Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Neuropsicologia cognitiva'
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Fernández, de Bobadilla Martínez Ramón. "Desarrollo y validación de nuevas herramientas para la valoración cognitiva y funcional del deterioro cognitivo leve en la enfermedad de parkinson." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457515.
Full textIn recent years, research into Parkinson's disease (PD) has stopped focusing exclusively on its motor aspects, broadening the spectrum of action on factors that are often involved in the course of the disease and are very limiting for the patient, such as cognitive, behavioral and functional aspects. Despite the considerable interest to mild cognitive impairment and dementia in PD are currently few instruments specifically designed to assess these changes. Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-Cognitive (PD-CRS) was presented in 2008 as a specific instrument to assess cognitive impairment and dementia in PD. Given the need to conduct longitudinal studies over short intervals of time or test the effect of pharmacological products aimed at acting on cognitive decline in early stages of involvement of PD, there is an urgency for more data on its discriminative ability. Therefore, studying its performance to detect subtle impacts on the field of mild cognitive impairment in PD becomes fundamental. The same has happened with the functional assessment linked to these aspects. Using scales designed to be applied in other pathologies difficult to assess the effects that the day has PD and does not control essentially particular factors that take place in it, leaving many dysfunctional aspects outside assessment. The first objective of this study was to provide new information about the psychometric capabilities of the PD-CRS in the environment of the patient with PD and cognitive border between normal and mild cognitive impairment. PD-CRS has proven a reliable and valid instrument to discriminate between cognitive levels in PD, suggesting that clinicians can use confidently cutoff scores proposed to detect cases of mild cognitive impairment and PD. It also has clinimetric data that allow monitoring of cognitive changes in PD patients without previous cognitive impairment over time. The second goal is the design and validation of a new scale, Parkinson's Disease-Cognitive Functional Rating Scale (PD-CFRS), capable of measuring functional impairment caused by subtle cognitive disorders which develop from the early stages of PD minimizing interference resulting from purely motor aspects. PD-CFRS is set as a recommended instrument to capture the spectrum of functional impairment associated with declining cognitive performance in PD and suitable for use in both clinical and research. Both studies developed in the context of this PhD project have met the established objectives, achieving international dissemination and recognition.
Rodrigues, Jaqueline de Carvalho. "Triagem cognitiva nas doenças cerebrovasculares : processo de construção e propriedades psicométricas do instrumento TRIACOG." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185096.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation discusses theoretical and empirical aspects of the neuropsychological assessment in cerebrovascular diseases, proposing the construction of a cognitive screening instrument. The thesis was divided into four studies. The Study 1 presents steps and criteria to construct and adapt neuropsychological instruments. In this study, was highlighted the importance to have a theoretical basis to development the items of a test, besides the contribution of psychometry, neuropsycholinguistics, experimental psychology and information processing models. The Study 2 is a systematic review that analyzed the psychometric properties of neuropsychological instruments to evaluate stroke samples and the performance of patients assessed by the studies. It was concluded that many researches use instruments developed for evaluating patients with dementia, not sensitive to adults poststroke. The main deficits of this disease involve processing speed, visuoconstruction, episodic memory, attention and executive functions, which should be included in neuropsychological batteries. The Study 3 empirically investigated which tasks are important for evaluating poststroke patients. When analyzing the performance by items in a brief neuropsychological evaluation instrument, were identified that orientation, oral language, academic abilities (reading, writing and arithmetic) and executive functions tasks best discriminated between clinical and healthy groups. The Study 4 presents the construction and the psychometric properties of Cognitive Screening (TRIACOG) to evaluate adults post cerebrovascular disease. TRIACOG has undergone rigorous steps: literature review, pilot studies, and application in 100 post-stroke adults and 100 neurologically healthy adults. The instrument presents evidence of validity based on content, on relation to other variables (criterion and convergent validity) and on response processes; and test-retest and inter-rater reliability evidences. It is intended that these studies may guide researchers who want to build neuropsychological instruments and contribute with a tool that can be used in the clinical, hospital and research contexts, by health professionals.
Guerra, Amorim Gutemberg. "Validação de uma bateria de testes neuropsicológicos para a avaliação cognitiva de idosos analfabetos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2007. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/8466.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Validar uma bateria de testes neuropsicológicos para a avaliação cognitiva de idosos analfabetos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados sujeitos analfabetos maiores de sessenta anos, procedentes do grupo de idosos de Chã de Alegria, município situado a 57 Km do Recife. Foram controladas as variáveis idade, sexo, grau de analfabetismo e capacidade de assinar. Os sujeitos selecionados foram submetidos à aplicação do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e da Bateria de Rastreio Cognitivo de Analfabetos (BR-Cog-A). Foram realizadas análises de confiabilidade e de validade da BR-Cog-A. RESULTADOS: Trinta sujeitos foram selecionados. O escore total do MEEM sofreu influência das variáveis sexo, grau de analfabetismo e capacidade de assinar. O escore total da BR-Cog-A não sofreu influência de nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. A análise fatorial identificou a presença de sete fatores associados à BRCog- A. Em quatro destes fatores, o coeficiente α de Crönbach foi maior que 0,7. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson obtido para a comparação da BR-Cog-A com o MEEM foi de 0,630 (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Ao contrário do MEEM, a BR-Cog-A não foi sensível ao grau de contato com a linguagem escrita. Esse aspecto é favorável no processo de validação da BR-Cog-A como uma ferramenta adequada para a avaliação cognitiva de analfabetos
Cotrena, Charles. "Interface entre neuropsicologia e psicopatologia: funções executivas, variáveis clínicas, qualidade de vida e funcionalidade na depressão e no transtorno bipolar." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7532.
Full textSeveral neuropsychological and psychopathological studies have sought to identify the cognitive features associated with different psychiatric conditions and their relationship with clinical and demographic variables, functioning and quality of life. Major depressive (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have been the subject of several such investigations, although findings are still preliminary and limited in their clinical applicability and generalizability due to the methodological heterogeneity of studies in the area. Therefore, the goal of this research was to investigate the relationship between cognitive, clinical and demographic features as well as quality of life and functioning in a naturalistic sample of patients with MDD and TB as compared to healthy subjects. The first study investigated differences between the cognitive performance of patients with MDD, BDI, BDII and adults with no mood disorders. Patients with MDD showed impairments in sustained and divided attention, working memory, verbal fluency, inhibitory control and decision making, especially in timed tasks. Patients with BDII showed variable performance and high rates of impairment in attentional interference control. Finally, patients with BDI showed consistently poorer performance than the remaining groups on most cognitive tasks, as well as greater impairments in attention and inhibition than individuals with MDD. In light of these findings and studies regarding the variability of cognitive profiles within diagnostic categories, the second study aimed to identify executive functioning profiles in mood disorders using hierarchical cluster analysis. Four distinct groups of participants were identified. The first was characterized by the absence of executive impairment and was mostly composed of control participants, while the second group showed slight impairments in inhibitory control, divided attention, working memory and verbal fluency. Clusters 3 and 4, composed clinical participants only, showed impairments in inhibitory control and working memory (cluster 3), and inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (cluster 4). Given the heterogeneity of profiles identified, and the known impact of cognition on functional outcome and quality of life in mood disorders, the third study sought to identify profiles of functioning and quality of life in MDD and BD, as well as their association with clinical, demographic and cognitive variables. The subscales of the WHODAS 2. 0 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires were submitted to a hierarchical cluster analysis, which assigned patients into three groups. The first, composed mostly of control participants and a small percentage of psychiatric patients, had the highest scores on these measures. The second group obtained intermediate scores, and contained mostly individuals with MDD and BDII, and, to a lesser extent, BDI and control participants. Lastly, cluster 3 had the worst overall performance and was composed predominantly of patients with TBI, and some patients with TBII and TDM. No control participants were included in this group. Poor functioning and quality of life were associated with impairments in inhibitory control, decision making and attentional control. Together, these studies provided important data regarding cognition, functioning and quality of life in mood disorders, revealing a continuum of severity and several possible targets for therapeutic approaches developed specifically for these diagnostic categories.
Atualmente a neuropsicologia contribui à psicopatologia pela busca e identificação de características cognitivas de diferentes quadros psicopatológicos, e sua relação com fatores clínicos, demográficos, de capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, o transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) e o transtorno bipolar (TB) tem sido alvo de diversas investigações, embora ainda preliminares e com limitada aplicabilidade clínica e generalizabilidade devido a sua heterogeneidade metodológica. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a interrelação entre fatores cognitivos, clínicos, demográficos, a qualidade de vida e funcionalidade de amostra naturalística de pacientes com TDM e TB, comparados a participantes saudáveis. O primeiro estudo visou a identificar diferenças entre o TDM, TBI, TBII e participantes controles quanto aos processos neurocognitivos de funções executivas, atencão e velocidade de processamento. Pacientes com TDM apresentaram prejuízos na atenção sustentada e dividida, memória de trabalho, fluência verbal livre, controle inibitório e tomada de decisão, especialmente em tarefas envolvendo avaliações temporais de desempenho. Pacientes com TBII apresentaram desempenho heterogêneo, e alta prevalência de déficits no controle de interferências atencionais. Por último, pacientes com TBI apresentaram maior número de componentes executivos prejudicados quando comparados ao restante dos grupos, além de maior prejuízo atencional e inibitório do que o TDM .Com base nestes achados e evidências quanto à variabilidade de perfis cognitivos dentro de diferentes categorias diagnósticas, o segundo estudo buscou identificar perfis de funcionamento executivo nos transtornos do humor por meio de análise de clusters. Foram solicitados quatro agrupamentos distintos de participantes. O primeiro caracterizou-se pela ausência de prejuízos executivos e predominância de participantes controles, e o segundo por prejuízos leves no controle inibitório, atenção dividida, memória de trabalho e fluência verbal. Os clusters 3 e 4, compostos unicamente por participantes clínicos, apresentaram prejuízos inibitórios e mnemônicos de trabalho (cluster 3) e comprometimento no controle inibitório e flexibilidade cognitiva (cluster 4). Em vista da heterogeneidade de perfis identificados, e do conhecido impacto da cognição no desfecho funcional e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com transtornos do humor, o terceiro estudo buscou especificar perfis de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida no TDM e TB, e sua associação com variáveis clínicas, demográficas e cognitivas.A análise de clusters hierárquicos baseada nas subescalas dos questionários WHODAS 2. 0 e WHOQOL-BREF identificaram três perfis de qualidade de vida e de funcionalidade. No perfil 1, enquadraram-se a maioria dos participantes controle, assim como alguns membros dos grupos clínicos, apresentando os maiores escores de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida da amostra. O cluster 2, em posição intermediária, foi composto em maior parte por pacientes portadores de TDM e TBII e em menor proporção por pacientes com TBI e controles. Por último, o cluster 3 apresentou o pior desempenho geral e foi composto predominantemente por pacientes portadores de TBI, alguns pacientes com TBII e com TDM, e ausência de controles. Prejuízos na funcionalidade e qualidade de vida associaram-se a alterações no controle inibitório, tomada de decisão e controle atencional. Em conjunto, os estudos ofereceram dados importantes a respeito dos perfis cognitivos, de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida nos transtornos do humor, permitindo a identificação de um continuum de gravidade e apontando possíveis focos para abordagens terapêuticas desenvolvidas para estas categorias diagnósticas.
López, Góngora Mariana. "Función cognitiva en la esclerosis múltiple: correlatos neurofisiológicos y herramientas de evaluación neuropsicológica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/369317.
Full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative central nervous system disease and is the principal cause of disability in young adults. Even though its aetiology is unknown, it has been observed that it develops in people with genetic susceptibility that is exposed to certain environmental factors. In the natural history of the disease, cognitive impairment is frequent and may be present in 40 to 65% of the patients. It can be observed from the initial phases of the disease until the progressive forms of MS. Patients with cognitive impairment have difficulties to maintain their job and they usually need help in the activities of daily living. Therefore, a neuropsychological assessment is needed in order to make adaptations in patient’s jobs or to develop cognitive stimulation programs. There are different tests to evaluate cognitive impairment in MS patients, nevertheless, many of them require specialized personnel and minimum 10 minutes to be administrated. This doctoral thesis suggests that the presence of cognitive impairment is a common event in MS evolution that can be detected with cognitive screening tests as well as with neurophysiological studies. The doctoral thesis consists of two studies regarding cognitive evaluation of MS patients. The first one, compares the SDMT and the PASAT, two known screening tests for cognitive impairment in MS, in order to assess which one is more sensitive and specific to detect cognitive impairment after one-year follow-up. The second one, compares cognitive performance of MS patients in early stages of the disease and a control group, using event related potentials. In the first study 237 patients and 57 healthy subjects were included. All participants were assessed at baseline with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. After one year, 196 patients were assessed a second time. The results showed that the SMDT is more sensitive and specific than the PASAT to detect cognitive impairment and it also has a better correlation with the other tests that were administered. It was also observed that the SDMT is easier and faster to administer than the PASAT and in addition, all the subjects were able to answer it. On the other hand, instructions to answer the PASAT needed to be repeated several times, making the test longer and we found that 5.3% of controls didn’t want to answer it. In the second study, 27 patients with MS in initial phases of the disease and 31 controls were included. The performance monitoring system through the error-related negativity (ERN), that is an event-related brain potential observed following behavioural errors was evaluated. A comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation was also performed. No differences between groups were observed in most of the neuropsychological tests or on the auditory ODDBALL task. In the STOP task behavioural performance of patients and controls was similar, nevertheless, the amplitude of the ERN associated with STOP errors was significantly higher in the patients group. This was observed because after de STOP signal presentation, commission errors were associated with an increase in the negative wave. This finding indicates that patients in early stages of MS use larger brain areas in order to maintain the same cognitive performance than healthy controls. The results of this doctoral thesis support the SDMT as screening test of cognitive impairment in MS patients and suggest the presence of compensatory cerebral mechanisms in the early stages of the disease, when cognitive impairment is not yet observed in a neuropsychological assessment.
Melo, Mariana Balduino de. "Impacto da estimulação cognitiva sobre o desempenho de idosos com demência de Alzheimer em tarefas de memória lógica e recordação livre." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2008. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3976.
