Academic literature on the topic 'Neurones sensitifs – Physiologie'

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Journal articles on the topic "Neurones sensitifs – Physiologie"

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Dean, J. B., and J. A. Boulant. "Delayed firing rate responses to temperature in diencephalic slices." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): R679—R684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r679.

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Thermoregulatory responses may be delayed in onset and offset by several minutes after changes in hypothalamic temperature. Our preceding study found neurons that displayed delayed firing rate responses during clamped thermal stimulation in remote regions of rat diencephalic tissue slices. The present study looked for similar delayed firing rate responses during clamped (1.5-10 min) changes in each neuron's local temperature. Of 26 neurons tested with clamped thermal stimulation, six (i.e., 23%) showed delayed responses, with on-latencies of 1.0-7.8 min. These neurons rarely showed off-latencies, and the delayed response was not eliminated by synaptic blockade. The on-latencies and ranges of local thermosensitivity were similar to delayed neuronal responses to remote temperature; however, remote-sensitive neurons displayed off-latencies, higher firing rates at 37 degrees C, and greater sensitivity to thermal stimulation. Our findings suggest that delayed thermosensitivity is an intrinsic property of certain neurons and may initiate more elaborate or prolonged delayed responses in synaptically connected diencephalic networks. These networks could explain the delayed thermoregulatory responses observed during hypothalamic thermal stimulation.
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RIND, F. CLAIRE. "IDENTIFICATION OF DIRECTIONALLY SELECTIVE MOTION-DETECTING NEURONES IN THE LOCUST LOBULA AND THEIR SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS WITH AN IDENTIFIED DESCENDING NEURONE." Journal of Experimental Biology 149, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.149.1.21.

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The anatomy and physiology of two directionally selective motion-detecting neurones in the locust are described. Both neurones had dendrites in the lobula, and projected to the ipsilateral protocerebrum. Their cell bodies were located on the posterio-dorsal junction of the optic lobe with the protocerebrum. The neurones were sensitive to horizontal motion of a visual stimulus. One neurone, LDSMD(F), had a preferred direction forwards over the ipsilateral eye, and a null direction backwards. The other neurone, LDSMD(B), had a preferred direction backwards over the ipsilateral eye 1. Motion in the preferred direction caused EPSPs and spikes in the LDSMD neurones. Motion in the null direction resulted in IPSPs 2. Both excitatory and inhibitory inputs were derived from the ipsilateral eye 3. The DSMD neurones responded to velocities of movement up to and beyond 270°s−1 4. The response of both LDSMD neurones showed no evidence of adaptation during maintained apparent or real movement 5. There was a delay of 60–80 ms between a single step of apparent movement, either the preferred or the null direction, and the start of the response 6. There was a monosynaptic, excitatory connection between the LDSMD(B) neurone and the protocerebral, descending DSMD neurone (PDDSMD) identified in the preceding paper (Rind, 1990). At resting membrane potential, a single presynaptic spike did not give rise to a spike in the postsynaptic neurone
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SONG, YUNING, and CURTIS L. BAKER. "Neural mechanisms mediating responses to abutting gratings: Luminance edgesvs.illusory contours." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806232036.

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The discontinuities of phase-shifted abutting line gratings give rise to perception of an “illusory contour” (IC) along the line terminations. Neuronal responses to such ICs have been interpreted as evidence for a specialized visual mechanism, since such responses cannot be predicted from conventional linear receptive fields. However, when the spatial scale of the component gratings (carriers) is large compared to the neuron's luminance passband, these IC responses might be evoked simply by the luminance edges at the line terminations. Thus by presenting abutting gratings at a series of carrier spatial scales to cat A18 neurons, we were able to distinguish genuine nonlinear responses from those due to luminance edges. Around half of the neurons (both simple and complex types) showed a bimodal response pattern to abutting gratings: one peak at a low carrier spatial frequency range that overlapped with the luminance passband, and a second distinct peak at much higher frequencies beyond the neuron's grating resolution. For those bimodally responding neurons, the low-frequency responses were sensitive to carrier phase, but the high-frequency responses were phase-invariant. Thus the responses at low carrier spatial frequencies could be understoodviaa linear model, while the higher frequency responses represented genuine nonlinear IC processing. IC responsive neurons also demonstrated somewhat lower spatial preference to the periodic contours (envelopes) compared to gratings, but the optimal orientation and motion direction for both were quite similar. The nonlinear responses to ICs could be explained by the same energy mechanism underlying responses to second-order stimuli such as contrast-modulated gratings. Similar neuronal preferences for ICs and for gratings may contribute to the form-cue invariant perception of moving contours.
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Karmeier, K., J. H. van Hateren, R. Kern, and M. Egelhaaf. "Encoding of Naturalistic Optic Flow by a Population of Blowfly Motion-Sensitive Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 3 (September 2006): 1602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00023.2006.

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In sensory systems information is encoded by the activity of populations of neurons. To analyze the coding properties of neuronal populations sensory stimuli have usually been used that were much simpler than those encountered in real life. It has been possible only recently to stimulate visual interneurons of the blowfly with naturalistic visual stimuli reconstructed from eye movements measured during free flight. Therefore we now investigate with naturalistic optic flow the coding properties of a small neuronal population of identified visual interneurons in the blowfly, the so-called VS and HS neurons. These neurons are motion sensitive and directionally selective and are assumed to extract information about the animal's self-motion from optic flow. We could show that neuronal responses of VS and HS neurons are mainly shaped by the characteristic dynamical properties of the fly's saccadic flight and gaze strategy. Individual neurons encode information about both the rotational and the translational components of the animal's self-motion. Thus the information carried by individual neurons is ambiguous. The ambiguities can be reduced by considering neuronal population activity. The joint responses of different subpopulations of VS and HS neurons can provide unambiguous information about the three rotational and the three translational components of the animal's self-motion and also, indirectly, about the three-dimensional layout of the environment.
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Thompson, Gregory W., Magda Horackova, and J. Andrew Armour. "Sensitivity of canine intrinsic cardiac neurons to H2O2and hydroxyl radical." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 275, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): H1434—H1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.4.h1434.

