Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Neurones sensitifs'
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El, M'Hamdi Lhoussain. "Identification et purification de sous-populations de neurones moteurs et sensitifs : contribution à l'étude de leur différentiation in vitro." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON1T009.
Full textDufresne, Caroline. "Relais des informations sensorielles dans le système paralemniscal : études in vivo et in vitro chez le rat." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23798/23798.pdf.
Full textDubruille, Raphaëlle. "Fonctions et cibles du facteur de transcription RFX chez Drosophila melanogaster." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10026.
Full textMamet, Julien. "Les canaux ioniques activés par les protons (ASIC) et l'inflammation : régulation de leur expression dans les neurones sensoriels et excitabilité neuronale." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE4036.
Full textTissue acidosis is a main characteristic of inflammation and a source of important and non adaptative pain. The acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) are activated by protons. They are expressed by the sensory neurons specialized in pain feeling, the nociceptors. Their expression is induced during inflammation, leading thus to neuronal hyperexcitability. ASIC1a and ASIC3 isoforms are also expressed by more sensory neurons, confering them a new pH sensitivity. ASIC are then strongly suspected to be sensors of the painfull tissue acidosis. Their therapeutical value is highlighted because their currents are inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, ibuprofen). ASIC3 isoform is specific of the sensory system and its current has a sustained phase particularly suspected to be involved in the non-adaptative pain feeling during tissue acidosis. The nerve growth factor controls ASIC basal expression inflammatory induction. The signalling pathways involved respectively comprise trkA/phospholipase C/proteine kinase C and trkA/ stress kinases. These signalling pathways belong to the molecular systems that control ASIC3 gene expression by combining direct transcription activation and inhibition block from its promoter
Lucas, Olivier. "Rôle et régulation des co-transporteurs cation-chlorure NKCC1 et KCC3 dans les neurones sensitifs." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20043/document.
Full textChloride homeostasis (CH) is a major component of nerve transmission. Interaction between the neurotransmitter GABA and his receptor, GABAA, allows chloride movements depending on electrochemical potential. In dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons, the cation-chloride cotransporter NKCC1 is responsible for intracellular accumulation of chloride ions and depolarizing effects of GABA. After injury, an increase of intracellulaire chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) allows an improvement of neuronal regenerative capacities. In a first time, I worked on regulation of CH by interleukine 6 (IL6) in response to nerve injury. Axotomy of the sciatic nerve induces expression of IL6 and his receptor IL6-Rα in sensory neurons from lombar L4-L5 DRG. Perforated patch measurements of sensory neurons have demonstrated an increase of [Cl-]i depending on IL6 in a sub-population of mechano- and proprioceptors in response to lesion. This regulation is provided by phosphorylation at the neuronal plasma membrane of NKCC1. The cation-chloride cotransporter KCC3 is implicated in a hereditary syndrome leading after birth to sensorymotors defects. This is why I have studied his role in regulation of CH in sensory neurons during development and in adulthood. Data have shown the existence of a peripheral developmental “chloride switch”. This switch is abolished in KCC3-/- sensory neurons, in which a part of neurons has already decreased [Cl-]i. In adulthood, we also observed an [Cl-]i twice as much as WT in 30% of sensory neurons from KCC3-/- mice. This percentage is correlated to the proportion of WT neurons expressing KCC3. These results demonstrate for the first time that KCC3 is implicated in regulation of CH in sensory neurons during development and in adulthood
Ohayon, David-Robert. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle fonction anti-apoptotique des facteurs de transcription Zfh1 dans le système nerveux périphérique par une approche Evo-Dévo." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20204.
Full textZfh1 family members encode atypical transcriptional regulators containing two zinc-finger domains associated with a homeodomain-like motif. One part of my work has been focused on the role of zfh1 in the drosophila peripheral nervous system. This allowed us to reveal a new anti-apoptotic function for this transcription factor in a specific peripheral glial cell population, at least in part through its capacity to interfere with an apoptotic program involving the JNK signaling pathway. A second part of my work consisted in studying the putative conservation of this function in the peripheral nervous system in Vertebrates, where two orthologues have been described: Zfhx1a and Zfhx1b. The expression pattern of these two proteins largely overlaps during the development of the nervous system. We took advantage of the characterization of a dominant-negative form -antagonizing the two molecules- to initiate functional analysis both in vitro (by transfecting cultured sensory neurons) as well as in vivo (by generating an animal model in which the dominant-negative form is conditionally expressed). Our preliminary results on sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia suggest that this anti- apoptotic function has been conserved throughout evolution
Jumaily, Mohammed Al. "Les candidats moléculaires potentiels impliqués dans le courant chlorure active par calcium exprimé dans les neurones sensoriels post-traumatiques." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20050.
Full textDe, Roo Mathias. "Effets modulateurs des neurostéroi͏̈des sur les récepteurs ionotropiques du GABA et de l'ATP dans les neurones sensoriels primaires de rat." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/DE_ROO_Mathias_2004.pdf.
Full textBourane, Jovanny Steeve. "Identification et caractérisation de gènes exprimés dans les sous-populations de neurones sensoriels des ganglions rachidiens dorsaux." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20186.
Full textJiang, Tao. "Propriétés d'intégration spatiale des neurones-relais du bulbe olfactif chez la grenouille : corrélations morphofonctionnelles." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10109.
Full textCoste, Bertrand. "Rôle du canal sodium Nav1. 9 dans l'excitabilité des neurones sensoriels des ganglions rachidiens." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20658.
Full textZheng, Li Mou. "Identification anatomique et cytochimique de sous-ensembles neuronaux spécifiques dans le système olfactif du rat." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10139.
Full textPereira, Ulysse. "Mise au point d’un modèle in vitro de l’inflammation neurogène cutanée." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES3207.
Full textThe cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI) is often involved in skin disorders. Activated sensory neurons secrete neuropeptides, like substance P (SP), and initiate or aggravate inflammation in the skin. The screening of new molecules is slowing by the difficulty to mimic in vitro these interactions between nerve endings and skin. We performed in vitro models based on a co-culture of porcine primary keratinocytes and dorsal root ganglion neurones, which mimics a simplified version of innerved skin. To con firm the relevance of these models, we studied the effects of substances known for their impact on CNI by the use of a sensitive enzyme immunoassay of SP release or by the measure of electrical activity. Collectively, these results indicate that porcine not compartmented cell culture linked with ELISA measure of SP release appears as more appropriate than a rat model for the purposes of this study. This model can be used to measure the effects of molecules on the SP release and to screen combinatorial library to found news molecules that could inhibit CNI for dermatological or cosmetical applications
Luxey, Maëva. "Caractérisation du rôle d'ephrineB1 et ephrineB2 dans la mise en place du système sensori-moteur chez la souris." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU30243.
