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Walters-Edwards, Michelle. "Exercise-related sensorimotor and neuromuscular performance of the knee joint." Thesis, Bangor University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288129.
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Stebbing, John French. "Nitric oxide synthase neurones and neuromuscular behaviour of the anorectum." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266007.
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Ward, S. M. "Observations on the structure, ultrastructure and physiology of the trypanorhynch tapeworm Grillotia erinaceus." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378749.
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Humphries, Judith Elspeth. "The neurobiology and physiology of the trematode, Echinostoma caproni, and host-parasite interactions in the ICR mouse." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387883.
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Apps, C. "The biomechanical and neuromuscular responses to shoe-surface instability." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6690/.
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Unstable shoes are a unique category of footwear that provide a training stimulus during casual wear. Reported therapeutic benefits have led to their commercial success, although enhancing muscle activations and balance, normally associated with instability training devices like wobble boards, are not as effective. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to develop and evaluate an unstable shoe that provides continually unpredictable perturbations. The notion was that a more challenging, and varied instability, alike uneven terrain, would provide an enhanced training stimulus. The first study investigated if the developed shoe with irregular midsole deformations (IM) was more demanding, alike uneven terrain, it was compared to an irregular surface (IS) and a stable shoe-surface during treadmill walking and running. Generally, IM increased instability compared to the control, demonstrated by a more cautious gait pattern and posture at initial contact, and subjectively perceived as less stable whilst walking and running. Certain responses in IM were similar to IS, such as the increased variability of frontal ankle motion and maximum sagittal knee angle in stance phase. This is proposed to benefit IM wearers by improving the level of functional joint variability. The second study assessed if the varied instability of IM would be more de-stabilising than an unstable shoe (US) by comparing joint stability strategies during walking and running. Results revealed joint stiffness reorganisations between the ankle and knee in IM and US during loading. Further joint stiffness re-distributions and increased ankle co-contraction were found in IM compared to US, indicating additional adaptations are required for stability. The third study revealed IM may similarly be beneficial in gym training, as adaptations were also triggered in forward and lateral lunge movements to maintain stability. Increased gastrocnemius medialis and peroneus longus activations were required for the push-off phase in lunges, which related to ankle position. Investigating short-term training effects after regular IM wear was not feasible with the prototype developed, so instead a 6-week IS walking intervention was undertaken, as similar responses were found to IM during locomotion in the first study. Results showed no significant improvements to ankle muscle strength and postural balance compared to a control group, who did not undertake a training intervention. This research revealed IM provided an innovative stimulus that increased instability compared to an US and simulated certain responses to an IS. Unpredictable instability provided by footwear may have potential use for injury prevention and rehabilitation interventions, but future work needs to assess which populations it benefits.
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Patten, Robert Michael. "Muscle spindle morphology in the tenuissimus muscle of the golden syrian hamster." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29747.
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The tenuissimus is a long, thin hindlimb skeletal muscle which in hamsters contains about 200 extrafusal muscle fibers. Embedded in this richly innervated muscle is a continuous array of 16-20 closely packed muscle spindles suggesting that it may play a role in hindlimb proprioception. This high spindle density also makes the muscle ideal for the isolation and harvesting of these sensory receptors. In this correlative light and electron microscopic study, freshly frozen specimens were first prepared for serial microscopic analysis. Camera lucida reconstruction of spindle distribution showed a close proximity to the main artery and nerve in the central core of the muscle. Oxidative enzyme and myosin ATPase staining profiles were examined in both the intrafusal and extrafusal fiber populations. Type I and type II extrafusal fibers were present in even numbers and were distributed evenly throughout muscle cross-sections. Enzyme staining varied along the lengths of the three intrafusal fiber types. The fine structure of spindles was examined using transmission (TEM), conventional scanning (SEM), and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). For conventional SEM, isolated spindles were first fixed in 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde, followed by 1% osmication, and mechanical disruption of the outer capsule under the dissecting microscope. Preparation for HRSEM included aldehyde/osmium fixation and freeze-cleavage of entire tenuissimus muscles in liquid N₂. Selective extraction of the cytosol with 0.1% OsO4
permitted the visualization of numerous intracellular structures. In these specimens, the capsular sleeve showed a multilayered pattern of vesicle-laden cells with variant surface topography in certain locations. Punctate sensory nerve endings adhered intimately to the surfaces of underlying intrafusal fibers in the equatorial and juxtaequatorial regions. By TEM and HRSEM these endings appeared crescent-shaped and were enveloped by external laminae. Each profile contained a plethora of mitochondria and cytoskeletal organelles. The methodology used in this study provides, for the first time, a three-dimensional view of the exquisite cytological architecture of this neuromuscular receptor.<br>Medicine, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Gordon, Joanne Clare. "The influence of sensory information and terrain context : the neuromuscular control of bipedal locomotion in ground birds." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669192.
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Fathi, Behrooz H. "The effect of snake venom phospholipase A2 on cloned voltage-gated potassium channels and on neuromuscular function." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248762.
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Denyer, Morgan C. T. "The neuromuscular physiology of the male reproductive system in the freshwater hermaphrodite snail Lymnaea stagnalis." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241401.
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Pethick, Jamie. "The effects of neuromuscular fatigue on the complexity of isometric torque output in humans." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/60067/.
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The temporal structure, or complexity, of torque output is thought to reflect the adaptability of motor control and has important implications for system function, with high values endowing greater adaptability in response to alterations in task demand. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular fatigue on the complexity of isometric muscle torque output. It was hypothesised that neuromuscular fatigue would lead to a reduction in the complexity of muscle torque output, as measured by approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn) and the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) α scaling exponent. The first experimental study (Chapter 4) demonstrated that muscle torque complexity was significantly reduced during both maximal and submaximal intermittent fatiguing contractions, with the values at task failure indicative of increasingly Brownian noise (DFA α > 1.50). It was subsequently shown in the second study (Chapter 5) that this reduction in complexity occurred exclusively during contractions performed above the critical torque. It was next demonstrated, in the third study (Chapter 6), that pre-existing fatigue significantly reduced torque complexity and time to task failure, but still resulted in consistent values of complexity at task failure regardless of the time taken to reach that point. In the fourth study (Chapter 7) caffeine ingestion was found to slow the rate of reduction in torque complexity with fatigue, seemingly through both central and peripheral mechanisms. Finally, in the fifth study (Chapter 8) eccentric exercise decreased the complexity of torque output, with values only recovering to baseline levels after 24 hours recovery, in comparison to only 10 minutes recovery following isometric exercise. These results demonstrate that torque complexity is significantly perturbed by neuromuscular fatigue. This thesis has thus provided substantial evidence that the complexity of motor control during force production becomes less complex, and that muscles become less adaptable, with neuromuscular fatigue.
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Cormack, Stuart J. "Neuromuscular fatigue and endocrine responses in elite Australian rules football players." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2008.0010.html.
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Zhu, Yuechen. "THE EFFECT OF COLD ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DROSOPHILA LARVA HEART AND ON SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AT CRAYFISH NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/50.
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Ectothermic animals are susceptible to temperature changes such as cold shock with seasons. To survive through a cold shock, ectotherms have developed unique strategies. My interest is focusing on the physiological function of during cold shock and prolonged cold exposure in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). I used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to investigate cardiac function in response to modulators (serotonin, acetylcholine, octopamine, dopamine and a cocktail of modulators) in acute cold shock and chronic cold shock conditions as possible mechanism to regulate heart rate in the cold. To examine if the dampened heart rate in the cold could still be enhanced by modulators or calcium loading, modulators and light-sensitive channelrhodopsin proteins were utilized to stimulate the heart. This light induced cardiac activation increased heart rate in all conditions, and potentially can be used for cardiac therapy in mammals. Also, the acute and chronic cold conditioned heart showed responsiveness to the above mention modulators. In examining how synaptic transmission is influenced by acute and chronic cold, the crayfish neuromuscular junction was used as a model. This is a good model as there are high and low output synapses to be investigated. The low output neuromuscular junction was enhanced in response to acute cold. The high output nmj increased in synaptic response to acute cold. In addressing chronic cold conditions, the nmj were physiologically assayed in their response to acute warm changes as well as influence of serotonin and octopamine. In chronic cold condition, the synaptic output was varied in enhanced and dampened responses to an acute warm environment. These junctions were enhanced in their synaptic output by serotonin and octopamine (100nM). In assessing, by HPLC assay, octopamine concentration increased in chronic cold crayfish. This suggests compensation in synaptic transmission in cold acclimation possibility via endocrine responses.
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Bose, Prodip Kumar. "Wobbler mouse: early detection of motoneuron disease, therapeutic evaluation of nutrition, neuropeptides & theirantagonists, and the effects on neuronal sprouting in cervical spinalcord." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31236522.
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Devereux, G. "The effects of isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure with specific reference to selected cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and metabolic variables." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2010. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/6974/.