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To determine whether intrinsic cardiac neurons are sensitive to oxygen-derived free radicals in situ, studies were performed in 44 open-chest anesthetized dogs. 1) When H2O2(600 μM) was administered to right atrial neurons of 36 dogs via their local arterial blood supply, neuronal activity either increased (+92% in 16 dogs) or decreased (−61% in 20 dogs), depending on the population of neurons studied. H2O2(600 μM) administered into the systemic circulation did not affect neuronal activity, measured cardiac indexes, or aortic pressure. 2) The iron-chelating agent deferoxamine (20 mg/kg iv), a chemical that prevents the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals, reduced the activity generated by neurons (−57%) in 8 of 10 dogs. 3) H2O2did not affect neuronal activity when administered in the presence of deferoxamine in these 10 dogs. 4) When the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel opener cromakalim (20 μM) was administered to intrinsic cardiac neurons in another 21 animals via their regional arterial blood supply, ongoing neuronal activity in 15 of these dogs decreased by 54%. 5) Neuronal activity was not affected by H2O2when administered in the presence of cromakalim in 16 dogs. These data indicate that 1) some intrinsic cardiac neurons are sensitive to exogenous H2O2, 2) such neurons are tonically influenced by locally produced oxygen-derived free radicals in situ, and 3) intrinsic cardiac neurons possess KATPchannels that are functionally important during oxidative challenge.
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Inokuchi, A., Y. Oomura, N. Shimizu, and T. Yamamoto. "Central action of glucagon in rat hypothalamus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 250, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): R120—R126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.1.r120.

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The effects of electrophoretically applied glucagon on neuronal activity in the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) were examined. In the LHA glucagon significantly suppressed the activity of glucose-sensitive neurons compared with its effect on non-glucose-sensitive neurons. This inhibitory effect of glucagon on LHA neurons was blocked by ouabain. Intracellular recordings from LHA neurons revealed that glucagon hyperpolarized the cell membrane without a significant change in the input membrane resistance. Intra-arterial injection of glucagon suppressed the activity of some neurons that were suppressed by electrophoretically applied glucagon. Similarly, glucagon suppressed the activity of significant numbers of DMH and VMH neurons with doses higher than those that affected LHA glucose-sensitive neurons. Cortical neurons were unaffected by glucagon. The data suggest that blood-borne glucagon could suppress the activity of LHA glucose-sensitive neurons and, in addition, might contribute to the control of metabolism and the termination of feeding behavior.
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Kanda, Shinji, Yasuhisa Akazome, Takuya Matsunaga, Naoyuki Yamamoto, Shunji Yamada, Hiroko Tsukamura, Kei-ichiro Maeda, and Yoshitaka Oka. "Identification of KiSS-1 Product Kisspeptin and Steroid-Sensitive Sexually Dimorphic Kisspeptin Neurons in Medaka (Oryzias latipes)." Endocrinology 149, no. 5 (January 17, 2008): 2467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1503.

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Recently, a novel physiologically active peptide, kisspeptin (metastin), has been reported to facilitate sexual maturation and ovulation by directly stimulating GnRH neurons in several mammalian species. Despite its importance in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction, kisspeptin neurons have only been studied in mammals, and there has been no report on the kisspeptin or kisspeptin neuronal systems in nonmammalian vertebrates. We used medaka for the initial identification of the KiSS-1 gene and the anatomical distribution of KiSS-1 mRNA expressing neurons (KiSS-1 neurons) in the brain of nonmammalian species. In situ hybridization for the medaka KiSS-1 gene cloned here proved that two kisspeptin neuronal populations are localized in the hypothalamic nuclei, the nucleus posterioris periventricularis and the nucleus ventral tuberis (NVT). Furthermore, NVT KiSS-1 neurons were sexually dimorphic in number (male neurons ≫ female neurons) under the breeding conditions. We also found that the number of KiSS-1 neurons in the NVT but not that in the nucleus posterioris periventricularis was positively regulated by ovarian estrogens. The fact that there were clear differences in the number of NVT KiSS-1 neurons between the fish under the breeding and nonbreeding conditions strongly suggests that the steroid-sensitive changes in the KiSS-1 mRNA expression in the NVT occur physiologically, according to the changes in the reproductive state. From the present results, we conclude that the medaka KiSS-1 neuronal system is involved in the central regulation of reproductive functions, and, given many experimental advantages, the medaka brain may serve as a good model system to study its physiology.
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Dogas, Z., M. Krolo, E. A. Stuth, M. Tonkovic-Capin, F. A. Hopp, D. R. McCrimmon, and E. J. Zuperku. "Differential Effects of GABAA Receptor Antagonists in the Control of Respiratory Neuronal Discharge Patterns." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 2368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.5.2368.

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Dogas, Z., M. Krolo, E. A. Stuth, M. Tonkovic-Capin, F. A. Hopp, D. R. McCrimmon, and E. J. Zuperku. Differential effects of GABAA receptor antagonists in the control of respiratory neuronal discharge patterns. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2368–2377, 1998. To ascertain the role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in shaping and controlling the phasic discharge patterns of medullary respiratory premotor neurons, localized pressure applications of the competitive GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (BIC) and the noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin (PIC) were studied. Multibarrel micropipettes were used in halothane anesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated, vagotomized dogs to record single unit activity from inspiratory and expiratory neurons in the caudal ventral respiratory group and to picoeject GABAA receptor antagonists. The moving time average of phrenic nerve activity was used to determine respiratory phase durations and to synchronize cycle-triggered histograms of discharge patterns. Picoejection of BIC and PIC had qualitatively different effects on the discharge patterns of respiratory neurons. BIC caused an increase in the discharge rate during the neuron's active phase without inducing activity during the neuron's normally silent phase. The resulting discharge patterns were amplified replicas (×2–3) of the underlying preejection phasic patterns. In contrast, picoejection of PIC did not increase the peak discharge rate during the neuron's active phase but induced a tonic level of activity during the neuron's normally silent phase. The maximum effective BIC dose (15 ± 1.8 pmol/min) was considerably smaller than that for PIC (280 ± 53 pmol/min). These findings suggest that GABAA receptors with differential pharmacology mediate distinct functions within the same neuron, 1) gain modulation that is BIC sensitive but PIC insensitive and 2) silent-phase inhibition blocked by PIC. These studies also suggest that the choice of an antagonist is an important consideration in the determination of GABA receptor function within the respiratory motor control system.
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Zhang, Tao, and Kenneth H. Britten. "The Responses of VIP Neurons Are Sufficiently Sensitive to Support Heading Judgments." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 4 (April 2010): 1865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00401.2009.

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The ventral intraparietal area (VIP) of the macaque monkey is thought to be involved in judging heading direction based on optic flow. We recorded neuronal discharges in VIP while monkeys were performing a two-alternative, forced-choice heading discrimination task to relate quantitatively the activity of VIP neurons to monkeys' perceptual choices. Most VIP neurons were responsive to simulated heading stimuli and were tuned such that their responses changed across a range of forward trajectories. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, we found that most VIP neurons were less sensitive to small heading changes than was the monkey, although a minority of neurons were equally sensitive. Pursuit eye movements modestly yet significantly increased both neuronal and behavioral thresholds by approximately the same amount. Our results support the view that VIP activity is involved in self-motion judgments.
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Aggarwal, Sanya, Celion Tang, Kristen Sing, Hyun Wook Kim, Robert P. Millar, and Javier A. Tello. "Medial Amygdala Kiss1 Neurons Mediate Female Pheromone Stimulation of Luteinizing Hormone in Male Mice." Neuroendocrinology 108, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496106.