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O envelhecimento é acompanhado de declínio em funções cognitivas, especialmente a memória, muitas vezes evoluindo para um quadro de demência. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os impactos de um programa de estimulação cognitiva sobre o desempenho de idosos em tarefas de memória lógica e recordação livre. O estudo foi realizado com 16 idosos selecionados por meio de uma avaliação neuropsicológica com diagnóstico compatível à provável doença de Alzheimer em fases leve ou moderada. Eles foram divididos randomicamente em um grupo experimental, com oito idosos submetidos às sessões de estimulação cognitiva e um grupo controle, com oito idosos que não foram submetidos a essas sessões. O programa de estimulação durou quatro sessões e foi constituído de oficinas seqüenciais com material verbal referente ao tema “Passear em grupo realizando uma pescaria”, de apresentação repetida a ser evocado por livre recordação, e seguido de reconhecimento, podendo ser facilitado por dicas contextuais ou pré-ativação da informação requerida. Para aprendizagem das novas informações, utilizou-se da técnica de terapia de reminiscências. Os idosos foram avaliados antes do programa e uma semana após o término. Os resultados sugerem que a estimulação cognitiva melhora significativamente (p< 0,05) o desempenho nas tarefas de memória lógica de curto prazo com conteúdo relacionado à vivência do programa. Além disso, os resultados indicam que a correção proposicional produz escores significativamente melhores (p<0,007) do que os escores obtidos pela correção literal no teste de memória lógica, sendo que uma correção muito rigorosa pode atestar déficits maiores do que eles se apresentam. A estimulação cognitiva também melhora significativamente (p<0,05) o desempenho em listas que contêm palavras relacionadas à vivência da estimulação, porém o desempenho dos idosos não aumenta em listas com efeito semântico. Esses dados mostram que o melhor desempenho da memória de idosos com demência de Alzheimer ocorre em tarefas relacionadas à vivência pessoal e incentivam a aplicação de intervenções neuropsicológicas no contexto clínico. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Ageing is often associated with the decline of some cognitive abilities, especially memory, sometimes progressing to dementia. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cognitive stimulation program on the development of elderly people with Alzheimer´s disease in tasks of logical memory and free recall. Sixteen elderly people were evaluated with the diagnosis of probable initial or mild Alzheimer’s disease. These people were being treated in the Elderly Center of the Brasilia University Hospital. They were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group with eight elderly who were submitted to the cognitive stimulation program and control group with eight elderly who were not submitted to these sessions. The program lasted four sessions and consisted of a sequencial workshop related to the theme “Going for a walk in group to fish”. This workshop consisted of verbal material being presented to the elderly several times to be recovered by free recall, followed by recognition. This recognition could be facilitated by contextual tips or pre-activation of the information requested. The technique of reminiscence was used to the learning of new information. The elderly people were evaluated before the program and one week after it. The results suggest that cognitive stimulation improves significantly (p<0,05) the development in tasks of logical short-term memory related to stimulation’s context. Besides that, the results suggest that propositional analysis produces significantly (p < 0,007) better scores than the literal analysis of the logical memory test. Therefore, a very straight correction can indicate bigger deficits than the real ones. The cognitive stimulation also improves significantly (p<0,05) the development in tasks of free recall with lists containing words related to stimulation’s context. However the development of elderly people did not improve in lists with words containing semantic relations. This results show that the highest development of elderly people with Alzheimer´s disease occurs in tasks related to autobiographical context and these results also encourage the applicability of neuropsychological interventions for clinical purposes.
Paiva, Silvio Cesar Escovar. "Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos: o papel da variável idade na atenção e na velocidade de processamento." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4971.
Full textThis dissertation presents a systematic review study, which investigated the role of age on cancellation tests, and an empirical study, which compared the performance between middle-aged adults and older adults in the Bells Test. In the systematic review, abstracts were sought in the databases Lilacs, Pubmed, PsycINFO and Scopus from 1989 to 2010, with the descriptors age or aging and bells cancellation test/task or visual hemineglect or visual neglect. There was a shortage of international papers that study the cancellation paradigm in relation to the variable age in healthy samples, and there were no studies in the national literature. Regarding the comparative empirical study, a sample of 80 neurologically healthy adults, high-educated, 40 from 40 to 59, and 40 from 60 to 75 years old, was assessed using the Bells Test. Its accuracy and speed processing were compared by an ANCOVA (years of education and frequency of writing and reading habits as covariants). The distribution of the qualitative data was compared with chi-square test. There were no differences between groups of middle-aged adults and older adults in the quantitative and qualitative performance of the Bells Test. We emphasize the need to invest in the Brazilian neuropsychological assessment field in obtaining a normative profile of Brazilian samples in this paradigm, by investigating the role of age in different age groups as the oldest old, and at different levels of education. Furthermore, data of clinical samples, neurological and psychiatric, must also be obtained to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of visual unilateral neglect.
Nessa dissertação é apresentado um estudo de revisão sistemática, que investigou o papel da idade em testes de cancelamento, e um estudo empírico, que comparou o desempenho entre adultos de idade intermediária e adultos idosos no Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Na revisão sistemática, buscaram-se abstracts nas bases de dados Lilacs, Pubmed, PsycInfo e Scopus, de 1989 a 2010, com os descritores age or aging and bells test or cancellation test/task or visual hemineglect or visual neglect. Observou-se uma escassez de artigos internacionais que estudam o paradigma de cancelamento, em relação à variável idade, em população saudável e, na literatura nacional, não foi encontrado nenhum estudo. Em relação ao estudo empírico comparativo, uma amostra de 80 adultos neurologicamente saudáveis de alta escolaridade, 40 com 40 a 59 anos, e 40 com 60 a 75 anos de idade, foram avaliados com o Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Sua acurácia e velocidade de processamento foram comparados por uma ANCOVA (covariantes anos de escolaridade e freqüência de hábitos de leitura e escrita). A distribuição quanto a dados qualitativos foi comparada com o Qui-Quadrado. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos de adultos de idade intermediária e adultos idosos no desempenho quantitativo e qualitativo do Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Salienta-se a necessidade de se investir na neuropsicologia nacional na obtenção de um perfil normativo de amostras brasileiras neste paradigma, investigando-se o papel da idade em diferentes grupos etários, como idosos mais longevos, e da escolaridade em distintos níveis. Além disso, dados clínicos com amostras neurológicas e psiquiátricas também devem ser obtidos, para a investigação da acurácia diagnóstica de heminegligência visual.
Silva, Rochele Ferronato Correa da. "Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos: estudo comparativo quanto à variável escolaridade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4901.
Full textBells Cancellation Test has been being useful in neuropsychological evaluations in order to investigate attentional neurological impairments, mainly due to the hemineglect syndrome. As far as there are only a few international studies with tools based on this paradigm, this research aimed to investigating the role of sociodemographic variable education in visual attentional processing measured by means of the Bells Test. In the first study, a systematic review aimed to analyze the role of education in attentional processing examined by cancellation tests. In addition, the second study, that is empirical, presents the goal to verify if there are differences between young adults with different years of education regarding their performance in the Bells Test. The sample was comprised of 124 healthy young adults, divided into three groups according to schooling, 5-8, 9-11 and 12 or more years of formal education. Comparative data were analyzed throught an one-way ANCOVA. The main results showed that there are only a few studies conducted with healthy samples, in which the education factor is associated in general to other variables such as gender, cultural and etnic aspects. Among the main empirical findings, qualitative differences were observed between education groups. Less-education participants used more disorganizes strategies when compared to the high-educated group. This dissociation as well as the qualitative findings reinforce the need to investigate the relation between schooling and age, besides education and neurological disorders presented by clinical samples.
O Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos tem sido útil em avaliações neuropsicológicas com a finalidade de investigar alterações atencionais neurológicas, principalmente decorrentes da síndrome de negligência unilateral. Frente aos poucos estudos conhecidos internacionalmente de instrumentos que sigam este paradigma e investiguem populações saudáveis e mesmo clínicas, a presente pesquisa buscou investigar o papel da variável sociodemográfica escolaridade no processamento atencional visual mensurado pelo Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. No primeiro estudo, de revisão sistemática, visou-se a investigar o papel da escolaridade no processamento atencional examinado por testes de cancelamento. Em complementaridade, o segundo estudo, empírico, objetivou verificar se há diferenças entre grupos de adultos jovens de diferentes escolaridades quanto ao desempenho no Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Neste estudo participaram 124 adultos jovens saudáveis divididos em três grupos quanto à escolaridade de 5-8, 9-11 e 12 ou mais anos de educação formal. Os dados de desempenho foram comparados entre grupos pelo Teste estatístico ANCOVA de um fator. Como resultados, os estudos teórico e empírico apontam, primeiramente, para a escassez de pesquisas com populações saudáveis, sendo que a variável sociodemográfica escolaridade apresenta-se associada a outras variáveis, como gênero e aspectos culturais e étnicos.Dentre os principais achados encontrados, houve diferenças qualitativas significativas entre grupos, abrangendo estratégias cognitivas utilizadas, sendo que, por exemplo, os indivíduos de baixa escolaridade utilizaram mais a estratégia caótica contrariamente aos de escolaridade superior. Estes dados de dissociação e de desempenho qualitativo reforçam que mais estudos mostram-se necessários para investigar a relação da 13 variável escolaridade com diferentes níveis de grupos etários, assim como com amostras clínicas.
Pereira, Natalie. "Processamento discursivo e executivo pós-traumatismo cranioencefálico." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7756.
Full textThis dissertation contains two empirical articles which investigated the communication skills and executive functions of adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) upon hospital admission (inpatients) and after hospital discharge (outpatients). The aim of the first study was to compare discursive, pragmatic, lexical-semantic, reading and writing skills between inpatients with TBI (iTBI) and adults with no neurological damage. Our results showed between-group differences on all parameters evaluated, with control participants outperforming the iTBI group across all measures used in the study. The aim of the second investigation was to identify differences between outpatients with mild or severe TBI (oTBI) and healthy adults on communicative and executive functions, as well as to investigate associations and dissociations between patterns of impairment in the oTBI sample. The two groups differed in their performance on conversational and narrative discourse tasks, as well as on the following executive functions: planning, cognitive flexibility, working memory, processing speed and inhibitory control. Overall, the findings suggested that even subjects with relatively mild lesions and a theoretically good prognosis may experience impairments in discourse processing. The patient group was then further divided according to TBI severity, and differences in executive functions were identified between these two subgroups, as well as between each of these categories and the control group. Patients with severe TBI performed worse than control participants and subjects with mild TBI, and differences between patients with mild and severe TBI were identified in both studies. Lastly, the TBI groups showed dissociations between impairments in rule maintenance and processing speed, and associations between cognitive performance on planning tasks. These findings contributed to the current literature on the continuum of communicative and executive impairment profiles across all levels of TBI severity. The analyses performed in this dissertation may be used in public health services to perform a more accurate assessment of patients with TBI and improve prognostic accuracy, since some impairments may have an impact on global functioning and affect the length of the post-TBI recovery period.
A presente dissertação de mestrado compreende dois artigos empíricos que pretendem explorar a avaliação dos processamentos comunicativos e executivos de pacientes adultos com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) em dois momentos após a lesão cerebral: no momento da internação (inpatients) e após alta hospitalar (outpatients). O primeiro estudo objetiva comparar os processamentos discursivo, pragmático, léxico-semântico, de leitura e de escrita de pacientes adultos pós TCE do tipo inpatients (TCEi), comparando o desempenho com indivíduos sem lesão cerebral. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes se diferenciaram nos quatro processamentos comunicativos sendo que o grupo com TCE teve pior desempenho.O segundo estudo teve como objetivo verificar se existem diferenças entre pacientes pós-TCE - do tipo outpatients com gravidades leve e grave - e indivíduos saudáveis, quanto ao desempenho nos processamentos comunicativos e executivos, além de identificar se associações e dissociações existem na amostra de TCE. Encontraram-se diferenças entre grupos nos escores do discurso conversacional e narrativo e nas habilidades executivas de planejamento, flexibilidade cognitiva, memória de trabalho, velocidade de processamento e inibição. Tais achados, de forma geral, indicam que pacientes com menor lesão e teoricamente melhor prognóstico, podem apresentar desempenho discursivo abaixo do esperado. Além disso, as tarefas indicaram diferenças nas habilidades executivas entre os três grupos. pacientes com TCE grave tiveram pior desempenho do que controles e pacientes com TCE leve, ainda TCE leve diferenciou-se dos graves nos dois estudos. Por último, dissociações entre os grupos de TCE foram encontradas nos itens de manutenção de regras e velocidade de processamento e associações encontradas nos itens de planejamento. Os resultados dos dois estudos empíricos contribuem para a comunidade científica em entender um perfil contínuo de dificuldades mesmo em pacientes com o menor índice de gravidade de lesão. As análises apresentadas nessa dissertação de mestrado são possíveis de serem implementadas nos serviços públicos para avaliação mais apurada desses pacientes e para identificar melhor prognóstico já que algumas dificuldades podem afetar globalmente o funcionamento dos pacientes e dificultar, inclusive, o período de recuperação pós lesão cerebral.
Schneider, Júlia Jochims. "Avaliação cognitiva em uma amostra brasileira de pacientes com transtorno do humor bipolar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11071.
Full textGonçalves, Hosana Alves. "Clustering e switching na fluência verbal infantil: idade, tipo de escola e TDAH." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7372.
Full textChild neuropsychology has grown in Brazil with the publication of instruments adapted and standardized for this population, and the development of intervention programs for both clinical and school settings. The objective was to contribute to the national and international literature regarding the use of qualitative analysis in addition to quantitative already commonly used in verbal fluency tasks (TFV). For this, 516 children (484 healthy and 32 with ADHD) were evaluated with the unconstrained, phonemic-orthographic and semantics modalities of verbal fluency. In addition to the raw scores of trial and error, there was clustering and switching analysis investigating the roles age, type of school and ADHD in this processing. In general age effects were seen in the total of correct words, switches, semantic and phonemic clusters in the three modalities. In all cases, older children performed better than the younger children. It is noteworthy the strong correlations between production switches and total words in TFV. On the other hand, were not observed effects of age and school type in the size of clusters. As the evolution of performance over time, it is observed decrease in the last the blocks of task in all age groups and in the ADHD group. Comparing ADHD and controls, we present results indicating differences mainly in the way the groups are organized over time to achieve the purpose of the task. The default output switches, and hence of words over time is shown for various clinical and control groups. While in healthy children observed the drop in performance in the last task blocks, in children with ADHD occurs slight rise in the number of switches, which seems so contribute to retrieve words. The results of this study confirm the important role of executive functions in performing TFV to demonstrate that differences between groups occurring in the total scores of the task (both clinical and age) may occur due to the strategies that each group uses to carry them out. Thus, it is suggested that studies analyzing clustering and switching continue to be made in both research and in neuropsychological clinic.
A neuropsicologia infantil tem crescido no Brasil com a publicação de instrumentos adaptados e normatizados para este público, além da elaboração de programas e de ações de intervenção tanto para o âmbito clínico quanto escolar. No entanto, predominam, ainda, análises quantitativas mais gerais e tradicionais, principalmente com escores totais de acertos. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação foi verificar a influência da idade, do tipo de escola e do TDAH no processamento de clustering e switching em tarefas de fluência verbal (TFV). Para isso, 516 crianças (484 saudáveis e 32 com TDAH) foram avaliadas com as modalidades livre, fonêmico-ortográfica e semântica de fluência verbal e, além dos escores brutos de erros e acertos, realizaram-se análises de clustering e switching. Em geral foram evidenciados efeitos de idade no total de palavras corretas, de switches, de clusters semânticos e fonêmicos nas três modalidades. Em todas as tarefas, crianças maiores e de escola privada apresentaram desempenho superior ao das crianças de menor idade na maioria das variáveis. Por outro lado, não foram observados efeitos de idade e de tipo de escola no tamanho dos clusters. Ressaltam-se as fortes correlações entre produção de switches e total de palavras nas TFV. Quanto à evolução do desempenho ao longo do tempo, observou-se diminuição nos últimos blocos da tarefa em todos os grupos etários e no grupo de TDAH. Comparando-se TDAH e controles, apresentaram-se resultados que indicam diferenças principalmente na maneira como os dois grupos se organizam ao longo do tempo para alcançar o objetivo da tarefa. O padrão de produção de switches, e, consequentemente de palavras, ao longo do tempo mostrou-se diferente para grupo clínico e controle. Ou seja, enquanto em crianças saudáveis houve queda no desempenho nos últimos blocos da tarefa, em crianças com TDAH ocorre leve elevação no número de switches, o que parece ter contribuído para a evocação das palavras. Os resultados deste estudo reafirmam o importante papel das funções executivas na realização de TFV ao demonstrar que as diferenças observadas entre grupos nos escores totais da tarefa (tanto clínicos quanto etários) podem ocorrer devido às estratégias que cada grupo utiliza para realizá-las. Desta forma, sugere-se que análises de clustering e switching continuem sendo realizadas tanto na pesquisa quanto na clínica neuropsicológica. Na avaliação, elas podem contribuir para o levantamento de hipóteses de quais processos cognitivos estão mais ou menos desenvolvidos, tornando mais acessível a identificação dos principais aspectos a serem trabalhados num processo de estimulação cognitiva. Contribui-se com a literatura nacional e internacional a respeito do uso de análises qualitativas além das quantitativas já comumente utilizada em tarefas de fluência verbal (TFV).
