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Journal articles on the topic 'Neurons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Holmstrom, Lars, Patrick D. Roberts, and Christine V. Portfors. "Responses to Social Vocalizations in the Inferior Colliculus of the Mustached Bat Are Influenced by Secondary Tuning Curves." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 6 (2007): 3461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00638.2007.

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Neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the mustached bat integrate input from multiple frequency bands in a complex fashion. These neurons are important for encoding the bat's echolocation and social vocalizations. The purpose of this study was to quantify the contribution of complex frequency interactions on the responses of IC neurons to social vocalizations. Neural responses to single tones, two-tone pairs, and social vocalizations were recorded in the IC of the mustached bat. Three types of data driven stimulus-response models were designed for each neuron from single tone and tone pai

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2

Kirch, Christoph, and Leonardo L. Gollo. "Spatially resolved dendritic integration: towards a functional classification of neurons." PeerJ 8 (November 24, 2020): e10250. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10250.

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The vast tree-like dendritic structure of neurons allows them to receive and integrate input from many neurons. A wide variety of neuronal morphologies exist, however, their role in dendritic integration, and how it shapes the response of the neuron, is not yet fully understood. Here, we study the evolution and interactions of dendritic spikes in excitable neurons with complex real branch structures. We focus on dozens of digitally reconstructed illustrative neurons from the online repository NeuroMorpho.org, which contains over 130,000 neurons. Yet, our methods can be promptly extended to any

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Pesavento, Michael J., Cynthia D. Rittenhouse, and David J. Pinto. "Response Sensitivity of Barrel Neuron Subpopulations to Simulated Thalamic Input." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 6 (2010): 3001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01053.2009.

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Our goal is to examine the relationship between neuron- and network-level processing in the context of a well-studied cortical function, the processing of thalamic input by whisker-barrel circuits in rodent neocortex. Here we focus on neuron-level processing and investigate the responses of excitatory and inhibitory barrel neurons to simulated thalamic inputs applied using the dynamic clamp method in brain slices. Simulated inputs are modeled after real thalamic inputs recorded in vivo in response to brief whisker deflections. Our results suggest that inhibitory neurons require more input to r

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4

Cardi, P., and F. Nagy. "A rhythmic modulatory gating system in the stomatogastric nervous system of Homarus gammarus. III. Rhythmic control of the pyloric CPG." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 6 (1994): 2503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.6.2503.

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1. Two modulatory neurons, P and commissural pyloric (CP), known to be involved in the long-term maintenance of pyloric central pattern generator operation in the rock lobster Homarus gammarus, are members of the commissural pyloric oscillator (CPO), a higher-order oscillator influencing the pyloric network. 2. The CP neuron was endogenously oscillating in approximately 30% of the preparations in which its cell body was impaled. Rhythmic inhibitory feedback from the pyloric pacemaker anterior burster (AB) neuron stabilized the CP neuron's endogenous rhythm. 3. The organization of the CPO is de

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5

Stiefel, Klaus M., and G. Bard Ermentrout. "Neurons as oscillators." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (2016): 2950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00525.2015.

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Regularly spiking neurons can be described as oscillators. In this article we review some of the insights gained from this conceptualization and their relevance for systems neuroscience. First, we explain how a regularly spiking neuron can be viewed as an oscillator and how the phase-response curve (PRC) describes the response of the neuron's spike times to small perturbations. We then discuss the meaning of the PRC for a single neuron's spiking behavior and review the PRCs measured from a variety of neurons in a range of spiking regimes. Next, we show how the PRC can be related to a number of

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Ruff, Douglas A., and Richard T. Born. "Feature attention for binocular disparity in primate area MT depends on tuning strength." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (2015): 1545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00772.2014.

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Attending to a stimulus modulates the responses of sensory neurons that represent features of that stimulus, a phenomenon named “feature attention.” For example, attending to a stimulus containing upward motion enhances the responses of upward-preferring direction-selective neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) and suppresses the responses of downward-preferring neurons, even when the attended stimulus is outside of the spatial receptive fields of the recorded neurons (Treue S, Martinez-Trujillo JC. Nature 399: 575–579, 1999). This modulation renders the representation of sensory informatio

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7

JOHNSTON, DAVID, SIMON PETER MEKHAIL, MARY ANN GO, and VINCENT R. DARIA. "MODELING NEURONAL RESPONSE TO SIMULTANEOUS AND SEQUENTIAL MULTI-SITE SYNAPTIC STIMULATION." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 17 (January 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512007878.