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Background/Aims: The medial amygdala (MeA) responds to olfactory stimuli and alters reproductive physiology. However, the neuronal circuit that relays signals from the MeA to the reproductive axis remains poorly defined. This study aimed to test whether MeA kisspeptin (MeAKiss) neurons in male mice are sensitive to sexually relevant olfactory stimuli and transmit signals to alter reproductive physiology. We also investigated whether MeAKiss neurons have the capacity to elaborate glutamate and GABA neurotransmitters and potentially contribute to reproductive axis regulation. Methods: Using female urine as a pheromone stimulus, MeAKiss neuronal activity was analysed and serum luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured in male mice. Next, using a chemogenetic approach, MeAKiss neurons were bi-directionally modulated to measure the effect on serum LH and evaluate the activation of the preoptic area. Lastly, using in situ hybridization, we identified the proportion of MeAKiss neurons that express markers for GABAergic (Vgat) and glutamatergic (Vglut2) neurotransmission. Results: Male mice exposed to female urine showed a two-fold increase in the number of c-Fos-positive MeAKiss neurons concomitant with raised LH. Chemogenetic activation of MeAKiss neurons significantly increased LH in the absence of urine exposure, whereas inhibition of MeAKiss neurons did not alter LH. In situ hybridization revealed that MeAKiss neurons are a mixed neuronal population in which 71% express Vgat mRNA, 29% express Vglut2 mRNA, and 6% express both. Conclusions: Our results uncover, for the first time, that MeAKiss neurons process sexually relevant olfactory signals to influence reproductive hormone levels in male mice, likely through a complex interplay of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter signalling.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neurones sensitifs – Physiologie"

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Dufresne, Caroline. "Relais des informations sensorielles dans le système paralemniscal : études in vivo et in vitro chez le rat." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23798/23798.pdf.

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Mantilleri, Annabelle. "Rôle de Tafa4 dans la spécification et la physiologie des nocicepteurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4092.

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La douleur est perçue par des neurones spécialisés, les nocicepteurs, dont le corps cellulaire est localisé, au niveau du tronc, dans les ganglions de la racine dorsale (DRG). Ces neurones détectent les informations sensorielles en périphérie (peau, muscles ou viscères) et les transmettent aux neurones spinaux qu'ils connectent au niveau de la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière. D'un point de vue morphologique, anatomique, physiologique, mais également moléculaire, une hétérogénéité importante de ces neurones est observée. Le but principal du laboratoire est de trouver de nouvelles molécules impliquées dans les mécanismes moléculaires qui spécifient les différentes sous-populations neuronales des DRG. Dans ce cadre, il a été possible d'identifier et valider plusieurs gènes présentant un profil d'expression très particulier et spécifiant des populations neuronales bien distinctes au sein des DRG. Parmi ces gènes, tafa4 est principalement exprimé dans des neurones non-peptidergiques de type C. Tafa4 est une petite protéine sécrétée proche des chemokines de type CC dont la fonction est jusqu'à présent inconnue, et dont l'expression dans les DRG n'a encore jamais été décrite. Au cours de ce travail, j'ai pu identifier Tafa4 comme un nouveau marqueur d'une sous-population de neurones sensoriels des DRG : les C-LTMRs (C-Low Threshold MechanoReceptor). La génération d'une lignée de souris Tafa4 KO dans laquelle le gène tafa4 a été remplacé par la protéine fluorescente Vénus, nous a permis de mettre en évidence que la population de neurones tafa4+ projette en central dans la lamina II interne de la moelle épinière et en périphérique exclusivement au niveau de la peau poilue
The perception of pain is initiated by the detection of noxious stimuli by the peripheral endings of primary nociceptive neurons. They are a specialized group of small-diameter pseudounipolar neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal roots ganglia (DRG). They give rise to thinly myelinated (Ad-fibers) or unmyelinated (C-fibers) afferent fibers, which convey the signal from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Our laboratory is interested in molecular mechanisms which underlie the specification of somatic sensory neurons and their properties. In order to find novel molecular factors involved in this process, we identified several new nociceptor subtype specific genes by microarray experiments. Among these genes, tafa4 which encodes a small secreted protein distantly related to CC chemokine with unknown function, appears to have a DRG-specific expression from early developmental stages and becomes restricted to a subset of C-fibers non-peptidergic nociceptors in adult DRG. By using transgenic mice, we show that Tafa4 neurons specifically project to the dorsal horn lamina IIi and innervate the hairy skin. They have electrophysiological signature of C-Low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs), a population of sensory neurons implicated in the injury-induced mechanical hyper-sensitivity as well as in the affective component of touch. Mutant mice lacking Tafa4 do not present developmental defects and specify Tafa4 population correctly. However, despite no obvious molecular changes in Tafa4 mutants, these mice display significant increase in tissue injury induced hyper-sensitivity which could be reduced by intrathecally applied Tafa4 protein
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Blais, Mathieu. "Influence des facteurs neurotrophiques et des fibres nerveuses dans la peau reconstruite par génie tissulaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29969/29969.pdf.