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There were two purposes to the work of this thesis (a) to identify the role of isometric training intensity in the training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure, and (b) to identify whether the mechanism for the reduced resting blood pressure is best reflected in what can be broadly termed cardiovascular, neuromuscular or metabolic markers of that training. Firstly, in a cross-sectional study, the only strong correlation was found between heart rate variability (a cardiovascular marker) and resting blood pressure. Secondly, this cardiovascular marker was also significantly affected by a single session of isometric exercise, an effect that persisted for at least 4 hours after exercise. However, thirdly, this marker and other cardiovascular markers (such as cardiac output and stroke volume) did not correlate with reductions in blood pressure seen after 4 weeks of isometric training. Instead, the training-induced reductions in blood pressure correlated strongly with neuromuscular and metabolic markers of isometric training. The extent to which local muscle fatigue was induced during isometric training correlated with the reductions in resting blood pressure. Therefore (a) isometric training intensity appears to be of utmost importance in the reductions in resting blood pressure (when bilateral-leg exercise is performed in 2 minute bouts), and (b) the mechanism whereby the adaptations in resting blood pressure occur is best reflected in neuromuscular and metabolic markers of local muscle fatigue during that training. These findings are discussed with a particular focus on the possible role of muscle metaboreceptor stimulation, during isometric training in the mechanism of training-induced reduction in resting blood pressure.
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Maile, Charlotte Amy. "Pathophysiology of equine type1 polysaccharide storage myopathy." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618291.
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Terry, Rebecca Louise. "Modification of skeletal muscle phenotype to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618307.
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Taber, Christopher B., Kevin Carroll, Brad H. DeWeese, et al. "Neuromuscular Adaptations Following Training and Protein Supplementation in a Group of Trained Weightlifters." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3776.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a recovery supplement compared with a placebo on muscle morphology in trained weightlifters. Vastus lateralis and muscle fiber cross sectional area of type I and type II fibers were compared between groups using a series of 2 × 2 (group × time) repeated measure ANOVAs. Both groups on average improved cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis, type I and type II muscle fibers from pre-to-post but individual response varied within both groups. Greater magnitude of changes in type I and type II muscle fibers were observed for the placebo group but not for vastus lateralis cross sectional area. Additionally, subjects were divided into large and small fiber groups based on combined fiber size at the start of the investigation. These findings indicate that the recovery supplement utilized provided no greater effect compared with a placebo in a 12-week block periodization protocol in trained weightlifters. The primary determinate of fiber size changes in the study was determined to be the initial fiber size of muscle fibers with larger practical changes observed in the small fiber group compared with the large fiber group in type I, II, and ultrasound cross-sectional area (CSA).
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Warren-Paquin, Maude. "Regulation of synaptic plasticity at the Drosophila larval NMJ : the role of the small GTPase Rac." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112319.
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We are interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern synaptic growth and plasticity. Recent evidence from several laboratories suggests that small GTPases play an important role in the promotion of neurite outgrowth; however, their role in the control of synaptic growth and functional plasticity is not well understood. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the role of small GTPases (including Rac, Rho and Cdc42) in the regulation of synaptic growth in vivo, using the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapses as a model system. Our results show that presynaptic overexpression of Rac, but not of Rho or Cdc42, positively regulates both synaptic structure and function. Genetic loss of Rac leads to embryonic lethality, making it impossible to assess the full loss-of-function phenotype using conventional mutants. To circumvent this, we use the MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker) technique to generate single motor neuron clones devoid of all genetic copies of Rac. Our data suggest that Rac activity is crucial for normal synaptic development. In support of this conclusion, we demonstrate that genetic removal of trio, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that is known to activate Rac, leads to a drastic reduction in the number of synaptic boutons. In addition, genetic removal of one copy of trio is sufficient to suppress the gain-of-function phenotype of Rac. Moreover, we demonstrate that partial removal of the fragile X mental retardation gene (dfmr1), a known suppressor of Rac, enhances the gain-of-function phenotype of Rac. Taken together, our findings support a model in which Rac signaling positively regulates synaptic growth and function at the Drosophila larval NMJ.
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Lamoureux, Ecosse, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Older adults' neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training and effects on challenging gait tasks." Deakin University. School of Health Sciences, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050902.101952.
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Community locomotion is threatened when older individuals are required to negotiate obstacles, which place considerable stress on the musculoskeletal system. The vulnerability of older adults during challenging locomotor tasks is further compromised by age-related strength decline and muscle atrophy.
The first study in this investigation determined the relationship between the major muscle groups of the lower body and challenging locomotor tasks commonly found in the community environment of older adults. Twenty-nine females and sixteen males aged between 62 and 88 years old (68.2 ±6.5) were tested for the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength of the knee extensors and 1-RM for the hip extensors, flexors, adductors, abductors, knee extensors and flexors and ankle plantar flexors. Temporal measurements of an obstacle course comprising four gait tasks set at three challenging levels were taken. The relationship between strength and the obstacle course dependent measures was explored using linear regression models.
Significant associations (p≤0.05) between all the strength measures and the gait performances were found. The correlation values between strength and obstructed gait (r = 0.356-0.554) and the percentage of the variance explained by strength (R2 = 13%-31%), increased as a function of the challenging levels, especially for the stepping over and on and off conditions.
While the difficulty of community older adults to negotiate obstacles cannot be attributed to a single causal pathway, the findings of the first study showed that strength is a critical requirement. That the magnitude of the association increased as a function of the challenging levels, suggests that interventions aimed at improving strength would potentially be effective in helping community older adults to negotiate environmental gait challenges.
In view of the findings of the first study, a second investigation determined the effectiveness of a progressive resistance-training program on obstructed gait tasks measured under specific laboratory conditions and on an obstacle course mimicking a number of environmental challenges. The time courses of strength gains and neuromuscular mechanisms underpinning the exercise-induced strength improvements in community-dwelling older adults were also investigated. The obstructed gait conditions included stepping over an obstacle, on and off a raised surface, across an obstacle and foot targeting.
Forty-three community-living adults with a mean age of 68 years (control =14 and experimental=29) completed a 24-week progressive resistance training program designed to improve strength and induce hypertrophy in the major muscles of the lower body. Specific laboratory gait kinetics and kinematics and temporal measures taken on the obstacle course were measured. Lean tissue mass and muscle activation of the lower body muscle groups were assessed. The MVC strength of the knee extensors and 1-RM of the hip extension, hip flexion, knee extension, knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion were measured.
A 25% increase on the MVC of the knee extensors (p≤0.05) was reported in the training group. Gains ranging between 197% and 285% were recorded for the 1-RM exercises in the trained subjects with significant improvements found throughout the study (p≤0.05). The exercise-induced strength gains were mediated by hypertrophic and neural factors as shown by 8.7% and 27.7% increases (p≤0.05) in lean tissue mass and integrated electromyographic activity, respectively. Strength gains were accompanied by increases in crossing velocity, stride length and reductions in stride duration, stance and swing time for all gait tasks except for the foot targeting condition. Specific kinematic variables associated with safe obstacle traverse such as vertical obstacle heel clearance, limb flexion, horizontal foot placements prior to and at post obstacle crossing and landing velocities resulted in an improved crossing strategy in the experimental subjects. Significant increases in the vertical and anterior-posterior ground reaction forces accompanied the changes in the gait variables.
While further long-term prospective studies of falls rates would be needed to confirm the benefits of lower limb enhanced strength, the findings of the present study provide conclusive evidence of significant improvements to gait efficiency associated with a systematic resistance-training program. It appears, however, that enhanced lower body strength has limited effects on gait tasks involving a dynamic balance component. In addition, due to the larger strength-induced increases in voluntary activation of the leg muscle compared to relatively smaller gains in lean tissue mass, neural adaptations appear to play a greater contributing role in explaining strength gains during the current resistance training protocol.
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Gorvet, Marissa A. "EMG Activation in the Forelimb Musculature of Three-toed Sloths (Bradypus variegatus)." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1547111569993329.
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Emerson, Nadia. "The Effects of 6-weeks of Resistance Training on the Neuromuscular Fatigue Threshold in Older Adults." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5631.
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Age-related deficits in muscle mass, strength, and function place an increased burden of work on existing skeletal muscle and may lead to early onset of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) during activities of daily living. Resistance exercise (RE) is the proven method for improving neuromuscular function in healthy older adults. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of 6 weeks of RE on the NMF threshold as well as strength and functional performance in older adults. METHODS: Twenty-four older adults were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of RE (EXE; n = 12; age 72 ± 6.3 y; BMI 28.4 kg/m2) or control (CONT; n = 12; age 70.3 ± 5.6 y; BMI 27.6 kg/m2). Body fat percent (BF%), lean mass (LM), and fat mass (FM) were measured using DEXA and participants performed a discontinuous cycle ergometer test, physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWCFT), to determine the onset of NMF. Functional performance was assessed by time to complete 5 chair rises (CHAIR) and walk an 8-foot course (WALK). Lower body strength was assessed by predicted 1-RM leg extension (1RM). Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA; time [PRE, POST] x group [EXE and CONT]) and magnitude based inferences were used to compare dependent variables. RESULTS: RE significantly increased 1RM (35%; p = 0.001) and CHAIR (20%; p = 0.047). RE had a likely beneficial effect on WALK (15%) and a possibly beneficial effect on PWCFT (14%). There were no significant changes to LM or FM, however, women in EXE significantly decreased BF% (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that RE improves measures of strength and functional performance and possibly the onset of NMF in older adults.<br>M.S.<br>Masters<br>Child, Family, and Community Sciences<br>Education and Human Performance<br>Sport and Exercise Science; Applied Exercise Physiology
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Barnes, Rachel. "The role of peroneal nerve electrical neuromuscular stimulation in the augmentation of lower limb circulatory physiology in lower limb arterial and venous disease." Thesis, University of Hull, 2015. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:14057.