Full textThe sensori-motor system allows an organism to interact with the environnement through sensory neurons and respond to this information via motor neurons. Motricity depends on the stereotypical connection of motor neurons with their target muscles. These neurons are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and are grouped into functional units called motor columns. Each column contains neurons with the same identity that innervate the same peripheral target tissues. This topography appears to be important for proper nerve supply for each group of neurons is given a single muscle target. Simultaneously, the sensory neurons of the spinal dorsal ganglion (DRG) also emit extensions to innervate the muscles but also the epidermis. The motor and sensory axonal growth is achieved through a system of guidance molecules. Recent studies have shown that these guidance molecules establishe an interaction between motor neurons and sensory neurons allowing a specific innervation. In addition, several studies suggest a potential role of the vascular system, established earlier, in the arrangement of the nervous system through some of these proteins. Eph receptors and their ligands, ephrins are one of the families of axon guidance molecules. Bidirectional signaling resulting from their binding is involved in many developmental processes in Vertebrates and Invertebrates. Although the role of Eph / ephrin A has been well established in the establishment of sensori-motor system in vivo, little is known about the involvement of Eph / ephrin B class and their molecular targets in this developmental process. During my PhD, we characterized the role of two family members of the ephrin B in the establishment of sensori-motor system. In particular, we showed that ephrinB2 plays an independent role in the position of the soma of motor neurons in the neural tube, in connection with a change in the choice of dorso/ventral innervation. In addition, we also highlighted the non-autonomous role of ephrineB1 to allow axon fasciculation. This function seems to go through a repellent signaling at the growth cone, by acting on microtubule dynamics. Indeed, experiments in cell culture have shown a direct link between EphB2/ephrineB1 signaling and individual microtubule dynamics. In addition, to test the potential involvement of the vascular system in innervation, especially through the expression of guidance molecules, we generated a transgenic line of mice overexpressing ephrineB2 specifically in endothelial cells. During the past two years, a number of studies showed that the expression of Eph receptors and ephrins is increased after injury in the nervous system or in tumors. These results suggest that this signaling pathway could play a significant role in repair after nerve injury as well as in tumor angiogenesis. These recent studies highlight the importance of our studies aimed at understanding the role and molecular mechanisms of Eph / ephrin signaling in the development of the sensori-motor system
Rugiero, François. "Les neurones sensoriels myentériques : étude in situ par la technique de Patch Clamp." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30042.
Full textWhole-cell patch-clamp recordings from guinea pig duodenal myenteric neurons were used to study the major currents of AH neurons in situ. Ih contributes to the resting conductance. The conotoxin GVIA, but not the agatoxin IVA, shortens the action potentials and blocks the AHP, which is then coupled to N- type Ca2+ channels. AH neurons express a previously unreported, TTX-resistant Na+ current (TTX-R INa). TTX-R INa activates and inactivates slowly and exhibits a persistent component. Substituting intracellular F- for Cl- shifts the voltage-dependent parameters of TTX-R INa leftward, confering TTX-R INa the properties of NaN/NaV1. 9 in the DRGs. Consistently, RT-PCR, single-cell profiling and immunostaining detect NaV1. 9 mRNA and subunits in AH neurons. In AH neurons, NaN also displays an original inactivation associating an ultra slow ( max=100 s) decline of NaN with a slowing down of both activation (m) and fast inactivation (hf) kinetics
Pourtier, Lionel. "Etude comportementale de l'anosmie spécifique d'origine génétique chez la souris." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10114.
Full textDerre, Alexandre. "Douleurs chroniques : implication et potentiel thérapeutique des membres de la famille FXYD." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONT006.
Full textChronic pain: Implication and therapeutic potential of FXYD protein members Chronic pain is a major public health problem affecting nearly 18% of the world’s population. It has deleterious consequences on patient’s quality of life and generates critical situations on the medical, sociological and economic levels. Current treatments are relatively limited, often ineffective and/or have deleterious side effects. In fact, better knowledge and an improved management of these pathologies is a major challenge for fundamental and clinical research.In this context, my thesis project is based on two different proteins, Fxyd2 and Fxyd7, which are members of a family of 7 proteins which contain a characteristic FXYD amino-acid motif. These two proteins have been described as modulators of the Na,K-ATPases’ activity, and are present in very specific somatosensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. The Na,K-ATPase pump is implicated in a large variety of physiological phenomena with a critical role in neuronal excitability by maintaining membrane potential thanks to the transfer of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). The maintenance of this ionic equilibrium is a crucial point since neuronal hyperexcitability has often been described in chronic pain.The first objective of my thesis was to develop a therapeutic strategy suitable for human therapy based on a very innovative gene extinction strategy. Thus, we showed that lipidomodified antisense oligonucleotides directed against the Fxyd2 gene and administered intrathecally induce a strong analgesic effect in neuropathic pain or in inflammatory pain models of rats, leading to normal mechanical sensitivity. Moreover, we showed that specific chemical modifications induce a better stability of our therapeutic molecule which prolongs its efficacy up to 10 days.In the second objective, my work was directed toward understanding the mechanisms of action of Fxyd2 in neuronal physiopathology in dorsal root ganglia, especially by identifying its protein partners using a proteomic approach. Thus, I showed by tandem mass spectrometry and by Proximity Ligation Assay that Fxyd2 could interact directly with proteins other than the ɑ1 subunit of the Na,K-ATPase in physiological conditions in mice. Indeed, Fxyd2 seems to interact also with the ɑ3 subunit of this pump and also with PMCA, GST and Prdx6.My third objective was to study the role of the Fxyd7 gene in the somatosensory system in normal and pathological conditions. In the first place, I used in situ hybridization to show its expression in specific neuronal subpopulations including peptidergic nociceptors, mechanoreceptors and in proprioceptive neurons in the mouse DRG. Then, using motor, equilibrium and mechanical sensitivity tests in Fxyd7 KO mice, I demonstrated the absence of major behavioral defects in these mice in normal conditions. In neuropathic pain conditions, using the SNL (Spinal Nerve Ligation) model, mechanical sensitivity tests did not reveal any influence of this mutation, neither in the acute nor chronic phases. However, in chronic inflammatory pain conditions induced by injection of CFA (Complete Freund’s Adjuvant), Fxyd7 null mutants failed to maintain pain responses. Thus Fxyd7 expression in DRG neurons appears to be specifically required for the maintenance of chronic inflammatory pain.Our results thus show a major therapeutic potential of two FXYD family members to treat chronic pain
Barraud, Perrine. "Les gènes nm23 dans le système nerveux périphérique de la souris : expression et régulation chez l'adulte et au cours du développement." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28860.