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The flow of information in the brain theorizes that each neuron in a network receives synaptic inputs and sends off its processed signals to neighboring neurons. Here, we model these synaptic inputs to understand how each neuron processes these inputs and transmits neurotransmitters to neighboring neurons. We use the NEURON simulation package to stimulate a neuron at multiple synaptic locations along its dendritic tree. Accumulation of multiple synaptic inputs causes changes in the neuron's membrane potential leading to firing of an action potential. Our simulations show that simultaneous syna

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8

Baker, Curtis L. "Spatial- and temporal-frequency selectivity as a basis for velocity preference in cat striate cortex neurons." Visual Neuroscience 4, no. 02 (1990): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800002273.

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AbstractMeasurements were made of the optimal velocity for drifting bar-shaped stimuli to excite striate cortex neurons of the cat. These data were compared to the optimal spatial and temporal frequencies of the same neurons, as determined with drifting sine-wave grating stimuli. A systematic relationship was revealed, whereby those neurons preferring higher velocities of bar motion also preferred lower spatial and higher temporal frequencies of gratings. The optimal bar velocity for a given neuron could be quantitatively predicted from the ratio of that neuron's optimal temporal frequency to

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9

Yotov, Kostadin, Emil Hadzhikolev, and Stanka Hadzhikoleva. "Integral Neuron: A New Concept for Nonlinear Neuron Modeling Using Weight Functions. Creation of XOR Neurons." Mathematics 12, no. 24 (2024): 3982. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12243982.

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In the present study, an extension of the idea of dynamic neurons is proposed by replacing the weights with a weight function that is applied simultaneously to all neuron inputs. A new type of artificial neuron called an integral neuron is modeled, in which the total signal is obtained as the integral of the weight function. The integral neuron enhances traditional neurons by allowing the signal shape to be linear and nonlinear. The training of the integral neuron involves finding the parameters of the weight function, where its functional values directly influence the total signal in the neur

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10

Wright, Nathaniel C., Mahmood S. Hoseini, Tansel Baran Yasar, and Ralf Wessel. "Coupling of synaptic inputs to local cortical activity differs among neurons and adapts after stimulus onset." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 6 (2017): 3345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00398.2017.

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Cortical activity contributes significantly to the high variability of sensory responses of interconnected pyramidal neurons, which has crucial implications for sensory coding. Yet, largely because of technical limitations of in vivo intracellular recordings, the coupling of a pyramidal neuron’s synaptic inputs to the local cortical activity has evaded full understanding. Here we obtained excitatory synaptic conductance ( g) measurements from putative pyramidal neurons and local field potential (LFP) recordings from adjacent cortical circuits during visual processing in the turtle whole brain

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Hong, En, Fatma Gurel Kazanci, and Astrid A. Prinz. "Different Roles of Related Currents in Fast and Slow Spiking of Model Neurons From Two Phyla." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 4 (2008): 2048–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90567.2008.

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Neuronal activity arises from the interplay of membrane and synaptic currents. Although many channel proteins conducting these currents are phylogenetically conserved, channels of the same type in different animals can have different voltage dependencies and dynamics. What does this mean for our ability to derive rules about the role of different types of ion channels in neuronal activity? Can results about the role of a particular channel type in a particular type of neuron be generalized to other neuron types? We compare spiking model neurons in two databases constructed by exploring the max

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Nykamp, Duane Q., and Daniel Tranchina. "A Population Density Approach That Facilitates Large-Scale Modeling of Neural Networks: Extension to Slow Inhibitory Synapses." Neural Computation 13, no. 3 (2001): 511–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976601300014448.

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A previously developed method for efficiently simulating complex networks of integrate-and-fire neurons was specialized to the case in which the neurons have fast unitary postsynaptic conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory ones for cortical neurons, and this difference can have a profound effect on network dynamics that cannot be captured with neurons that have only fast synapses. We thus extend the model to include slow inhibitory synapses. In this model, neurons are grouped into large populations of similar neurons. For each population, we ca

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Masuda, Naoki, and Kazuyuki Aihara. "Spatiotemporal Spike Encoding of a Continuous External Signal." Neural Computation 14, no. 7 (2002): 1599–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08997660260028638.