Salles, Jerusa Fumagalli de. "Habilidades e dificuldades de leitura e escrita em crianças de 2ª série : abordagem neuropsicológica cognitiva." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/4197.
Full textCarvalho, Katia Maria Monteiro Rodrigues de. "Memoria I : um estudo teorico clinico utilizando trechos da narrativa autobiografica de velhos." [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311656.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Esta é a primeira parte de duas, de um estudo qualitativo, teórico-clinico sobre memória, que objetiva, na totalidade, uma compreensão psicossomática da memória humana e de suas alterações. Conceitualmente, toma-se a memória numa ótica evolutiva filogenética. Memória I busca uma atualização no conhecimento neurofisiológico e cognitivo sobre memória. Centra atenção na velhice, tentando apontar como os tópicos teóricos aparecem na prática clinica. Estando a memória de velhos intimamente associada às demências involutivas da velhice, o estudo se justifica basicamente por dois motivos: primeiro, inúmeras divergências teóricas permeiam os achados experimentais, clínicos elaboratoriais dessas psiconeuropatologias, sendo a perda progressiva da memória o principal ponto de estabilidade e concordância teórico-clinica; segundo, sendo as demências involutivas entidades nosológicas idade-dependente, e tendo em vista o progressivo envelhecimento população mundial, acentuado a partir da década de 50, o aumento das taxas de incidência e prevalência das demências na velhice assume proporções assustadoras, com perspectivas de uma "epidemia de demência" no ano 2.000. O estudo da memória pode servir de base para estudos posteriores de aplicação terapêutica direta nas perdas mnêmicas de idosos demenciados e não demenciados. O corpo da dissertação foi subdividido em cinco capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, apresenta-se uma história da memória que contextualiza as duas principais vertentes de estudo do tema, emergentes no final do século passado. O segundo capítulo dedica -se à ciência cognitiva, a vertente quantitativa de estudo. No terceiro capítulo, examina-se os aspectos neuroanatomofisiológicos associados à memória, fazendo-se correlações com as descrições cognitivas. No quarto capítulo, procura-se ilustrar qualitativamente, os tópicos teóricos com trechos da narrativa autobiográfica de dez sujeitos com 65 anos ou mais, todos com algum grau de alteração mnêmica. O quinto capítulo dedica-se às considerações finais, onde as conclusões da mesclagem teórico-clínica, do capítulo anterior, são tecidas. Aponta-se também os pontos práticos que transcenderam a base teórica apresentada, introduzindo o leitor em Memória II.
Abstract: This is the first of the two sections from a qualitative theoretical - clinical study about memory, which overall purpose is a psychosomatic comprehension of human memory and its alterations. Conceptually, memory is considered under a phyllogenetical evolutional view. Memory I searches an actualization in the neurophysiologic cognitive knowledge about memory. The main attention is on the old age. Its attempts to show how the teoretical topics appear in the clinical pratice. Being the memory of old people intimately associated to involutional old age dementias, this study has two basic reasons: first, there are a lot of theoretical divergences concerning the experimental laboratorial and clinical discoveries of these psychoneuropathologies and the progressive memory loss is the principal point of the stability and the theoretical - clinical agreement; second, being the involutional dementias age-dependent nosological entities and, considering that the progressive aging af the world population has been enphasized since the fifth decade, the increase of the incidence and the prevalence rates of these dementias has become a factor of amazing proportions; even an "epidemic dementia" could be expected in 2.000. The study of memory can be a basis for future studies about the direct therapeutic aplication on mnemonics wastes, concerning the sane and the insane old people. This work itself is subdivided into five chapters. The first one presents a history of memory that introduces complements to the main parts of the theme, which appears at the end of the last century. The second chapter is about the cognitive part at the study. The neuroanathomophysiological aspects associated to memory are examined in the third chapter, stablishing connections with cognitive descriptions. The fourth chapter attemps to a qualitative ilustration of the theoretical topics showing passages of autobiographical narratives of ten people who are about sixty-five years old, with some degrees of memory alterations. The last chapter presents the final considerations and the conclusions of theoretical - clinical junctions. The practical points that transcended the theoretical basis shown, are also presented, to introduce the reader to Memory II.
Mestrado
Mestre em Saude Mental
Pureza, Janice da Rosa. "Funções executivas na segunda infância: comparação quanto à idade e correlação entre diferentes medidas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4914.
Full textExecutive functions (EF) have being focused in the literature due to its importance and complexity for human cognition and behavior. It refers to mental processes involved in conscious control of thoughts and actions, including a range of components with relation to other cognitive processes. Although several studies contemplate the development of EF, knowledge on this field, particularly focusing on children, is still incipient. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the typical EF development in second infancy from two empirical studies. The first study verified the role played by age in the development of 90 children from public schools, in tasks assessing executive components. Three different age groups (6-7, 8- 10 and 11-12 aged) were compared for performance in verbal fluency, random number generation, Bells Test, Hayling Test and N-Back tasks. The second study identified possible correlations between the different EF measures assessed. The sample was comprised of of 59 children, from 8 to 12 years old, studying at public schools, with the same instruments and procedures from the first study. Among the main results, Study 1 showed that age was an influent factor in all measured variables, with more frequent performance differences between 6-7 and 11-12 aged children. In Study 2, there were main correlations between inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Therefore, initial results suggest a progressive development of executive components in second childhood, as well as a closer relationship between some components and paradigms of EF assessment.
As funções executivas (FE) vem sendo objeto de grande interesse na literatura devido a sua importância e complexidade para a cognição e o comportamento humanos. São operações mentais envolvidas no controle consciente de pensamentos e ações, incluindo uma gama de componentes em relação com outros processos cognitivos. Apesar dos diversos estudos realizados sobre o desenvolvimento das FE, o conhecimento desta temática é incipiente, principalmente no que se refere à população infantil. Neste contexto, objetivou-se investigar o desenvolvimento típico de FE na segunda infância, a partir de dois estudos empíricos. O primeiro verificou o papel da idade no desempenho de 90 crianças, de escolas públicas, em tarefas que avaliam componentes executivos. Comparou-se o desempenho de três grupos etários (6-7, 8-10 e 11-12 anos de idade) em fluência verbal, geração aleatória de números, Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos, Teste Hayling e N-Back. O segundo estudo buscou identificar possíveis correlações entre as diferentes medidas de FE examinadas. A amostra foi composta por 59 crianças de 8 a 12 anos, de escolas públicas, com os mesmos instrumentos e procedimentos do primeiro estudo. Dentre os principais resultados, no Estudo 1, observou-se que a idade influenciou em todas as variáveis mensuradas, com diferenças mais frequentes entre as crianças de 6 e 7 e de 11 e 12 anos. No Estudo 2, encontrou-se correlação entre componentes de inibição e flexibilidade cognitiva. Assim, resultados iniciais sugerem um desenvolvimento progressivo dos componentes executivos na segunda infância, assim como uma relação mais próxima entre alguns componentes e paradigmas de avaliação das FE.
Dornelles, Vinícius Guimarães. "Avaliação neuropsicológica em indivíduos com transtorno da personalidade Borderline." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5022.
Full textThe neuropsychological alterations in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are shown in the literature and related to neurobiological dysfunctions. However, the results of the studies are not coherent among themselves and few studies performed a throughout assessment of the cognitive functions of BPD individuals. Therefore, it becomes necessary to carry on the neuropsychological investigation of BPD. This dissertation is comprised of two studies, presented as papers. The theoretical paper aimed to conduct a literature review of the neuropsychological and neurobiological aspects related to BPD, critically reviewing the main empirical findings as well as methodological limitations. In the empirical paper, a flexible neuropsychological battery and clinical assessment instruments were employed to investigate cognitive functions in a sample of 21 participants with BPD. In addition, it was used an emotional Stroop task to verify a possible attention bias toward words of negative emotional valence in a semantic relation to abandonment and rejection. The findings showed clinically relevant symptoms of impulsivity, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and childhood traumatic experiences among BPD individuals. The outcomes of the neuropsychological assessment pointed to a marked impairment in executive functions. Based on the results, theoretical interpretations are discussed.
As alterações neuropsicológicas no Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline (TPB) são demonstradas na literatura e relacionadas a disfunções neurobiológicas. Entretanto, os resultados dos estudos não são coerentes entre si, e poucos estudos realizaram um levantamento global das funções neuropsicológicas dos indivíduos com TPB. Portanto, tornas-e necessária a investigação neuropsicológica no TPB. Esta dissertação está composta por dois estudos, apresentados em formato de artigos. O artigo teórico teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre aspectos neurobiológicos e neuropsicológicos associados ao TPB, discutindo criticamente os principais achados empíricos e limitações metodológicas. Já o artigo empírico investigou, através de uma bateria neuropsicológica flexível e avaliação clínica, diferentes funções cognitivas em uma amostra de 21 participantes com TPB. Além disso, utilizou-se de uma tarefa de Stroop Emocional para verificar um possível viés atencional para palavras de valência emocional negativa de relação semântica com abandono e rejeição. Os resultados evidenciaram sintomas clinicamente significativos de impulsividade, ansiedade, estresse pós-traumático e experiências traumáticas infantis nos indivíduos com TPB. Os resultados da avaliação neuropsicológica demonstraram marcado prejuízo em funções executivas. A partir dos resultados são discutidas interpretações teóricas.
Espinosa, Cardiel Ana. "Factores neuropsicológicos y genéticos asociados a la demencia incipiente desde el Deterioro Cognitivo Leve. Correlación fenotipo-genotipo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663728.
Full textBACKGROUND: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) classifications have not integrated new genetic data into Alzheimer's Disease (AD). OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine the risk of conversion to dementia and to detect the main risk factors involved in MCI patients. 2. Evaluation of the effect of genetic markers on the conversion to AD in MCI patients. 3. Identification of predictive models of AD conversion using statistical techniques and survival studies. 4. Replication of significant genetic markers in additional series of MCI. 5. Identification of redundant elements among genotyped markers and rational prioritization of the most predictive ones. 6. Perform a meta-analysis of the most relevant results. 7. To analyze the association between neuropsychological endophenotypes and genetic markers. METHOD: Retrospective study with 550 subjects >60 years diagnosed with MCI at Fundació ACE (ACE), according to Petersen and López criteria, classified into four subtypes: probable amnestic (Pr-a-MCI) (n=115), probable non-amnestic (Pr-na-MCI) (n=37), possible amnestic (Pss-a-MCI) (n=234) and possible non-amnestic (Pss-na-MCI) (n=164) single or multiple domain. Prospective studies: 1) Neuroimaging biomarkers: Pr-a-MCI-storage (n=20) sample with structural MRI, PET-FDG and PET-PIB. Replication with the AB255 database (n=133 Pr-a-MCI-storage). The aHV, SUVR PET-FDG and SUVR PET-PIB were correlated with five Cognitive Composites (CCs). Replication with the ADNI database. 2) Phenotype-genotype correlation: sample of MCI (n=1,250), divided into four subtypes: Pr-a-MCI (n=262), Pr-na-MCI (n=76), Pss-a-MCI (n=549) and Pss-na-MCI (n=358). Genotyping of germinal DNA using Sequenom technology. Survival and linear regression analyses were performed using PLINK, independent series replication and meta-analysis. Basal association analysis between neuropsychological endophenotypes and genetic markers. RESULTS: The clinical phenotype Pr-a-MCI-storage obtained 8.5 times more risk of conversion to dementia, mainly AD, than Pss-na-MCI, with the lowest risk. The neuropsychological endophenotypes that best predicted conversion to dementia were Orientation, Delayed Recall of the Word List from the WMS-III and Luria’s Clocks test. The Delayed Recall CC correlated with the three neuroimaging biomarkers associated with prodromal AD. The CLU locus was identified as a genetic factor independent of APOE-ε associated with phenoconversion from MCI to AD, HS3ST1 locus (rs6448799) was found associated with Backward Digits and AP2A2 locus (rs10751667) associated with verbal Repetition, in the Pr-a-MCI phenotype.
Maia, Fabiana Chaves. "Avaliação cognitiva e estresse: um estudo com gestantes com e sem intercorrências clínicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-03052017-152115/.
Full textThe nature of complaints about cognitive changes in the gestational period is not yet established in the literature. Women with clinical complications in this period are considered high-risk pregnant women. These pregnant women, due to the particularity of their pregnancy, supposedly go through the gestational period with greater influence of stress. Stress is an adaptive response of the body to a dangerous situation. The objectives of this study were to verify the association between gestation without clinical complications (G1), gestation with clinical complications (G2) and presence of stress, besides comparing stress and episodic and semantic memory, attention, processing speed, executive functions and intelligence in groups G1 and G2. Method: a cross-sectional study with 161 pregnant women in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo. Direct interview was used to assess sociodemographic data and Lipp Adult Stress Symptom Inventory (ISSL) was used to assess stress symptoms. The evaluation of cognitive functions was performed using the following tests: Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS III), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) and D2 attention test. Statistical analysis of the sociodemographic data was carried out using Student\'s t test, Chi-Square test and Fisher\'s exact test. The association between cognitive functions and stress symptoms in each group was performed using the non-parametric Mann Whitney test for two independent samples. Kruskall Wallis non-parametric test was used to compare the groups. When statistical significance was found in the Kruskal Wallis test, the data were submitted to the Dunn test for multiple comparisons two by two considering a correction in p value for multiple comparisons. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to verify if statistical significance was consistent even after adjusting for the confounding variables. Statistical significance was considered in all analyzes with p = 0.05. Results: There was no statistical significance between stress symptoms and groups G1 and G2 (p = 0.120). Statistical significance was found between stress and concentrated attention on G1 (p = 0.034) and between stress and episodic memory in G2 (p = 0.037). In the comparison between the groups, there was statistical significance between pregnant women with clinical complications and stress (CIC + E) and pregnant women without clinical complications and with stress (SIC + E) in concentrated attention (adjusted p = 0.001), selective attention (adjusted p = 0.009) and operating memory (adjusted p = 0.015). Statistical significance was also verified among women without clinical complications and without stress (SIC-E) and pregnant women with clinical complications and with stress (CIC + E) in immediate episodic memory (adjusted p < 0.001) and late episodic memory (adjusted p = 0.001). Conclusion: The presence of positive symptoms for stress in pregnant women without clinical complications altered the cerebral frontal functioning, with increased performance in concentrated attention; selective attention and operational memory in comparison to pregnant women with clinical complications and stressed
Romano, Berindoague Camila. "Evolución neurológica, radiológia y cognitiva en niños nacidos con leucomalacia periventricular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129383.
Full textThe alterations of periventricular echogenicity in premature infants or term newborns have been associated with a wide spectrum of cognitive, motor and sensory disfunctions. Through careful analysis of the neonatal neuroimaging findings in a extensive sample of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) survivors and their correlation with neurological data and scores on neuropsychological assessments made during long-term follow-up, as well as cranial MRI findings in childhood, prognostic groups were established associated with different patterns of altered neonatal brain ultrasound. The present study analyzed demographic, follow-up clinical and radiological data from 120 newborns with PVL and 70 controls matching mean gestational age. All individuals underwent neuropsychological assessment by means of the NEPSY test. The ultrasound scan showed good correlation with MRI in predictingsevereneurological sequelae as cystic group (ultrasound) and severe group (MRI) showed almost the same significant results. On the issue of functional neuromotor classification,both non- cystic lesions (ultrasound) as well mild injuries (MRI) were associated with over 90 % of cases within GFMCS grades 0 and 1, meaning no limitations for daily life. There was howeversome diagnostic disagreement between cranial ultrasound andmagnetic resonance imaging , since one third of children who had cystic PVL were classified as with mild impairment by MRI, and almost a quarter of children with non-cystic lesion diagnosed by ultrasound, had severe impairment with MRI. Also children with normal ultrasound, but an MRI diagnosis of PVL, are 14 % of all cases. Of those, half had developmental delay, 70 % had CP, and nearly a quarter of them had someother neurological sequelae. Regarding neuropsychological assessment, all groups showed suboptimal scores, but it is noteworthy that the domains with the worst punctuation for non-cystic lesions were language, visuoepacial and memory while for cystic group was the sensorimotor domain. When the group with severe MRI lesions is considered, we found scores below averageinseveral broad domains:attention and execution, language and sensorimotor. Over half of these childrenhad disabilities related to these dysfunctions. Surprisingly enough, the visuospatial domain, with a 40% of patients with low scores,was relatively less impaired in this group. Neurological and neuropsychological outcomes in the group of patients did differ from those found in equivalent gestational age preterm with normal neonatal ultrasound, but it is remarkable that at least a quarter of the control group scoredbelow average for all five domains. Therefore, the present study emphasizes the extreme importance of using gestational age-matched controls when assessing long- term cognitive sequelae of perinatal brain injury .