Full textA and B nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) isoforms are heterohexameric enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl-group transfer between nucleoside di-and tri-phosphates. During development, nm23-M1,-M2 and -M3 genes encoding for NDPK A, B and C, respectively, are expressed by mouse neural crest cells. This expression is long-lasting and is detected in adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In neuroblast primary cultures, NDPK B and C are detected in dividing neurons, and then with NDPK A during neuronal differentiation. The precursors of the peripheral nervous system express different isoforms, depending on their phenotype as assessed by primary cultures of neural tube explants. Thus, NDPK A and C are mainly detected in sensory and cholinergic precursors whereas NDPK B is generally found in adrenergic neuroblasts. In adult DRG sensory neurons, NDPK A is visualized in the cytosol. NDPK B is also detected in the nucleus and NDPK C is often associated with plasma membrane. NDPKs co-localizations suggested that the three isoforms may be associated in vivo to form heterohexamers. Moreover, NDPK C could be responsible for anchoring the whole complex on the plasma membrane. NDPK A could act in association with GTPase proteins. The nuclear localization of NDPK B could be related to its functions as c-myc proto-oncogene transcription factor and in DNA repair. Finally, NDPK C may participate in cell transduction via receptor-coupled G proteins or in cell adhesion by interacting with integrins. NGF treated primary cultures of sensory neurons increased NDPK A expression level without affecting those of NDPK B and C. In contrast, LIF knock-out had a low expression level of NDPKs compared with wild mouse sensory neurons. Finally, sensory neurons of NDPK A knock-out mouse are characterized by a highly branched neuritic arborescence that revealed a disturbed axonal outgrowth
Désormeaux, Cléo. "Signalisation des "protease-activated receptors" dans les neurones sensitifs humains : implication dans le syndrome de l'intestin irritable." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30198.
Full textIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation. Sensory neurons from IBS patients are considered to be over-activated, being thereby responsible of the experienced visceral pain. Among mediators involved in IBS, proteases seem to have a prominent role. First, proteolytic activity is increased in the supernatants of colonic biopsies from IBS patients. Second, these proteases activate " Proteases-Activated Receptors " (PARs) in rodent sensory neurons. Rodent primary afferent activation can be induced by a PAR2-dependent mechanism, which generates visceral hypersensitivity. This mechanism can be inhibited by a PAR4-dependent mechanism. In some cell types such as platelets, PARs may have very different functions in rodent versus human. The expression and the signalization of PARs in human sensory neurons have never been explored. The general aim of this thesis was to study the signalization of PARs and to identify the effect of mediators present in tissues from IBS patients, on their ability to activate human sensory neurons. The final objective was to identify new possible therapeutic targets to treat visceral pain associated with IBS. The first objective was to establish a protocol for culturing human sensory neurons isolated from thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Thoracic DRG contain the stroma of sensory neurons projecting from the colon. The culture of human sensory neurons was 90% pure with viable and functional neurons, which were able to induce calcium flux in response to different pro-nociceptive agonists. PAR expression was studied in cultures and compared to fresh DRG tissues. PAR1, PAR2 and PAR4 as well as others receptors from the " Transcient Receptors Potential " (TRPs) channel family were similarly expressed in neurons from fresh DRG tissues and in cultured sensory neurons, thereby validating the physiological phenotype of human DRG neurons in culture. The effect of PAR agonists was studied by imaging calcium mobilization in human sensory neuron cultures. From all PAR agonist peptides used, only PAR1 agonist peptide was able to increase calcium signaling in human sensory neurons, while PAR4 agonist peptide was able to decrease this calcium signaling. Similar to PAR1 agonist peptide, thrombin a protease capable of activating both PAR1 and PAR4, induced an increase of calcium flux in human sensory neurons. Thrombin-induced calcium mobilization was inhibited by a PAR1 antagonist and was potentiated by a PAR4 antagonist. Thus, thrombin has a contradictory double effect on human sensory neurons, inducing calcium signaling through PAR1 activation and inhibiting calcium signaling through PAR4 activation. In addition, supernatants of colonic biopsies from IBS patients but not from healthy controls, provoked an increased calcium signaling in human sensory neurons. This effect was dependent on the activation of PAR1. In the context of IBS, our results highlight the importance of targeting PAR1-induced sensitization in human sensory neurons. The DRG culture technique we have established offers important and new applications in the domain of neurosciences. All together, these data point to new therapeutic possibilities for the use of PAR1 antagonist in the treatment of visceral pain associated with IBS
Mottier, Lorène. "Étude de l’influence des neurones sensoriels dans deux mécanismes de l’inflammation neurogène : l’angiogenèse et la réépithélialisation en condition glyquée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25505.
Full textNeurogenic inflammation is an inflammatory process, characterized by the release of neuropeptides, particularly substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), in sensory neurons. During this process, angiogenesis and reepithelialization following an injury are essential to reduce inflammation. Within certain diseases, such as diabetes, angiogenesis is diminished, and patients are often suffering of diabetic neuropathies and poor wound healing. To understand that process, two models were reconstructed using tissue engineering with a collagen and chitosan sponge: one model mimics a reconstructed endothelialized and innervated dermis, and the second one follows over time re-epithelialization in a glycated model using glyoxal. Based on our results, substance P seems to be a neuropeptide playing a major role in both mechanisms.
Cristiani, Giulia. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la capture des odorants chez l'être humain : comparaison des interactions biochimiques entre odorants et variants de protéines de liaison aux odeurs." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0013.
Full textThe function of Odorant Binding Protein located in the mammal nasal mucus is stinn unknown They belong to the lipocalin structural superfamily. The aim of this work was to investigate the odorant binding specificity of human OBP, to determine whether they take into account the diversity of perceived odorant molecules, and whether these very homologous proteins (hOBP-2A, -2AB and -2B) are involved in human odorant discrimination. Binding affinity of hOBP-2B and -2AB for different odorants were be compared to the already known properties of hOBP-2A. Recombinant proteins were produced by the heterologous expression systems : Pichia pastoris and purified by anion exchange chromatography purification, thoroughly characterised proteins were submitted to functional studies. Binding of odorants was measured by displacement of a hydrophobic fluorescent probe. Results obtained for hOBP-2B and -2AB were compared to those already published for -2A with the same odorant panel. As for hOBP-2A, measured affinities were in the micromolar range and OBPs showed a strong affinity for aldehydes and long chain fatty acids, exhibiting some differences from one OBP to another. Their 3D structures were modelled by homology with the human tear lipocalin in order to interpret the binding data. HOBP-2B revealed a structural difference, in correlation with the functional data. This work revealed that the slighlty different ligand binding spectrum of the 3 human OBP does not represent the large odorant diversity, suggesting that OBP do not have a major function in odorant discrimination in the human species. Nevertheless, OBP complexed with odorant might have a function in odorant receptor activation
Malinvaud, David. "Rôle du controle inhibiteur dans le traitement des informations sensorielles vestibulaires au niveau des voies primaires afférentes et au niveau des voies secondaires commisurales." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066730.
Full textPieraut, Simon. "Homéostasie chlorure des ganglions rachidiens dorsaux et physiopathologie du système nerveux périphérique." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20121.
Full textPeripheral nerve injury induces cellular and molecular changes in order to produce functional regeneration. This phenomenon can conduct to post traumatic neuropathies that are responsible for chronic pain and ataxic comportment. During my thesis I have analysed the role of chloride homeostasis in an in vitro model of sensory neuron regeneration and in inflammatory pain. My work showed that sciatic nerve injury in adult mice induced a two-fold increase in the intracellular chloride concentrations of axotomized sensory neurons. I demonstrated that phosphorylation of the Na-K-Cl co-transporter NKCC1 was responsible for this increase. In addition, NKCC1 inhibition led to a decrease in the growth velocity of neurites of axotomized neurons, emphasizing a fundamental role of NKCC1 in the regeneration process. I also elucidated the intracellular signalling pathway leading to NKCC1 phosphorylation and showed a fundamental role of interleukine 6 in the activation of those pathways. In parallel studying inflammatory pain in a mouse model revealed that the rheumatoid arthritis affects chloride homeostasis in peripheral sensory neurons. This change in chloride homeostasis could take part in the induction of pain. Therefore, this work shows for the first time that chloride homeostasis participated in the mechanism of nerve regeneration and likely inflammatory pain process
André, Sylvain. "Modification de l'expression de canaux ioniques dans les neurones de ganglions rachidiens dorsaux de souris adulte après lésion nerveuse périphérique." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20142.