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Interspike intervals of spikes emitted from an integrator neuron model of sensory neurons can encode input information represented as a continuous signal from a deterministic system. If a real brain uses spike timing as a means of information processing, other neurons receiving spatiotemporal spikes from such sensory neurons must also be capable of treating information included in deterministic interspike intervals. In this article, we examine functions of neurons modeling cortical neurons receiving spatiotemporal spikes from many sensory neurons. We show that such neuron models can encode sti

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HERRMANN, CHRISTOPH S., and ANDREAS KLAUS. "AUTAPSE TURNS NEURON INTO OSCILLATOR." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 14, no. 02 (2004): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127404009338.

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Recently, neurobiologists have discovered axons on neurons which synapse on the same neuron's dendrites — so-called autapses. It is not yet clear what functional significance autapses offer for neural behavior. This is an ideal case for using a physical simulation to investigate how an autapse alters the firing of a neuron. We simulated a neural basket cell via the Hodgkin–Huxley equations and implemented an autapse which feeds back onto the soma of the neuron. The behavior of the cell was compared with and without autaptic feedback. Our artificial autapse neuron (AAN) displays oscillatory beh

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15

Pubols, B. H., J. H. Haring, and M. J. Rowinski. "Patterns of resting discharge in neurons of the raccoon main cuneate nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology 61, no. 6 (1989): 1131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.61.6.1131.

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1. The presence and pattern of resting discharge were examined in 100 single neurons of the raccoon main cuneate nucleus (MCN). Of these, 66 were activated, either antidromically or synaptically, by electrical stimulation of the contralateral thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB), and 34 were activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral cerebellum (CB). 2. Forty-one percent of VB-activated neurons displayed a resting discharge, whereas 32% of CB-activated neurons did. Most neurons activated from VB and showing a resting discharge fired in bursts of 2-5 spikes, whereas those activated from CB and sh

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Mazurek, Kevin A., and Marc H. Schieber. "Mirror neurons precede non-mirror neurons during action execution." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (2019): 2630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00653.2019.

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Mirror neurons are thought to represent an individual’s ability to understand the actions of others by discharging as one individual performs or observes another individual performing an action. Studies typically have focused on mirror neuron activity during action observation, examining activity during action execution primarily to validate mirror neuron involvement in the motor act. As a result, little is known about the precise role of mirror neurons during action execution. In this study, during execution of reach-grasp-manipulate movements, we found activity of mirror neurons generally pr

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17

Márquez-Vera, Carlos Antonio, Zaineb Yakoub, Marco Antonio Márquez Vera, and Alfian Ma'arif. "Spiking PID Control Applied in the Van de Vusse Reaction." International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems 1, no. 4 (2021): 488–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v1i4.490.

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Artificial neural networks (ANN) can approximate signals and give interesting results in pattern recognition; some works use neural networks for control applications. However, biological neurons do not generate similar signals to the obtained by ANN. The spiking neurons are an interesting topic since they simulate the real behavior depicted by biological neurons. This paper employed a spiking neuron to compute a PID control, which is further applied to the Van de Vusse reaction. This reaction, as the inverse pendulum, is a benchmark used to work with systems that has inverse response producing

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18

Garner, Dustin, Emil Kind, Jennifer Yuet Ha Lai, et al. "Connectomic reconstruction predicts visual features used for navigation." Nature 634, no. 8032 (2024): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07967-z.

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AbstractMany animals use visual information to navigate1–4, but how such information is encoded and integrated by the navigation system remains incompletely understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, EPG neurons in the central complex compute the heading direction5 by integrating visual input from ER neurons6–12, which are part of the anterior visual pathway (AVP)10,13–16. Here we densely reconstruct all neurons in the AVP using electron-microscopy data17. The AVP comprises four neuropils, sequentially linked by three major classes of neurons: MeTu neurons10,14,15, which connect the medulla in th

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19

Geisler, Caroline, Nicolas Brunel, and Xiao-Jing Wang. "Contributions of Intrinsic Membrane Dynamics to Fast Network Oscillations With Irregular Neuronal Discharges." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (2005): 4344–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00510.2004.