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Introduction: Studies in healthy volunteers have demonstrated that peroneal nerve stimulation augments blood flow. The studies described within this thesis aimed to establish whether use of the geko™ neuromuscular stimulation device was effective and augments arterial venous and microcirculatory flow in patients with lower limb arterial and venous disease. The fibrinolytic and angiogenic activity of electrical stimulation within this cohort was also examined. Methods: Ethical approval was obtained for all aspects of the described studies. Participants with claudication, varicose veins or post- operative infrainguinal bypass grafts were assigned to receive either unilateral active stimulation or sham. Duplex assessments of arterial and venous volume flow were performed at baseline and following stimulation. Laser Doppler flowmetry measurements of microcirculatory flow were made continuously throughout the study period. ELISA analysis was undertaken of plasma samples drawn at baseline and following stimulation to determine the effect on vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-1). Results: The geko™ device was effective at producing visible muscle contraction in only 59% patients tested due to a combination of oedema and neuropathy. 77 participants were recruited in total to either a proof of concept study or the initial phase of a randomised trial: 30 claudicants (25 active, 5 control), 25 post infrainguinal bypass (19 active, 6 control) and 22 varicose veins (17 active, 5 control). Arterial volume flow increased significantly in all patient groups receiving active stimulation: claudicants 60 ml/ min(P<0.001); infra-inguinal bypass grafts 70ml/min(P<0.001) and varicose veins 80 ml/min(P<0.001). Venous volume flow significantly increased in all patient groups: claudicants 30 ml/min(P=0.001); infra-inguinal bypass grafts 30 ml/min(P=0.004) and varicose veins 80 ml/min(P<0.001). Microcirculatory flow increased in all patient groups: claudicants 22.2 flux units(P<0.001); infra-inguinal bypass grafts 21.8 flux units(P<0.001) and varicose veins 28.4 flux units(P<0.001). ELISA analysis demonstrated no statistically significant change in VEGF or t-PA antigen levels when comparing the active with the passive and control limbs. Peroneal nerve stimulation in the active limbs resulted in a significant decrease in PAI-1 of 34 ng/ml(P<0.001). Conclusion: Transcutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation with the geko™ device is potentially beneficial in patients with lower limb arterial and venous disease. This is primarily due to its ability to augment venous, arterial and microcirculatory flow. The results of this study were influential in the NICE guidance approving its use in vascular patients as a means of DVT prophylaxis. The enhanced fibrinolytic effect, by decreasing levels of PAI-1, warrants further investigation.
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Gabler, Conrad M. "The Effectiveness of Neuromuscular Training on a Modifiable Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk Factor." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338493813.
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Torrado, Pineda Priscila. "Valoración de la fatiga neuromuscular en el antebrazo del motorista de velocidad." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/311797.
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Actualmente, es frecuente ver cómo muchas escuderías tienen sus motos paradas en boxes por patologías neuromusculares de sus pilotos oficiales, debiendo recurrir a pilotos substitutos. Durante una carrera de motos la fatiga es alta porque los pilotos tienen que soportar niveles de tensión muscular elevados, particularmente en los brazos y antebrazos y además mantenidos durante un largo periodo de tiempo.
Un estudio previo realizado durante una carrera de resistencia de 24 h (Marina, Porta, Vallejo, & Angulo, 2011) sugirió que el sistema central no era el motivo principal que explicaba la disminución en la contracción máxima voluntaria (CMV), sino factores periféricos. De ese estudio surgió la necesidad de simular la posición del piloto durante la frenada, así como proponer un protocolo estandarizado en un entorno controlado, dando lugar a la presente tesis.
En el primer estudio comparamos dos protocolos, uno continua y otro intermitente (PIF) modificado a partir del estudio surgido de las 24 h. El incremento de la amplitud electromiográfica (EMG) y el decremento de la frecuencia EMG confirmaron mediante el protocolo continua los resultados obtenidos por autores anteriores, pero no con el PIF. Nuestro PIF se mostr6 mas discriminativo entre pilotos expertos y grupo control, alcanzando los primeros una duración mayor y verificándose una mayor correlación con las molestias en el antebrazo. El segundo estudio examin6 el comportamiento de la serial EMG combinando diferentes intensidades y tiempos de descanso, con el sujeto en posición de pilotaje accionando la maneta de freno con la mano derecha. El objetivo de este estudio era verificar si la disparidad de los resultados EMG en PIFs publicados en la literatura, puede deberse a diferentes duraciones en los periodos de contracción-relajación, así como a las intensidades de contracción (% CMV). Los resultados sugirieron que utilizar intensidades bajas (-30 % CMV) y tiempos de recuperación cortos de no más de 10 segundos es la mejor estrategia para inducir fatiga neuromuscular.
El tercer estudio nació de la idea que posiblemente no todo el mundo tiene el mismo patrón de disminución de la CMV a lo largo del tiempo. Desarrollamos un modelo matemático no lineal que permitiese verificar dicha hipótesis. Después de aplicar dicho modelo confirmamos que efectivamente, podríamos distinguir tres perfiles básicos de fatiga funcional (lineal, exponencial y tres fases), valorada a lo largo de un PIF a través de la medición repetitiva de la CMV. Sabiendo que las mejores pilotos presentaban un patrón lineal, este segundo estudio supone un primer paso para estudiar si una determinada preparación física podría cambiar y/u optimizar un patrón inicial hacia uno lineal.
De la sucesión de estudios descritos anteriormente, vimos que para progresar en esta línea de investigación teníamos que combinar las contracciones voluntarias y la serial EMG con la valoración de otros marcadores neurofisiológicos de fatiga central y periférica. Por eso en el cuarto estudio aplicamos potenciales evocados mediante estimulación eléctrica periférica y estimulación magnética transcraneal, en el segmento fatigado (derecho) y no fatigado (izquierdo), para estudiar posibles efectos contralaterales de la fatiga durante la recuperación del PIF. En esta nueva versión de protocolo modificamos los tiempos de descanso y añadimos el gesto de girar el puño del gas, para acercarnos más a la situación real de pilotaje. Los resultados obtenidos en este último estudio y en el conjunto de la tesis sugieren que la fatiga experimentada par las motoristas se debe principalmente a factores periféricos. Sin embargo no podemos descartar factores centrales.<br>During a motorcycle race fatigue levels are high as riders are required to endure high levels of muscle tension for long periods of time, especially in their arms and forearms. For this reason the present thesis focuses on fatigue in the right forearm muscles.
In the first study we compared an intermittent fatigue protocol (IFP) especially designed for motorcycle riders with a continuous protocol. The IFP was not only able to discriminate between the riders and the control group, but also proved to have a strong relationship with the level of motorcyclist forearm discomfort. Despite the results obtained with continuous protocol were similar to those reported in the literature, our IFP confirmed the discrepancies between studies suggesting that the combination of different, contraction-relaxation periods, submaximal contraction intensities (% maximal voluntary contraction, MVC), muscle groups and other non-controlled or non-reported factors, are critical to understand muscle fatigue in IFPs. The above mentioned results invited us to investigate the effects of two different recovery periods and two intensities on the EMG signal in the study II, using a unique IFP. The results suggested that using short recovery periods and low intensities is the best approach to evoke fatigue. In study Ill, time course parameters of contraction and relaxation were examined to better characterize the reduction in the maximal force generating capacity of a muscle (MVC) during an IFP specifically designed for road racing motorcycle riders. Also, a mathematical nonlinear force fatigue model was proposed and confirmed a satisfactory adjustment to all participants. The same mathematical expression derived three patterns of force fatigue : three-phase , exponential and linear. Finally, in the fourth study which purpose was to investigate the contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms of fatigue on the exerted and contralateral extensor digitorum communis following an IFP, we examined the time-course of recovery of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), compound muscle action potential (CMAP), motor evoked potential (MEP) to transcranial magnetic stimuli and the cortical silent period (CSP) throughout 20 min of recovery. The results suggested that local factors were those mainly responsible for the incomplete MVC recovery after the IFP.
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Paolillo, Fernanda Rossi. "Efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular do quadríceps sobre as variáveis cardio-respiratórias em portadores de lesão medular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-03122004-131558/.
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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as variáveis cardio-respiratórias (Pa, FC, 'VO IND.2', 'VCO IND.2' e Ve) durante a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) do quadríceps em portadores de lesão medular. Participaram da pesquisa dez pacientes (cinco paraplégicos e cinco tetraplégicos) e um sujeito saudável voluntário padrão. O protocolo do teste consistiu em 10 minutos de repouso, 20 minutos de EENM dos quadríceps e 10 minutos de recuperação. O sujeito saudável realizou o mesmo procedimento, entretanto, os movimentos de flexão/extensão dos joelhos foram realizadas de maneira voluntária. Durante a EENM foram constatados baixos valores de 'VO IND.2' e 'VCO IND.2', lenta cinética dos gases e valores alterados de 'P IND.O2' e 'P IND.CO2', em outros casos foi constatada a rápida cinética dos gases. Houve o aumento da Pa sistólica e da FC, entretanto em alguns pacientes observaram-se limitações na resposta da FC. Portanto, os pacientes apresentaram algumas limitações nas respostas cardio-respiratórias, indicando realização de exercício exaustivo, mas apresentaram capacidade de realização de exercício induzido artificialmente, possivelmente devido aos benefícios da EENM<br>The objective of this research was to evaluate cardio-respiratory responses (heart rate, blood pressure, 'VO IND.2', 'VCO IND.2' e Ve) to neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the quadriceps in patients with spinal cord injury. Ten patients (five paraplegics and five tetraplegics) and one healthy subject participated in this study. The protocol of the test consisted of ten minutes of rest, twenty minutes of NMES of the quadriceps and ten minutes of recovery. However, the healthy subject performed the voluntary movement of knee flexion and extension. The findings in this study indicated that patients during NMES demostrated low values of 'VO IND.2' e 'VCO IND.2', slow gas kinetics and altered values of 'P IND.O2' and 'P IND.CO2', on the others cases, the fast kinetics of the gas was verified. Moreover, there were increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Nevertheless, for some patients, heart rate response limitations were observed. Therefore, the patients presented some limitations in the cardio-respiratory responses, indicating performance of exhaustive exercise, but the use of NMES can elicit improvements in exercise tolerance due to its benefits
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Tavoian, Dallin. "Tools and Technologies for Assessing, and Exercise Strategies for Promoting, Neuromuscular Function and Mobility in Aging." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1615816378173099.