Full textSilva, Diana. "Le rôle du système nerveux sensoriel dans l'orchestration de la formation osseuse, le remodelage et la régénération tissulaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0919/document.
Full textAdvances in the understanding of bone biology have identified the sensory nervous system as a critical regulator in the orchestration of bone formation, remodeling, and repair. However, the precise role of the sensory nervous system on bone tissue, particularly on osteoprogenitor cells, remains unknown. Firstly, we were interested in clarifying whether dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons would be able to induce the osteoblast differentiation by acting directly on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Afterwards, we attempted to understand whether the canonical Wnt signaling pathway could be implicated in the DRG neurons-induced osteoblastogenesis. In the second part of this study, we aimed at better characterizing the subset of DRG neurons involved in the direct regulation of osteoblast differentiation from MSCs. In this work we provide several novel insights: i) we show that sensory neurons have a positive and direct effect on osteoblast differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, ii) by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; and iii) we suggest that this effect is mainly regulated by sensorimotor neurons, iv) which possibly mediate the local release of neuroactive factors
Benzina, Ouafa. "Etude biophysique de la régénération de neurones périphériques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20001/document.
Full textPeripheral nerve injuries lead to paralysis, anesthesia and lack of autonomic control of the affected body areas. The trauma results in loss of motor and sensory functions conveyed by the involved nerves. This process is referred to as Wallerian degeneration; it creates a microenviroment in the injury site that favors neurites regrowth. The increased intrinsic growth capacity of injured peripheral neurons is manifested experimentally by the conditioning lesion paradigm. Axotomy of a peripheral neuron previous to the test lesion, ‘‘primes'' the neuron, switches it on to a regenerative state and, thus, it will regenerate faster after receiving the second injury. Mechanical interactions play a key role in many processes associated with neuronal growth and development. Membrane cytoskeleton elasticity is a determining parameter of membrane mechanical properties and provides important information toward the health and function of the cell. For this reason the first objective of this thesis was to understand the conditioning injury effects on both morphology and rheological properties of live sensory neurons cell bodies and growth cones, using particularly the atomic force microscopy, and to correlate this to eventual modifications in the composition of the cytoskeletal proteins. In addition to the role of cell elastic properties and mechanical sensing in the regeneration process, the structural organization of tissues plays a major part in deciding the degree and direction of tissue growth and cell movement. The ability to guide cells and their outgrowth by modifying surfaces is possible with the microcontact printing technique which enables the design of protein pathways with experimentally defined geometries. Therefore, the second objective of the thesis was to modulate the regenerative growth of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons and spinal motoneurons using cell adhesion proteins in order to physically mimic the in vivo longitudinal axonal growth. We used the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, ideal biomolecules for printing as they can guide in vitro the cellular adhesion, differentiation, migration. The patterning allowed us to normalize neurite elongation and electrical activity of sensory neurons before and after conditioning lesion
Boucher, Yves. "Contribution a l'identification immunocytochimique et electrophysiologique des neurotransmetteurs liberes par les neurones sensitifs primaires innervant la pulpe dentaire du rat." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066057.
Full textMoussa, Salim. "Etude des programmes transcriptionnels impliqués dans le développement des neurones somatosensoriels et leur état après axotomie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20149/document.
Full textThe sense of touch relies on the detection of mechanical stimuli by specialized cutaneous mechanosensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia. These neurons project peripherally to the skin and synapse on target interneurons in the spinal cord. Until the discovery of MafA expression in the dorsal root ganglion, the lack of molecular markers of mechanoreceptor neurons has made it difficult to analyze the development of these neurons. My team showed that MafA is a specific molecular marker for low-threshold mechanoreceptor neurons RAM. C-Maf gene is a member of the Maf family and it is expressed in the MafA sensory neurons. The transcription factor c-Maf controls touch receptor development and function.In order to understand how c-Maf controls somatosensory neurons development, the first objective of my study was to find new targets for c-Maf transcription factor and to know how c-Maf expression is regulated in the dorsal root ganglion. Therefore, I have analysed the expression of different candidate genes in a loss of function context of c-Maf in the mice. I identified two targets: p-cadherin and Mab21/L2 among a list of candidates. Then, I analysed the p-cadherin expression during development and found that this target of c-Maf is expressed in a sub-population of c-Maf sensory neurons and interneurons of the laminae III/IV of the spinal cord. A particular expression of p-cadherin was noticed in the boundary cap cells at the dorsal root entry zone and the motor exit point of the spinal cord. These observations let us put the following hypothesis: c-Maf regulates p-cadherin expression in the sensory neurons and the interneurons to enable specific connections between these neurons. No identified factors were found to regulate c-Maf expression. In the second part of my study, I focused my efforts on the analysis of the role of MafA, c-MAf, Runx3 and Er81 transcription factors in neuronal plasticity induced in the adult mice three days after sciatic nerve axotomy. These factors are involved in the development of somatosensory neurons. The analysis showed that MafA and Er81 expression are down-regulated after peripheral nerve axotomy but the c-Maf and Runx3 expression did not change. We suggest that at adult stage the regulation of MafA and Er81 expression depend on neurotrophic factors released by the targets of these neurons but it's not the case for c-Maf and Runx3 expression
Ulmann, Lauriane. "Etude des interactions fonctionnelles entre neurones sensoriels des ganglions rachidiens et kératinocytes de l'épiderme : mise au point d'un modèle de coculture." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13213.
Full textA coculture model between sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion and keratinocytes of epidermis of newborn rats and corresponding cell lines has been developed. Each cell type has been characterized by immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy and calcium imagery. The coculture needs a specific medium for keratinocytes, with a low calcium concentration (MCDB 20). In this medium, axons of neurons cultivated without keratinocytes don't appear, but the axonal growth is observed when the calcium concentration is increased to 2 mM. The presence of keratinocytes (cocultures) allows an important neuritic extension similar to this observed in the 2 mM calcium medium. This observation suggests that the target cells release some trophic factors which induce the axonal growth. After determining the neuronal phenotype in coculture, we have looked for the molecules implied in the trophic effect. The addition of NGF, BDNF or DHEA induces an important axonal extension. The presence of Trk receptors and BDNF in neurons, the decrease of the axons gowth in coculture with the Trk or PBR blokers, or with the addition of the DHEA synthesis enzyme shows that neurotrophins and DHEA are imply in the trophic effect of keratinocytes. On the other hand, the physical contacts observed with electron microscopy don't show any specific morphological differentiation. This coculture system allows the study of the effects of target cells on the neuronal development, the nature of trophics factors and the transmission of the sensory signal since the periphery
Jhumka, Zakiyya. "Gene-environment interactions in non-visceral pain chronification : from Myo1a loss of function to environment-dependent gut microbiota dysbiosis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0192.