Cotrena, Charles. "Interface entre neuropsicologia e psicopatologia: fun??es executivas, vari?veis cl?nicas, qualidade de vida e funcionalidade na depress?o e no transtorno bipolar." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6274.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Several neuropsychological and psychopathological studies have sought to identify the cognitive features associated with different psychiatric conditions and their relationship with clinical and demographic variables, functioning and quality of life. Major depressive (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have been the subject of several such investigations, although findings are still preliminary and limited in their clinical applicability and generalizability due to the methodological heterogeneity of studies in the area. Therefore, the goal of this research was to investigate the relationship between cognitive, clinical and demographic features as well as quality of life and functioning in a naturalistic sample of patients with MDD and TB as compared to healthy subjects. The first study investigated differences between the cognitive performance of patients with MDD, BDI, BDII and adults with no mood disorders. Patients with MDD showed impairments in sustained and divided attention, working memory, verbal fluency, inhibitory control and decision making, especially in timed tasks. Patients with BDII showed variable performance and high rates of impairment in attentional interference control. Finally, patients with BDI showed consistently poorer performance than the remaining groups on most cognitive tasks, as well as greater impairments in attention and inhibition than individuals with MDD. In light of these findings and studies regarding the variability of cognitive profiles within diagnostic categories, the second study aimed to identify executive functioning profiles in mood disorders using hierarchical cluster analysis. Four distinct groups of participants were identified. The first was characterized by the absence of executive impairment and was mostly composed of control participants, while the second group showed slight impairments in inhibitory control, divided attention, working memory and verbal fluency. Clusters 3 and 4, composed clinical participants only, showed impairments in inhibitory control and working memory (cluster 3), and inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (cluster 4). Given the heterogeneity of profiles identified, and the known impact of cognition on functional outcome and quality of life in mood disorders, the third study sought to identify profiles of functioning and quality of life in MDD and BD, as well as their association with clinical, demographic and cognitive variables. The subscales of the WHODAS 2.0 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires were submitted to a hierarchical cluster analysis, which assigned patients into three groups. The first, composed mostly of control participants and a small percentage of psychiatric patients, had the highest scores on these measures. The second group obtained intermediate scores, and contained mostly individuals with MDD and BDII, and, to a lesser extent, BDI and control participants. Lastly, cluster 3 had the worst overall performance and was composed predominantly of patients with TBI, and some patients with TBII and TDM. No control participants were included in this group. Poor functioning and quality of life were associated with impairments in inhibitory control, decision making and attentional control. Together, these studies provided important data regarding cognition, functioning and quality of life in mood disorders, revealing a continuum of severity and several possible targets for therapeutic approaches developed specifically for these diagnostic categories.
Atualmente a neuropsicologia contribui ? psicopatologia pela busca e identifica??o de caracter?sticas cognitivas de diferentes quadros psicopatol?gicos, e sua rela??o com fatores cl?nicos, demogr?ficos, de capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, o transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) e o transtorno bipolar (TB) tem sido alvo de diversas investiga??es, embora ainda preliminares e com limitada aplicabilidade cl?nica e generalizabilidade devido a sua heterogeneidade metodol?gica. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a interrela??o entre fatores cognitivos, cl?nicos, demogr?ficos, a qualidade de vida e funcionalidade de amostra natural?stica de pacientes com TDM e TB, comparados a participantes saud?veis. O primeiro estudo visou a identificar diferen?as entre o TDM, TBI, TBII e participantes controles quanto aos processos neurocognitivos de fun??es executivas, atenc?o e velocidade de processamento. Pacientes com TDM apresentaram preju?zos na aten??o sustentada e dividida, mem?ria de trabalho, flu?ncia verbal livre, controle inibit?rio e tomada de decis?o, especialmente em tarefas envolvendo avalia??es temporais de desempenho. Pacientes com TBII apresentaram desempenho heterog?neo, e alta preval?ncia de d?ficits no controle de interfer?ncias atencionais. Por ?ltimo, pacientes com TBI apresentaram maior n?mero de componentes executivos prejudicados quando comparados ao restante dos grupos, al?m de maior preju?zo atencional e inibit?rio do que o TDM. Com base nestes achados e evid?ncias quanto ? variabilidade de perfis cognitivos dentro de diferentes categorias diagn?sticas, o segundo estudo buscou identificar perfis de funcionamento executivo nos transtornos do humor por meio de an?lise de clusters. Foram solicitados quatro agrupamentos distintos de participantes. O primeiro caracterizou-se pela aus?ncia de preju?zos executivos e predomin?ncia de participantes controles, e o segundo por preju?zos leves no controle inibit?rio, aten??o dividida, mem?ria de trabalho e flu?ncia verbal. Os clusters 3 e 4, compostos unicamente por participantes cl?nicos, apresentaram preju?zos inibit?rios e mnem?nicos de trabalho (cluster 3) e comprometimento no controle inibit?rio e flexibilidade cognitiva (cluster 4). Em vista da heterogeneidade de perfis identificados, e do conhecido impacto da cogni??o no desfecho funcional e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com transtornos do humor, o terceiro estudo buscou especificar perfis de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida no TDM e TB, e sua associa??o com vari?veis cl?nicas, demogr?ficas e cognitivas. A an?lise de clusters hier?rquicos baseada nas subescalas dos question?rios WHODAS 2.0 e WHOQOL-BREF identificaram tr?s perfis de qualidade de vida e de funcionalidade. No perfil 1, enquadraram-se a maioria dos participantes controle, assim como alguns membros dos grupos cl?nicos, apresentando os maiores escores de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida da amostra. O cluster 2, em posi??o intermedi?ria, foi composto em maior parte por pacientes portadores de TDM e TBII e em menor propor??o por pacientes com TBI e controles. Por ?ltimo, o cluster 3 apresentou o pior desempenho geral e foi composto predominantemente por pacientes portadores de TBI, alguns pacientes com TBII e com TDM, e aus?ncia de controles. Preju?zos na funcionalidade e qualidade de vida associaram-se a altera??es no controle inibit?rio, tomada de decis?o e controle atencional. Em conjunto, os estudos ofereceram dados importantes a respeito dos perfis cognitivos, de funcionalidade e qualidade de vida nos transtornos do humor, permitindo a identifica??o de um continuum de gravidade e apontando poss?veis focos para abordagens terap?uticas desenvolvidas para estas categorias diagn?sticas.
Solé, Cabezuelo Brissa. "Alteracions neurocognitives en el trastorn bipolar tipus II: relació amb el funcionament psicosocial i rehabilitació cognitiva." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/380037.
Full textPatients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) show broad cognitive impairments that persist during euthymia despite remission of mood symptoms. Cognitive deficits in BD are associated with impairments in functional outcome and quality of life. Thus, improving cognitive functioning is an important treatment goal in people with BD. Bipolar II disorder subtype (BD-II) has been underdiagnosed in clinical practice, therefore, many aspects of BD-II are still understudied such as neurocognitive functioning. In the present thesis, a systematic review of literature regarding neurocognition in BD-II was carried out. Then, we assessed a sample of strictly defined BD-II euthymic patients to compare it with a sample of healthy controls (HC) to elucidate the neuropsychological profile of this bipolar subtype. A second objective was to study the relationship between neurocognitive performance and functional outcome. BD-II patients showed a significantly lower performance on several measures of attention, learning and verbal memory, and executive function compared with HC. The presence of subthreshold depressive symptomatology and one measure related to executive function and working memory were the variables that best predicted psychosocial functioning. After that, we attempted to analyse cognitive variability also in a sample of euthymic BD-II patients, using a cluster analysis to provide groups of different neurocognitive patterns. Three clusters were detected: an intact neurocognitive group, an intermediate or selectively impaired and a globally impaired group. Approximately one-half of the patients were cognitively impaired. The 3 clusters statistically differed in the premorbid intelligence quotient, the global functional outcome and leisure activities. The globally impaired cluster showed the lowest attainments concerning these 3 variables, which are considered proxies of cognitive reserve. No differences in other clinical characteristics were found among the groups. Taking all these data into account, it seems necessary to implement therapies focused on enhancing functional outcome in bipolar II disorder patients. Hence, we carried out a subanalysis aimed to assess the efficacy of an intervention called Functional Remediation specifically in a sample of BD-II patients. Our results suggest that the Functional remediation appears to be effective in improving the overall functional outcome in BPII, as well as in reducing subclinical depressive symptoms.
Appolinario, Fabio. "Avaliação dos efeitos do treinamento em neurofeedback sobre o desempenho cognitivo de adultos universitários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47131/tde-28092016-143826/.
Full textNeurofeedback is a psychophysiological process where visual stimuli and sounds are employed to reinforce voluntary control over EEG patterns. This study evaluated the effect of low beta (12-15Hz) increase and theta (4-8Hz) inhibit training over sensorimotor cortex on attention, memory and cognitive performance of young adults college students. Experimental and control groups were formed by 11 volunteers subjects each, aging 25,7 years on average. All subjects were submitted to pre and post evaluations of non-verbal (Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices) and verbal intelligence (V-47 test), attention (D2 test) and memory (Fator M Bateria Cepa). The experiment was conducted along two months, subjects having an average of 36 sessions (15 minutes each), three times a week. Results provide strong evidences of significant improvement on attention, visual memory and non-verbal intelligence (eduction). However, it could not be found evidence of significant improvement on auditory memory or verbal intelligence (reproduction). The experimental and control comparision did not indicate test-retest effects on the experiment
Carvalho, Chrissie Ferreira de. "Programa de estimulação das funções executivas: contribuições para o desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade e expostas ao manganês." Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2017. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/25658.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia e Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento (FAPESB) de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Estudos tem evidenciado que a participação em programas de estimulação das Funções Executivas (FE) beneficiam principalmente crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade e baixas FE. As pesquisas básicas no campo das neurociências e da neuropsicologia tem contribuído para o melhor entendimento em relação ao desenvolvimento cognitivo e socioemocional e a influência de fatores de risco. As FE possuem um papel crucial no processo de aprendizado, autorregulação e sucesso escolar. Comprometimento neuropsicológico tem sido retratado em crianças cronicamente expostas ao manganês (Mn), configurando assim esse grupo com alto grau de vulnerabilidade. O Mn é um nutriente essencial ao organismo, no entanto em altos níveis tem potencial neurotóxico, prejudicando o desenvolvimento das funções cognitivas principalmente de crianças e adolescentes que são mais susceptíveis aos efeitos deletérios da exposição crônica. Diante desse contexto, a presente tese teve como objetivo caracterizar déficits cognitivos associados à exposição ao Mn em crianças de 7-12 anos de idade, e a partir disso desenvolver e avaliar a eficácia de um programa de estimulação com foco na promoção de FE para escolares do 2o ao 5o ano nesse contexto de exposição. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se quatro estudos empíricos. No primeiro estudo participaram 70 crianças expostas ambientalmente ao Mn e 127 crianças sem histórico de exposição ao Mn. Os residentes estão vulneráveis à exposição ao Mn por emissões atmosféricas provenientes da atividade industrial de uma fábrica ligas de ferro-manganês na região de Simões-Filho, Bahia. Os achados indicaram que mesmo controlando para possíveis confundidores, as crianças expostas ao Mn comparadas aos controles apresentaram menor desempenho em fluência verbal, memória e aprendizagem verbal, controle inibitório e flexibilidade cognitiva. Além disso, foram encontradas associações entre os níveis de Mn no cabelo das crianças com o desempenho em memória verbal e maior incidência de comportamentos hiperativos, sendo essas associações modificados pelo sexo da criança. Por sua vez, o estudo empírico II buscou descrever as etapas do desenvolvimento e as evidências de validade de conteúdo do Programa de Estimulação das Funções Executivas Heróis da Mente (PHM). O PHM é composto de seis histórias em quadrinhos e de quatro módulos para a estimulação das FE. Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (ICV) para determinar o nível de concordância entre os quatro juízes especialistas para cada atividade, módulo e do programa como um todo. Os resultados indicaram alto grau de concordância entre os juízes tanto na análise global do programa (ICV Global de 0,94), quanto de suas atividades e módulos. De acordo com os critérios analisados foi possível verificar a adequação ao contexto, idade, compreensão, coerência entre o objetivo proposto e o engajamento das FE, permitindo assim os aprimoramentos necessários das atividades para a promoção das FE. O estudo empírico III objetivou avaliar a eficácia da implementação do PHM em crianças expostas ambientalmente ao Mn. Foi realizado um estudo com desenho pré/pós-teste com três grupos de crianças com idades entre 7 e 12 anos que estudam 3 escolas públicas da Bahia. Participaram crianças expostas cronicamente ao Mn, residentes no município de Simões Filho – Bahia, mesma região do estudo empírico I, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo Controle que continuou com suas atividades regulares (GC-Mn) e grupo experimental que participou do PHM (GE-Mn). Além disso, o PHM foi implementado em um grupo de crianças com desenvolvimento típico e sem histórico de exposição ao Mn (GE-T). O PHM foi implementado por professores em sala de aula pelo período de 4 meses. Os resultados mostraram que o GE-Mn apresentou ganhos mais expressivos e com maior tamanho de efeito em memória de trabalho, flexibilidade cognitiva, fluência verbal fonêmica e houve efeito de transferência para outras habilidades cognitivas e acadêmicas como atenção visual e habilidades de escrita. O GC-Mn apesar de ter apresentado ganhos significativos em memória de trabalho verbal e fluência verbal, esses ganhos obtiveram um tamanho de efeito menor que o GE-Mn, além disso o grupo controle foi o único que reduziu de forma significativa os escores em inteligência fluida. Já o GE-T foi o grupo que apresentou melhores FE na linha base e demostrou melhora significativa em tomada de decisão e em velocidade de processamento em tarefas que demandam controle inibitório e flexibilidade cognitiva. Por fim, o estudo empírico IV buscou analisar uma série de 8 casos de crianças que participaram dos estudos empírico I e III, sendo 4 pertencentes ao GC-Mn e 4 ao GE-Mn. Cada caso foi analisado individualmente nos três momentos de avaliação (T1, T2 e T3), totalizando um intervalo de quatro anos. O PHM ocorreu entre T2 e T3. Os dados evidenciaram que o perfil neuropsicológico analisado ao longo dos anos demonstrou, em parte dos casos, um decaimento dos escores Z nos testes de inteligência, memória de trabalho verbal e fluência verbal semântica. A análise dos casos revelou que a maioria das crianças do grupo controle mostrou maior tendência a terem perdas cognitivas ao longo dos anos. Já as crianças que participaram do PHM apresentaram mais ganhos cognitivos que perdas principalmente entre T2 e T3, mesmo esse grupo tendo apresentado níveis de Mn superior ao grupo controle e perfil cognitivo mais comprometido em T1. Em conjunto, os achados demonstraram que o programa de estimulação foi capaz de trazer benefícios em alguns aspectos das FE, representando uma diminuição entre as diferenças no desenvolvimento neuropsicológico entre o grupo exposto ao Mn e as crianças sem histórico de exposição que participaram do PHM. Este estudo apresenta dados relevantes em termos de políticas públicas, oferendo um programa de baixo custo para ser implementado por professores podendo ser facilmente ser inserido no currículo escolar.