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Wu, Wenhui. "THE REGULATION AND PACKAGING OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES RELATED TO RECRUITMENT WITHIN CRAYFISH AND FRUIT FLY NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS: VARIATIONS IN LOW- AND HIGH-OUTPUT TERMINALS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/14.
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Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS and at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of invertebrate. The characteristic similarities to CNS glutamatergic synapses in vertebrate and the anatomical simplicity of invertebrate NMJs favor the investigation of glutamatergic synaptic functions in this system. This dissertation mainly aimed to physiologically separate two functional vesicle groups, the reserve pool (RP) and readily releasable pool (RRP) within presynaptic nerve terminals of Procambarus Clarkii and Drosophila melanogaster. This was addressed in part by blocking the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGlut) with bafilomycin A1. Various frequencies of motor nerve stimulation, exposure time, and concentration of bafilomycin A1 were examined. The low-output tonic opener NMJs in crayfish exposed to 4μM bafilomycin A1 and 20Hz continuous stimulation decreased the EPSP amplitude to 50% in ∼30min with controls lasting 3h. After activity and bafilomycin A1-induced synaptic depression, the EPSPs were rapidly revitalized by serotonin (5-HT, 1μM) in the crayfish preparations. The 5-HT action can be blocked almost completely with a PLC inhibitor, but partially with a cAMP activator. The higher output synapses of the larval Drosophila NMJ when stimulated at 1Hz or 5Hz and exposed to 4μM of bafilomycin A1 showed a depression rate of 50% within ∼10min with controls lasting ∼40min. After low frequency depression and/or exposure to bafilomycin A1 a burst of higher frequency (10Hz) can recruit vesicles from the RP to the RRP. Physiological differences in low- (tonic like) and high-output (phasic like) synapses match many of the expected anatomical features of these terminals, part of this dissertation highlights physiological differences and differential modulation and/or extent of the vesicles in a RP for maintaining synaptic output during evoked depression of the RRP in crayfish abdomen extensor preparation. With the use of bafilomycin A1, the tonic terminal is fatigue resistant due to a large RRP, whereas the phasic depresses rapidly upon continuous stimulation. Upon depression of the tonic terminal, 5-HT has a large RP to act on to recruit vesicles to the RRP; whereas, the phasic terminal, 5-HT can recruit RP vesicles to the RRP prior to synaptic depression but not after depression.
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Balch, Maria Helen Harley. "Acute Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Decline and Rehabilitative Recovery Following Ischemic Stroke." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu159558748119711.
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Cormack, Stuart J., and n/a. "The changes in strength, power and associated functional physiological measures in elite women soccer players during a 12 month preparation for a major event." University of Canberra. Health and Biomedical Science, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050411.134745.
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The assessment of strength and power and the relationship of these measures to
functional variables such as speed and vertical jump ability are understood poorly.
This is particularly the case when dealing with a long-term preparation for a major
event in a sport such as women's soccer.
The results of this research suggest that a number of isoinertial speed strength
measures may be sensitive to aspects of a training program and therefore be useful
tools for determining the level of development of various underlying neuromuscular
capacities.
Further results provide a question mark about the role of maximum strength in the
development of high velocity functional movements, as increases in maximum
strength did not correlate to changes in measures of functional performance.
An important finding from this research is the potential role of specific isoinertial
speed strength parameters in the detection of neuromuscular fatigue. Time course
analysis of the results in this study suggests that the use of these measures to detect
fatigue warrants further investigation.
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Koon, Alex C. "Autoregulatory and Paracrine Control of Synaptic and Behavioral Plasticity by Dual Modes of Octopaminergic Signaling: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/572.
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Synaptic plasticity—the ability of a synapse to change—is fundamental to basic brain function and behavioral adaptation. Studying the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity benefits our understanding of the formation of neuronal connections and circuitry, which has great implications in the field of learning and memory and the studies of numerous human diseases.
The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) system is a powerful system for studying synaptic plasticity. The NMJ consists of at least two different types of motorneurons innervating the body wall muscles. Type I motorneurons controls muscle contraction using glutamate as the neurotransmitter, while type II are modulatory neurons that contain octopamine. Octopamine is a potent modulator of behavior in invertebrates. Nevertheless, its function at the synapse is poorly understood.
In my thesis research, I investigated the role of octopamine in synaptic plasticity using the Drosophila NMJ system. Preliminary observations indicate that increased larval locomotion during starvation results in an increase of filopodia-like structures at type II terminals. These structures, which we termed as “synaptopods” in our previous studies, contain synaptic proteins and can mature into type II synapses. I demonstrated that this outgrowth of type II terminals is dependent on activity and octopamine. Mutations and genetic manipulations affecting the production of octopamine decrease synaptopods, whereas increase of type II activity or exogenous application of octopamine increase synaptopods. Interestingly, I found that the type II octopaminergic neurons have an absolute dependence on activity for their innervation of the muscles. Blocking activity in these neurons throughout development results in no type II synapses at the NMJ, whereas blocking activity after the formation of synapses results in gradual degradation of type II terminals.
Next, I examined the autoregulatory mechanism underlying the octopamine-induced synaptic growth in octopaminergic neurons. I discovered that this positive-feedback mechanism depends on an octopamine autoreceptor, Octß2R. This receptor in turn activates a cAMP- and CREB-dependent pathway that is required in the octopamine-induction of synaptopods. Furthermore, I demonstrated that this octopaminergic autoregulatory mechanism is necessary for the larva to properly increase its locomotor activity during starvation.
Thirdly, I investigated the possibility that type II innervation might regulate type I synaptic growth through octopamine. We found that ablation, blocking of type II activity, or the absence of octopamine results in reduced type I outgrowth, and this paracrine signaling is mediated by Octß2R which is also present in type I motorneurons.
Lastly, the function of another octopamine receptor, Octß1R, was examined. In contrast to Octß2R, Octß1R is inhibitory to synaptic growth. I demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of this receptor is likely accomplished through the inhibitory G-protein Goα. Similar to Octß2R, Octß1R also regulates the synaptic growth of both type I and type II motorneurons in a cell-autonomous manner. The inhibitory function of this receptor potentially breaks the positive feedback loop mediated by Octß2R, allowing the animal to reset its neurons when the environment is favorable.
In summary, the research presented in this thesis has unraveled both autoregulatory and paracrine mechanisms in which octopamine modulates synaptic and behavior plasticity through excitatory and inhibitory receptors.
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Remaud, Anthony Cornu Christophe Guevel Arnaud. "Adaptations nerveuses du système neuromusculaire à l'exercice isotonique versus isocinétique." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=23151.
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Remaud, Anthony. "Adaptations nerveuses du système neuromusculaire à l'exercice isotonique versus isocinétique." Nantes, 2007. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=5f9e7acd-db00-44c3-bade-7fe7adf46385.
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Ces travaux visent à analyser les adaptations nerveuses du système neuromusculaire suite à des sollicitations aiguës et chroniques réalisées en mode de contraction concentrique isotonique (IT) et isocinétique (IK). Une première étape a consisté à développer une approche méthodologique permettant de comparer ces deux modalités de contraction. Cette méthode, basée sur la standardisation de la quantité totale de travail externe réalisée et de la vitesse angulaire moyenne de mouvement, a permis d’analyser par la suite, l’effet de chacun de ces deux modes de contraction sur les niveaux d’activité des muscles agonistes et des muscles antagonistes lors de mouvements d’extension de la jambe. Le résultat principal de cette seconde étude indique que le niveau d’activité du quadriceps et de co-activité des ischio-jambiers sont plus élevés en mode IT qu’en mode IK. Des mécanismes spinaux et supra-spinaux pourraient expliquer en partie ces résultats. Une troisième étude a permis de comparer les adaptations de la fonction neuromusculaire suite à un programme d’entraînement isotonique et isocinétique des extenseurs du genou. Les résultats obtenus montrent une amélioration des capacités de production de force après entraînement. Cependant, aucune adaptation spécifique n’est observée entre les deux modalités d’entraînement. Une augmentation du niveau d’activité des muscles agonistes associée à une diminution du niveau d’inhibition musculaire pourraient expliquer en partie ces résultats<br>This work aims to analyze neural adaptations of the neuromuscular system to acute and chronic exercise realized in isotonic (IT) and isokinetic (IK) concentric modalities. A first study consisted in developing a methodological approach allowing to compare these two contraction modes. This method, based on the standardisation of the total external amount of work and the mean angular movement velocity, allowed then to analyze the effect of each contraction mode on agonist muscle activity and antagonist muscle co-activity levels during knee extensions. The main result of this second study shows that agonist muscle activity and antagonist muscle co-activity is higher in isotonic mode than in isokinetic mode. Spinal and supra-spinal mechanisms could explain in part these results. A third study allowed to compare neuromuscular adaptations to isotonic and isokinetic training of the knee extensors. Results show an improvement of the force production capacities after training. An increase in agonist muscle activity associated to a decrease in muscle inhibition could explain in part these results
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Hédou, Julie. "Analyses fonctionnelle et protéomique du rôle de la O-N-acétylglucosaminylation dans la physiologie du muscle squelettique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10102/document.