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La peau est un organe densément innervé et vascularisé. L’établissement du réseau nerveux dépend de la sécrétion de signaux diffusibles dans la peau qui instruisent à distance certains neurones de s’y arboriser. Ces signaux sont les facteurs neurotrophiques. L’établissement du réseau vasculaire dépend aussi de la présence de signaux instructifs. Notre objectif général était de mieux comprendre l’influence des signaux neurotrophiques et aussi nerveux dans le contexte cutané. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse décrivent de nouvelles interactions paracrines. Alors que certaines de ces interactions depuis la peau vers les neurones sensoriels et certaines depuis les neurones sensoriels vers le réseau vasculaire pour la vasodilatation sont déjà établies, nous décrivons l’influence des facteurs neurotrophiques sur le réseau vasculaire et l’influence des neurones sensoriels sur la réépithélialisation. Nous avons premièrement émis l’hypothèse qu’en plus d’influencer les neurones, les facteurs neurotrophiques influencent le réseau vasculaire. Nous montrons que le NGF, le BDNF, le NT-3 et le GDNF sont tous exprimés dans l'épiderme, que le NGF et le NT-3 sont exprimés par les fibroblastes et que le BDNF est produit par les cellules endothéliales. Les cellules de Schwann, également retrouvées dans la peau, produisent du NGF, BDNF et GDNF. Nous montrons que ces peptides sont de très puissants facteurs angiogéniques en utilisant un modèle de derme endothélialisé humain reconstruit par génie tissulaire. Une augmentation de 40 à 80 % du nombre de pseudocapillaires fut observée après l'addition de 10 ng/ml de NGF, 0,1 ng/ml de BDNF, 15 ng/ml de NT-3, et 50 ng/ml de GDNF. Cet effet angiogénique dépend de la liaison aux récepteurs de facteurs neurotrophiques TrkA, TrkB, GFRa-1 et c-ret, qui sont tous exprimés par les cellules endothéliales humaines. Cet effet a été bloqué pour les récepteurs Trk par l’addition de l'inhibiteur compétitif K252a. Ensuite, nous avons dans un deuxième temps émis l’hypothèse que les neurones sensoriels influencent directement la réépithélialisation. Pour vérifier cela, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle de réépithélialisation par génie tissulaire. Il est constitué d’un équivalent épidermique troué exprimant une protéine fluorescente verte qui a été empilé sur un équivalent dermique servant de substrat pour l’épiderme qui referme alors naturellement la plaie. L’équivalent est endothélialisé et innervé ou non par les neurones sensoriels de souris. Nous avons observé que la réépithélialisation est plus rapide en présence de neurones sensoriels. Nous avons démontré que les neurones sensoriels sécrètent une petite protéine dans notre modèle, soit de la substance P, et que les kératinocytes expriment le récepteur cellulaire NK1 de la substance P. Enfin, nous montrons que la substance P contribue à augmenter la vitesse de fermeture des plaies induites par les neurones à l'aide d’un agoniste et d’un antagoniste du récepteur NK1. L'ensemble des résultats procure une meilleure compréhension de l’importance des contextes neurotrophiques et nerveux dans la peau. Nos résultats pourraient laisser présager que d’améliorer la régénération nerveuse cutanée lorsqu’elle est déficiente améliorerait aussi l’homéostasie du tissu cutané.
The skin is an organ densely innervated and vascularized. The establishment of the cutaneous nervous system depends on the secretion of neurotrophic factors by the skin. Meanwhile, the establishment of the vascular network also depends on soluble instructive cues. The work presented in this thesis describes new paracrine interactions. While interactions from skin to sensory neurons for the development of innervation and interactions from sensory neurons to blood vessel for vasodilation of the vasculature are described elsewhere, we demonstrate here the influence of neurotrophic factors on the vascular network and the influence of sensory neurons on the reepithelialization of wounds. Our overall goal was to clarify the influence of the neurotrophic and nervous contexts on the homeostasis of the skin. First, we hypothesized that in addition to their neuronal contribution, neurotrophic factors also influence the vascular network. We show that NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and GDNF are expressed in the epidermis, while NGF and NT-3 are expressed by fibroblasts and BDNF by endothelial cells. Finally, Schwann cells produce NGF, BDNF and GDNF. We show that these peptides are very potent angiogenic factors using a model of human endothelialized reconstructed dermis by tissue engineering. An increase of 40 to 80% of the number of capillary-like tubes was observed after the addition of 10 ng/ml NGF, 0.1 ng/ml of BDNF, 15 ng/ml of NT-3, and 50 ng/ml of GDNF. This angiogenic effect depends on the neurotrophic factor receptor TrkA, TrkB, GFRa-1 and c-ret that are all expressed by human endothelial cells. This effect was blocked by adding the Trk inhibitor K252a for NGF, BDNF and NT-3. Second, we hypothesized that sensory neurons directly influence reepithelialization by secreting the neuropeptide substance P. To verify this, we developed a new model of reepithelialization. It consists of a perforated epidermal equivalent expressing a green fluorescent protein stacked on a dermal equivalent that is used as a bed for reepithelialization. The reconstructed skin is endothelialized and innervated or not with sensory neurons of mouse. Sensory neurons produce substance P in the model and keratinocytes express the NK1 cell receptor for substance P. Keratinocyte migration was quantified by fluorescence. Reepithelialization was faster in presence of sensory neurons and we show that substance P contributes to this effect with agonist and antagonist of the NK1 cell receptor. The overall results provide a better understanding of the importance of the neurotrophic and sensory contexts in the skin. Thus, cutaneous innervation does not only contribute to the sensory detection. Our findings may suggest that improving nerve regeneration would improve skin long term tissue homeostasis.
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Gerenton, Grégory. "Mesures non invasives de l'activité electrophysiologique des cellules sensorielles et des neurones auditifs. Applications au diagnostic de pathologies de l'oreille interne." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM17/document.