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During fast oscillations in the local field potential (40–100 Hz gamma, 100–200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscillations, using the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Here, we extend this theoretical framework to populations of more realistic Hodgkin–Huxley-type conductance-based neurons. In a noisy network of GABAergic neurons that are connected randomly and sparsely by chemical synapses, coheren

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Shang, Xiao Jing. "The Identification of Neurons Research." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 2813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2813.

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In view of the present medical neurons characteristic cognition and human brain plan in the neurons of the limitation of recognition, this paper puts forward the neurons identification method. First the L - Measure software to neuron geometry feature extraction, and then to extract high dimensional feature through the principal component analysis dimension reduction processing. Combined classifier with pyramidal neurons, general Ken wild neurons, motor neuron, sensory neurons, double neurons, level 3 neurons and multistage neurons 7 kinds of neurons are classified. Experimental results prove t

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Bott, C. J., C. G. Johnson, C. C. Yap, N. D. Dwyer, K. A. Litwa, and B. Winckler. "Nestin in immature embryonic neurons affects axon growth cone morphology and Semaphorin3a sensitivity." Molecular Biology of the Cell 30, no. 10 (2019): 1214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0361.

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Correct wiring in the neocortex requires that responses to an individual guidance cue vary among neurons in the same location, and within the same neuron over time. Nestin is an atypical intermediate filament expressed strongly in neural progenitors and is thus used widely as a progenitor marker. Here we show a subpopulation of embryonic cortical neurons that transiently express nestin in their axons. Nestin expression is thus not restricted to neural progenitors, but persists for 2–3 d at lower levels in newborn neurons. We found that nestin-expressing neurons have smaller growth cones, sugge

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Kumar, Devesh, Michael Candlish, Vinod Periasamy, Nergiz Avcu, Christian Mayer, and Ulrich Boehm. "Specialized Subpopulations of Kisspeptin Neurons Communicate With GnRH Neurons in Female Mice." Endocrinology 156, no. 1 (2015): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1671.

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Abstract The neuropeptide kisspeptin is a potent stimulator of GnRH neurons and has been implicated as a major regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. There are mainly two anatomically segregated populations of neurons that express kisspeptin in the female hypothalamus: one in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and the other in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Distinct roles have been proposed for AVPV and ARC kisspeptin neurons during reproductive maturation and in mediating estrogen feedback on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in adults. Despite their pivotal rol

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Zavitz, Elizabeth, and Nicholas S. C. Price. "Weighting neurons by selectivity produces near-optimal population codes." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (2019): 1924–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00504.2018.

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Perception is produced by “reading out” the representation of a sensory stimulus contained in the activity of a population of neurons. To examine experimentally how populations code information, a common approach is to decode a linearly weighted sum of the neurons’ spike counts. This approach is popular because of the biological plausibility of weighted, nonlinear integration. For neurons recorded in vivo, weights are highly variable when derived through optimization methods, but it is unclear how the variability affects decoding performance in practice. To address this, we recorded from neuro

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Mulloney, Brian, and Wendy M. Hall. "Local and Intersegmental Interactions of Coordinating Neurons and Local Circuits in the Swimmeret System." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (2007): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00345.2007.

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During forward swimming, periodic movements of swimmerets on different segments of the crayfish abdomen progress from back to front with the same period. Information encoded as bursts of spikes by coordinating neurons in each segmental ganglion is necessary for this coherent organization. This information is conducted to targets in other ganglia. When an individual coordinating neuron is stimulated at different phases in the system's cycle of activity, the timing of motor output from other ganglia may be altered. In models of this coordinating circuit, we assumed that each coordinating neuron

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Nagy, F., and P. Cardi. "A rhythmic modulatory gating system in the stomatogastric nervous system of Homarus gammarus. II. Modulatory control of the pyloric CPG." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 6 (1994): 2490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.6.2490.

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1. In the European rock lobster, Homarus gammarus, two bilaterally symmetrical pairs of commissural neurons, P and commissural pyloric (CP), evoke excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the neurons of the pyloric motor network. The present paper shows that the two commissural neurons also exert a modulatory control over the pyloric network. 2. The P and CP neurons were active during ongoing pyloric rhythms. Ongoing pyloric activity was terminated when the neurons were hyperpolarized to inhibit their firing. 3. When the pyloric network was quiescent, depolarizing either the P or CP neuron induce

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Zhou, Tao, Bainan Xu, Haiping Que, Qiuxia Lin, Shuanghong Lv, and And Liu. "Neurons derived from PC12 cells have the potential to develop synapses with primary neurons from rat cortex." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 66, no. 2 (2006): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2006-1596.