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La O-N-acétylglucosaminylation ou O-GlcNAc, est une glycosylation cytosolique et nucléaire correspondant à l'addition d'un motif O-GlcNAc sur des résidus sérine et thréonine des protéines. Cette glycosylation dynamique et réversible est impliquée dans de nombreux processus cellulaires comme la transcription, le cycle cellulaire, la signalisation intracellulaire ... mais également dans des pathologies comme le cancer, les maladies neurodégénératives et le diabète. Peu de travaux se sont intéressés au rôle que la O-GlcNAc pourrait jouer dans le muscle strié. Pourtant, le muscle squelettique est un modèle intéressant pour l'étude de la O-GlcNAc, puisque son métabolisme dépend fortement du glucose, que de nombreux processus musculaires, tels que la contraction, dépendent de la phosphorylation et qu'il peut adapter son métabolisme énergétique aux conditions physiologiques. Or, la O-GlcNAc est à la fois dépendante du taux de glucose mais peut également interférer avec la phosphorylation par l'intermédiaire d'une balance phosphorylation/ O-N-acétylglucosaminylation. Nous avons identifié un grand nombre de protéines modifiées par la O-GlcNAc, en particulier les chaînes lourdes et légères de myosine, l'actine et la tropomyosine. L'analyse du rôle de la O-GlcNAc sur l'activité contractile, et en particulier sur la sensibilité calcique des fibres musculaires, démontre que cette glycosylation pourrait jouer un rôle modulateur dans l'activité contractile des fibres musculaires via des interactions protéine-protéine mais également des motifs qui ne sont pas engagés dans des interactions. Nous avons identifié plusieurs sites O-GlcNAc sur deux protéines clés de la machinerie contractile du muscle squelettique, l'actine et la myosine. Un site a été localisé sur la séquence 198-207 de l'actine et quatre autres ont été identifiés dans la partie hélicoïdale de la région carboxy-terminale de la myosine et correspondent aux séquences 1094-1106; 1295-1303; 1701-1712; 1913-1922. Ces sites pourraient être impliqués dans des interactions protéine-protéine, dans polymérisation des protéines et également jouer un rôle dans la modulation des propriétés contractiles du muscle squelettique. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence la possible implication de la O-GlcNAc dans un modèle d'atrophie fonctionnelle (Bed-rest) chez l'humain. En premier lieu, nous avons démontré l'existence d'une balance phosphorylation/O-GlcNAc de la MLC2 au cours de l'atrophie musculaire. Cette balance pourrait moduler l'activité ou les propriétés de cette protéine au rôle important dans la modulation de la force de contraction. En outre, l'analyse du taux global de O-GlcNAc suggère que le taux de O-GlcNAc est lié au développement de l'atrophie musculaire. L'ensemble de ces résultats démontre que la O-GlcNAc joue un rôle qui pourrait être tout autant important dans la physiologie musculaire que la phosphorylation<br>The O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation termed O-GlcNAc is a dynamic cytosolic and nuclear glycosylation on serine and threonine residus. This dynamic and reversible glycosylation is involved in many physiological as weIl as pathological processes such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer or cardiac ischemia. Only few studies have been performed about the role of O-GlcNAc in skeletal muscle. However, the skeletal muscle is an interesting model to study the O-GlcNAc since i) its metabolism depends on glucose, ii) many muscular processes such as contraction are dependent on phosphorylation, and iii) there is a plasticity of the muscle metabolism depending on the physiological conditions. O-GlcNAc is dependent also on the level of glucose and can interfere with phosphorylation through a phosphorylation/glycosylation balance. We clearly demonstrated that a number of key contractile proteins i.e myosin heavy and light chains and actin are O-GlcNAc modified. The role of this post-translational modification in the contractile properties was investigated by establishing T/pCa curves on skinned fibers. This study demonstrated that O-GlcNAc moieties involved in protein-protein interactions or not could modulate calcium activation properties and therefore that O-GlcNAc motifs could be involved in the modulation of contractile force. Using a mass spectrometry-based method, we determined the localization of one O-GlcNAc site in the suddomain 4 of actin (séquence 198-207) and four O-GleNAc sites in the light meromyosin region of myosin heavy chains (séquences 1094-1106; 1295-1303; 1701-1712; 1913-1922). These sites might be involved in protein-protein interactions or in the polymerization of MHC or could modulate the contractile properties of skeletal muscle. Finally, we studied the implication of O-GlcNAc in a human model of muscle atrophy (Bed-Rest). We demonstrated the existence of a phosphorylation/O-GleNAc balance for MLC2 that could modulate the activity and properties of this protein which bas a key role in the modulation of force. Moreover, our data suggested that O-GlcNAc level might be involved in the control of protein homeostasis and muscular atrophy in human as in rat. AlI these data demonstrate that O-GlcNAc is an important post-translational modification in the muscle physiology
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Cometti, Carole. "Effets de différents paramètres de récupération lors d'exercices de renforcement musculaire." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS014/document.
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L’optimisation de la performance oblige l’athlète à répéter des séances d’entraînement à haute intensité de travail avec peu de récupération, ce qui génère une fatigue neuromusculaire qui peut être préjudiciable. Ainsi, dans le but de limiter ce phénomène et d’améliorer l’efficacité des séances d’entraînement, le choix d’une récupération adéquate s’impose.La récupération active est la méthode la plus connue et la plus efficace relatée dans la littérature. En effet, de nombreuses études démontrent son effet bénéfique sur la fatigue provoquée lors d’exercices globaux (types course ou pédalage). Cette modalité de récupération correspond à un exercice musculaire léger permettant une augmentation du flux sanguin périphérique et une élimination plus rapide des métabolites. A l’heure actuelle, peu d’études se sont intéressées à la récupération active appliquée de manière locale pour des exercices de renforcement de groupes musculaires spécifiques.L’objectif de ce travail était donc d’étudier la méthode la plus efficace, en termes de modalité et de moment d’application, pour récupérer la force maximale de l’athlète lors d’un exercice de renforcement musculaire. De plus, afin d’assurer une application de cette récupération active, spécifiquement sur les groupes musculaires souhaités, nous avons utilisé l’électromyostimulation (EMS).Nos différents résultats suggèrent qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’appliquer une modalité particulière pour la récupération des exercices de renforcement musculaire réalisés à intensité maximale. En effet, la récupération active par EMS appliquée au cours d’une séance (entre les séries) ou après une séance ne montre pas de différence avec une récupération passive. De plus, l’application proximale ou distale de l’EMS n’a pas d’influence sur la cinétique de récupération. L’approche neuromusculaire de la fatigue, montre cependant, qu’il s’avère nécessaire d’analyser l’origine des perturbations engendrées par l’exercice, afin de choisir la modalité de récupération la mieux adaptée<br>The high frequency of resistance training sessions induces heavy strain and fatigue phenomenon, which could be prejudicial for subsequent performance. In this context, it appears necessary to apply proper recovery strategies in order to improve the athlete’s ability to regain an adequate working state for subsequent training.Active recovery is widely described in the literature as the most efficient method for this purpose. It consists in low-intensity exercises, which could improve metabolites washout by increasing peripheral blood flow. To our knowledge, active recovery is usually applied globally, with exercises involving the whole body (light pedalling or running) but little is known regarding a local application after analytical exercises such as strengthening exercise. The aim of our research was therefore to determine the most effective method to recover from resistance training session in terms of maximal strength performance. Among the active recovery modes, electromyostimulation (EMS) is of particular interest since it can be applied on specific muscles groups. Our results showed that active recovery using EMS applied during a session (between the sets) or after a session, did not demonstrate any difference as compared with passive recovery. Also, we demonstrated that EMS was not more efficient when applied distally. However, we highlighted that the investigation of neuromuscular parameters is necessary to better understand the origin of the fatigue induced by a specific exercise in order to apply the most appropriated recovery mode
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Palouzier-Paulignan, Brigitte. "Etude du métabolisme de l'acétylcholine dans les corps cellulaires des afférences vagales : implications dans la réinnervation d'un muscle strié squelettique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30033.