Studies have shown that be enrolled in programs to stimulate Executive Functions (EF) mainly benefit children in situations of vulnerability and low EF. Basic research in the field of neuroscience and neuropsychology has contributed to a better understanding of cognitive and social-emotional development and the influence of risk factors. EFs play a crucial role in the process of learning, self-regulation and school achievement. Neuropsychological deficits has been described in children chronically exposed to manganese (Mn), consequently configuring this group with a high degree of vulnerability. Mn is an essential nutrient to the body, however at high levels is potentially neurotoxic, impairing the development of cognitive functions mainly regarding children and adolescents who are more susceptible to the deleterious effects of chronic exposure. Given this context, the present thesis aimed to characterize cognitive deficits associated with exposure to Mn in children aged between 7 and 12 years, and beyond that, to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a stimulation program focused on promoting EF for students from 2nd to 5th grade in this context of exposure. Taking into account four empirical studies were developed. In the first study, participants were 70 children exposed to Mn and 127 children with no history of Mn exposure. Residents are vulnerable to Mn exposure by air emissions arising from an iron-manganese alloy plant in the region of Simões Filho - Bahia. Findings indicated that even controlling for possible confounders, children exposed to Mn compared to controls showed lower performance in verbal fluency, verbal memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. In addition, we found associations between Mn levels in children's hair with verbal memory performance and higher incidence of hyperactive behavior, and these associations were modified by child's sex. The empirical study II aimed to describe the stages of development and content validity evidences of the Executive Function Stimulation Program Heroes of the Mind (PHM). The PHM is composed of six comic’s histories and four modules to promoting EF. The Content Validity Index (CVI) were used to determine agreement between the four expert judges for the program (each activity, module, and global). The results indicated high degree of agreement between the judges in the program (Global ICV was 0.94) and its activities and modules. According to the criteria analyzed, it was possible to verify adequacy to the context, age, comprehension, coherence between the proposed objective and engagement of EF, allowing the improvement of the activities to promote EF. The objective of empirical study III was to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of PHM in children environmentally exposed to Mn. A pre/post-test design study was conducted including three groups of children aged between 7 and 12 years studying at 3 public schools in Bahia. Children chronically exposed to Mn, living in the municipality of Simões Filho - Bahia, region of empirical study I, were divided into two groups: Control Group remained with school regular activities (CG-Mn) and experimental group participating in PHM (EG-Mn). In addition, PHM was implemented in a group of children with typical development and no history of exposure to Mn (EG-T). Teachers in the classroom implemented the PHM for the period of 4 months. Results showed that EG-Mn presented more expressive gains with greater effect size in working memory, cognitive flexibility, phonemic verbal fluency, and there were transferring effects to other cognitive and academic functions such as visual attention and written skills. Although CG-Mn had significant gains in verbal work memory and verbal fluency, these gains obtained lower effect size compared to EG-Mn, in addition the control group was the only one that significantly reduced the scores in Fluid intelligence. EG-T presented better EF performance at baseline and showed significant improvement in decision making and in processing speed in tasks that require inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. Finally, the empirical study IV aimed to analyze a series of 8 cases of children enrolled in the empirical studies I and III, 4 belonging to CG-Mn and 4 to EG-Mn. Each case was analyzed individually at three evaluation moments (T1, T2 and T3), completing an interval of four years. The PHM occurred between T2 and T3. The results showed that the neuropsychological profile analyzed over the years demonstrated, in part of the cases, a decrease of the Z scores in tests of intelligence, verbal work memory and semantic verbal fluency. An analysis of the cases revealed that most of the children in the control group showed a greater tendency to have cognitive losses over the years. In the other hand, children who participated in the PHM presented more cognitive gains than losses between T2 and T3, even this group had higher levels of Mn and had a more compromised cognitive profile in T1 than the control group. Taken together, the findings demonstrated that the stimulation program was able to demonstrate gains in some aspects of EF, representing a decrease between the differences in neuropsychological development between the exposed Mn group and children with no history of exposure who participated in the PHM. This study presents relevant data in terms of public policies, offering a low cost program that can be implemented by teachers and easily inserted into the school curriculum.
Mazza, Cláudia Regina Zocal. "Análise do processamento cognitivo de leitura do surdo com o Teste de Nomeação de Sinais por Escolha de Palavras nas versões 1.3 e 2.3 com 5.365 estudantes surdos de 1ª a 13ª série de 14 estados brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-29052008-124305/.
Full textThe Word Matching Sign Naming Test (WMSNT) assesses the skill of matching alternative Portuguese printed words to sample Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) signs. WMSNT is part of a battery of 11 language development tests for assessing reading, spelling and Libras sign comprehension. Capovilla and coworkers at the University of Sao Paulo developed, standardized and validated the battery with a sample of 5,365 Brazilian deaf students. WMSNT assesses the joint development of sign comprehension and Portuguese reading. It analyzes the participation of cheremic, orthographic and semantic processes involved in matching print alternatives to Libras signs. On each trial there are four printed word alternatives, one being the target word, and the remaining three being cheremic, orthographic, and semantic distracter words. WMSNT is elaborated so as to have distracter-printed words as choice alternatives induce cheremic, orthographic, and semantic paralexias. By analyzing the relative prevalence of cheremic, orthographic, and semantic paralexias that occur when the deaf is to match print to pictures and signs, WMSNT allows characterizing cognitive processes underlying Portuguese reading by Brazilian deaf students. The prevalence of cheremic paralexias suggests that reading comprehension (i.e., the access to semantic lexicon while reading) involves the mediation of some internal signing processes. That is usually the case with the congenitally deaf who are fluent signers. The prevalence of orthographic paralexias suggests that reading is based on the strategy of attempting to make some visual recognition of the global crude form of a word, with difficulty of using the alphabetical serial graphemic decoding (i.e., the serial parsing of the orthographic sequence). That is usually the case with the congenitally deaf who are not capable of fluent signing and linguistic parsing, tend to rely on a primarily ideographic reading style. The prevalence of semantic paralexias suggests that reading comprehension is hindered by the insufficient development of concepts, vocabulary, and/or reading skill. This dissertation presents two reordered versions of WMSNT: WMSNT 1.3 and WMSNT 2.3 as well as standardization data with a sample of 5,365 5-59 year old deaf students with 1-12 years of schooling coming from 14 Brazilian states (AC, AM, BA, CE, DF, ES, MA, MG, MS, PA, PR, RJ, RS, SP). The preliminary analysis of such a large data basis was limited to the following grades: 1st, 5th, 8th, 10th and 13th. Results from both WMSNT 1.3 and WMSNT 2.3 indicated that the percentage of correct naming increased systematically, whereas the percentage of total paralexias decreased systematically. Considering the distribution of all three types of paralexia, it was found that, over the course of the five school series, the percentages of orthographic and semantic paralexias diminished systematically, whereas the percentage of cheremic paralexias increased systematically. Thus, over the course of schooling, when having to name signs by matching their corresponding printed words counterparts, deaf students tended to commit progressively less errors, and that those errors tended to concentrate progressively more on cheremic processes. According to Capovilla, such a finding suggests that, over the course of schooling, in order to be able to retrieve lexical items from an increasingly large reading lexicon, the deaf reader tends to rely more and more on indexing sublexical word components (at both levels of word graphemes and word morphemes) to their corresponding sublexical sign components (at both levels of sign cheremes and sign morphemes). This dissertation is part of a broader study (Capovilla et al, in print). Out of the sample, 5,072 students were assessed using WMSNT 1.3 and 4,854 were assessed using WMSNT 2.3. Out of the sample of 5,072 students tested with WMSNT 1.3, in order to assess test reliability and to arrange test items in increasing order of difficulty, the data of 4,930 students were subjected to item analysis. Two reliability analyses were conducted, which generated two coefficients: Cronbach Alpha coefficient and Spearman-Brown coefficient from split-half analysis. Item analysis revealed Cronbach Alpha coefficient = 0,9004, which may be considered quite good. Therefore, WMSNT 1.3 was found to be a quite reliable test. In addition this study generated WMSNT 1.4, in which WMSNT 1.3 items are arranged in increasing difficulty order. Out of the sample of 4,854 students tested with WMSNT 2.3, in order to assess test reliability and to arrange test items in increasing order of difficulty, the data of 4,840 students were subjected to item analysis. Two reliability analyses were conducted, which generated two coefficients: Cronbach Alpha coefficient and Spearman-Brown coefficient from split-half analysis. Item analysis revealed Cronbach Alpha coefficient = 0,8728, which may be considered good. Therefore, WMSNT 2.3 was found to be a quite reliable test. In addition this study generated WMSNT 2.4, in which WMSNT 2.3 items are arranged in increasing difficulty order.
Chaves, Anne Tarine Tavares. "Análise neuropsicológica de influências sócio-históricas e culturais em crianças de sociedade urbana e de comunidade rural quilombola Kalunga." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/13163.
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A literatura discorre acerca das influências culturais do desenvolvimento cognitivo infantil. Com base nesses estudos, o presente trabalho se propôs a estudar as possíveis influências culturais no desenvolvimento cognitivo infantil de uma comunidade Kalunga. Para isso, foram selecionados 76 sujeitos, sendo 37 crianças de uma comunidade Kalunga da cidade de Cavalcante – Goiás, Brasil e 39 crianças de comunidade urbana da cidade de Brasília – Distrito Federal, Brasil. Os dois grupos compreenderam participantes com idade variando de 6 a 11 anos. Foram aplicados testes psicológicos e neuropsicológicos para verificação da inteligência, memória, linguagem, percepção visual e de faces, atenção, função executiva, habilidades viso- construtivas, leitura, escrita e desenvolvimento cognitivo, assim como o estágio do desenvolvimento cognitivo. O desempenho entre os grupos foi comparado e analisado estatisticamente. Encontrou-se desempenho cognitivo diferente entre os dois grupos, levantando discussões sólidas sobre a possibilidade de influencias sócio-históricas impactantes referentes ao desenvolvimento cognitivo infantil. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Literature discusses about cultural effects in the child's cognitive development. Based on those studies, the present work aimed at studying the possible cultural effects on children's cognitive development of a community of Kalunga. For this, we selected 76 individuals, 37 children of one at the Kalunga communities in Cavalcante, Goiás, Brazil and 39 children of the urban communities of Brasília – Distrito Federal, Brasil. The two groups included 6 to 11 years old participants. We applied intelligence, memory, language, visual and faces perception, attention, executive function, visual-constructive skills, literacy and cognitive development psychological and neuropsychological tests, as well as verified cognitive development. Performance between groups was compared and statistically analyzed. It was found that cognitive performance differs between the two groups, raising solid debates about the possibility of socio-historical influences impacting regar child's cognitive development.
Pereira, Natalie. "Processamento discursivo e executivo p?s-traumatismo cranioencef?lico." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6440.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This dissertation contains two empirical articles which investigated the communication skills and executive functions of adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) upon hospital admission (inpatients) and after hospital discharge (outpatients). The aim of the first study was to compare discursive, pragmatic, lexical-semantic, reading and writing skills between inpatients with TBI (iTBI) and adults with no neurological damage. Our results showed between-group differences on all parameters evaluated, with control participants outperforming the iTBI group across all measures used in the study. The aim of the second investigation was to identify differences between outpatients with mild or severe TBI (oTBI) and healthy adults on communicative and executive functions, as well as to investigate associations and dissociations between patterns of impairment in the oTBI sample. The two groups differed in their performance on conversational and narrative discourse tasks, as well as on the following executive functions: planning, cognitive flexibility, working memory, processing speed and inhibitory control. Overall, the findings suggested that even subjects with relatively mild lesions and a theoretically good prognosis may experience impairments in discourse processing. The patient group was then further divided according to TBI severity, and differences in executive functions were identified between these two subgroups, as well as between each of these categories and the control group. Patients with severe TBI performed worse than control participants and subjects with mild TBI, and differences between patients with mild and severe TBI were identified in both studies. Lastly, the TBI groups showed dissociations between impairments in rule maintenance and processing speed, and associations between cognitive performance on planning tasks. These findings contributed to the current literature on the continuum of communicative and executive impairment profiles across all levels of TBI severity. The analyses performed in this dissertation may be used in public health services to perform a more accurate assessment of patients with TBI and improve prognostic accuracy, since some impairments may have an impact on global functioning and affect the length of the post-TBI recovery period.
A presente disserta??o de mestrado compreende dois artigos emp?ricos que pretendem explorar a avalia??o dos processamentos comunicativos e executivos de pacientes adultos com traumatismo cranioencef?lico (TCE) em dois momentos ap?s a les?o cerebral: no momento da interna??o (inpatients) e ap?s alta hospitalar (outpatients). O primeiro estudo objetiva comparar os processamentos discursivo, pragm?tico, l?xico-sem?ntico, de leitura e de escrita de pacientes adultos p?s TCE do tipo inpatients (TCEi), comparando o desempenho com indiv?duos sem les?o cerebral. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes se diferenciaram nos quatro processamentos comunicativos sendo que o grupo com TCE teve pior desempenho. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo verificar se existem diferen?as entre pacientes p?s-TCE - do tipo outpatients com gravidades leve e grave - e indiv?duos saud?veis, quanto ao desempenho nos processamentos comunicativos e executivos, al?m de identificar se associa??es e dissocia??es existem na amostra de TCE. Encontraram-se diferen?as entre grupos nos escores do discurso conversacional e narrativo e nas habilidades executivas de planejamento, flexibilidade cognitiva, mem?ria de trabalho, velocidade de processamento e inibi??o. Tais achados, de forma geral, indicam que pacientes com menor les?o e teoricamente melhor progn?stico, podem apresentar desempenho discursivo abaixo do esperado. Al?m disso, as tarefas indicaram diferen?as nas habilidades executivas entre os tr?s grupos. pacientes com TCE grave tiveram pior desempenho do que controles e pacientes com TCE leve, ainda TCE leve diferenciou-se dos graves nos dois estudos. Por ?ltimo, dissocia??es entre os grupos de TCE foram encontradas nos itens de manuten??o de regras e velocidade de processamento e associa??es encontradas nos itens de planejamento. Os resultados dos dois estudos emp?ricos contribuem para a comunidade cient?fica em entender um perfil cont?nuo de dificuldades mesmo em pacientes com o menor ?ndice de gravidade de les?o. As an?lises apresentadas nessa disserta??o de mestrado s?o poss?veis de serem implementadas nos servi?os p?blicos para avalia??o mais apurada desses pacientes e para identificar melhor progn?stico j? que algumas dificuldades podem afetar globalmente o funcionamento dos pacientes e dificultar, inclusive, o per?odo de recupera??o p?s les?o cerebral.
Romão, Marisa Martin Crivelaro. "O método Kumon para remediação cognitiva de portadores de esquizofrenia: um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado com placebo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-14082013-103427/.