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Grâce à la miniaturisation de la technologie ainsi qu'a l'augmentation constante des capacités de calcul numérique, les méthodes objectives et les appareils de mesures de la physiologie auditive évoluent. C'est dans l'optique de créer de nouveaux outils diagnostics que la société Echodia a été créée en 2009. Celle-ci finance aujourd'hui mes recherches sous convention CIFRE.Les présents travaux proposent, dans une première partie, de présenter comment deux méthodes de mesures non invasives ont été mises en oeuvre pour être applicables au diagnostic de l'hydrops cochléaire. Les méthodes sont basées sur le fait que les réponses des cellules ciliées de la cochlée à des stimuli sonores dépendent de la position au repos de leur touffe de stéréocils. Or, l'hydrops cochléaire, l'une des principales caractéristiques de la maladie de Menière, est susceptible de venir perturber cet environnement. Une variation chimique ou mécanique de celui-ci peut ainsi être mise en évidence par différentes méthodes d'exploration objectives. La première est basée sur un enregistrement électrophysiologique. En étudiant le Potentiel de sommation (SP) de l'ÉlectroCochléoGraphie (ECochG), nous allons recueillir une image du tour basal de la cochlée. La deuxième méthode est basée sur un enregistrement acoustique dans le méat acoustique externe. En monitorant le déphasage des Produits de distorsion desoto-émissions acoustiques (DPOAE), nous allons enregistrer les réponses du tour apical de la cochlée.La deuxième partie est consacrée à une étude au cours de laquelle nous avons enregistré de manière concomitante le SP (basal) ainsi que le DPOAE (apical) chez 73 patients souffrant de vertiges de Menière, à proximité d'une attaque (n = 40) ou entre les attaques, sans symptômes cliniques (n = 33). Dans le cas des DPOAE, c'est la phase du produit de distorsion (PDA) à 2*f1-f2 qui a été étudiée en réponse à des sons stimulants de fréquence f1 = 1 kHz et f2 = 1,2 kHz. La puissance des deux fondamentaux a été fixée entre 70 et 75dB SPL en fonction du niveau du DPOAE. Le rapport entre SP et le Potentiel d’action global (AP) a, quant à lui, été mesuré de manière extra-tympanique en réponse à des clics de 95dB nHL. Ces deux mesures ont été effectuées plusieurs fois pendant un test de posture afin d'évaluer leur stabilité.Les limites normales de déphasage du DPOAE en réponse à la posture [-18 °, +38 °] ont été dépassées chez 75% des patients étant venus consulter à proximité d'une crise. Sur ces mêmes sujets, l'étude du ratio entre SP et AP a dépassé la valeur normale (<0,40) dans 60% des cas. De plus, chez les patients à proximité d'une crise de vertige, les deux types de mesures révèlent des fluctuations entre deux répétitions. Ces écarts mettent en évidence combien l'hydrops entrave le bon fonctionnement de la mécanique cochléaire. Le fait de constater des variations sur des échelles de temps aussi courtes pourrait expliquer la sensibilité imparfaite des tests diagnostics. En effet, les protocoles de mesure du SP ou des DPOAE nécessitent un moyennage des acquisitions qui, par définition, a tendance à niveler les fluctuations transitoires
Thanks to technology miniaturization as well as digital computing abilities steadily increasing, objective measurement methods and their related devices evolve. Echodia company was created in 2009 with the goal to create new diagnostic tools. The company currently supports my research work through a CIFRE convention.The first part of this thesis presents two non-invasive measurement methods that have been implemented to the diagnosis of cochlear hydrops. The methods are based on the responses of cochlear hair cells to sound stimuli, depending themselves on the resting position of their stereocilia bundles. Cochlear hydrops, a hallmark of Meniere's disease, is likely to disturb this environment. A chemical or mechanical variation of this environment may be observed by various objective exploration methods. The first method is based on an electrophysiological recording. By studying the Summating Potential (SP) of the Electrocochleography (ECOG) we will register activity in the basal part of the cochlea. The second method is based on a sound recording in the external acoustic meatus. By monitoring the phase shifts of Distortion-Product OtoAcoustic Emissions (DPOAE), we will record the apical responses of the cochlea.The second part of this thesis focuses on a study in which we recorded concomitantly the SP (basal) and the DPOAE (apical) in 73 patients with Menière's disease, close to an attack (n = 40) or between attacks without clinical symptoms (n = 33). In the case of DPOAE, the phase at 2*f1-f2 has been studied in response to pure sinusoidal sounds at frequency f1 = 1 kHz and f2 = 1,2 kHz. The power of the two primary was set between 70 and 75dB SPL based on the level of the DPOAE. The SP to Action Potential (AP) ratio has been measured by extra-tympanic electrode in response to 95dB nHL clicks. These two measurements were performed several times during a postural test to evaluate their stability.The normal limit of the phase shift of the DPOAE during a postural test [-18 °, +38 °] was exceeded in 75% of patients near an attack. On these subjects, the study of the SP/AP ratio exceeded the normal value (<0.40) in 60% of cases. In addition, the two types of measurements made on patients near a vertigo attack reveal fluctuations between reiteration. These differences highlight how hydrops hinders the proper functioning of the cochlear mechanics. This short time scales fluctuations might explain the imperfect diagnostic sensitivity of SP and DPOAE tests, as averaging procedures would tend to level out transient fluctuations characteristic of hydrops
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Ali, Agha Moutaz. "Physiologie des récepteurs gustatifs chez la mouche de vinaigre (Drosophila melanogaster)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA037/document.

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Chez les animaux et en particulier les insectes, l’alimentation comprend une phase d’examen sensoriel qui précède l’ingestion, afin notamment d’éviter d’ingérer des substances toxiques. Cette détection fait intervenir des cellules spécialisées dans la détection de telles molécules, cellules qui sont généralement qualifiées de sensibles aux goûts « amers ». A l’aide d’observations électrophysiologiques et comportementales, nous avons abordé comment un insecte modèle, la drosophile, était capable de détecter des substances potentiellement toxiques mélangées à des sucres à l’aide de ses neurones gustatifs. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié la détection de la L-canavanine, qui est un acide aminé non protéique. Cette molécule est toxique pour l’homme comme pour les animaux car elle est confondue par le métabolisme avec un acide aminé, la L-arginine, et intégrée à sa place dans les protéines. En utilisant des constructions génétiques et en particulier le système UAS-Gal4, nous avons montré que la Lcanavanine est détectée par des cellules gustatives qui expriment une protéine réceptrice GR66a, qui est impliquée dans la détection de nombreuses substances amères. Nous avons également montré que, contrairement à la caféine, la détection de L-canavanine nécessite des protéines Gαo fonctionnelles. Nous avons ensuite étudié les interactions sucré-amer. Dans un premier travail, nous avons montré que l’addition de Lcanavanine une solution sucrée n’altérait pas la détection des sucres, contrairement à la strychnine qui peut complètement supprimer la détection du sucre dans les cellules gustatives. Grâce à des ablations spécifiques des cellules détectant l’amer, nous avons pu montrer que cette inhibition était une propriété intrinsèque des cellules sensibles aux. sucres. Les cellules sensibles aux sucres auraient donc des sites récepteurs non identifiés, sensibles à certains ligands amers. Nous avons également abordé des interactions inverses, à savoir l’inhibition de la détection de substances amères par des sucres, en confrontant 4 substances amères (denatonium, berberine, caféine, umbelliferone) à 12 sucres. Les observations que nous avons réalisées montrent que certains sucres exercent un effet inhibiteur sur la détection des molécules amères testées. En utilisant des outils génétiques permettant l’ablation des cellules sensibles aux sucres, nous avons montré que cette inhibition est une propriété intrinsèque des cellules sensibles à l’amer. Cependant, cet effet inhibiteur est loin d’être aussi efficace que l’inhibition des substances amères sur la détection des sucres. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons évalué la modulation de la détection gustative à l’aide d’analogues d’une neuro-hormone, la leucokinine, connue pour ses effets sur la diurèse. Lorsqu’elle est mélangée à une solution sucrée, ces analogues inhibent la détection des sucres par les sensilles gustatives, à la fois chez le moustique Aedes aegypti et chez la drosophile. La détection de substances « amères » par les cellules gustatives de drosophiles implique donc deux voies de codage : l’une, spécifique, concerne des cellules dédiées à la détection des substances amères ; l’autre, moins spécifique, affecte les cellules dédiées à la détection des sucres. De manière réciproque, ces cellules dédiées à la détection des molécules sont affectées par la présence de ligands sucrés. Le codage des informations gustatives à la périphérie est donc un phénomène plus complexe qui nécessite d’étudier plus précisément la détection de composés en mélanges
In most animals including insects, ingestion is preceded by a close examination of the food, for example in order to detect the presence of potentially noxious chemicals. This detection involves specialized gustatory cells, which are generally described as sensitive to “bitter” tastes. Using electrophysiology and behavioral observations, we studied how a model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, can detect potentially toxic substances (described here as “bitter”) when mixed with sugar molecules, with their gustatory neurons. In a first part, we studied how L-canavanine is detected. Lcanavanine is a pseudo amino acid, which is confounded with L-arginine by the metabolism. Proteins which include Lcanavanine are non-functional and this compound is toxic for animals including insects. Using genetic constructions based on the UAS-Gal4 expression system, we showed that Lcanavanine is detected by gustatory cells expressing a receptor protein, GR66a, which is specific to most cells capable of detecting bitter substances. We also showed that, contrary to caffeine, the detection of L-canavanine requires functional Gαo proteins. Then, we studied some aspects of the detection of mixtures of sweet and bitter molecules. In a first approach, we contributed to establish that L-canavanine does not impact sugar detection, while other chemicals like strychnine completely inhibit sugar detection. By using the UAS-Gal4 system to ablate bitter-sensitive cells, we could demonstrate that such inhibition is a specific property of sugar- sensitive cells. These cells should have thus receptors for bitter substances which have not been identified yet. We also examined the reverse interaction, which is a possible role of sweet molecules to inhibit the detection of bitter substances. We examined the detection of denatonium, berberine, caffeine and umbelliferone in the presence of 12 different sugars, using behavioral and electrophysiology observations. By using genetic construction to ablate sugar-sensitive cells, we found that the sugar inhibitory action is not due to the presence of sugar-sensitive cells. It should be noted, however that in our experimental conditions, this inhibitory action is less efficient than the inhibition of bitter upon sugar detection. In a last part, we examined the modulation of gustatory perception by analogs of leucokinine, which is a neuropeptide involved in the diuresis of insects. We show that these analogs, when mixed with sugars in solution, can inhibit sugar detection by gustatory sensilla, both in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and in Drosophila. The detection of bitter molecules by gustatory neurons in Drosophila thus involves two main coding channels: one is specific, and involves gustatory cells dedicated to the detection of bitter molecules; the second one, less specific, is affecting cells which are dedicated to the detection of sugar molecules. Gustatory coding is thus a more complex phenomenon than previously thought on the basis of examining responses to single molecules, thus urging to study the responses of gustatory receptors to more complex and natural mixtures
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Coste, Bertrand. "Rôle du canal sodium Nav1. 9 dans l'excitabilité des neurones sensoriels des ganglions rachidiens." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20658.