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Le nerf vague afferent innerve une partie des territoires visceraux. Ses fibres peuvent aussi reinnerver fonctionnellement un muscle strie squelettique apres suture avec le nerf spinal accessoire. La presence d'acetylcholine au niveau des plaques motrices reformees suggere l'existence d'un systeme vagal afferent cholinergique. Des techniques biochimiques et immunohistologiques ont ete utilisees pour tester cette hypothese. Le metabolisme de l'acetylcholine au niveau somatique chez l'animal normal et les modifications apportees par la suture sont aussi etudies. Une capture de choline, les taux endogenes d'acetylcholine et les activites des enzymes de synthese et de degradation sont detectes dans le ganglion plexiforme qui contient les cellules afferentes vagales. Sur une preparation de somas isoles on montre: la presence de deux systemes de capture de choline, comparables aux systemes a haute et basse affinite decrits au niveau synaptique, et l'existence d'une liberation d'acetylcholine, calcium-dependante. Apres suture, les taux endogenes d'acetylcholine et les activites enzymatiques sont modifies. Ces arguments permettent d'affirmer qu'il existe un systeme vagal afferent cholinergique, chez l'animal normal. Il intervient dans la reinnervation du muscle strie squelettique chez l'animal suture mais d'autres cellules non cholinergiques a l'origine, pourraient exprimer cette potentialite. Son role physiologique et l'implication de l'acetylcholine au niveau somatique sont discutes
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Sallet, Pierre Jean Arthur. "Étude comparative intra et inter-disciplinaire du profil physiologique et neuromusculaire chez le sportif de haut-niveau." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10138.
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Ce travail porte sur l'évaluation physiologique et neuromusculaire de 180 athlètes professionnels dans deux sports collectifs, football et basket-ball, et une discipline individuelle, le cyclisme. En football, la diminution de l'aptitude aérobie maximale semble avoir été compensée dans le jeu par des intensités de travail plus élevées au seuil anaérobie. Par ailleurs, la connaissance et l'amélioration du profil neuromusculaire des membres inférieurs représentent un intérêt majeur pour les joueurs. En basket-ball, l'aptitude aérobie demeure stable et homogène sans réelles différences en fonction du niveau de pratique ou du poste de jeu. Par contre une meilleure aptitude anaérobie semble pouvoir conditionner le niveau de pratique. L'étude du profil neuromusculaires suggère l'importance d'un développement en force maximale directement utile au niveau de la détente verticale. En cyclisme, l'étude de l'aptitude aérobie et anaérobie ne permet pas de différencier coureurs professionnels et élites. L'activité cycliste semble réclamer un profil neuromusculaire particulier des membres inférieurs permettant de développer des niveaux de force élevés à des vitesses élevées
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Langlet, Cécile. "Etude de la plasticité du système neuromusculaire chez le rat soumis à un épisode d'hypodynamie-hypokinésie." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-350.pdf.
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La microgravite se caracterise par une reduction des activites sensorimotrices. Elle induit une perte de masse et de force musculaire se manifestant sur les muscles lents posturaux. Ces effets sont bien connus. Par contre, il y a peu de donnees sur les modifications fonctionnelles du systeme neuromusculaire. L'objectif de ce travail a ete de determiner si la microgravite induit le developpement d'une plasticite de ce systeme. L'hypodynamie-hypokinesie (hh) des muscles des membres posterieurs est obtenue par l'utilisation du modele du rat suspendu, modele terrestre de microgravite simulee. Dans une premiere partie, l'etude de la plasticite motrice induite par 14 jours d'hh a ete realisee en etudiant l'activite electromyographique de deux muscles extenseurs de la cheville, lors de la locomotion sur tapis roulant. Apres hh, le patron locomoteur est modifie de facon differentielle. Ceci traduit des modifications de la commande nerveuse de ces deux muscles. Dans une seconde partie, la plasticite nerveuse sensorielle a ete abordee par trois etudes (cartographie corticale, marquage de la proteine fos, potentiels evoques). Nos travaux mettent en evidence une reorganisation des cartes sensorielles, une augmentation du niveau d'activation des cellules spinales et corticales (marquage fos augmente) et des modifications de la transmission des messages nerveux afferents. L'existence d'une plasticite du systeme neuromusculaire apres un episode d'hh est ainsi demontree. Les resultats obtenus peuvent servir d'elements d'interpretation pour expliquer les modifications d'ordre fonctionnel (troubles de la locomotion) observes chez l'homme apres un sejour en microgravite reelle.
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Borne, Rachel. "Électrostimulation neuromusculaire et récupération à court terme : implications dans la performance du sportif de haut niveau." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4138.
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La pratique d’exercices intenses répétés, entrecoupés de faibles temps de récupération, est susceptible d’engendrer une altération de l’homéostasie et une diminution de la performance chez les sportifs soumis à ce type de contraintes. Dans ce contexte, l’optimisation des processus de récupération est une possibilité forte d’amélioration de la performance et de sa reproduction. Une des principales limites au maintien de la performance de type haute intensité, répété à court terme, est attribuée à la fatigue périphérique, inhérente à l’ensemble des mécanismes de l’excitabilité et de la contraction du muscle squelettique. Cette fatigue périphérique engendre une inadéquation entre les apports et les besoins cellulaires, en oxygène et en nutriments, ainsi qu’une incapacité à éliminer et/ou recycler les produits métaboliques issus de la contraction musculaire. Afin de limiter ces effets, l’augmentation du flux sanguin lors de l’exercice et de la récupération apparaît indispensable au bon rétablissement de l’état d’équilibre de l’organisme et au maintien de la performance sportive. A ce titre, l’électrostimulation neuromusculaire semble être un mode de récupération théoriquement efficace pour augmenter le flux sanguin. Cette présente thèse, comprenant trois études, visait à connaître précisément les effets de l’électrostimulation neuromusculaire - par l’utilisation d’un nouvel appareil issu du domaine médicale - sur la cinétique de récupération de marqueurs de performance, de marqueurs physiologiques et de perception, dans le contexte d’exercices intenses, répétés à court terme. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’une stimulation efficace, induisant une augmentation du flux sanguin, permettrait d’optimiser la récupération à court terme, entre deux exercices de haute intensité. Ces résultats devraient permettre d’optimiser, dans le futur, les stratégies de récupération mises en place après un exercice intense, répété dans de brefs délais<br>The practice of intense and repeated exercises, interrupted with short recovery times, may induce alterations in homeostasis and a decrease of the performance for athletes who are subject to this type of constraints. In this context, the optimization of the recovery processes is a strong possibility to improve performance and the maintain of it all along the competitive period. One of the main limits in the preservation of performance in type high-intensity, repeated at small interval of time, is attributed to the peripheral fatigue, inherent to all the mechanisms implied in the skeletal muscle excitability and contraction. This peripheral fatigue induces an inadequacy between the contributions and the cellular needs of oxygen and nutrients, and also a disability for disposal or recycling the metabolic by-products stemming from the muscular contraction. In order to limit these effects, the increase in blood flow during exercise and recovery seems essential for the good restoring of the state of physiological balance for the body and the preservation of sport performance. Therefore, the neuromuscular electrical stimulation seems to be, in theory, an effective recovery mode to improve the blood flow. This present thesis, comprising three studies, aimed to know precisely the effects of the neuromuscular electrical stimulation - by the use of a new device stemming from the medical field - on the kinetics of recovery of performance, physiological and perceptual markers, in the context of intense exercises repeated in the short terms. We hypothesized that an effective stimulation, increasing the blood flow would allow to optimize short-term recovery between two high-intensity exercises. These results should contribute to optimize, in the future, the strategies of recovery organized after an intense exercise
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Girard, Emmanuelle. "Altérations génétiques des cholinestérases chez des souris : conséquences morphologiques et fonctionnelles à la jonction neuromusculaire." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160337.
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Au niveau de la jonction neuromusculaire (JNM) squelettique de Vertébrés, deux enzymes d'une remarquable efficacité peuvent hydrolyser l'acétylcholine (ACh) : l'acétylcholinestérase (AChE) et la butyrylcholinestérase (BChE). L'hydrolyse de l'ACh dépend non seulement de l'activité enzymatique de l'AChE et de la BChE mais également de leur localisation. Ces deux enzymes semblent posséder des capacités fonctionnelles différentes dont l'importance relative n'a pas encore été établie.<br />Nous avons choisi une approche génétique pour analyser le rôle des cholinestérases dans la transmission neuromusculaire. Nous disposons de plusieurs lignées de souris qui présentent un déficit dans l'hydrolyse de l'ACh à la jonction neuromusculaire. Certaines de ces souris génétiquement modifiées n'ont plus d'activité enzymatique AChE (souris AChE KO) dans tous les tissus, d'autres ne possèdent que la forme moléculaire soluble de l'AChE (souris AChE Del E5,6), d'autres sont dépourvues de la forme ancrée à la membrane par un glycophospholipide (souris AChE Del E5/neo) ou des formes ancrées à la membrane par PRiMA (souris PRiMA KO) ou totalement de BChE (souris BChE KO). La caractérisation des JNM de ces souris par des approches électrophysiologiques et de microscopie confocale nous a permis d'appréhender les rôles des différentes formes moléculaires des cholinestérases dans la transmission neuromusculaire ainsi que les éventuelles adaptations pré- et postsynaptiques qui conditionnent l'efficacité synaptique.<br />Malgré l'absence totale ou partielle d'AChE, les souris développent des contractions tétaniques dans une gamme de fréquences physiologiques (10 à 100 Hz) mais ne peuvent pas les maintenir constantes à des fréquences supérieures à 30 Hz. Chez ces souris, l'inhibition de la BChE entraîne une accentuation de la dépression de ces réponses, ce qui suggère que la BChE joue un rôle de modulateur dans la transmission synaptique. De plus, les cours temporels des réponses synaptiques enregistrées au niveau des JNM sont augmentés de par l'activation répétitive des récepteurs nicotiniques de l'ACh (RnACh) par l'ACh. Enfin, des remodelages pré- et postsynaptiques post-nataux ont été mis en évidence au niveau des JNM. Ces remodelages synaptiques sont probablement dus à l'adaptation des RnACh et des terminaisons nerveuses motrices face à l'absence d'activité enzymatique de l'AChE.<br />Nous proposons que, chez ces souris génétiquement modifiées, la petite taille des aires de distribution des RnACh ainsi que la discontinuité des amas de ces récepteurs et de celle des terminaisons nerveuses permettent à l'ACh de diffuser facilement et rapidement hors de la fente synaptique.
