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Academic literature on the topic 'Neurones moteurs – Physiopathologie'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neurones moteurs – Physiopathologie"
Hadj, Saïd Wahiba. "Physiopathologie du muscle strié squelettique : caractérisation des répercussions musculaires des atteintes des motoneurones et de la jonction neuromusculaire chez la souris." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066616.
Full textMany diseases affect motoneurons and neuromuscular junction without their impact on skeletal muscle is well known. Different murine models are studied in the first part: 1) deficient mice AChE, enzyme hydrolysing acetylcholine (AChE KO), 2) mice with a mutation in the gene Perlecan, Perlecan is essential to anchor the AChE to the synaptic membrane, 3) mice with a mutation in the gene MuSK, MuSK plays a central role in the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction and 4) mutant SOD1 mice with a progressive loss of motor neurons. Our results show that different murine models studied do not induce the same alterations in neuromuscular function (muscle weakness, fatigue) and the models the most severely affected are AChE KO mice and SOD1 mutant mice and Musk mutant mice. Our results also show that the impact of motoneurons and neuromuscular junction studied varies by model. Model with the most pronounced changes of intrinsic properties (maximum production force, size and type of fibres) is SOD1 mutant mice, in addition to the model of surgical denervation control. Various degrees of weakness, muscle fatigue, muscle atrophy, and change the composition of different types of fibres, depending on the model indicate distinct physiopathological mechanisms that cannot be reduced to a simple communication-impaired nerve-muscle and motor control. In a second part, we studied the effects of locomotor training in pathological situations, as suggested by the effects of muscular inactivity or various studies that dealt with nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Our results show that a month of locomotor training increased fatigue resistance in the muscles innervated mutant mice Perlecan and muscles reinnervated of mice undergoing DEns but it had no effect when the muscle is partially denervated. Therefore, increased physical activity could be beneficial to muscle performance of patients with neuromuscular diseases affecting nerve–muscle communication, and that inactivity should be avoided. In conclusion, our studies may help to a better understanding of the neuromuscular function, and of how the skeletal muscle is affected by diseases affecting motoneurons and neuromuscular junction. They can also help clarify the objectives of therapeutic approaches (improved muscle weakness or fatigue). Finally, they suggest that physical activity is beneficial for neuromuscular function in the context of disease affecting the nerve-muscle communication, unlike inactivity
Milan, Lea. "Physiopathologie de la sclérose latérale amyotropique : implication des systèmes neuromodulateurs dans les réseaux moteurs spinaux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0294/document.
Full textNeuromodulatory systems play a crucial role in the establishment and regulation ofspinal motor networks to finely adjust the locomotor rhythm and pattern to the internal andexternal constraints. It is now well admitted that alterations in neuromodulatory functions areinvolved in diverse neurologic disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerativedisease characterized by the specific loss of cortical and spinal motor neurons. A growingbody of evidence now suggests that although ALS syndromes occur in adulthood, alterationscan be detected as early as at the embryonic stages in the spinal cord of the rodent model ofALS, the SOD1 mouse. In this context, we hypothesized that early alterations in the spinalneuromodulatory systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of ALS. To answer thisquestion, in a first step, we compared the monoaminergic modulation of spinal network byrecording extracellularly the fictive locomotion produced in the in vitro spinal cordpreparation form newborn wild-type and SOD1 mice. By combining extra- intracellularrecordings with immunohistochemical and cellular biology technics, we aimed, in a secondstep, to investigate the cholinergic synapses arising onto motoneurons and their neuronalsource, the lamina X interneurons as a function of the mouse age. Finally, we initiated (1) aninnovative behavioural study of mouse motor habits and (2) an analysis of the synapticplasticity of glutamatergic synapses imping on motoneurons in culture. Altogether, our datademonstrated early and progressive changes of the major spinal neuromodulatory systems:cholinergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic. Our data show for the first time that: (1) M2receptors undergo a complex dynamic under C-bouton that is completely disturbed in SOD1motoneurons and (2) motoneurons are not the only cellular subtype to degenerate in SOD1mice. Indeed, we found evidence that neurodegenerative processes also target lamina Xcholinergic interneurons in the SOD1 spinal cord
Chanraud-Carraze, Véronique. "Effet de l'inactivation du noyau sous-thalamique sur l'activité des neurones de la pars reticulata de la substance noire : un modèle d'hémiballisme chez le rat." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M106.