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Neuron transplantation is considered to be a promising therapeutic method to replace functions lost due to central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, little is known about the extent to which implanted neuron-like cells can develop into mature neurons and acquire essential properties, and especially formation of synapses with host neurons. In this investigation we seeded PC12 cells labeled with GFP into primary cultured neurons isolated from rat cerebral cortex to build a co-culture system, and then induced the PC12 cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells with NGF. Seven days later, w

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Garashchuk, I. R., and D. I. Sinelshchikov. "Excitation of a Group of Two Hindmarsh – Rose Neurons with a Neuron-Generated Signal." Nelineinaya Dinamika 18, no. 4 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/nd220901.

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We study a model of three Hindmarsh – Rose neurons with directional electrical connections. We consider two fully-connected neurons that form a slave group which receives the signal from the master neuron via a directional coupling. We control the excitability of the neurons by setting the constant external currents. We study the possibility of excitation of the slave system in the stable resting state by the signal coming from the master neuron, to make it fire spikes/bursts tonically. We vary the coupling strength between the master and the slave systems as another control parameter. We calc

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SHIAU, LIEJUNE, and CARLO R. LAING. "PERIODICALLY FORCED PIECEWISE-LINEAR ADAPTIVE EXPONENTIAL INTEGRATE-AND-FIRE NEURON." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 23, no. 10 (2013): 1350171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812741350171x.

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Although variability is a ubiquitous characteristic of the nervous system, under appropriate conditions neurons can generate precisely timed action potentials. Thus considerable attention has been given to the study of a neuron's output in relation to its stimulus. In this study, we consider an increasingly popular spiking neuron model, the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire neuron. For analytical tractability, we consider its piecewise-linear variant in order to understand the responses of such neurons to periodic stimuli. There exist regions in parameter space in which the neuron is mod

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Liu, Wenshu, J. Franklin Bailey, Visaka Limwongse, and Mark DeSantis. "Scanning Electron Microscopy of neuronal cell bodies isolated from the adult mammalian central nervous system." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100159679.

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Action potentials generated in a motor neuron reflect the summation of synaptic inputs it receives from other neurons. Those synapses occur at points of contiguity between the presynaptic boutons and the surface of the motor neuron. Evidence that the density of axosomalic boutons on motor neurons varies directly with the size of the motor neuronal soma is indirect. Counts of the number of boutons per unit area at the surface of the motor neuron’s cell body using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) would allow an independent, direct assessment of that inference. We describe here procedures for c

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Tamarkin, D. A., and R. B. Levine. "Synaptic interactions between a muscle-associated proprioceptor and body wall muscle motor neurons in larval and Adult manduca sexta." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 3 (1996): 1597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.3.1597.

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1. Synaptic remodeling of a proprioceptive circuit during metamorphosis of the insect, Manduca sexta, is described. The stretch receptor organ is a muscle-associated proprioceptor that is innervated by a single sensory neuron. It inserts dorsolaterally in the abdomen in parallel with the intersegmental muscles of each abdominal segment. The synaptic input from the stretch receptor sensory neuron to select abdominal internal (intersegmental) and external muscle motor neurons was characterized in both the larva and adult. 2. In the larva, the sensory neuron provides excitatory synaptic input to

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Cheng, Lifang, and Hongjun Cao. "Synchronization Dynamics of Two Heterogeneous Chaotic Rulkov Neurons with Electrical Synapses." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27, no. 02 (2017): 1730009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127417300099.

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Two heterogeneous chaotic Rulkov neurons with electrical synapses are investigated in this paper. First, we study the ability of the second neuron to modify the dynamics of the first neuron. It is shown that when the parameters of the first neuron are located at the vicinity of the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation curves the first firing neuron can be controlled into the quiescent state when coupled with the second neuron. While the parameters of the first neuron are near the flip bifurcation curves the first firing neuron cannot be suppressed. Second, we discuss burst synchronization for two bursti

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Weaver, Adam L., and Scott L. Hooper. "Follower Neurons in Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) Pyloric Network Regulate Pacemaker Period in Complementary Ways." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 3 (2003): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00704.2002.

