog; instead, neural computations are sui generis. The book concludes by investigating the relation between computation and consciousness, suggesting that consciousness may have a functional yet not wholly computational nature.
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Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Attention. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2020-0-02386-8.
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Piccinini, Gualtiero. Neurocognitive Mechanisms: Explaining Biological Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2020.
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Drane, Daniel L., and Dona E. C. Locke. Mechanisms of Possible Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0005.
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This chapter covers what is known about the possible mechanisms of neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). It begins with a review of all research examining possible cognitive deficits in this population. Cognitive research in PNES is often obscured by noise created by a host of comorbid conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain) and associated issues (e.g., effects of medications and psychological processes that can compromise attention or broader cognition). More recent studies employing performance validity tests raise the possibility that studies finding broad cognitive problems in PNES may be highlighting a more transient phenomenon secondary to these comorbid or secondary factors. Such dysfunction would likely improve with successful management of PNES symptomatology, yet the effects of even transient variability likely compromises daily function until these issues are resolved. Future research must combine the use of neuropsychological testing, performance validity measures, psychological theory, neuroimaging analysis, and a thorough understanding of brain–behavior relationships to address whether there is a focal neuropathological syndrome associated with PNES.
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Hopkins, Ramona O., and James C. Jackson. Neurocognitive impairment after critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0382.
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More than 5 million individuals are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in North America annually. Due to improvements in treatment, increasing numbers of these individuals survive and go on to develop long-term neurocognitive impairment in a variety of cognitive domains. As evidence from over two dozen studies demonstrates, neurocognitive impairment occurs in up to two-thirds of individuals. While it may be particularly common in those with pre-existing vulnerabilities, even patients who are young with robust health prior to critical illness are at risk of post-ICU neurocognitive impairment. While neurocognitive impairment may improve over time and even dissipate in a subset of ICU survivors, neurocognitive impairment is often permanent and, in some cases may be progressive. As commonly occurs in the context of acquired brain injury, the neurocognitive impairment observed after critical illness is typically diffuse, although domains including memory, attention, and executive functioning are often particularly impaired. This impairment is sufficiently severe to negatively impact daily functioning. Although the risk factors and mechanisms undergirding neurocognitive impairment have yet to be fully elucidated, potential contributors include inflammation, hypoxia, and delirium. While one way to impact on the prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment after critical illness is to attempt to modify key ‘in-hospital’ risk factors, another approach involves the use of post-ICU cognitive rehabilitation, which is increasingly being successfully employed with other impaired medical populations.
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Han, Shihui. Cultural differences in neurocognitive processing of the self. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines the difference in self-concept proposed by philosophers and psychologists in Western and East Asian cultures. It then introduces a dominant theoretical framework of cultural differences in self-concept that focuses on independence and interdependence in Western and East Asian cultures, respectively. It reviews behavioral and brain imaging findings that reveal cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying self-advantage during face recognition. It also examines the neural mechanisms related to self-reflection in Western and East Asian cultures by showing that the enhanced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex characterizes the independent self-construals, and the activity in the temporoparietal junction involved in self-reflection mediates the interdependent self-construals. It discusses the relationship between the neural roots of culturally specific self-concept and behavior.
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O'Callaghan, Claire, and Muireann Irish. Candidate Mechanisms of Spontaneous Cognition as Revealed by Dementia Syndromes. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.6.
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The capacity to engage in spontaneous self-generated thought is fundamental to the human experience, yet surprisingly little is known regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms that support this complex ability. Dementia syndromes offer a unique opportunity to study how the breakdown of large-scale functional brain networks impacts spontaneous cognition. Indeed, many of the characteristic cognitive changes in dementia reflect the breakdown of foundational processes essential for discrete aspects of self-generated thought. This chapter discusses how disease-specific alterations in memory-based/construction and mentalizing processes likely disrupt specific aspects of spontaneous, self-generated thought. In doing so, it provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocognitive architecture of spontaneous cognition, paying specific attention to how this sophisticated endeavor is compromised in dementia.