Full textIntroduction: Cognitive deficits are an integral part of the clinical picture of schizophrenia. Various studies seek cognitive training (cognitive remediation) methods in order to improve those deficits, which are poorly responsive to pharmacological treatment. Clinical trials of cognitive remediation training use a variety of techniques, with the stimulation of several cognitive domains simultaneously. Many of them employ the \"errorless learning\" technique. Recent research indicates that some cognitive domains underlying mathematical learning (attention, executive function and working memory) are also impaired in schizophrenia. However, no cognitive remediation studies were found focusing on arithmetic training in individuals with schizophrenia. The arithmetic calculation method proposed by Kumon employs the errorless learning technique and is widely used for supplemental education. Two randomized trials of cognitive remediation using the arithmetic calculation method Kumon with healthy elderly subjects as well as elderly subjects who had Alzheimer\'s disease showed cognitive function improvement with this intervention. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of the arithmetic calculation of the Kumon method as cognitive remediation for working memory, executive function and attention in a sample with schizophrenia. Method: 51 subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (DSM-IV), male and female, literate, aged between 18-55 years, were included in the trial and randomized to arithmetic calculation training by the Kumon method (experimental group) or recreational activities (control group). The subjects received 48 intervention sessions over the course of 6 months. The subjects were evaluated through a neuropsychological battery; the clinical outcome was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and personal and social functioning was evaluated using the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale at baseline, at 6 months (discontinuation of interventions) and after 6 months without interventions. Results: The experimental group tended to an improvement in sustained attention (p=0.075), yet this was not maintained after 6 months without interventions. Both groups showed improvements in selective attention and executive function at 6 months, which were not maintained after one year, with no differences between groups. No differences were found in social functioning between the groups and throughout the 12 follow-up months. The factor analysis of the 5-factor PANSS (as proposed by Van der Gaag, 2006) showed no significant change in the factors \"positive\", \"negative\", \"disorganization\" and \"emotional distress\" over time and between groups. Only the placebo group exhibited a significant improvement in the factor \"excitement\" after 6 months compared with the experimental group, which was not maintained after 6 months without interventions. Conclusion: The cognitive arithmetic training by the Kumon method tends to improve sustained attention after 6 months, with no impact on either executive function or working memory. This trend was not sustained after 6 months without interventions
Rodrigues, Jaqueline de Carvalho. "Análise cognitiva da escrita de palavras de adultos após acidente vascular cerebral nos hemisférios direito e esquerdo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115602.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three studies conducted in accordance with the approach of Cognitive Neuropsychology, in order to understand the skills and damages in writing of words and pseudowords of adults with cerebrovascular lesions in the right hemisphere (LHD) and left hemisphere (LHE) compared to neurologically healthy adults (controls). The first study compared the performance of groups with LHE, LHD and controls on tasks of oral and written language and the types of errors in the task dictated writing in a brief neuropsychological assessment instrument. The LHE group showed worse performance on all tasks of oral and written language (except in oral comprehension). It was found that the group with LHE has demonstrated significant deficits in linguistic (phonological and lexical) and peripheral skills fundamental to writing of words, while cases with LHD highlighted for deficits in the use of the lexical route (Regularizations). In the second study, was presented the construction process of a words/pseudowords writing task linguistically controlled for evaluation of dysgraphias in adults. The third study aimed to examine the oral and writing language skills of adults with LHE and LHD compared to controls, examining the association between sociodemographic characteristics and performance on dictated written distinguish the type of acquired dysgraphia in the cases with deficient scores. There were no significant differences between the linguistic profiles of the groups. Best performance in writing of words was associated with higher reading and writing habits and higher education of adults. There were features linguistic (phonological, lexical and mixed) and peripherical dysgraphias in cases with LHE and LHD. This dissertation highlights the heterogeneity of deficits founded in the word writing and highlights the importance of controlling sociodemographic variables in the diagnosis of acquired dysgraphia.
Neto, Gérson Silva Santos. "Alterações neuropsicológicas ligadas às disfunções genéticas relacionadas com o rinencéfalo: a síndrome de Kallmann como modelo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17140/tde-29082016-103921/.
Full textThe Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Idiopathic (IHH) associated with anosmia or hyposmia (absence or deficit in the sense of smell, respectively). The HHI\'s main causes deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), with significant genetic heterogeneity. Clinically, it is characterized by low plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) associated with low concentrations of sex steroids. The establishment of a clear cognitive phenotype of SK can help in understanding the development of human cognitive functions and to report to a better management of the patient with a more appropriate accompaniment. In this study a battery of neuropsychological evaluation was performed, featuring aspects of intellectual quotients, attention, executive functions, memory, language and visuospatial skills. As a result, the diagnosed group of participants of KS showed lower performance in all areas evaluated, when compared to the control group. However, its performance in general was in the middle and lower-middle ranges, characterizing a slight deficit of assessed neuropsychological functions. The declarative memory of long term, however, in the clinical group was significantly impaired classified within the spectrum deficit. This result, coupled with lower performance in activities requiring a judgment of temporal origin and impairment of learning arbitrary conditional associations (between stimuli and responses), suggests that higher cognitive feature present in the clinical group is the difficulty of retaining and select information appropriate from the various stimuli, not just the recovery of this information.
Silva, Rochele Ferronato Correa da. "Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos : estudo comparativo quanto ? vari?vel escolaridade." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/712.
Full textO Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos tem sido ?til em avalia??es neuropsicol?gicas com a finalidade de investigar altera??es atencionais neurol?gicas, principalmente decorrentes da s?ndrome de neglig?ncia unilateral. Frente aos poucos estudos conhecidos internacionalmente de instrumentos que sigam este paradigma e investiguem popula??es saud?veis e mesmo cl?nicas, a presente pesquisa buscou investigar o papel da vari?vel sociodemogr?fica escolaridade no processamento atencional visual mensurado pelo Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. No primeiro estudo, de revis?o sistem?tica, visou-se a investigar o papel da escolaridade no processamento atencional examinado por testes de cancelamento. Em complementaridade, o segundo estudo, emp?rico, objetivou verificar se h? diferen?as entre grupos de adultos jovens de diferentes escolaridades quanto ao desempenho no Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Neste estudo participaram 124 adultos jovens saud?veis divididos em tr?s grupos quanto ? escolaridade de 5-8, 9-11 e 12 ou mais anos de educa??o formal. Os dados de desempenho foram comparados entre grupos pelo Teste estat?stico ANCOVA de um fator. Como resultados, os estudos te?rico e emp?rico apontam, primeiramente, para a escassez de pesquisas com popula??es saud?veis, sendo que a vari?vel sociodemogr?fica escolaridade apresenta-se associada a outras vari?veis, como g?nero e aspectos culturais e ?tnicos. Dentre os principais achados encontrados, houve diferen?as qualitativas significativas entre grupos, abrangendo estrat?gias cognitivas utilizadas, sendo que, por exemplo, os indiv?duos de baixa escolaridade utilizaram mais a estrat?gia ca?tica contrariamente aos de escolaridade superior. Estes dados de dissocia??o e de desempenho qualitativo refor?am que mais estudos mostram-se necess?rios para investigar a rela??o da 13 vari?vel escolaridade com diferentes n?veis de grupos et?rios, assim como com amostras cl?nicas.
Paiva, Silvio Cesar Escovar. "Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos : o papel da vari?vel idade na aten??o e na velocidade de processamento." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/722.
Full textNessa disserta??o ? apresentado um estudo de revis?o sistem?tica, que investigou o papel da idade em testes de cancelamento, e um estudo emp?rico, que comparou o desempenho entre adultos de idade intermedi?ria e adultos idosos no Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Na revis?o sistem?tica, buscaram-se abstracts nas bases de dados Lilacs, Pubmed, PsycInfo e Scopus, de 1989 a 2010, com os descritores age or aging and bells test or cancellation test/task or visual hemineglect or visual neglect. Observou-se uma escassez de artigos internacionais que estudam o paradigma de cancelamento, em rela??o ? vari?vel idade, em popula??o saud?vel e, na literatura nacional, n?o foi encontrado nenhum estudo. Em rela??o ao estudo emp?rico comparativo, uma amostra de 80 adultos neurologicamente saud?veis de alta escolaridade, 40 com 40 a 59 anos, e 40 com 60 a 75 anos de idade, foram avaliados com o Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Sua acur?cia e velocidade de processamento foram comparados por uma ANCOVA (covariantes anos de escolaridade e freq??ncia de h?bitos de leitura e escrita). A distribui??o quanto a dados qualitativos foi comparada com o Qui-Quadrado. N?o houve diferen?as entre os grupos de adultos de idade intermedi?ria e adultos idosos no desempenho quantitativo e qualitativo do Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos. Salienta-se a necessidade de se investir na neuropsicologia nacional na obten??o de um perfil normativo de amostras brasileiras neste paradigma, investigando-se o papel da idade em diferentes grupos et?rios, como idosos mais longevos, e da escolaridade em distintos n?veis. Al?m disso, dados cl?nicos com amostras neurol?gicas e psiqui?tricas tamb?m devem ser obtidos, para a investiga??o da acur?cia diagn?stica de hemineglig?ncia visual.
Gon?alves, Hosana Alves. "Clustering e switching na flu?ncia verbal infantil : idade, tipo de escola e TDAH." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6118.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Child neuropsychology has grown in Brazil with the publication of instruments adapted and standardized for this population, and the development of intervention programs for both clinical and school settings. The objective was to contribute to the national and international literature regarding the use of qualitative analysis in addition to quantitative already commonly used in verbal fluency tasks (TFV). For this, 516 children (484 healthy and 32 with ADHD) were evaluated with the unconstrained, phonemic-orthographic and semantics modalities of verbal fluency. In addition to the raw scores of trial and error, there was clustering and switching analysis investigating the roles age, type of school and ADHD in this processing. In general age effects were seen in the total of correct words, switches, semantic and phonemic clusters in the three modalities. In all cases, older children performed better than the younger children. It is noteworthy the strong correlations between production switches and total words in TFV. On the other hand, were not observed effects of age and school type in the size of clusters. As the evolution of performance over time, it is observed decrease in the last the blocks of task in all age groups and in the ADHD group. Comparing ADHD and controls, we present results indicating differences mainly in the way the groups are organized over time to achieve the purpose of the task. The default output switches, and hence of words over time is shown for various clinical and control groups. While in healthy children observed the drop in performance in the last task blocks, in children with ADHD occurs slight rise in the number of switches, which seems so contribute to retrieve words. The results of this study confirm the important role of executive functions in performing TFV to demonstrate that differences between groups occurring in the total scores of the task (both clinical and age) may occur due to the strategies that each group uses to carry them out. Thus, it is suggested that studies analyzing clustering and switching continue to be made in both research and in neuropsychological clinic.
A neuropsicologia infantil tem crescido no Brasil com a publica??o de instrumentos adaptados e normatizados para este p?blico, al?m da elabora??o de programas e de a??es de interven??o tanto para o ?mbito cl?nico quanto escolar. No entanto, predominam, ainda, an?lises quantitativas mais gerais e tradicionais, principalmente com escores totais de acertos. Assim, o objetivo desta disserta??o foi verificar a influ?ncia da idade, do tipo de escola e do TDAH no processamento de clustering e switching em tarefas de flu?ncia verbal (TFV). Para isso, 516 crian?as (484 saud?veis e 32 com TDAH) foram avaliadas com as modalidades livre, fon?mico-ortogr?fica e sem?ntica de flu?ncia verbal e, al?m dos escores brutos de erros e acertos, realizaram-se an?lises de clustering e switching. Em geral foram evidenciados efeitos de idade no total de palavras corretas, de switches, de clusters sem?nticos e fon?micos nas tr?s modalidades. Em todas as tarefas, crian?as maiores e de escola privada apresentaram desempenho superior ao das crian?as de menor idade na maioria das vari?veis. Por outro lado, n?o foram observados efeitos de idade e de tipo de escola no tamanho dos clusters. Ressaltam-se as fortes correla??es entre produ??o de switches e total de palavras nas TFV. Quanto ? evolu??o do desempenho ao longo do tempo, observou-se diminui??o nos ?ltimos blocos da tarefa em todos os grupos et?rios e no grupo de TDAH. Comparando-se TDAH e controles, apresentaram-se resultados que indicam diferen?as principalmente na maneira como os dois grupos se organizam ao longo do tempo para alcan?ar o objetivo da tarefa. O padr?o de produ??o de switches, e, consequentemente de palavras, ao longo do tempo mostrou-se diferente para grupo cl?nico e controle. Ou seja, enquanto em crian?as saud?veis houve queda no desempenho nos ?ltimos blocos da tarefa, em crian?as com TDAH ocorre leve eleva??o no n?mero de switches, o que parece ter contribu?do para a evoca??o das palavras. Os resultados deste estudo reafirmam o importante papel das fun??es executivas na realiza??o de TFV ao demonstrar que as diferen?as observadas entre grupos nos escores totais da tarefa (tanto cl?nicos quanto et?rios) podem ocorrer devido ?s estrat?gias que cada grupo utiliza para realiz?-las. Desta forma, sugere-se que an?lises de clustering e switching continuem sendo realizadas tanto na pesquisa quanto na cl?nica neuropsicol?gica. Na avalia??o, elas podem contribuir para o levantamento de hip?teses de quais processos cognitivos est?o mais ou menos desenvolvidos, tornando mais acess?vel a identifica??o dos principais aspectos a serem trabalhados num processo de estimula??o cognitiva. Contribui-se com a literatura nacional e internacional a respeito do uso de an?lises qualitativas al?m das quantitativas j? comumente utilizada em tarefas de flu?ncia verbal (TFV).
Prando, Mirella Liberatore. "Processamentos linguístico, perceptivo auditivo e executivo em crianças: o papel da idade, do tipo de escola e do TDAH." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/6992.
Full textThe main goal of the present thesis was to explore the development and relationship between language and executive functions (EF), a topic of extreme relevance both for research and clinical practice. Given the scarcity of studies of the association between language and executive abilities in typically developing children, there is an absence of assessment instruments with norms for children of different ages and education levels. Verbal fluency (VF) tasks are some of the most commonly used tools in the neuropsychological assessment of linguistic and executive processing. As such, these tasks may be able to satisfy the research and clinical demands for a further understanding of these abilities in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a highly prevalent condition in childhood. The relationship between EF and language in children with this disorder were examined through two empirical studies and a literature review. The first study assessed the impact of age and type of school in the performance of 6-to-12-year old children in unconstrained, phonemic and semantic VF tasks (abbreviated as UVF, PVF and SVF, respectively). A total of 378 participants (177 from private schools) with a mean age of 9. 03 years (SD=1. 91) completed the UVF task, while 403 children (186 from private schools) with a mean age of 9. 12 years (SD=1. 88) completed were administered the PVF task and 385 children (168 from private schools) with a mean age of 9. 01 years (SD=1. 86) completed the SVF task. The effect of age and type of school on children’s VF performance was assessed using a Two-Way ANOVA, and group differences were investigated using Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Main effects of age and type of school were observed in UVF and PVF scores, while the interaction between these two variables had an effect on SVF. Overall, performance tended to improve with age, and was better in children who attended private schools than in those recruited from public institutions. The second study aimed to perform a review of studies addressing the clinical and/or neuropsychological assessment of linguistic and auditory processing (AP) in children with ADHD. The PubMed database was searched for articles published between 2000 and 2012 using the following keywords [language or linguistic] and [auditory processing or auditory perception] and [attention deficit or hyperactivity]. All abstracts returned were analyzed in parallel by two independent researchers, using a third reviewer for consensus. A total of 46. 7% of the studies included in the reviewed focused on language assessment at word and sentence levels, while 33. 33% investigated AP and 13. 33% assessed both variables. Reading disorders were the most prevalent condition in the samples studied, and, interestingly, the assessments of language and AP were not conducted with the aim of achieving any specific neuropsychological goals. Lastly, the third study in this thesis assessed the impact of the intensity of symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity on language, AP, working memory (WM) and the EF of children with ADHD, as well as the relationships and interactions between these variables. Forty-four children with a diagnosis of ADHD took part in the study (33 from private schools, with a mean age of 9. 07 years (SD = 1. 71)). Correlation analysis was used to select variables for inclusion in a linear regression model. The following results were obtained from this investigation: (1) the intensity of inattention symptoms accounted for a significant portion of the variability reading and writing performance, especially phonological reading and spelling in a writing-to-dictation task; (2) the intensity of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms had a significant impact on children’s EF (processing speed, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control), corroborating other findings in the literature; (3) oral language and AP were associated with measures of EF and WM, suggesting that these components are interdependent, although the directionality of their relationship needs to be further explored. In conclusion, the present studies contributed to the understanding of relationships between language and EF in typical childhood development and in children with psychiatric disorders. These findings also have important implications for the neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation of patients with ADHD.