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Distributed neural networks (ones characterized by high levels of interconnectivity among network neurons) are not well understood. Increased insight into these systems can be obtained by perturbing network activity so as to study the functions of specific neurons not only in the network's “baseline” activity but across a range of network activities. We applied this technique to study cycle period control in the rhythmic pyloric network of the lobster, Panulirus interruptus. Pyloric rhythmicity is driven by an endogenous oscillator, the Anterior Burster (AB) neuron. Two network neurons feed ba

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Miranda-Domínguez, Óscar, and Theoden I. Netoff. "Parameterized phase response curves for characterizing neuronal behaviors under transient conditions." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 9 (2013): 2306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00942.2012.

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Phase response curves (PRCs) are a simple model of how a neuron's spike time is affected by synaptic inputs. PRCs are useful in predicting how networks of neurons behave when connected. One challenge in estimating a neuron's PRCs experimentally is that many neurons do not have stationary firing rates. In this article we introduce a new method to estimate PRCs as a function of firing rate of the neuron. We call the resulting model a parameterized PRC (pPRC). Experimentally, we perturb the neuron applying a current with two parts: 1) a current held constant between spikes but changed at the onse

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Hu, Xiaolin, and Zhigang Zeng. "Bridging the Functional and Wiring Properties of V1 Neurons Through Sparse Coding." Neural Computation 34, no. 1 (2022): 104–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01453.

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Abstract The functional properties of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) are thought to be closely related to the structural properties of this network, but the specific relationships remain unclear. Previous theoretical studies have suggested that sparse coding, an energy-efficient coding method, might underlie the orientation selectivity of V1 neurons. We thus aimed to delineate how the neurons are wired to produce this feature. We constructed a model and endowed it with a simple Hebbian learning rule to encode images of natural scenes. The excitatory neurons fired sparsely in respons

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Seki, Soju, Yoshihiro Kitaoka, Sou Kawata, et al. "Characteristics of Sensory Neuron Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Potential for ALS Therapy." Biomedicines 11, no. 11 (2023): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11112967.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, paralysis, and, ultimately, death. Presently, no effective treatment for ALS has been established. Although motor neuron dysfunction is a hallmark of ALS, emerging evidence suggests that sensory neurons are also involved in the disease. In clinical research, 30% of patients with ALS had sensory symptoms and abnormal sensory nerve conduction studies in the lower extremities. Peroneal nerve biopsies show histological abnorma

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Allman, Brian L., and M. Alex Meredith. "Multisensory Processing in “Unimodal” Neurons: Cross-Modal Subthreshold Auditory Effects in Cat Extrastriate Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (2007): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00173.2007.

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Historically, the study of multisensory processing has examined the function of the definitive neuron type, the bimodal neuron. These neurons are excited by inputs from more than one sensory modality, and when multisensory stimuli are present, they can integrate their responses in a predictable manner. However, recent studies have revealed that multisensory processing in the cortex is not restricted to bimodal neurons. The present investigation sought to examine the potential for multisensory processing in nonbimodal (unimodal) neurons in the retinotopically organized posterolateral lateral su

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Xing, Hong, Jennifer Ling, Meng Chen, and Jianguo G. Gu. "Chemical and Cold Sensitivity of Two Distinct Populations of TRPM8-Expressing Somatosensory Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 2 (2006): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01035.2005.

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The cold- and menthol-sensing TRPM8 receptor has been proposed to have both nonnociceptive and nociceptive functions. However, one puzzle is how this single type of receptor may be used by somatosensory neurons to code for two distinct sensory modalities. Using acutely dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons without culture, we show that TRPM8 receptors are expressed on two distinct classes of somatosensory neurons. One class is sensitive to menthol and features nonnociceptive neuron properties, including capsaicin-insensitive, ATP-insensitive, transient acid response, and expressio

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Todo, Yuki, Zheng Tang, Hiroyoshi Todo, Junkai Ji, and Kazuya Yamashita. "Neurons with Multiplicative Interactions of Nonlinear Synapses." International Journal of Neural Systems 29, no. 08 (2019): 1950012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065719500126.