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Les neurones des ganglions rachidiens sont impliqués dans la perception de l'environnement interne et du monde extérieur. Parmi ces neurones les nocicepteurs sont spécialisés dans la détection des stimulations douloureuses et expriment sélectivement la sous-unité Nav1. 9 des canaux sodium dépendant du potentiel. L'inactivation chez la souris du gène codant pour la sous-unité Nav1. 9 montre que ce canal est impliqué dans l'hyperalgésie périphérique inflammatoire. Mon travail de thèse a eu pour but de définir les caractéristiques du canal Nav1. 9, son rôle dans l'excitabilité des nocicepteurs et dans la transduction des informations sensorielles, sa modulation par les seconds messagers et par les médiateurs de l'inflammation. Le courant Nav1. 9 est un courant sodium résistant à la tétrodotoxine. Il est atypique dans la mesure où il possède des cinétiques d’activation et d’inactivation lentes, une large composante persistante et il s’active à des potentiels plus négatifs que le seuil d'émission des potentiels d'action. Il n'est donc pas impliqué dans les fonctions de genèse et de propagation des potentiels d'action habituellement dévolues aux canaux sodium. L'utilisation de souris Nav1. 9-/- nous a permis de définir sans ambiguïté les propriétés de ce courant. Nous avons défini une pharmacologie spécifique permettant de séparer les courants Nav1. 9 des courants calcium de type T. Il apparaît que Nav1. 9 est exprimé dans trois populations de nocicepteurs aux signatures électrophysiologiques distinctes. En associant la détection des courants Nav1. 9 à celle des courants mécanosensibles, et des courants TRPV1 impliqués dans la détection des températures élevées, nous montrons que Nav1. 9 est exprimé dans les mécanonocicepteurs, les thermonocicepteurs et les nocicepteurs polymodaux. Dans ces neurones, Nav1. 9 est adressé à la périphérie, au niveau des terminaisons libres, ce qui est cohérent avec son rôle dans l'inflammation périphérique. La stimulation des protéines G par le GTPγS ou l’ajout d'ions fluorures dans le milieu intracellulaire déplace la dépendance au potentiel du canal Nav1. 9 vers des potentiels négatifs. Cette facilitation de l’activation amplifie les stimulations infraliminaires, génère des plateaux dépolarisants sur lesquels se greffent des potentiels d'action et induit des comportements électrophysiologiques bistables. Les neurones alternent entre des états silencieux et de décharge en bouffées. Les protéines G sont impliquées dans les voies de signalisation des facteurs de l’inflammation, il est donc vraisemblable que cette modulation mime les modifications qui surviennent dans l'inflammation. Ces données suggèrent que Nav1. 9 intervient dans la sensibilisation périphérique et dans l’abaissement du seuil douloureux observés dans l’hyperalgésie thermique et mécanique d’origine inflammatoire. Les caractéristiques du canal Nav1. 9 en font un acteur majeur de la sensibilisation périphérique des nocicepteurs. Bien que le mode d'action des médiateurs de l’inflammation reste à définir, la modulation des canaux Nav1. 9 augmente l'excitabilité des nocicepteurs indépendamment de la nature du stimulus excitateur, qu'il soit mécanique, thermique ou chimique. Ce canal semble donc jouer un rôle d’amplificateur des informations sensorielles nociceptives. Son expression limitée aux nocicepteurs et son implication dans les processus inflammatoires en font une cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour traiter les syndromes douloureux d’origine inflammatoire.
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Ghamari, Langroudi Masoud. "Analysis of caesium sensitive membrane conductances in neurones of supraoptic nucleus." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37893.