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Temesi, John. "The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in locomotor function : methodological issues and application to extreme exercise." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01057944.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a widely-used investigative technique in motor cortical evaluation. TMS is now being used in the investigation of fatigue to help partition the effects of central fatigue. Few studies have utilized this technique to evaluate the effects of locomotor exercise and none in conditions of extreme exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was twofold; first, to answer methodological questions pertaining to the use of TMS in fatigue evaluation, particularly of the quadriceps, and second, to investigate the effects of extreme exercise conditions on the development of central and supraspinal fatigue and corticospinal excitability and inhibition. In Studies 1 and 2, the effect of approaching a target force in different ways before the delivery a TMS pulse and the difference between commonly-employed methods of determining TMS intensity on the selection of optimal TMS intensity were investigated. In Study 3, the effect of one night sleep deprivation on cognitive and exercise performance and central parameters was investigated. The effect of a 110-km ultra-trail on the supraspinal component of central fatigue was evaluated in Study 4. The principal findings from this thesis are that during TMS evaluation during brief voluntary contractions, it is essential to deliver the TMS pulse once the force has stabilized at the target and that a stimulus-response curve at 20% MVC is appropriate for determining optimal TMS intensity in exercise and fatigue studies. Furthermore, while sleep deprivation negatively-impacted cognitive and exercise performance, it did not influence neuromuscular parameters nor result in greater central fatigue. Supraspinal fatigue develops and corticospinal excitability increases during endurance/ultra-endurance running and cycling, while the effects on inhibitory corticospinal mechanisms are equivocal and probably depend on exercise characteristics and TMS intensity
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Bret, Carine. "Qualités neuro-musculaires et métabolisme du lactate : relation avec la performance sur 100 m et dans différentes spécialités athlétiques (400 à 1500 m)." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10240.
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Ce travail prote d'une part sur l'étude des facteurs mécaniques et physiologiques qui influencent la performance au cours du sprint. D'autre part, une analyse de l'aptitude à échanger et à éliminer le lactate a été réalisée afin de pourvoir établir une comparaison entre les coureurs de 100 m et ceux spécialistes de 400, 800 et 1500 m. Les courbes d'évolution de la concentration sanguine de lactate, lors de la récupération peuvent précisément être décrites par l'équation proposée par Freund et Gendry (1978) : [La](t) = [La](0) + A1(1-e-γ1t) + A2(1-e-γ2t) où γ1 donne des informations sur l'aptitude à échanger le lactate des muscle précédemment actifs vers le sang, et γ2 renseigne sur l'aptitude à éliminer le lactate de l'organisme. Enfin, nous avons exploré une éventuelle différence concernant le métabolisme du lactate dans deux populations de coureurs de 400 m d'origine ethniques différente : caucasiens et africains. L'étude 1 montre que la force maximale développée par les membres inférieurs est reliée à la vitesse moyenne soutenue sur les trois phases, constituant chronologiquement le 100 m. La raideur musculo-tendineuse est significativement corrélée à la vitesse moyenne de la seconde phase. La relation entre la vitesse moyenne sur 100 m et la concentration sanguine de lactate, obtenue dans l'étude 2, démontre que la production d'énergie, via la glycolyse anaérobie, est un facteur déterminant de la performance. De plus, il est démontré que la plus grande partie de l'énergie métabolique, nécessaire pour effectuer 100 m, provient de la glycose anaérobie. Les résultats d'une troisième étude montrent que les coureurs de demi-fonds (800 et 1500 m) possèdent une aptitude à échanger le lactate supérieure à celle des coureurs de sprint court et long (100 et 400 m), lors d'un exercice de 1 mn à 25,2 km. H-1. Dans le cadre de l'étude 4; les coureurs de 400 m caucasiens semblent obtenir une meilleure aptitude à échanger et à éliminer le lactate que leurs homologues africains.
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Bozzo, Cyrille. "Variations de phosphorylation de la chaîne légère de myosine en relation avec la plasticité du muscle squelettique." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ff009903-132c-4613-ac8c-ba43288d7d05.
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La chaîne légère de myosine (MLC2) est connue pour son rôle dans la régulation de la contraction musculaire. Au niveau du muscle squelettique, les deux isoformes lente et rapide de MLC2 sont phosphorylables. Cette modification post-traductionnelle permet la potentialisation de la contraction du muscle après contraction tétanique, essentiellement pour le muscle de type rapide. La phosphorylation de la MLC2 est ainsi supposée être un mécanisme rapide et transitoire, utilisé par le muscle rapide pour lutter contre le phénomène de fatigue engendré par la contraction. Aucune donnée ne décrit les variations de phosphorylation de la MLC2 suite â des transformations phénotypiques relevant de la plasticité du muscle squelettique, et qui permettent son adaptation à des contraintes de longue durée (~15 jours). Nous avons analysé les variations de phosphorylation de la MLC2 dans des cas de transformations phénotypiques de type lent~rapide, induites par des altérations de la commande nerveuse dans l'EDL (muscle typiquement rapide), et le solens (muscle typiquement lent). Nous nous sommes également attachés à décrire les mécanismes de régulations de cette phosphorylation (voie de régulation, enzymes de phosphorylation-MLCK/déphosphorylation-MP)<br>Nous avons démontré que la phosphorylation de la MLC2 après des transformations phénotypiques du muscle à long terme est corrélée aux changements phénotypiques, avec une augmentation de phosphorylation lors de transformations lent -> rapide (hypodynamie-hypokinésie, dénervation du soleus, clenbuterol), et une diminution lors de transformations rapide -> lent (hypergravité du soleus, dénervation de l'EDL, électrosimulation chronique à basse fréquence de l'EDL). La corrélation entre la phosphorylation de la MLC2 et les changements phénotypiques induits par altération de la commande nerveuse ne semble pas exclusivement dépendante de la voie calcineurine-NFAT. Enfin, la régulation de la phosphorylation s'établit par une modulation de l'expression du rapport MLCK/MP. Nous avons donc proposé l'hypothèse que l'augmentation de phosphorylation observée lors de l'expression du phénotype musculaire rapide, permettrait l'établissement d'un niveau de phosphorylation basal dans le muscle rapide, lui permettant de répondre aux contraintes liées à la fatigue après effort de façon transitoire mais performante, comme révélé lors des analyses de la phosphorylation à court terme
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Allouch, Samar. "Modélisation inverse du système neuromusculosquelettique : application au doigt majeur." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2157.