A presente tese tem como eixo principal a avaliação de funções cognitivas e suas interrelações, como componentes linguísticos lexicais, sintáticos e discursivos, de funções executivas (FE) e de percepção auditiva, no desenvolvimento típico e atípico (Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade – TDAH). Na medida em que as investigações sobre a interface entre componentes linguísticos e executivos em crianças em desenvolvimento típico ainda são escassas, levanta-se a necessidade de ferramentas adaptadas e normatizadas para esta população, considerando as variáveis sociodemográficas, como idade e escolaridade. Nesse contexto, destaca-se o paradigma da fluência verbal (FV), sendo uma das tarefas mais utilizadas na avaliação neuropsicológica das FE que contempla a análise do processamento linguístico e executivo. Este tema vem ao encontro da demanda clínica e de pesquisa sobre o entendimento destes construtos em associação com o quadro clínico de TDAH, que é frequente na população infantil. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos empíricos e um de revisão sistemática da literatura. O primeiro estudo investigou, preliminarmente, o impacto da idade e do tipo de escola no desempenho de crianças de 6 a 12 anos em tarefas de fluência verbal livre (FVL), fonêmico-ortográfica (FVF) e semântica (FVS). Para responder as questões de pesquisa participaram da avaliação da FVL, 378 participantes (177 de escolas privadas) com média de idade de 9,03 anos (dp=1,91); da FVF, foram 403 crianças (186 de escolas privadas) com idade média de 9,12 (dp=1,88); e da FVS, 385 participantes (168 de escolas privadas) com idade média de 9,01 anos (dp=1,86). O efeito da idade, do tipo de escola e interação foi analisado pelo teste Two-Way ANOVA e as diferenças entre os grupos foram verificadas por análise post-hoc Bonferroni. Observaram-se efeitos principais da idade e do tipo de escola na FVL e FVF e interação entre os fatores na FVS. De modo geral, o desempenho melhora de acordo com o aumento da idade e as crianças de escolas privadas tendem a apresentar melhores escores. O segundo estudo objetivou identificar na literatura pesquisas que investigaram o processamento linguístico e auditivo (PA) na avaliação clínica e/ou neuropsicológica de crianças/adolescentes com TDAH. Realizou-se uma busca na base de dados PubMed de 2000 a 2012 com keywords dos construtos [language or linguistic] e [auditory processing or auditory perception] e [attention deficit or hyperactivity]. Os abstracts foram analisados por double blind review com terceiro juiz para consenso. Os resultados mostraram que 46,67% dos estudos avaliaram a linguagem (nível da palavra e sentença), 33,33% processamento auditivo (PA) e 13,33%, ambos. O transtorno de leitura foi a comorbidade mais prevalente e o desempenho linguístico e de PA não foram analisados nos estudos para fins neuropsicológicos específicos. Por fim, o terceiro estudo analisou o impacto da intensidade de sintomas de desatenção e/ou hiperatividade/impulsividade de crianças com TDAH em desfechos de linguagem, PA, memória de trabalho (MT), componentes das FE, e as suas relações e influências mútuas. Participaram do estudo 44 crianças com diagnóstico de TDAH (33 de escolas privadas, com idade média de 9,07 anos (dp=1,71)).As variáveis que se correlacionaram significativamente participaram no modelo de análise de regressão linear. Concluiu-se, com dados preliminares, que: (1) a intensidade de sintomas de desatenção explicou aspectos relacionados à leitura e escrita, mais especificamente o processamento ortográfico em tarefa de ditado e a leitura por via fonológica; (2) a intensidade dos sintomas de hiperatividade/impulsividade apresentou maior impacto em subcomponentes das FE (velocidade de processamento, flexibilidade cognitiva e controle inibitório) das crianças investigadas, estando de acordo com outras pesquisas já realizadas e (3) o processamento de linguagem oral e do PA relacionam-se com as medidas de FE e de MT, sugerindo a interdependência entre esses componentes, embora a direcionalidade destas influências necessitem ser mais exploradas. Em suma, os estudos desenvolvidos contribuíram para a reflexão sobre relação entre a linguagem e as FE no desenvolvimento típico infantil, bem como, para o entendimento de suas manifestações clínicas e implicações para avaliação e reabilitação neuropsicológica de indivíduos com TDAH.
Casarin, Fabíola Schwengber. "“Comunicação e funções executivas pós-lesão cerebrovascular unilateral esquerda versus direita e desenvolvimento de programas de reabilitação discursiva e léxico-semântica”." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/6972.
Full textThe present thesis sought to assess the impact of right- and left-hemisphere damage on communicative and cognitive processes, to investigate the relationship between these functions, as well as to develop and assess the outcomes of communication rehabilitation programs. These goals were achieved through three empirical studies. The first investigation looked into the nature of and relationship between post-stroke impairments in communicative and executive functions in patients with unilateral strokes in the right versus the left hemisphere. Differences in communicative processing between the two clinical groups were investigated based on the performance of 73 patients, of whom 36 had right hemisphere damage (RHD) while 37 had left-hemisphere damage (LHD). Executive function impairments and their association with discourse processing were investigated in 42 participants, of whom 25 had RHD and 17 had LHD, using the Brief Montreal Communication Assessment Battery, the Bells’ Test, the Oral word span in sentences subtest from the Brazilian Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Battery NEUPSILIN, the Hayling Test and the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (48 cards). Patient performance was evaluated using Student’s T-tests, as well as Chi-square tests of the number of individuals with communicative/cognitive impairment in each group, as indicated by Z scores. The two groups did not differ as to the prevalence of communicative deficits, although patients with LHD displayed slower inhibitory processing. Additionally, two cases had communicative impairments in the absence of executive deficits, while fourteen patients displayed executive function impairments only. The lack of between-group differences may be attributable to the fact that participants were assessed in the chronic stage of recovery. The presence of dissociations between impairments in the two types of processing also reveals that the relationship between these conditions is not causal. The second study involved the development and implementation of a feedback-based discourse rehabilitation program (FDRP) in a patient with TBI. The program was developed using an eight-step process, which culminated in a pilot study. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons revealed improvements in scores on part A of the Hayling test and on the full retelling of the story in the discourse task of the MAC-B Battery. A decrease in inadequate communicative behaviors such as speaking off topic was also observed over the course of the intervention. The use of pictogram-based feedback appeared to contribute significantly to the improvement of inadequate communicative behaviors. However, further studies must be performed to determine the optimal number of sessions required to obtain reliable results, as well as to assess the longterm effects of the intervention through the use of follow-up assessments. The third study involved the development of a context-based lexical-semantic rehabilitation program (CLSR). This process involved eight steps. The expert evaluation of task stimuli and instructions, and of their conformity to the intended goals, was essential for the construction of the CLSR, as was the pilot study in which the judges’ suggestions for improving the understandability of the tasks were implemented. Studies involving clinical groups should be performed to ensure the efficacy of this rehabilitation approach. To date, most lexical-semantic therapies have focused on the treatment of anomia, so that the present studies provide an important new perspective regarding the rehabilitation of these components. In conclusion, the studies which comprise this thesis make important contributions to our knowledge of the relationship between cognitive-communicative functions and hemispheric lateralization, as well as to the development of rehabilitation programs based on clearly defined methods.
A presente tese buscou investigar o papel do hemisfério cerebral lesado e a relação entre os processamentos comunicativos e de componentes executivos, além de desenvolver e verificar o efeito de programas de reabilitação neuropsicológica da comunicação. Para tanto, foram realizados três estudos empíricos. O primeiro visou a investigar o desempenho comunicativo e executivo de pacientes com lesões cerebrovasculares unilaterais direita versus esquerda, como também verificar se há relação entre a ocorrência de déficits discursivos e executivos. Para responder a questão de que se há diferenças comunicativas entre os dois grupos clínicos, foram avaliados 73 indivíduos, 36 com lesão de hemisfério direito (LHD) e 37 com lesão de hemisfério esquerdo (LHE). Para verificar o desempenho executivo e se existe relação entre as dificuldades discursivas e executivas, a amostra constituiu-se de 42 indivíduos, sendo 25 com LHD e 17 com LHE, avaliados pelas ferramentas Bateria MAC B, Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos, subteste Span auditivo de palavras em sentenças do NEUPSILIN, Teste Hayling e Wisconsin Card Sorting Test modificado (48 cartões), cujos escores foram comparados pelo Teste t de Student para amostras independentes, além da análise de ocorrência de déficits (escore Z e Qui-quadrado). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos clínicos quanto ao desempenho comunicativo.O grupo com LHD apresentou pior desempenho quanto à velocidade inibitória. Dois casos apresentaram apenas dificuldades discursivas sem dificuldades em funções executivas e 14 casos, apenas déficits executivos. Pode-se concluir que talvez pelo fato dos pacientes serem crônicos não tenham sido encontradas diferenças entre os dois grupos clínicos e que não se pode afirmar que há uma relação causal entre déficits executivos e discursivos, havendo dissociações. No segundo estudo, foi desenvolvido um Programa de Reabilitação do Discurso com o uso de feedback (PRDF), cujo efeito terapêutico foi averiguado com uma paciente pós-traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE). Primeiramente, construiu-se o programa de reabilitação a partir de oito etapas bem definidas, sendo a última etapa o estudo piloto. Observaram-se melhoras quantitativas no escore de erros da parte A do Teste Hayling e no escore de reconto integral do Discurso narrativo da Bateria MAC, bem como, melhoras qualitativo-quantitativas de diminuição do comportamento comunicativo desviante fuga do tópico no decorrer das sessões. Observou-se que a estratégia terapêutica de feedback com o uso de pictogramas pode contribuir para a melhora dos comportamentos desviantes no discurso. No entanto, existe a necessidade de investigar o número de sessões adequadas para o sucesso terapêutico, bem como, investir em estudos de follow-up. No terceiro estudo, foram desenvolvidos conjuntos de tarefas para um programa de reabilitação do componente léxico-semântico com base no contexto (PRLS-C). Esse processo passou por oito etapas bem definidas.A análise de juízes especialistas para verificação do conjunto instrução-estímulos de cada tarefa apontou que as estratégias estavam adequadas aos objetivos propostos. Todas as etapas foram fundamentais para a construção do programa, assim como, o estudo piloto em que modificações quanto à compreensibilidade das tarefas foram realizadas. Sugerem-se estudos com grupos clínicos para verificar eficácia e efetividade dessa abordagem na reabilitação. Até onde se sabe as terapias léxico-semânticas são voltadas para o tratamento da anomia clássica, o que faz com que a partir dessa nova abordagem possa se pensar em outras perspectivas de reabilitação desse componente na área de intervenção neuropsicológica da comunicação. Em suma, os estudos desenvolvidos contribuíram para a reflexão da relação entre as funções cognitivocomunicativas e especializações/cooperações interhemisféricas, bem como, para a elaboração programas de reabilitação a partir de etapas bem definidas em seu método.
Dornelles, Vin?cius Guimar?es. "Avalia??o neuropsicol?gica em indiv?duos com transtorno da personalidade Borderline." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/672.
Full textAs altera??es neuropsicol?gicas no Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline (TPB) s?o demonstradas na literatura e relacionadas a disfun??es neurobiol?gicas. Entretanto, os resultados dos estudos n?o s?o coerentes entre si, e poucos estudos realizaram um levantamento global das fun??es neuropsicol?gicas dos indiv?duos com TPB. Portanto, tornas-e necess?ria a investiga??o neuropsicol?gica no TPB. Esta disserta??o est? composta por dois estudos, apresentados em formato de artigos. O artigo te?rico teve por objetivo realizar uma revis?o da literatura sobre aspectos neurobiol?gicos e neuropsicol?gicos associados ao TPB, discutindo criticamente os principais achados emp?ricos e limita??es metodol?gicas. J? o artigo emp?rico investigou, atrav?s de uma bateria neuropsicol?gica flex?vel e avalia??o cl?nica, diferentes fun??es cognitivas em uma amostra de 21 participantes com TPB. Al?m disso, utilizou-se de uma tarefa de Stroop Emocional para verificar um poss?vel vi?s atencional para palavras de val?ncia emocional negativa de rela??o sem?ntica com abandono e rejei??o. Os resultados evidenciaram sintomas clinicamente significativos de impulsividade, ansiedade, estresse p?s-traum?tico e experi?ncias traum?ticas infantis nos indiv?duos com TPB. Os resultados da avalia??o neuropsicol?gica demonstraram marcado preju?zo em fun??es executivas. A partir dos resultados s?o discutidas interpreta??es te?ricas.
Vieira, Breno Sanvicente. "Theory of mind : assessment development and investigation of cocaine dependents." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5713.
Full textBACKGROUND: Substance use-related disorders are characterized by social problems, thought to be the result of social cognition impairments. In particular, the ability to interpret the thoughts of other people - Theory of Mind (ToM) - seems to be impaired. In view of this, this study aimed to investigate ToM functioning in a cocaine dependent (COD) sample. METHOD: This dissertation comprised four studies. The first is a systematic review of ToM in substance users. The second and the third deal with the development of instruments for the ToM assessment. The second is the translation and adaption of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) into the Brazilian Portuguese, and the third describes the validation of the Hinting task and the ToM Stories task. The fourth work represents the main study of this dissertation – the investigation of the ToM of COD women. 30 COD women and 30 healthy controls (HC) matched for sex, age, education, individual income and IQ took part in this study. All participants were assessed with the RMET, the Hinting Task and the ToM stories. Cognitive and clinical factors were also assessed in order to control for possible differences. RESULTS: The systematic review revealed that ToM deficits were present in substance use-related disorders. Besides that, the review indicated that these impairments were related to daily life and clinical features of substance use-related disorders. In addition, this dissertation advanced with regard the technological development, since it guaranteed a translated and adapted Brazilian version of the RMET. By the same token, in the third study the Hinting Task and the ToM Stories were shown to have convergent, predictive, concurrent, discriminative and diagnostic validity. Finally, in the fourth study, COD women were found to have impaired ToM in comparison with HC. Additionally, correlations indicated ToM was negatively associated with dependence chronicity. CONCLUSION: Results were consistent with the published literature, suggesting that COD like other drug dependence disorders, is associated with ToM deficits. In view of the results that suggested an association between ToM and social and clinical outcomes, we have proposed a framework in which there is a bidirectional, facilitative relationship between drug use and ToM impairments. The implications of the results for future research and potential interventions based on targeting the psychosocial problems found to be impaired in substance use disorders are discussed.