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The release of vasopressin and oxytocin from the nerve terminals of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) is optimised by increases in firing frequency and the adoption of a phasic pattern of firing in the soma. The temporal summation of post-spike depolarising afterpotentials (DAPs) of consecutive action potentials has been proposed to contribute to the generation of phasic firing. There has not been, however, any experimental evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, a direct blocker of the DAP is introduced as being Cs +. Using this blocker, it is shown that the DAP plays an important role in the generation of phasic firing. Furthermore, these experiments reveal that external Cs+ causes depolarisation of MNCs when the membrane potential is held between action potential threshold and near -80 mV. External Cs+, however, is also known as a classical blocker of the hyperpolarisation activated inward current (IH). If I H is present in rat MNCs, the blockade of the IH by external Cs+ should lead to hyperpolarisation rather than the observed depolarisation. Using a recently introduced blocker of IH, ZD 7288, I show that IH is indeed expressed in rat MNCs, and that it also plays an important role in excitability and phasic firing of these cells. Finally, the ionic basis for the depolarising effects of external Cs + in rat MNCs is investigated. It is concluded in that extracellular Cs+ blocks both IH and a leakage K+ current that contributes significantly to the resting potential.
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Colavita, Michelangelo. "Dynamics of hippocampal networks revealed by voltage sensitive dye imaging." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0424.

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Dans le but de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du cerveau nous devons examiner les domaines structuraux qui le composent, de la simple cellule à des régions entières du cerveau interconnectées. Cependant, bien que le fonctionnement d’une ou plusieurs cellules soit relativement bien connu, il n’y a que peu d’informations concernant les groupements de neurones interagissant fonctionnellement dans une même tâche, les réseaux neuronaux. De plus, l'activité équilibrée et concertée des réseaux excitateurs et inhibiteurs joue un rôle clé pour les intégrations corticales appropriées. Par ailleurs, il existe plusieurs outils afin d’enregistrer l’activité des réseaux excitateurs, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour les réseaux inhibiteurs. L’imagerie du colorant sensible au voltage (VSDI) est une technique permettant l’enregistrement de l’activité neuronale au moyen d’une émission de fluorescence proportionnelle au changement de potentiel de membrane. Par rapport aux autres techniques employant des électrodes, le VSDI permet l’enregistrement non invasif de l’activité de centaines de sites en même temps. Au cours des dernières décennies, le VSDI a été largement utilisé tant in vitro qu’in vivo pour étudier l’activité d’une cellule et des réseaux excitateurs. Néanmoins, en utilisant le VSDI, les recherches quant à l’activité des réseaux excitateurs ont été principalement réalisées par quantification d’émission de fluorescence en définissant des régions d’intérêts à des temps fixes, alors que l’activité inhibitrice n’a été évaluée qu’à l’échelle cellulaire. La première approche ne permet pas l’obtention de toutes les informations de la dynamique de propagation de la transmission glutamatergique du fait qu’elle ne prend en considération ni la vitesse ni la direction de propagation du signal. En revanche, la seconde approche n’offre pas la possibilité d’étudier l’activité du réseau inhibiteur ce qui serait toutefois important de définir du fait de la propagation spatiale extensive des interneurones au sein des aires corticales. Durant mon doctorat, le but de mon travail a été d’étudier en détail les réseaux neuronaux excitateurs et inhibiteurs de l’aire CA1 de l’hippocampe de souris à l’aide du VSDI. Pour les étudier de façon plus compréhensive, en collaboration avec une équipe de mathématicien, nous avons développé un algorithme permettant de mesurer la vitesse et la direction de propagation du signal VSDI, ce qui représente une nouvelle méthode pour analyser le flux optique. Après la validation réussie de l’algorithme avec des données de substitution pour tester sa précision, nous avons analysé deux séries d’expériences dans lesquelles l’activité des réseaux excitateurs a été manipulée soit par augmentation de l’intensité de stimulation passant de 10 à 30 Volts ou en bloquant la transmission GABAergique avec la picrotoxine, un antagoniste du récepteur GABAA. Les résultats de ces manipulations montrent une diminution significative de la vitesse alors que l’application de picrotoxine modifie de façon significative la direction de propagation, ce qui rend le signal de dépolarisation médié par le VSDI moins dispersé par rapport au contrôle. L’utilisation du VSDI a permis l’entière caractérisation des signaux hyperpolarisants médiés par les récepteurs GABAA dans toutes les sous-couches de CA1 (champ IPSP), offrant ainsi une nouvelle façon d’étudier les événements inhibiteurs à l’échelle d’un réseau. De plus, j’ai montré qu’en activant les récepteurs mGluR5, j’étais capable d’augmenter de façon durable le champ IPSP du VSDI, avec la durée et l’ampleur au niveau des sous-couches spécifiques de CA1. Globalement, je présente dans cette thèse de nouvelles méthodes et nouveaux résultats qui peuvent représenter une avancée dans la quête d’une meilleure compréhension des réseaux neuronaux, excitateurs et inhibiteurs, ce qui, espérons-le, pourra contribuer à réduire l’écart de connaissance entre l’activité d’une seule cellule et celle du comportement
In order to better understand brain functioning we need to investigate all the structural domains present in it, from single cell to interconnected entire brain regions. However, while our knowledge in terms of single/few cells functioning is vast, very little is known about neuronal networks, which are interacting collections of neurons functionally related to the same task. Moreover, the balanced and concerted activity of excitatory and inhibitory networks plays a key role for proper cortical computations. However, while exist several tools to record excitatory networks activity, this is not the case for inhibitory networks. Voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) is a technique that allows the recording of neuronal activity by mean of proportional emission of fluorescence according to changes in membrane potential. The advantage of using VSDI over other recording techniques using electrodes is that VSDI allows not invasive recording of neuronal activity from hundreds of sites at the same time. During my doctoral course I aimed at studying in detail excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks in the CA1 area of mouse hippocampus with VSDI. To study excitatory networks more comprehensively, in collaboration with a team of mathematicians, we developed a mathematical algorithm that allowed measuring the velocity and the direction of spreading of the VSDI signal and it represents a new method to determine an optical flow. After successful validation of the algorithm with surrogate data to test its accuracy, we analysed two set of experiments in which network excitatory activity has been manipulated either by increasing Schaffer’s collaterals stimulation intensity or by blocking GABAergic transmission with the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin in order to increase the depolarization in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The results of these manipulations significantly decreased signal velocity whereas picrotoxin application significantly modified the direction of spreading, making the depolarization-mediated VSDI signal less dispersed compared to control. Using VSDI I was able to fully characterize GABAA receptor-mediated hyperpolarizing signals in all the CA1 sublayers (field IPSPs), thus providing a new way of monitoring inhibitory events at network level. Moreover, I found that the activation of mGluR5 receptors induced an increase in a long-lasting manner of the VSDI-recorded field IPSPs, with duration and magnitude that relied on the specific CA1 sublayer considered. Overall, my work shows new methodologies and new findings that may represent a step forward in the quest for a better understanding of neuronal networks, both excitatory as well as inhibitory, which hopefully can contribute to reduce the gap of knowledge between single cell activity and behaviour
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Vacher, Jonathan. "Synthèse de textures dynamiques pour l'étude de la vision en psychophysique et électrophysiologie." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED005/document.