Full textGingras, Marie. "Application du génie tissulaire à l'étude du système nerveux périphérique sensoriel et moteur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24182/24182.pdf.
Full textBurg, Thibaut. "Détermination du rôle des neurones corticospinaux dans le déclenchement et la progression de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique chez les souris Sod1G86R." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ046.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease characterized by progressive and combined degeneration of corticospinal neurons (CSN) and bulbar and spinal motoneurons (MN). Studies in patients suggest a cortical origin and a corticofugal spread of the pathology. However, this hypothesis has never been demonstrated in ALS patients nor tested in mouse models. The work of this thesis allowed to test the role of subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN) in the onset and progression of ALS in Sod1G86R mice. To do so, we generated a new mouse model developing ALS in the absence of SCPN. Results show that the absence of SCPN delays the onset of the pathology, prolongs the survival of the animals, while reducing the decline of their motor abilities. These data suggest that the absence of SCPN is beneficial and that, in an ALS context, SCPN would be toxic and have a preponderant role in the onset and establishment of the pathology. This work shows the importance of including the CSN study for the development of future therapeutic strategies
Calbiac, Hortense de. "Mechanisms of C9ORF72 pathogenicity and related autophagy impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Sqstm1 knockdown causes a locomotor phenotype ameliorated by rapamycin in a zebrafish model of ALS/FTLD Depdc5 knockdown causes mTOR-dependent motor hyperactivity in zebrafish." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS561.
Full textTo investigate the pathogenic mechanisms induced by SQSTM1 mutations in ALS, we developed a zebrafish model of sqstm1 haploinsufficiency. We observed that loss of function of sqstm1 leads to a specific motor phenotype. To elucidate the common cellular mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration in ALS, we analyzedc9orf72 and sqstm1 epistatic interactions inzebrafish. C9orf72 and sqstm1 partial inhibitions have an additive effect and C9ORF72 rescues the phenotype induced by sqstm1 knockdown. Thus, both proteins belong to the same pathway and c9orf72 acts downstream of sqstm1. Also, we observed that depletion of these genes in mouse motor neurons primary cultures leads to the early death of motor neurons associated with autophagy impairment. To develop a vertebrate model that recapitulates the different mechanisms associated withthe C9ORF72 HRE pathogenicity in ALS, we combined the partial inhibition of c9orf72 with the expression of the DPRs in zebrafish. This induces a robust motor phenotype characterized by locomotor defects and paralysis. Focusing on GP repeats, we observed that the loss of function of c9orf72 is essential to inhibitpoly(GP) clearance.This is associated with SQSTM1/p62 accumulation, severe motor neurons abnormalities and loss. These phenotypes are rescued by the inhibition of caspase 9, a regulator of apoptosis. Also, rapamycinis able to improve the clearance of poly(GP) and p62, with restored swim and motor neurons features, thus confirming the role of C9ORF72 in autophagy.These results show that DPR toxicity is related to lowered expression of C9ORF72, suggesting that both gain and loss of function synergize in the C9ORF72 HRE pathogenicity
Azzouz, Mimoun. "La souris transgenique pour la sod1 humaine mutee (ga), un modele de sclerose laterale amyotrophique familiale ; approche fonctionnelle et etude de la physiopathologie de la maladie." Strasbourg 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR15063.
Full textBooks on the topic "Neurones moteurs – Physiopathologie"
(Editor), Michael P. Barnes, and Garth R. Johnson (Editor), eds. Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity: Clinical Management and Neurophysiology. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Find full text1952-, Barnes Michael P., and Johnson Garth R. 1945-, eds. Upper motor neurone syndrome and spasticity: Clinical management and neurophysiology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Find full text(Editor), T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger (Editor), and K. Mizumura (Editor), eds. The Polymodal Receptor - A Gateway to Pathological Pain (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Science, 1996.
Find full textTakao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
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