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Klapwijk, Eduard T., Wouter van den Bos, and Berna Güroğlu. Neural Mechanisms of Criminal Decision Making in Adolescence. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.12.
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Adolescence is a time of change in which there is an increase and peak in criminal behavior. This chapter discusses the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying criminal decision making in adolescents. First, it provides a brief overview of the neural basis of decision making in typically developing adolescents. Second, it discusses studies that examine decision-making processes in delinquent and antisocial adolescents compared to their typically developing peers. The chapter focuses on executive functioning and empathy, and it is concluded that delinquent and antisocial adolescents mainly display affective deficits. This is manifested in risky and impulsive decisions and in impaired sensitivity to the distress and perspectives of other people. Finally, the chapter argues that future research on criminal decision making in adolescence could benefit from focusing on subgroups of offenders and from including environmental factors such as peer influence in experimental designs.
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Padhi, Ashwini K., Ali M. Mehdi, Kevin J. Craig, and Naomi A. Fineberg. Current Classification of Impulse Control Disorders: Neurocognitive and Behavioral Models of Impulsivity and the Role of Personality. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0017.
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Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are common disabling disorders that have impulsive behavior as a core feature. They emerge early in life and run a chronic lifelong course. They are assumed to lie at the severest end of a continuum of impulsivity that connects normal with pathological states. People with ICDs experience a drive to undertake repetitive acts. Although the consequences are damaging, performance of the impulsive act may be experienced as rewarding, or alternatively may relieve distress, implicating dysfunction of the neural circuitry involved in reward processing and/or behavioral inhibition. Clinical data are increasingly pointing toward an etiological association between some ICDs, such as pathological gambling and addiction, and others, such as trichotillomania and compulsive disorders. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is also common, and hints at overlapping psychobiological processes across several diagnostic groups. The results of neurocognitive studies suggest that impulsivity is multidimensional and comprises dissociable cognitive and behavioral indices governed by separate underlying neural mechanisms. For example, trichotillomania may primarily involve motor impulsivity, whereas problem gambling may involve reward impulsivity and reflection impulsivity. Exploring neurocognitive changes in individuals with ICDs and other mental disorders characterized by poor impulse control, and among their family members, may help to elucidate the underpinning neurocircuitry and clarify their nosological status.
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Yoris, Adrián, Adolfo M. García, Paula Celeste Salamone, Lucas Sedeño, Indira García-Cordero, and Agustín Ibáñez. Cardiac interoception in neurological conditions and its relevance for dimensional approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0010.
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Dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches have revealed multiple cognitive/emotional alterations shared by several neuropsychiatric conditions. While this has been shown for externally triggered neurocognitive processes, the disruption of interoception across neurological disorders remains poorly understood. This chapter aims to fill this gap while proposing cardiac interoception as a potential common biomarker across disorders. It focuses on key aspects of interoception, such as the mechanisms underlying different interoceptive dimensions; the relationship among interoception, emotion, and social cognition; and the roles of different interoceptive pathways. It considers behavioral and brain evidence in the context of an experimental and clinical agenda to evaluate the potential role of interoception as a predictor of clinical outcomes, a marker of neurocognitive deficits across diseases, and a general source of insights for breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of multiple disorders. Finally, future directions to improve the dimensional and transdiagnostic assessment of interoception are outlined.
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Hasbun, Rodrigo, Richard Dunham, Joseph S. Kass, et al. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0038.
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HIV causes a chronic form of encephalitis (HIVE) that is clinically characterized by either dementia or mild neurocognitive impairment. Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in 1996, the incidence of HIV dementia has decreased by 50%, but the prevalence of mild neurocognitive disorder has increased up to 39%. HIVE is the result of direct microglial infection, interruption of trophic factors, or caused by inflammatory cytokines. HIV enters the brain primarily by the “Trojan horse mechanism”; it is carried by monocytes and lymphocytes that cross the blood–brain barrier. HIV has a predilection for the basal ganglia, deep white matter, and hippocampus, resulting in a subcortical dementia. HIV dementia is a diagnosis of exclusion and other co-infections, cerebrovascular disease, malnutrition, and drug abuse should be ruled out before making the diagnosis. In patients receiving antiretroviral therapy with immunological response, a novel condition termed CD8+ T cell encephalitis was recently described.