Full textChronic pain is defined in terms of pain that persists more than 3 months or beyond the healing time of a given injured tissue. It affects 1.5 billion people worldwide. Because two-thirds of sufferers report a clear dissatisfaction with current treatment, it is critical to further investigate this matter. Here, we describe gene-environment interactions supporting pain chronification. We have demonstrated that the Myo1a gene is expressed in specific subset of sensory neurons and that male mice with a Myo1a deficiency develop a chronic mechanical hypersensitivity (hereafter called chronic pain), no matter the etiology of pain. Interestingly, we have shown that Myo1a KO males develop chronic pain only when produced under single genotype housing conditions (SGH) but not under mixed genotype housing conditions (MGH). Furthermore, crossing of Myo1a deficient mice from MGH produced a second generation of Myo1a KO males of SGH, which recapitulated the original chronic pain phenotype, thereby demonstrating that Myo1a-environment interactions are involved in pain chronification. Because Myo1a is strongly expressed in the gut where its loss of function (lof) has been associated to architectural defects, we asked whether such lof may be associated to a gut microbiota dysbiosis supporting pain chronification. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing and demonstrated that Myo1a KO males exhibit a gut microbiota dysbiosis under SGH but not MGH conditions. Moreover, our antibiotic prenatal treatment of Myo1a deficient mice allows them to recover from inflammatory pain. Our findings thus suggest that based on gene-gut microbiota interactions, it is now possible to propose à-la-carte analgesics
Boudes, Mathieu. "Bestrophine-1 : identification moléculaire : rôle et régulation dans les ganglions rachidiens dorsaux après traumatisme du système nerveux périphérique." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20096.
Full textSensory neurons shift from a transmitting mode to a regenerative state following peripheral nerve injury. This modification is necessary to the peripheral sensitivity recovery. Massive phenotypic changes support this process. Previous study demonstrated that neurons from dorsal root ganglia show important changes in their chloride homeostasis. Indeed, they express calcium-activated chloride currents (CaCC) and they present a two fold increase in their intracellular chloride concentration. We demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury leads to the sur-expression of the Best1 gene, and its protein supports functional expression of CaCC by electrophysiological recordings and quantitative gene expression strategies. Moreover, studying regulation mechanisms highlight the involvement of the extracellular matrix in the secretion of the cytokine interleukin-6, which in turn promotes the expression of Best1. Chloride ions are part of the CaCC regulatory machinery, but the mechanism is still elusive. In the third part, we demonstrate that Bestrophin-1 inhibition by RNA interference and genetic invalidation decreases the neurite outgrowth velocity in vivo and slow down the peripheral sensibility recovery. The Bestrophin-1 involvement in regenerative process might be due to its membrane stretch sensibility
Albert, Emmanuelle Sandrine. "Stimulation des neurones sensoriels par un faisceau Laser infra rouge : identification et étude des canaux ioniques thermosensibles TRPV4 impliqués dans la réponse induite." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20040.
Full textInfrared (IR) laser irradiation has been established as an appropriate stimulus for primary sensory neurons under conditions where sensory receptor cells are impaired or lost. Yet, development of clinical applications has been impeded by lack of information about the molecular mechanisms underlying the laser induced neural response. Here, we first demonstrate that retinal and vestibular ganglion cells generate biological responses evoked by mid laser irradiation. Then, we directly address this question through pharmacological characterization of the biological response evoked by mid infrared irradiation of isolated retinal and vestibular ganglion cells from rodents. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings reveal that both voltage-gated calcium and sodium channels contribute to the laser evoked neuronal voltage variations (LEVV). In addition, selective blockade of the LEVV by micromolar concentrations of ruthenium red and RN1734 identifies thermo-sensitive TRPV4 channels as the primary effectors of the chain reaction triggered by mid infrared laser irradiation
Royet, Jean-Pierre. "Etudes morphométriques et cartographie fonctionnelle du bulbe olfactif à l'aide de l'analyse quantitative d'image." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10144.
Full textHao, Jizhe. "Mécanotransduction dans les neurones sensoriels de mammifères." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20716.
Full textThe somatosensory system mediates fundamental physiological functions, including the senses of touch, pain and proprioception. The aim of my thesis was to understand molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in mammalian sensory neurons.We identified 4 types of mechanotransducer currents that distribute differentially in cutaneous nociceptors and mechanoreceptors and that differ in desensitization rates. Desensitization of mechanotransducer channels in mechanoreceptors was fast and mediated by channel inactivation and adaptation, which reduces the mechanical force sensed by the transduction channel. Both processes were promoted by negative voltage. These properties of mechanotransducer channels suited them to encode the dynamic parameters of the stimulus. In contrast, inactivation and adaptation of mechanotransducer channels in nociceptors had slow time courses and were suited to encode duration of the stimulus. Thus, desensitization properties of mechanotransducer currents relate to their functions as sensors of phasic and tonic stimuli and enable sensory neurons to achieve efficient stimulus representation.In the second work, we explored the molecular determinants of threshold differences and temporal adaptation among mammalian mechanoreceptors. We identified a novel mechanosensitive K+ current (IKmech) in different classes of mechanosensory neurons from mouse and rat DRGs. IKmech activates slowly in response to mechanical stimulation and is carried by Kv1.1 subunit-containing K+ channels. By antagonizing depolarizing drive induced by excitatory MS currents, IKMech regulates threshold for noxious mechano-perception and temporal adaptation in non-painful mechanosensation. Our work has identified Kv1.1 as an essential molecular element in defining the threshold range of mechanical sensitivity and temporal responses of fibers associated with mechanical perception
Tang, Yong. "Impact de la perte des neurones cochléaires sur la fonction auditive." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T022/document.