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Le but de cette thèse est de proposer une modélisation mathématique des stimulations visuelles afin d'analyser finement des données expérimentales en psychophysique et en électrophysiologie. Plus précis\'ement, afin de pouvoir exploiter des techniques d'analyse de données issues des statistiques Bayésiennes et de l'apprentissage automatique, il est nécessaire de développer un ensemble de stimulations qui doivent être dynamiques, stochastiques et d'une complexité paramétrée. Il s'agit d'un problème important afin de comprendre la capacité du système visuel à intégrer et discriminer différents stimuli. En particulier, les mesures effectuées à de multiples échelles (neurone, population de neurones, cognition) nous permette d'étudier les sensibilités particulières des neurones, leur organisation fonctionnelle et leur impact sur la prise de décision. Dans ce but, nous proposons un ensemble de contributions théoriques, numériques et expérimentales, organisées autour de trois axes principaux : (1) un modèle de synthèse de textures dynamiques Gaussiennes spécialement paramétrée pour l'étude de la vision; (2) un modèle d'observateur Bayésien rendant compte du biais positif induit par fréquence spatiale sur la perception de la vitesse; (3) l'utilisation de méthodes d'apprentissage automatique pour l'analyse de données obtenues en imagerie optique par colorant potentiométrique et au cours d'enregistrements extra-cellulaires. Ce travail, au carrefour des neurosciences, de la psychophysique et des mathématiques, est le fruit de plusieurs collaborations interdisciplinaires
The goal of this thesis is to propose a mathematical model of visual stimulations in order to finely analyze experimental data in psychophysics and electrophysiology. More precisely, it is necessary to develop a set of dynamic, stochastic and parametric stimulations in order to exploit data analysis techniques from Bayesian statistics and machine learning. This problem is important to understand the visual system capacity to integrate and discriminate between stimuli. In particular, the measures performed at different scales (neurons, neural population, cognition) allow to study the particular sensitivities of neurons, their functional organization and their impact on decision making. To this purpose, we propose a set of theoretical, numerical and experimental contributions organized around three principal axes: (1) a Gaussian dynamic texture synthesis model specially crafted to probe vision; (2) a Bayesian observer model that accounts for the positive effect of spatial frequency over speed perception; (3) the use of machine learning techniques to analyze voltage sensitive dye optical imaging and extracellular data. This work, at the crossroads of neurosciences, psychophysics and mathematics is the fruit of several interdisciplinary collaborations
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Seabrooke, Sara. "Regulatory Effects of the Actin-binding Proteins Moesin and MyosinII on Synaptic Activity at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26383.

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The nervous system is made up of specialized cells which receive and respond to environmental stimuli. Intercellular communication in the nervous system is achieved predominantly through chemical synaptic transmission. Within the chemical synapse, the actin cytoskeleton plays a major role in regulating synaptic activities, although the extent and clarity in our understanding of these processes is still limited. Using the genetically pliable model, Drosophila melanogaster, this thesis begins to unravel contributions of actin binding proteins to synaptic development and physiology at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Two actin binding proteins, Moesin and Nonmuscle Myosin II (NMMII) were selected for study based on previous studies implicating them in synaptic development. Combining genetics, fluorescent imaging and electrophysiological recordings this thesis unveils previously unidentified functions for Moesin and NMMII in morphology and physiology of the Drosophila NMJ. Moesin was found to help restrain synaptic growth but did not affect synaptic physiology. By correlating morphological and electrophysiological measurements in Moesin mutants, it was determined that physiology and morphology can be independently regulated at the NMJ. NMMII was used to investigate a role for actin binding proteins in physiology at the Drosophila NMJ. By using the fluorescent imaging technique, FRAP, this becomes the first research to implicate NMMII in unstimulated synaptic vesicle mobility. FRAP indicated that vesicle mobility was highly dependent on the expression level of NMMII. Electrophysiological analysis of NMMII indicated distinct mechanisms for spontaneous and evoked vesicle release. NMMII expression exhibited a positive correlation with basal synaptic transmission and was important in mobilizing vesicles for synaptic potentiation. In addition, NMMII was found to be involved in a high frequency dependent low frequency depression. This work begins to identify how vesicles traverse within boutons and suggests differential mechanisms of synaptic release, both of which are partially dependent of NMMII expression. Studying Moesin and NMMII have revealed a complex interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and synaptic function and together this research furthers our understanding of how the actin cytoskeleton regulates synaptic activity.
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Books on the topic "Neurones sensitifs – Physiologie"

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Price, Chane, Zahid Huq, Eellan Sivanesan, and Constantine Sarantopoulos. Pain Pathways and Pain Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0001.

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Pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that is mediated by complex peripheral and central neuroanatomical pathways and mechanisms. Typically, noxious stimuli activate specific peripheral nerve terminals onto Aδ‎ and C nerve fibers that convey pain and generate signals that are relayed and processed in the spinal cord and then conveyed via the spinothalamic tracts to the contralateral thalamus and from there to the brain. Acute pain is self-limited and resolves with the healing process, but conditions of extensive injury or inflammation sensitize the pain pathways and generate aberrant, augmented responses. Peripheral and central sensitization of neurons (as a result of spatially and temporally excessive inflammation or intense afferent signal traffic) may result in hyperexcitability and chronicity of pain, with spontaneous pain and abnormal evoked responses to stimuli (allodynia, hyperalgesia). Finally, neuropathic pain follows injury or disease to nerves as a result of hyperexcitability augmented by various sensitizing mechanisms.
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P, Rauschecker Josef, and Marler Peter, eds. Imprinting and cortical plasticity: Comparative aspects of sensitive periods. New York: Wiley, 1987.

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(Editor), Stephen Moss, and Jeremy Henley (Editor), eds. Receptor and Ion-Channel Trafficking: Cell Biology of Ligand-Gated and Voltage Sensitive Ion Channels. Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.

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4

1937-, Moss Stephen John, and Henley Jeremy, eds. Receptor and ion-channel trafficking: Cell biology of ligand-gated and voltage-sensitive ion channels (molecular and cellular neurobiology). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

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