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Greven, Corina U., Jennifer S. Richards, and Jan K. Buitelaar. Sex differences in ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0016.
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This chapter reviews sex differences in ADHD, focusing on differences in prevalence, comorbidity, and impairment, and discusses potential mechanisms underlying these differences. ADHD is more common in males than females (sex ratio ~3:1). Males with ADHD show greater comorbidity with comorbid externalizing (conduct) problems, while females with ADHD show internalizing problems. Females with ADHD may experience greater subjective impairment than males with ADHD. Referral and diagnostic issues, relating to sex-specific display of ADHD symptoms (more overt and disruptive in males, more subtle in females), underdiagnosis, or misdiagnosis in girls, as well as biases due to informant source, likely contribute to sex differences in ADHD. Potential biological mechanisms include endocrine factors (testosterone, glucocorticoids, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation differences), aetiological sex differences (sex-chromosome genes), sex differences in neurocognitive functioning, and differences in brain structure and function. The chapter provides an outlook for future research and clinical implications.
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Uysal, Suzan, and David L. Reich. Assessment of Postoperative Cognitive Decline. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0007.
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Neurocognitive outcome studies are a potentially rich source of information for evidence-based approaches to neuroprotection. This chapter provides a critical examination of assessment methods for studying postoperative cognitive decline (POCD), with regard to definition of the phenomenon, the role of hypotheses regarding mechanisms and localization of neural injury, and psychometric considerations for the design of POCD assessment protocols. It also describes an approach to conducting clinical neuropsychological assessments outside of research contexts for patients who present with signs or symptoms of POCD when there are no preoperative baseline cognitive test data. The authors propose a set of guidelines for designing, conducting, interpreting, and evaluating cognitive outcome studies in surgical patients and performing clinical POCD assessments.
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Thomas, Ayanna K., Meeyeon Lee, and Gregory Hughes. Introspecting on the Elusive. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.16.
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The state of knowing in the absence of knowledge is a peculiar metacognitive phenomenon that intuitively implies that we are able to introspect on memory processes of search, storage, and retrieval. The ability to make this assessment suggests that we may be able to use certain cues to assess the quality of knowledge that may be hidden from conscious view. The focus of this chapter is the uncanny metacognitive state of the feeling of knowing (FOK). We examine the theoretical questions that have motivated research into this phenomenon. These questions are viewed through a historical perspective, allowing for a more complete understanding of how research into this subjective state has evolved. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the present state of the field, examines neurocognitive mechanisms, reviews the questions that presently concern FOK researchers, and proposes an applied direction for future research.
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Kam, Julia W. Y., and Todd C. Handy. Electroencephalogram Recording in Humans. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0006.
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This chapter provides an elementary introduction to the theory and practical application of electroencephalogram (EEG) recording for the purpose of studying neurocognitive processes. It is aimed at readers who have had little or no experience in EEG data collection, and would like to gain a better understanding of scientific papers employing this methodology or start their own EEG experiment. We begin with a definition of EEG, and a summary of the strengths and limitations of EEG-based techniques. Following this is a description of the basic theory concerning the cellular mechanisms underlying EEG, as well as two types of data generated by EEG recording. We then present a brief summary of the equipment necessary for EEG data acquisition and important considerations for presentation software. Finally, we provide an overview of the protocol for data acquisition and processing, as well as methods for quantifying both EEG and event-related potentials data.
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Mahon, Katie, Manuela Russo, and M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez. Cognitive Enhancement in Bipolar Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0011.
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Neurocognitive deficits are acknowledged as integral features of bipolar disorder (BD) and are known to contribute to the compromised level of functioning in individuals with BD. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of cognitive enhancement in BD. Few pharmacological agents have been investigated with regard to their potential for pro-cognitive effects in BD. Dopaminergic agents (pramipexole) and stimulants (modafinil, armodafinil, and amphetamine) as adjunctive treatment in BD appear to be promising cognitive enhancers, and there are few ongoing randomized clinical trials targeting both cognitive dysfunctions and clinical symptomatology in BD. Glutamatergic agents (d-cycloserine) may hold promise as potential cognitive enhancing agents in BD; however, as for dopaminergic agents and stimulants, no conclusive data exist. Larger samples and longer follow-up are needed to obtain a deep understanding of the efficacy and safety of these compounds and their role in the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning cognition in BD.