Full textDeafness is one of the most frequent sensory deficits in our industrialized societies. Among the auditory pathologies, sensorineural deafness is the most wide-spread. Sensorineural deafness is due to a dysfunction of the cochlea involving the ionic homeostasis, loss of sensory cells and spiral ganglion neurons. While an alteration of the homeostasis or the loss of sensory cells induce inevitably the appearance of deafness, the impact of spiral ganglion neuron loss is unknown.The object of this thesis was to estimate the impact of spiral ganglion neuron losses on the auditory function. We developed a pharmacological tool capable of creating a selective loss of spiral ganglion neurons, without damaging the presynaptic structures such as the sensory cells and the stria vascularis. To do this, we applied increasing doses of ouabain to the round window membrane in the gerbil. Electrophysiological evaluations such as the distortion product otoacoustic emissions, the endocochlear potential and the compound action potentials of the cochlear nerve were recorded before and 6 days after application of ouabain. At the end of the functional evaluations, the cochlea were removed and prepared for morphological evaluations using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Our results showed that up to a concentration of 80 µM, ouabain did not induce any significant change of the amplitude of the distortion product otoacoustic emissions, which indicated a normal functional state of the outer hair cells, nor of the endocochlear potential which reflected an intact stria vascularis. On the other hand, the same concentrations of ouabain led to a dose-dependent decrease of the amplitude of the compound action potentials, which was strictly associated with a loss of spiral ganglion neurons and afferent synapses, as assessed by morpho-anatomical analyses. If the amplitude of the compound action potentials constitutes a good indicator of the number and the functional state of the spiral ganglion neurons and the afferent synapses, it is not the case for the audiometric thresholds. Indeed, a loss of 75 % of afferent synapses and more than 55 % loss of the ganglion neurons was necessary before an elevation of the audiometric thresholds was observed in the cochleae perfused with 80 µM ouabain. At 100 µM ouabain, the elevation of the auditory thresholds may result from the accumulated loss of sensory cells, damage to the stria vascularis, in addition to the loss of the spiral ganglion neurons and afferent synapses. All these results indicate that the application of ouabain onto the round window membrane in the gerbil is an excellent model to study the impact of the selective loss of the spiral ganglion neurons on hearing function. More generally, this study points towards the necessity of developing more precise tools, beyond the simple audiogram, for the investigation of auditory neuron loss in humans
Verkest, Clément. "Rôles et régulations des canaux ioniques ASIC1b dans la douleur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR4039.
Full textAcid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASIC) are trimeric excitatory ion channels activated by extracellular acidification, a phenomenom often encountered in painful pathological diseases. Several members of this family (ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, ASIC2b and ASIC3) can form functional ion channels expressed mainly in the nervous system. Among them, ASIC1b is characterized by its restrain expression in peripheral sensory neurons, responsible for the detection of noxious stimuli. But the implication of ASIC1b in pain has remained elusive for a long time because of the lack of tools needed to study its role. However, the recent identification of mambalgins, a set of peptides extracted from a snake venom and able to block ASIC1a and ASIC1b, has contributed to show for the first time the implication of ASIC1b in acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice. First, I studied the possible involvement of ASIC1b in migraine. I have shown that in an acute and chronic migraine model in rat, ASIC1a and ASIC1b blockade with mambalgin and amiloride, a non-specific blocker of ASIC channels, abolished the facial and extra-facial cutaneous allodynia, a very common and disabling migraine symptom. Those affects are as effective as the ones induced by the reference migraine treatments. Recurrent blockade of ASIC with mambalgin is able to limit the establishment of cutaneous allodynia related to chronic migraine. Those anti-allodynic effects are fully conserved in ASIC1a Knoc-out mouse in a model of chronic migraine, thus indirectly showing a critical role of ASIC1b. In a second part, I have looked into the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms targeting ASIC1b and explaining its potent implication in pathological pain. I have found that several intracellular signaling pathways are able to positively modulate ASIC1b. Among them, The C-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK) was the most promising. JNK potentiates ASIC1b, ASIC3 and heteromeric channels containing at least one of these subunits. ASIC currents obtained from primary culture of sensory neurons are also regulated. Interestingly, JNK regulates rat but not mouse ASIC3, thus making ASIC1b the potential sole target of this regulation in this specie. Thus, my thesis work extends the repertoire of painful pathological diseases where ASIC1b is involved. I have identified the intracellular signaling pathway JNK as a new mechanism of regulation of ASIC and especially ASIC1b. This work provides the first explaination at the molecular level on the mechanisms governing the critical implication of ASIC1b in pain
Elzière, Lucie. "Etude de limplication de CaMKIα dans la régénération post-lésionnelle des neurones des ganglions rachidiens dorsaux." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20164.
Full textPeripheral neurons have the capacity to regenerate after injury. This regeneration is allowed by thefavorable environment generated by the cellular components of the system and intrinsic aptitudes ofthe peripheral neurons to enter this process. These intrinsic abilities are manifested as cellular changes and molecular alterations including transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications. Prior to my work, our laboratory carried out transcriptomic analysis on dorsal root ganglia after nerve injury. This allowed us to highlight a set of genes induced in response to peripheral nerve lesion. My thesis focused on one of them: CaMKIα (Calcium-Calmodulin-dependent kinase Iα). This kinase, not previously described in the adult peripheral nervous system, has been shown to be involved in central nervous system neuronal development. We have shown that CaMKIα is specifically induced following different kinds of mechanical lesions of the sciatic nerve (sections and acute or chronic crush) in a restricted, predominantly myelinated, population of injured neurons. The subcellular location of CaMKIα, both in the soma and nerve fibers suggest an axonal transit of the kinase to the injury site. The inhibition of the CaMKIα signaling pathway by a pharmacological compound or RNA silencing in vitro induced a significantly decreased velocity of neurite growth in injured neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that the induction of CaMKIα contributes to the post injury axonal regeneration of peripheral neurons
Raad, Hussein. "Rôle et fonctionnalité des récepteurs gustatifs dans les ailes de drosophiles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4002.
Full textCognitive capacities used to ensure the exploration and discovery of new ecological niches are at the heart of the process of adaptation and survival of vertebrate and invertebrate species. In this respect, the neural chemosensory systems, composed of the olfactory and gustatory organs, allow the guidance and finding of food sources and/or sexual partners. A striking feature in insects and particularly in Drosophila is that gustatory organs are disseminated in the body. The anterior margin of the wing is lined with gustatory sensilla alternated with mechanosensory sensilla. The function of gustatory cells in the wing of Drosophila remains enigmatic and actually quite unknown (Stocker, 1994). Our work consisted in exploring the signaling and the transduction mechanisms of these receptors and in questioning their importance in the adaptation of insects to their ecosystem. Our results are based on three components. We have verified that the expression of gustatory receptors occurs in the wings of three different insects (Drosophila, aphid and honey bee) by RT-PCR. We have studied the function of these receptors vis-à-vis of sweet and bitter molecules using a transgenic line (G-CaMP) that exhibits a strong fluorescence provoked by cytosolic calcium picks. Finally, behavioral assays have been realized with a transgenic line (Poxn*) in which the chemosensory sensilla have been invalidated without altering the other olfactory and gustatory structures. Our results show a significant effect of wing chemosensory cells as far as orientation is space and Bayesian learning and have permitted us to elaborate hypothesis regarding the neuroanatomical evolution of the wing of insects since ancestral organisms of marine origin from which they derive. Experts in aerodynamics propose the creation of a vortex during flight that forms a spiral of air along the anterior border of the wing. The perfect superposition between this vortex and the costal nerve of the wing allows us to deduce that the vibrations of the insect wing between 50 and 1.000 Hertz are able to nebulize materials (microdust, microdrops, weakly volatile molecules), which are captured/trapped in the vortex and addressed to the gustatory sensilla. Our hypothesis is that this mechanism would let pollinator insects taste flowers without landing and without involving the proboscis. In this scenario insects would dissociate taste from ingestion, avoiding poisoning by toxic molecules emitted by plants and rending exploration more efficient by minimizing searching time
Desban, Laura. "Molecular determinants of morphology and function of microvilliated sensory cells in zebrafish." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS167/document.