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Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system. Developing a good modeling of human neurons is very important not only to neurobiology but also to computer science and many other fields. The McCulloch and Pitts neuron model is the most widely used neuron model, but has long been criticized as being oversimplified in view of properties of real neuron and the computations they perform. On the other hand, it has become widely accepted that dendrites play a key role in the overall computation performed by a neuron. However, the modeling of the dendritic computations and the assi

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Christensen, Thomas A., and John G. Hildebrand. "Coincident Stimulation With Pheromone Components Improves Temporal Pattern Resolution in Central Olfactory Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 2 (1997): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.2.775.

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Christensen, Thomas A. and John G. Hildebrand. Coincident stimulation with pheromone components improves temporal pattern resolution in central olfactory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 775–781, 1997. Male moths must detect and resolve temporal discontinuities in the sex pheromonal odor signal emitted by a conspecific female moth to orient to and locate the odor source. We asked how sensory information about two key components of the pheromone influences the ability of certain sexually dimorphic projection (output) neurons in the primary olfactory center of the male moth's brain to encode the fr

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Yip, Siew Hoong, Ulrich Boehm, Allan E. Herbison, and Rebecca E. Campbell. "Conditional Viral Tract Tracing Delineates the Projections of the Distinct Kisspeptin Neuron Populations to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons in the Mouse." Endocrinology 156, no. 7 (2015): 2582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1131.

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Kisspeptin neurons play an essential role in the regulation of fertility through direct regulation of the GnRH neurons. However, the relative contributions of the two functionally distinct kisspeptin neuron subpopulations to this critical regulation are not fully understood. Here we analyzed the specific projection patterns of kisspeptin neurons originating from either the rostral periventricular nucleus of the third ventricle (RP3V) or the arcuate nucleus (ARN) using a cell-specific, viral-mediated tract-tracing approach. We stereotaxically injected a Cre-dependent recombinant adenovirus enco

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Sun, Wensheng, Ellisha N. Marongelli, Paul V. Watkins, and Dennis L. Barbour. "Decoding sound level in the marmoset primary auditory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (2017): 2024–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00670.2016.

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Neurons that respond favorably to a particular sound level have been observed throughout the central auditory system, becoming steadily more common at higher processing areas. One theory about the role of these level-tuned or nonmonotonic neurons is the level-invariant encoding of sounds. To investigate this theory, we simulated various subpopulations of neurons by drawing from real primary auditory cortex (A1) neuron responses and surveyed their performance in forming different sound level representations. Pure nonmonotonic subpopulations did not provide the best level-invariant decoding; ins

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Solís-Perales, Gualberto, and Jairo Sánchez Estrada. "A Model for Evolutionary Structural Plasticity and Synchronization of a Network of Neurons." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9956319.

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A model of time-dependent structural plasticity for the synchronization of neuron networks is presented. It is known that synchronized oscillations reproduce structured communities, and this synchronization is transient since it can be enhanced or suppressed, and the proposed model reproduces this characteristic. The evolutionary behavior of the couplings is comparable to those of a network of biological neurons. In the structural network, the physical connections of axons and dendrites between neurons are modeled, and the evolution in the connections depends on the neurons’ potential. Moreove

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Roy, Jefferson E., and Kathleen E. Cullen. "Brain Stem Pursuit Pathways: Dissociating Visual, Vestibular, and Proprioceptive Inputs During Combined Eye-Head Gaze Tracking." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 1 (2003): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01074.2002.

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Eye-head (EH) neurons within the medial vestibular nuclei are thought to be the primary input to the extraocular motoneurons during smooth pursuit: they receive direct projections from the cerebellar flocculus/ventral paraflocculus, and in turn, project to the abducens motor nucleus. Here, we recorded from EH neurons during head-restrained smooth pursuit and head-unrestrained combined eye-head pursuit (gaze pursuit). During head-restrained smooth pursuit of sinusoidal and step-ramp target motion, each neuron's response was well described by a simple model that included resting discharge (bias)

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Shosaku, A. "Cross-correlation analysis of a recurrent inhibitory circuit in the rat thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 55, no. 5 (1986): 1030–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.5.1030.

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Spontaneous activities of vibrissa-responding neurons in the rat ventrobasal complex (VB) and somatosensory part of the thalamic reticular nucleus (S-TR) were simultaneously recorded and subjected to cross-correlation analysis to investigate the functional organization of recurrent inhibitory action of the S-TR on VB neurons. Excitatory and/or inhibitory interactions were found between approximately 75% (25/34) of the pairs of S-TR and VB neurons with receptive fields (RFs) on the same vibrissa. In contrast, there was no significant interaction between 54 pairs of neurons having RFs on differe

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Heil, Peter, and Dexter R. F. Irvine. "Functional Specialization in Auditory Cortex: Responses to Frequency-Modulated Stimuli in the Cat's Posterior Auditory Field." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 6 (1998): 3041–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3041.