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Avec le besoin de développer un organe artificiel remplaçant le doigt humain dans le cas d'un déficit et la nécessité de comprendre le fonctionnement de ce système physiologique, un modèle physique inverse du système doigt, permettant de chercher les activations neuronales à partir du mouvement, est nécessaire. Malgré le grand nombre d'études dans la modélisation de la main humaine, presque il n'existe aucun modèle physique inverse du système doigt majeur qui s'intéresse à chercher les activations neuronales. Presque tous les modèles existants se sont intéressés à la recherche des forces et des activations musculaires. L'objectif de la thèse est de présenter un modèle neuromusculo-squelettique du système doigt majeur humain permettant d'obtenir les activations neuronales, les activations musculaires et les forces musculaires des tous les muscles agissants sur le système doigt d'après l'analyse du mouvement. Le but de ce type des modèles est de représenter les caractéristiques essentielles du mouvement avec le plus de réalisme possible. Notre travail consiste à étudier, modéliser et à simuler le mouvement du doigt humain. L'innovation du modèle proposé est le couplage entre la biomécanique et les aspects neurophysiologiques afin de simuler la chaine inverse complet du mouvement en allant des données dynamiques du doigt aux intentions neuronales qui contrôlent les activations musculaires. L'autre innovation est la conception d'un protocole expérimental spécifique qui traite à la fois les données sEMG multicanal et les données cinématiques d'après une procédure de capture de mouvement<br>With the need to develop an artificial organ replacing the human finger in the case of a deficiency and the need to understand how this physiological system works, an inverse physical model of the finger system for estimating neuronal activations from the movement, is necessary. Despite the large number of studies in the human hand modeling, almost there is no inverse physical model of the middle finger system that focuses on search neuronal activations. Al most all existing models have focused on the research of the muscle forces and muscle activations. The purpose of the manuscript is to present a neuromusculoskeletal model of the human middle finger system for estimating neuronal activations, muscle activations and muscle forces of all the acting muscles after movement analysis. The aim of such models is to represent the essential characteristics of the movement with the best possible realism. Our job is to study, model and simulate the movement of the human finger. The innovation of the proposed model is the coupling between the biomechanical and neurophysiological aspects to simulate the complete inverse movement chain from dynamic finger data to neuronal intents that control muscle activations. Another innovation is the design of a specific experimental protocol that treats both the multichannel sEMG and kinematic data from a data capture procedure of the movement
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Brane, Gavrančić. "Klinička procena neuromišićne blokade intraoperativnim neurofiziološkim monitoringom." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2014. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=90057&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Ciljevi: U kliničkoj praksi se rutinski upotrebljava vizuelna metoda evaluacije TOF testa, koja ne pruža u potpunosti precizne podatke u periodu oporavka neuromišićne blockade. Neophodno je ispitati mogućnost upotrebe specifičnije i preciznije metode u TOF monitoring, kao što je kvantitativna TOF metoda. Određivanje razlike između vrednosti T1 i T4 mišićnih kontrakcija, dobijenih kvantitativnom TOF metodom, može biti precizan pokazatelj prisustva neuromišićne blokade na testiranom mišiću. Takođe, aplikacijom kvantitativne TOF metode, neophodno je utvrditi da li kod različitih mišića postoji različit period oporavka od prisustva neuromišićne blokade. Upotreba kvantitativne TOF metode, i poređenje T4 / T1 odnosa između različitih mišića, može biti pokazatelj postojanja razlika u oporavku od prisustva neuromišićne blokade. Materijal i metode: U istraživanju je analiziran oporavak od prisustva neromišićne blokade na m.abductor hallucis i m. interosseus dorsalis primus aplikacijom kvantitativnog TOF testa u toku ortopedskih hirurških procedura na kičmenom stubu uz upotrebu intraoperativnog neurofiziološkog monitoring kod 147 bolesnika. T4/T1 odnos je određen na testiranom mišiću stopala i šake, obavljena je klasifikacija ispitanika u odnosu na dozu neuromišićnog blokatora i proteklo vreme od apilikacije. Poređenjem T4/T1 odnosa između testiranih mišića utvrđene su razlike u oporavku od prisustva neuromišićne blokade. Vizuelnom TOF metodom je vršena procena neuromišićne blokade od strane anesteziologa, stimulacijom n.ulnaris i praćenjem kontrakcije m.adductor pollicis. Rezultati dobijeni vizuelnom TOF metodom su upoređeni sa rezultatima dobijenim kvantitativnom TOF metodom na m. interosseus dorsalis primus. Rezultati: Postoje značajne razlike u T4/T1 odnosu između testiranih mišića na stopalu i šaci (p<0.05). T4/T1 odnos određen na m.abductor hallucis ima niže vrednosti, odnosno brži oporavak, u odnosu na m. interosseus dorsalis primus (p<0.05). Kvantitativnom TOF metodom dobijeni su pouzdani rezultati o proceni neuromišićne blokade kod svih testiranih bolesnika, dok su vizuelnom TOF metodom dobijeni kod 40 % testiranih bolesnika. Rezultati pokazuju da postoje značajne razlike u pouzdanosti i preciznosti između kvantitativne i vizuelne TOF metode. Zaključak: Kvantitativna TOF metoda je klinički prihvatljiva i pouzdana metoda u proceni prisustva neuromišićne blokade. Razlike u oporavku od neuromišićne blokade uočene kod različitih mišića, ukazuju da je TOF monitoring neophodan na određenoj mišićnoj regiji koja pruža pouzdane i precizne podatke o neuromišićnoj blokadi regije na kojoj se hirurška procedura obavlja. Kvantitativna TOF metoda pruža preciznije podatke o stepenu prisustva neuromišićne blokade u odnosu na vizuelnu subjektivnu TOF metodu.<br>Purpose: In clinical practice routinely used method of TOF test is visual method of interpretation. This method does not provide completely reliable data in period of spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade. It is necessary to investigate possibility of application of more specific and more accurate method in TOF monitoring, such as quantitative TOF method. Determination of difference between the values of T1 and T4 muscle contraction, obtained by quantitative TOF method, may indicate the presence of neuromuscular blockade on tested muscle. In addition to this, by application of quantitative TOF method, it is necessary to determine is there a difference in period of recovery from neuromuscular blockade between defferent muscles. Comparison of T4/T1 ratios between different muscles may indicate presence of different period of recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Methods: Study analyzed differences between recovery of foot - abductor hallucis muscle and hand - first dorsal interosseous muscle by application of quantitative TOF test on 147 patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. T1 to T4 decrements on hand and foot TOF were determined and classified into different groups, depending of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) dose and elapsed time after administration. T1 - T4 decrements were compared between hand and foot TOF and differences between muscle recovery were determined. Visual method of TOF test was performed by anesthesiologists, by using peripheral nerve stimulator and stimulating ulnar nerve. Quantitative TOF test was measured on first dorsal interosseous muscle, and compared with visual TOF results obtained on adductor pollicis muscle. Results: There are significant differences between T1 - T4 decrements obtained on tested muscles of hand and foot (p<0.05). T1-T4 decrement determined on abductor hallucis muscle had lower values, respectively more rapid recovery, than first dorsal interosseous muscle (p<0.05). Quantitative method of TOF test had reliable and correct results in all tested subjects, while visual interpretation of TOF method showed accurate results in 40 % of all cases. Results indicated that significant difference was present between quantitative and visual method of TOF interpretation. Conclusions: Difference between observed recovery of hand and foot muscles is indicating that quantitative TOF test should be performed on specific site for which accurate data about the level of neuromuscular blockade is needed. During lumbar spine surgery, in addition to hand TOF, foot TOF should be included as it provides more accurate data needed for neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring. Quantitative TOF method provides more accurate data about level of neuromuscular blockade if compared with subjective visual TOF method.
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Felipe, Fernandez Emma. "Conséquences de contractions musculaires volontaires et électro-induites exhaustives sur le contrôle postural bipodal et la fatigue centrale." Thesis, Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3021/document.
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L’objectif général de ce travail doctoral était de comparer les effets de la fatigue musculaire des quadriceps femoris après un exercice musculaire volontaire (VOL) et un exercice musculaire électroinduit (ES) sur le contrôle postural bipodal, ainsi que sur la fatigue centrale. Les résultats montrent qu’à l’issue d’une tâche fatigante unilatérale ou bilatérale, l’exercice ES dégrade davantage la force usculaire que l’exercice VOL. Cependant, le contrôle postural bipodal est indifféremment perturbépar les deux exercices. En outre, les vitesses de récupération des capacités posturales et de force musculaire ne diffèrent pas à l’issue des exercices. Par ailleurs, l'exercice VOL altère davantage la commande centrale que l'exercice ES (immédiatement à l’issue de l’effort), tandis que celui-ci retarde l’apparition de la fatigue centrale et la maintient plus longuement. Etant donné que l'exercice VOL estinduit par la commande centrale et que l'exercice ES est généré par une stimulation artificielle externe, on peut émettre l’hypothèse que l'exercice VOL produit essentiellement une fatigue supraspinale, tandis que l'exercice ES engendre surtout une fatigue spinale<br>The overall objective of this thesis was to compare the effect of fatigue of the quadriceps femoris after fatiguing voluntary contractions (VOL) and fatiguing neuromuscular electrical stimulation (ES) on bipedal postural control, and central fatigue. The results show that after unilateral or bilateral muscle fatigue, the ES exercise affected the muscle strength more than the VOL exercise. However, bipedal postural control was similarly deteriorated for both exercises. Moreover, the recovery speeds of postural control and muscle strength abilities did not differ for the both exercises. In addition, the VOL exercise alters central drive quicker than the ES exercise immediately after their completion while the ES exercise delays and prolongs the central fatigue. As the VOL exercise is induced by central command and the ES exercise is generated by artificial external stimulation, one can hypothesize that the VOL exercise especially produces supraspinal fatigue, while the ES exercise especially engenders spinal fatigue
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Vaillant, Jacques. "KINÉSITHÉRAPIE ET AMÉLIORATION DU CONTRÔLE DE L'ÉQUILIBRE DU SUJET ÂGÉ : EFFETS DE TRAITEMENTS COGNITIFS, MANUELS ET INSTRUMENTAUX." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00184980.
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Le vieillissement des systèmes sensoriels, effecteurs et cognitifs, participant au contrôle postural, induit une diminution des capacités fonctionnelles pouvant conduire à la chute chez la personne âgée. Les conséquences en terme de coût humain et économique justifient l'intérêt qui est porté aujourd'hui à leur prévention. L'objectif général de ce travail doctoral rentre dans cette problématique, en se focalisant plus particulièrement sur l'évaluation de l'efficacité de différentes prises en charge kinésithérapiques sur le contrôle de la posture des personnes âgées. Après s'être assuré de l'intérêt de diverses méthodes d'évaluation clinique et instrumentale, nous avons, d'une part, étudié l'effet à court et moyen terme d'un programme de kinésithérapie de groupe associant techniques sensorimotrices, éducatives et manipulations cognitives et, d'autre part, testé sélectivement les effets à court terme de différentes techniques régionales couramment pratiquées par les kinésithérapeutes (techniques de massage et étirements) et d'une technique d'autoentraînement. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats montrent un effet positif sur les performances cliniques et le contrôle de la posture à court terme pour les techniques prises isolément et à moyen et long terme, pour le programme de kinésithérapie. La traduction dans les situations fonctionnelles de vie quotidienne et la diminution du risque de chute restent à étudier.
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Kittel, Robert. "Synaptic physiology of the developing Drosophila neuromuscular junction." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AC50-D.
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Gant, Daniel B. "A comparative investigation of the pharmacology of fish and mammalian neuromuscular systems." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/32161.
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Kittel, Robert Johannes [Verfasser]. "Synaptic physiology of the developing Drosophila neuromuscular junction / vorgelegt von Robert Johannes Kittel." 2007. http://d-nb.info/984979689/34.
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"Biomodel-based analysis of the excitability of neuromuscular systems." 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6073474.
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Hu Xiaoling.<br>"May 2002."<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.