Full textSensory systems use specialized receptor cells, many of which detect sensory cues through specialized apical membrane protrusions, such as microvilli. The final shape of the microvilliated apical extension requires specific molecular machinery and determines many of the properties of sensory transduction. The establishment of this structure remains however elusive. What molecular factors orchestrate the initiation and elongation of actin filaments in microvilliated sensory cells (MSCs)? Can we find key elements of morphogenesis common to MSCs? What is the precise role of microvilli structure in sensory function? I investigated two sensory cell types harboring microvilli: spinal cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) and neuromast hair cells (nHCs). The primary goal was to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of MSCs by focusing on CSF-cNs. I was able to describe critical steps leading to the development of CSF-cN apical extension. My participation to the transcriptome analysis of CSF-cNs revealed candidate molecular factors associated with each of these steps. I demonstrated the importance of the interaction between Espin and Myo3b to ensure the proper lengthening of CSF-cN apical extension. In this system, I established a direct link between morphology and function by showing that shorter apical extensions lead to reduced sensory response. Altogether, my work shed light on the formation of CSF-cN sensory organelle and its functional role. In parallel, the establishment of the nHC transcriptome dataset revealed similar morphogenetic factors with CSF-cNs, supporting the idea that all MSCs share conserved features for their differentiation
Inquimbert, Perrine Schlichter Rémy. "Modulation différentielle de la transmission synaptique inhibitrice par la synthèse localisée de neurostéroïdes dans la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière de rat." Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1060/01/INQUIMBERT_Perrine_2007.pdf.
Full textFidelin, Kevin. "Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by spinal GABAergic sensory neurons in zebrafish : connectivity mapping of an intraspinal sensory feedback circuit." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066200/document.
Full textUnderstanding how the central nervous system generates motor sequences, coordinates limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment, while adapting to sensory cues remains a central question in the field of systems neuroscience. The work presented here aims to understand how local sensory neurons in the spinal cord contribute to the production and/ or the modulation of locomotor activity. We focused our work on a conserved class of spinal sensory neurons termed cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). These neurons lie at the interface between the CSF and spinal interneurons controlling motor output and represent an interesting yet poorly understood sensorimotor loop in the vertebrate spinal cord. However, the connectivity of CSF-cNs remains completely uncharacterized. To understand how CSF-cNs modulate locomotion in vertebrates, we combined genetics, imaging, optogenetics, electrophysiology, and behavior analysis to map the functional connectivity of these sensory neurons and test their function in the zebrafish larva. Our results demonstrate that CSF-cNs target several elements thought to be part of the locomotor central pattern generator in zebrafish, including glutamatergic spinal neurons involved in slow and fast swimming. We show that CSF-cNs can modulate the duration and occurrence of spontaneous locomotor events in a state dependent manner and tune the frequency of evoked fast escape responses. Altogether our work dissecting sensorimotor integration in the spinal cord bridged single cell function in vivo to behavior in zebrafish and should contribute to a better understanding of the role of sensory feedback during locomotion in vertebrates
Acerra, Francesca (1970. "Modélisation d'un aspect du développement cognitif : la reconnaissance des visages dans la première année de vie." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11071.
Full textOury, Franck. "Rôle du gène Hoxa2 et de la segmentation rhombomérique dans le développement de la carte somatosensorielle de la face chez la souris." Strasbourg 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13195.
Full textRaad, Hussein. "Rôle et fonctionnalité des récepteurs gustatifs dans les ailes de drosophiles." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921554.
Full textMantilleri, Annabelle. "Rôle de Tafa4 dans la spécification et la physiologie des nocicepteurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4092.
Full textThe perception of pain is initiated by the detection of noxious stimuli by the peripheral endings of primary nociceptive neurons. They are a specialized group of small-diameter pseudounipolar neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal roots ganglia (DRG). They give rise to thinly myelinated (Ad-fibers) or unmyelinated (C-fibers) afferent fibers, which convey the signal from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Our laboratory is interested in molecular mechanisms which underlie the specification of somatic sensory neurons and their properties. In order to find novel molecular factors involved in this process, we identified several new nociceptor subtype specific genes by microarray experiments. Among these genes, tafa4 which encodes a small secreted protein distantly related to CC chemokine with unknown function, appears to have a DRG-specific expression from early developmental stages and becomes restricted to a subset of C-fibers non-peptidergic nociceptors in adult DRG. By using transgenic mice, we show that Tafa4 neurons specifically project to the dorsal horn lamina IIi and innervate the hairy skin. They have electrophysiological signature of C-Low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs), a population of sensory neurons implicated in the injury-induced mechanical hyper-sensitivity as well as in the affective component of touch. Mutant mice lacking Tafa4 do not present developmental defects and specify Tafa4 population correctly. However, despite no obvious molecular changes in Tafa4 mutants, these mice display significant increase in tissue injury induced hyper-sensitivity which could be reduced by intrathecally applied Tafa4 protein
Inquimbert, Perrine. "Modulation différentielle de la transmission synaptique inhibitrice par la synthèse localisée de neurostéroïdes dans la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière de rat." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/INQUIMBERT_Perrine_2007.pdf.
Full textNegm, Ahmed. "Étude du rôle des canaux ASIC3 dans l'hypersensibilité à la douleur associée à une alimentation riche en lipides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR4046.
Full textObesity is a major risk factor for many serious disorders. It affects 13% of the whole adult population worldwide making it an important field for research. Obesity is characterized by an increased body mass index resulting from an energy imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure. This can be caused by an increased consumption of energy-dense foods such as food rich in fat, which corresponds to occidental diet. It is now well accepted that obesity induces chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, which is mediated by Adipokines and cytokines released from the gut and adipose tissue. This low-grade inflammation extends to other tissue leading to systemic metabolic dysfunctions. In addition, obesity was shown to be correlated to chronic pain regardless of other components of the metabolic syndrome. It is not yet clear how this chronic pain is initiated and what mechanisms are involved. Our study focuses on investigating the effect of obesity on peripheral sensory neurons activity and pain perception, followed by deciphering the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that involve the Acid Sensing Ion Channels ASIC3. Methods. Mice were fed with a high-fat diet composed of saturated fatty acids to induce obesity. We are using pain behavioral tests to measure the thermal, mechanical and chemical perception in obese mice using radiant heat Hargreaves test, dynamic von Frey, and formalin tests. Electrophysiological approaches including patch-clamp techniques and skin-saphenous nerve recording preparation allowed us to study the effect of high-fat diet and obesity on peripheral sensory neurons excitability, while qPCR and Immunohistochemistry chemistry were used in investigating the changes in pro-inflammatory factors expression. Results. After 8 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD), we observe that mice become obese. These mice developed a deregulation of glucose homeostasis compared to lean mice fed on standard regime. In addition, obese mice showed a long-lasting thermal hypersensitivity once the obesity was well established, while other sensory modalities were not affected. We found an overexpression of the inflammatory cytokines in obese mice not only in the adipose tissue but also in other tissues involved in the pain pathway (i.e. Dorsal root ganglions and spinal cord). In addition, the lipid rich diet induced dyslipidemia with increased concentration of several lipid species in the serum of obese mice. Delivering the serum from obese mice to recombinant ASIC3 channels directly activated the channels and potentiated the channels responses to moderate acidification (pH 7). Obesity led to increased firing of heat sensitive C-fibers. The genetic deletion of ASIC3 channels in ASIC3 knockout mice protected these mice from thermal hypersensitivity. Conclusions. Our experiments shed light on the impact of the chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysregulation induced by fat-rich diet on the peripheral nervous system and pain, and on the role of ASIC3 channels in these conditions. Our results give an interesting clinical scope and suggest that the thermal hypersensitivity associated with lipid induced obesity could be treated pharmacologically by blocking ASIC3
Blais, Mathieu. "Influence des facteurs neurotrophiques et des fibres nerveuses dans la peau reconstruite par génie tissulaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29969/29969.pdf.