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Heil, Peter and Dexter R. F. Irvine. Functional specialization in auditory cortex: responses to frequency-modulated stimuli in the cat's posterior auditory field. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3041–3059, 1998. The mammalian auditory cortex contains multiple fields but their functional role is poorly understood. Here we examine the responses of single neurons in the posterior auditory field (P) of barbiturate- and ketamine-anesthetized cats to frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps. FM sweeps traversed the excitatory response area of the neuron under study, and FM direction and the linear rate of change of fre

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Pfeiffer, Keram, Izabela Panek, Ulli Höger, Andrew S. French, and Päivi H. Torkkeli. "Random Stimulation of Spider Mechanosensory Neurons Reveals Long-Lasting Excitation by GABA and Muscimol." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 1 (2009): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91020.2008.

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γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor activation inhibits many primary afferent neurons by depolarization and increased membrane conductance. Deterministic (step and sinusoidal) functions are commonly used as stimuli to test such inhibition. We found that when the VS-3 mechanosensory neurons innervating the spider lyriform slit-sense organ were stimulated by randomly varying white-noise mechanical or electrical signals, their responses to GABAA receptor agonists were more complex than the inhibition observed during deterministic stimulation. Instead, there was rapid excitation, then brie

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Fuhrmann, Galit, Henry Markram, and Misha Tsodyks. "Spike Frequency Adaptation and Neocortical Rhythms." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 2 (2002): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.761.

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Spike-frequency adaptation in neocortical pyramidal neurons was examined using the whole cell patch-clamp technique and a phenomenological model of neuronal activity. Noisy current was injected to reproduce the irregular firing typically observed under in vivo conditions. The response was quantified by computing the poststimulus histogram (PSTH). To simulate the spiking activity of a pyramidal neuron, we considered an integrate-and-fire model to which an adaptation current was added. A simplified model for the mean firing rate of an adapting neuron under noisy conditions is also presented. The

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Jung, R., T. Kiemel, and A. H. Cohen. "Dynamic behavior of a neural network model of locomotor control in the lamprey." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 3 (1996): 1074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1074.

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1. Experimental studies have shown that a central pattern generator in the spinal cord of the lamprey can produce the basic rhythm for locomotion. This pattern generator interacts with the reticular neurons forming a spinoreticulospinal loop. To better understand and investigate the mechanisms for locomotor pattern generation in the lamprey, we examine the dynamic behavior of a simplified neural network model representing a unit spinal pattern generator (uPG) and its interaction with the reticular system. We use the techniques of bifurcation analysis and specifically examine the effects on the

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Sapunar, Damir, Marko Ljubkovic, Philipp Lirk, J. Bruce McCallum, and Quinn H. Hogan. "Distinct Membrane Effects of Spinal Nerve Ligation on Injured and Adjacent Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Rats." Anesthesiology 103, no. 2 (2005): 360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200508000-00020.

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Background Painful peripheral nerve injury results in disordered sensory neuron function that contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. However, the relative roles of neurons with transected axons versus intact adjacent neurons have not been resolved. An essential first step is identification of electrophysiologic changes in these two neuronal populations after partial nerve damage. Methods Twenty days after spinal nerve ligation (SNL), intracellular recordings were obtained from axotomized fifth lumbar (L5) dorsal root ganglion neurons and adjacent, intact L4 neurons, as well as fr

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Green, Adam. "Mirror Neurons, Simulation, and Goldman." History & Philosophy of Psychology 11, no. 2 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2009.11.2.1.

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Mirror neurons have congruent sensory and motor functions, if not other endogenous functions. Shortly after the discovery of these neurons, Alvin Goldman argued that mirror neurons are simulators, and he has used the mirror neuron literature to support a simulation theory for how we understand the minds of other people. This use of the mirror neuron literature, however, is premature at best and confused at worst because even if it were established that mirror neurons were simulators, that would not necessarily vindicate the simulation theory of mindreading and the simulation interpretation of

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