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Zeman, Sonja. Ut Pictura Poesis? The Poetics of Verbal Imagery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457747.003.0011.
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How can verbal-cued poetry be “visual,” “pictorial,” and “vivid”? This chapter aims at looking behind such notions by isolating the basic semiotic mechanisms of vision, picture-viewing, and mental imagery and provides a descriptive model to investigate (1) the semiotic dimension of verbal imagery with respect to its visual and pictorial character and (2) its relationship to the reader’s experience of mental imagery. Through exemplary analyses of visual poetry, onomatopoeia, figurative language, the historical present, and ekphrastic descriptions, it is shown that the literary core concepts of “visuality,” “pictoriality,” and “vividness” refer to surface phenomena that are not directly linked to the phenomenal experience of visual perception and image likeness. The results are discussed against the background of recent neurocognitive studies, leading to the conclusion that such notions should be given up in favor of a general model of representation in terms of poetic iconicity.
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Busemeyer, Jerome R., Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Computational and Mathematical Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.001.0001.
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A comprehensive and authoritative review on most important developments in computational and mathematical psychology that have impacted many other fields in past decades. Written in tutorial style by leading scientists in each topic area, with an emphasis on examples and applications. Each chapter is self-contained and aims to engage readers with various levels of modeling experience. The Handbook covers the key developments in elementary cognitive mechanisms (e.g., signal detection, information processing, reinforcement learning), basic cognitive skills (e.g., perceptual judgment, categorization, episodic memory), higher-level cognition (e.g., Bayesian cognition, decision making, semantic memory, shape perception), modeling tools (e.g., Bayesian estimation and other new model comparison methods), and emerging new directions (e.g., neurocognitive modeling, applications to clinical psychology, quantum cognition) in computation and mathematical psychology. The chapters were written for a typical graduate student in virtually any area of psychology, cognitive science, and related social and behavioral sciences, such as consumer behavior and communication. We also expect it to be useful for readers ranging from advanced undergraduate students to experienced faculty members and researchers. Beyond being a handy reference book, it should be beneficial as a textbook for self-teaching, and for graduate level (or advanced undergraduate level) courses in computational and mathematical psychology.
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Smallwood, Jonathan, Daniel Margulies, Boris C. Bernhardt, and Elizabeth Jefferies. Investigating the Elements of Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.34.
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Spontaneous thoughts come in a large variety of different forms, varying in their experiential content as well as the functional outcomes with which they are associated. This chapter describes a component process architecture for spontaneous thought in which different types of experience arise through the combinations of different underlying neurocognitive processes. These underlying elements of cognition are not specific to spontaneous thought, since many, if not all, of these neurocognitive processes can be engaged when participants perform an externally directed task. We consider neurocognitive evidence that shows how this component process architecture provides explanatory value for accounts of spontaneous thought since it provides a mechanism that captures both the complex variety of spontaneous experiences that characterize the human condition, as well as the different functional outcomes that these different experiences are associated with.
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Tenney, James. The Several Dimensions of Pitch. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0017.
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James Tenney explains the different mechanisms behind the simultaneous and consecutive relationships between pitches using ideas from evolution and neurocognition. He suggests that there are two different aspects of pitch perception and that one of those aspects can also be thought of as multidimensional. In considering such fundamental questions regarding the nature of auditory perception, Tenney refers to the evolution of hearing and considers two complementary if not contradictory things: distinguish between or among sounds issuing from different sound sources, and recognize when two or more sounds—though different—actually arise from a single sound source. The first mechanism is the basis for what Tenney calls the contour aspect of contour aspect of contour pitch perception. The other aspect of pitch perception has to do with the temporal ordering of the neural information. Tenney concludes by proposing a psychoacoustic explanation for contour formation based on the ear's temporal processing.