Full textThe skin is an organ densely innervated and vascularized. The establishment of the cutaneous nervous system depends on the secretion of neurotrophic factors by the skin. Meanwhile, the establishment of the vascular network also depends on soluble instructive cues. The work presented in this thesis describes new paracrine interactions. While interactions from skin to sensory neurons for the development of innervation and interactions from sensory neurons to blood vessel for vasodilation of the vasculature are described elsewhere, we demonstrate here the influence of neurotrophic factors on the vascular network and the influence of sensory neurons on the reepithelialization of wounds. Our overall goal was to clarify the influence of the neurotrophic and nervous contexts on the homeostasis of the skin. First, we hypothesized that in addition to their neuronal contribution, neurotrophic factors also influence the vascular network. We show that NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and GDNF are expressed in the epidermis, while NGF and NT-3 are expressed by fibroblasts and BDNF by endothelial cells. Finally, Schwann cells produce NGF, BDNF and GDNF. We show that these peptides are very potent angiogenic factors using a model of human endothelialized reconstructed dermis by tissue engineering. An increase of 40 to 80% of the number of capillary-like tubes was observed after the addition of 10 ng/ml NGF, 0.1 ng/ml of BDNF, 15 ng/ml of NT-3, and 50 ng/ml of GDNF. This angiogenic effect depends on the neurotrophic factor receptor TrkA, TrkB, GFRa-1 and c-ret that are all expressed by human endothelial cells. This effect was blocked by adding the Trk inhibitor K252a for NGF, BDNF and NT-3. Second, we hypothesized that sensory neurons directly influence reepithelialization by secreting the neuropeptide substance P. To verify this, we developed a new model of reepithelialization. It consists of a perforated epidermal equivalent expressing a green fluorescent protein stacked on a dermal equivalent that is used as a bed for reepithelialization. The reconstructed skin is endothelialized and innervated or not with sensory neurons of mouse. Sensory neurons produce substance P in the model and keratinocytes express the NK1 cell receptor for substance P. Keratinocyte migration was quantified by fluorescence. Reepithelialization was faster in presence of sensory neurons and we show that substance P contributes to this effect with agonist and antagonist of the NK1 cell receptor. The overall results provide a better understanding of the importance of the neurotrophic and sensory contexts in the skin. Thus, cutaneous innervation does not only contribute to the sensory detection. Our findings may suggest that improving nerve regeneration would improve skin long term tissue homeostasis.
Boubakar, Leila. "Rôle des Septines dans la transmission de traits morphologiques au cours de la neurogenèse des ganglions des racines dorsales." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1139.
Full textNeurite formation is a crucial step of neuronal differentiation. However, the mechanisms that determine how and at which position neurites emerge in the soma are still poorly understood. We postulated that a molecular polarity could prefigure the morphological differentiation, with some molecules that could accumulate at the future site of axon initiation. Interestingly, such molecular polarity has been evidenced in the contest of yeast budding, with bud forming at specific position relatively to the previous bud site. Genome-wide screen identified hundreds of proteins that control bud site location. Among the vertebrate molecules homologous to those involved in budding site selection, we selected the Septins as promising candidates. These GTP-ases form filaments that act as diffusion barriers and molecular scaffolds. We investigated the contribution of Septins to axon initiation using the chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons as a model. Monitoring of cell morphology in nascent ganglia indicates that DRG neurons form a single axon at the ventral pole and a second one at the dorsal pole and that these axons seem to emerge directly after their last division. This suggests that two initiation sites are selected at opposite pole of the soma.We found that Septins homologous with those controlling budding are expressed in the early DRG developmental stages. My analyses by time-lapse video-microscopy showed that Septin7 accumulate at the site of axon emergence, just before or during its formation.We observed that a pharmacological inhibitor and a dominant-negative construct block axon formation both in vitro and in vivo respectively. Furthermore, blocking Septin function leads to the appearance of uncommon round or sea urchin-like neurons. Thus, Septins appear to regulate early step of morphological differentiation of DRG neurons, possibly by controlling axon initiation site selection
Gerenton, Grégory. "Mesures non invasives de l'activité electrophysiologique des cellules sensorielles et des neurones auditifs. Applications au diagnostic de pathologies de l'oreille interne." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM17/document.
Full textThanks to technology miniaturization as well as digital computing abilities steadily increasing, objective measurement methods and their related devices evolve. Echodia company was created in 2009 with the goal to create new diagnostic tools. The company currently supports my research work through a CIFRE convention.The first part of this thesis presents two non-invasive measurement methods that have been implemented to the diagnosis of cochlear hydrops. The methods are based on the responses of cochlear hair cells to sound stimuli, depending themselves on the resting position of their stereocilia bundles. Cochlear hydrops, a hallmark of Meniere's disease, is likely to disturb this environment. A chemical or mechanical variation of this environment may be observed by various objective exploration methods. The first method is based on an electrophysiological recording. By studying the Summating Potential (SP) of the Electrocochleography (ECOG) we will register activity in the basal part of the cochlea. The second method is based on a sound recording in the external acoustic meatus. By monitoring the phase shifts of Distortion-Product OtoAcoustic Emissions (DPOAE), we will record the apical responses of the cochlea.The second part of this thesis focuses on a study in which we recorded concomitantly the SP (basal) and the DPOAE (apical) in 73 patients with Menière's disease, close to an attack (n = 40) or between attacks without clinical symptoms (n = 33). In the case of DPOAE, the phase at 2*f1-f2 has been studied in response to pure sinusoidal sounds at frequency f1 = 1 kHz and f2 = 1,2 kHz. The power of the two primary was set between 70 and 75dB SPL based on the level of the DPOAE. The SP to Action Potential (AP) ratio has been measured by extra-tympanic electrode in response to 95dB nHL clicks. These two measurements were performed several times during a postural test to evaluate their stability.The normal limit of the phase shift of the DPOAE during a postural test [-18 °, +38 °] was exceeded in 75% of patients near an attack. On these subjects, the study of the SP/AP ratio exceeded the normal value (<0.40) in 60% of cases. In addition, the two types of measurements made on patients near a vertigo attack reveal fluctuations between reiteration. These differences highlight how hydrops hinders the proper functioning of the cochlear mechanics. This short time scales fluctuations might explain the imperfect diagnostic sensitivity of SP and DPOAE tests, as averaging procedures would tend to level out transient fluctuations characteristic of hydrops