INTRODUÇÃO: Transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias são caracterizados por problemas sociais. Acredita-se que a origem de tais comprometimentos se deva a déficits em funções da cognição social. Em particular, a Teoria da Mente (ToM) – capacidade de inferir e interpretar os pensamentos de outras pessoas – parece estar prejudicada em dependentes químicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a ToM em uma amostra de mulheres dependentes de cocaína.MÉTODO: Esta dissertação é composta por quarto artigos. O primeiro é uma revisão sistemática sobre a ToM em usuários de drogas. O segundo e terceiro foram dedicados ao desenvolvimento de instrumentos para a avaliação da ToM. O segundo é a tradução e a adaptação ao português brasileiro do Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), e o terceiro é a validação do Hinting Task e do ToM Stories. O quarto trabalho representa o principal objetivo da dissertação – investigar a ToM de mulheres dependentes de cocaína. Participaram 30 mulheres com diagnóstico de dependência de cocaína e 30 mulheres saudáveis, sendo os grupos pareados por sexo, idade, anos de estudo, renda e QI. Todas participantes responderam ao RMET, ao Hinting Task e ao ToM Stories. As participantes também foram avaliadas quanto à sintomatologia psiquiátrica e ao desempenho neuropsicológico. RESULTADOS: A revisão sistemática revelou que o uso de álcool e drogas é relacionado a prejuízos na ToM, e que a ToM é associada com aspectos do dia-a-dia e do curso da dependência. No segundo estudo avançou-se no desenvolvimento tecnológico garantindo uma adequada versão traduzida e adaptada do RMET para o português brasileiro. Além disso, no terceiro artigo revelou-se as propriedades psicométricas do Hinting Task e do ToM Stories. Ambas tarefas demonstraram possuir validades convergente, preditiva, concorrente, discriminativa e diagnóstica. Por fim, o quarto estudo revelou que mulheres dependentes de cocaína obtiveram um desempenho significativamente inferior ao do grupo de mulheres saudáveis nas tarefas de ToM. A performance de ToM foi encontrada negativamente correlacionada com o nível de severidade da dependência de cocaína. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam que mulheres dependentes de cocaína possuem desempenho inferior ao de mulheres saudáveis em tarefas de ToM. Tais achados são consistentes com os da literatura e corroboram com o fato da ToM estar relacionada com manifestações sintomáticas da doença. Com base nos resultados, um modelo ilustrativo da participação bidirecional da ToM no curso da dependência química foi proposto. O modelo sugere que por um lado, prejuízos na habilidade de inferir e interpretar os pensamentos de terceiros vulnerabilizam pessoas ao uso de substância, e, em contrapartida, o uso de substâncias causa eventos tóxicos ao cérebro que acabam alterando circuitos neurobiológicos importantes para a integridade da ToM. As implicações dos resultados e conclusões desta dissertação reforçam o potencial que intervenções que visem a promoção de habilidades psicossociais possuem no tratamento de transtornos aditivos.
Reis, Samara Passos Santos. "Empatia afetiva e cognitiva e o fenótipo ampliado do autismo: Adaptação Transcultural e Validação de Medidas." Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2017. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/25216.
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Fundação CAPES
A empatia é atualmente compreendida como um construto multidimensional, sendo esse modelo corroborado por estudos de neuroimagem, incluindo um componente cognitivo, associado com a percepção e compreensão do estado emocional de outras pessoas, e um componente afetivo, que consiste em uma resposta emocional vicária às emoções do outro. Entretanto, muitas medidas de empatia utilizadas na literatura não estão alinhadas com esse modelo atual, o que aponta para a necessidade de refinar esses instrumentos ou desenvolver outros, mais consistentes. Por sua vez, o Fenótipo Ampliado do Autismo (FAA) é como ficou conhecida a manifestação a nível subclínico de traços cognitivos e comportamentais do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) em parentes próximos de indivíduos com tais quadros. Esses traços associados ao fenótipo do TEA parecem apresentar distribuição normal na população, conforme resultados de pesquisas sobre o FAA. Alterações da empatia em indivíduos com TEA já foram observadas em estudos, entretanto, ainda não está claro se esses déficits se resumem ao componente cognitivo da empatia ou também ao afetivo. Pesquisas sobre alterações na empatia afetiva e cognitiva associadas ao FAA podem ajudar a esclarecer esse aspecto, entretanto, para isso, é necessário dispor de instrumentos adaptados e válidos para a população brasileira. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar dois estudos de adaptação transcultural e validação de medidas, um para avaliação da empatia em sua compreensão multidimensional e outra, para avaliação de traços associados ao fenótipo do TEA. Ambas as pesquisas foram realizadas através de um formulário online divulgado nas redes sociais, caracterizando uma amostragem pelo método bola de neve. Em ambos os estudos, foram excluídos participantes que declararam sofrer de transtornos neurológicos ou psiquiátricos. O estudo de validação da Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) contou com a participação de 385 indivíduos de diferentes regiões do país, sendo que 338 permaneceram após aplicados os critérios de exclusão. Foi empregado o método de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais para testar a estrutura fatorial proposta pelos autores da referida escala, e o instrumento foi também testado para validade convergente, consistência interna e fidedignidade teste-reteste. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo de três fatores teve um bom ajuste aos dados coletados na versão brasileira da ACME, retendo todos os itens originais, e sendo considerada consistente e válida para a população brasileira. A distribuição dos escores foi significativamente diferente da normal e mulheres obtiveram pontuações mais altas do que os homens em todos os escores desse instrumento. Por sua vez, o estudo de validação do Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) teve um total de 329 participantes de diferentes regiões do país, sendo mantidos 262 após aplicados os critérios de exclusão. O instrumento foi testado por Análise Fatorial Confirmatória dentro de diversos modelos, para identificar a versão que apresentava melhor consistência interna. A versão final do AQ reteve 31 itens dentre os 50 originais, em três fatores, apresentando boa consistência interna, fidedignidade teste-reteste e forte correlação com o instrumento original. O escore total do AQ teve distribuição normal na população, e homens pontuaram mais do que mulheres no total e na subescala de (baixas) Habilidades Sociais. Normas para futura referência ao interpretar os escores na ACME e no AQ foram extraídas por sexo, considerando que foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas pontuações desses grupos, em ambos os instrumentos.
Empathy is currently comprehended as a multidimensional construct, this model being supported by neuroimaging studies, comprising a cognitive component, associated with perceiving and understanding the emotional state of others, and an affective component, consisting of vicariously experiencing an emotional response to other people`s emotions. However, most measures of empathy are not aligned with that current understanding, which points to the need of improving those instruments or developing more consistent ones. In turn, the Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP) is how the subclinical manifestation of cognitive and behavioral Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits in close relatives of individuals with that condition became known. Those traits associated with ASD seem to be normally distributed in the general population, according to studies concerning the BAP. Empathy deficits in patients with ASD has already been observed in studies, nonetheless, it is still unclear if those deficits are limited to the cognitive component of empathy or also include the affective component. Researches about cognitive and affective empathy alterations in association with the BAP could help clarifying that aspect, however, in order to carry them out, it is necessary to have access to adequate instruments, validated for the Brazilian population. This study aimed to carry out two studies of cross-cultural adaptation and validation of measures, one to asses empathy in its multidimensional understanding, and the other, to asses ASD traits. Both studies were available online and shared in social media networks, characterizing a snowball sampling method. In both studies, participants who reported suffering from neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. The validation study of the Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) had 385 participants from different regions of the country, of which 338 remained after applying exclusion criteria. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the factor structure originally proposed by the ACME authors, and the instrument was also tested for concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results indicate that the three-factor model showed adequate fit to data in the Brazilian version of ACME, retaining all original items, and been declared valid for the Brazilian population. Distribution of scores was non-normal and females scored higher than males both in scale`s and subscales` totals for this instrument. In turn, the validation study of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) had 329 participants from different regions of the country, of which 262 remained after applying exclusion criteria. A series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis were carried out in order to identify the version of the instrument with best internal consistency. The final version of the AQ retained 31 of the original 50 items, in three factors, showing good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and strong correlation with the original instrument. AQ total scores were normally distributed and men scored higher than women in total scores and in (poor) Social Skills subscale. For future reference when interpreting scores in ACME and AQ, norms were extracted by sex, since significant differences were found in scores of those groups for both instruments.
Simon, Sharon Sanz. "Treino de estratégia de memória para associação de faces e nomes no comprometimento cognitivo leve amnéstico: desfecho em medidas cognitivas e ressonância magnética funcional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-11092017-095736/.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (A-MCI) often represents the transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia, and has been considered a public health matter due to the growth of elderly population. Thus, it is critical to develop effective treatments that can minimize the cognitive deficits, such as mnemonic strategy training (MST). We highlight the MST focused on face-name associations, a relevant target since forgetting names is a frequent complaint in elders with MCI. However, at the moment there is little evidence of the efficacy of this modality of MST to this population, as well as, its transfer effects and underlying neural correlate. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the efficacy of MST focused on face-name associations, and the underlying neural correlate, in comparison with an active control group (Psychoeducation - PED) in elders with A-MCI. METOHDS: Thirty elders with A-MCI were randomized in two groups: Experimental Group (EG, N=15), underwent to MST, and the Control Group (CG, N=15), underwent to PED. In each program, the participants completed four individual one-hour sessions, twice a week. The participants were assessed at pre and post intervention through neuropsychological tests, face-name association tasks, mood and metamemory scales, beside a fMRI task. Moreover, at pre-intervention, the participants performed the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) puncture; and at post-intervention, answered a questionnaire to evaluate the programs. In order to investigate the maintenance of the effects over the time, the volunteers were reassessed after 1 and 3-months. RESULTS: There was no significant differente between groups regarding the clinical and neuropsychological profiles, as well as, the CSF biomarkers. With respect to the changes after intervention, the EG showed a better performance than CG in the face-name association task to the trained material, and transfered, in part, to the untrained material, with the benefits persisting after three months. Regarding the transfer effects to the neuropsychological measures, the EG exhibited an improvement in the visual memory test, however no changes were observed in the verbal memory and attention tests after both programs. In comparison to CG, the EG reported a more frequent use of associative strategy, and less frequent memory mistakes. After the programs, both groups reported more positive feelings regarding their own memory and evaluated positively the interventions. In addition, there was no change in depression and anxiety symptoms after the programs. The neuroimaging findings indicate that after the interventions the EG showed greater cerebral activation than CG in parietal (bilateral precuneus, posterior cingulare and angular gyru), and frontal regions (left medial frontal gyru, right precentral and middle frontal gyrus), when enconding the trained material. For the untrained material, the EG showed greater brain activation than CG in an anterior temporal region (superior temporal sulcus, superior and middle temporal gyru). CONCLUSION: The MST benefits were observed in the trained and transfer, in part, to the untrained stimuli and neuropsychological tests Moreover, after the MST, there was an increase of associative strategy use and gains in metamemory. Despite the EG has been reported less memory mistakes than the CG, this aspect does not seem related to mood, since there was no changes in depression and anxiety symptoms after the programs. The neuroimaging data corroborate the behavioral findings suggesting that the brain of elders with a-MCI remains highly plastic. The EG showed greater increase of brain activation than the CG in regions consistent with the training, involving attentional resourses, episodic, semântic and subjective memory, mental imagery, associative thinking, face processing and social cognition
Pureza, Janice da Rosa. "Fun??es executivas na segunda inf?ncia : compara??o quanto ? idade e correla??o entre diferentes medidas." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/727.
Full textAs fun??es executivas (FE) vem sendo objeto de grande interesse na literatura devido a sua import?ncia e complexidade para a cogni??o e o comportamento humanos. S?o opera??es mentais envolvidas no controle consciente de pensamentos e a??es, incluindo uma gama de componentes em rela??o com outros processos cognitivos. Apesar dos diversos estudos realizados sobre o desenvolvimento das FE, o conhecimento desta tem?tica ? incipiente, principalmente no que se refere ? popula??o infantil. Neste contexto, objetivou-se investigar o desenvolvimento t?pico de FE na segunda inf?ncia, a partir de dois estudos emp?ricos. O primeiro verificou o papel da idade no desempenho de 90 crian?as, de escolas p?blicas, em tarefas que avaliam componentes executivos. Comparou-se o desempenho de tr?s grupos et?rios (6-7, 8-10 e 11-12 anos de idade) em flu?ncia verbal, gera??o aleat?ria de n?meros, Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos, Teste Hayling e N-Back. O segundo estudo buscou identificar poss?veis correla??es entre as diferentes medidas de FE examinadas. A amostra foi composta por 59 crian?as de 8 a 12 anos, de escolas p?blicas, com os mesmos instrumentos e procedimentos do primeiro estudo. Dentre os principais resultados, no Estudo 1, observou-se que a idade influenciou em todas as vari?veis mensuradas, com diferen?as mais frequentes entre as crian?as de 6 e 7 e de 11 e 12 anos. No Estudo 2, encontrou-se correla??o entre componentes de inibi??o e flexibilidade cognitiva. Assim, resultados iniciais sugerem um desenvolvimento progressivo dos componentes executivos na segunda inf?ncia, assim como uma rela??o mais pr?xima entre alguns componentes e paradigmas de avalia??o das FE.
Ferreira, Naomi Vidal. "Relação entre o grau de prejuízo da circulação periférica, a espessura íntima-média carotídea e a função cognitiva de pacientes com doença arterial periférica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-22092014-164441/.
Full textBACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs (PAD) is related to arterial obstruction of these limbs, caused by atherosclerosis, a systemic disease. Therefore, PAD is usually associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and cognitive impairment. However, the role of IMT in cognitive impairment observed in PAD is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cognitive functions of patients with PAD, to associate them with the degree of impairment of peripheral circulation and to evaluate the role of IMT in this association. METHODS: 26 patients with PAD (68.57+8.34 years, 65.4% male) and 40 control subjects (67.17+8.24 years, 62.5 % male) were selected. All participants underwent a socio-demographic assessment, which collected data on individual\'s characteristics and medical history; a clinical investigation, consisting of the evaluation of the ankle-brachial index (ABI), the measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the six-minute walk test (6MWT); and a neuropsychological evaluation, which consisted of the following instruments: Vocabulary (WAIS - III), Block Design (WAIS - III), Digit Span (WAIS - III), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) , FAS (COWAT) Animals (COWAT) , Clock Drawing Test and Mini - Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: The PAD group scored worse on delayed verbal memory, attention span, working memory, attention, degree of abstraction, mental flexibility, information processing speed, inhibitory control/impulsivity, vocabulary, phonemic verbal fluency, semantic verbal fluency, constructive praxis and global cognitive function compared to the control group. After adjustment for education, socioeconomic status, IQ and psychiatric symptoms, the performance of the PAD group remained worse in mental flexibility and phonemic verbal fluency. The degree of impairment of peripheral circulation, assessed by ABI, was associated with delayed visual memory, with working memory, with attention, with degree of abstraction, with information processing speed, with the inhibitory control/impulsivity, with vocabulary, with phonemic verbal fluency, and with global cognitive function. After adjustment for education, socioeconomic status, IQ and psychiatric symptoms, ABI remained associated with phonemic verbal fluency. After adjustment for IMT, ABI remained associated with the vocabulary. CONCLUSION: The group of patients with PAD showed impaired cognitive performance, when compared to the control group, regardless of education, socioeconomic status, IQ and psychiatric symptoms. The degree of impairment of peripheral circulation was associated with cognitive performance, but carotid IMT appeared to play an important role in this association
Casarin, Fab?ola Schwengber. "Comunica??o e fun??es executivas p?s-les?o cerebrovascular unilateral esquerda versus direita e desenvolvimento de programas de reabilita??o discursiva e l?xico-sem?ntica." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/892.
Full textThe present thesis sought to assess the impact of right- and left-hemisphere damage on communicative and cognitive processes, to investigate the relationship between these functions, as well as to develop and assess the outcomes of communication rehabilitation programs. These goals were achieved through three empirical studies. The first investigation looked into the nature of and relationship between post-stroke impairments in communicative and executive functions in patients with unilateral strokes in the right versus the left hemisphere. Differences in communicative processing between the two clinical groups were investigated based on the performance of 73 patients, of whom 36 had right hemisphere damage (RHD) while 37 had left-hemisphere damage (LHD). Executive function impairments and their association with discourse processing were investigated in 42 participants, of whom 25 had RHD and 17 had LHD, using the Brief Montreal Communication Assessment Battery, the Bells Test, the Oral word span in sentences subtest from the Brazilian Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Battery NEUPSILIN, the Hayling Test and the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (48 cards). Patient performance was evaluated using Student s T-tests, as well as Chi-square tests of the number of individuals with communicative/cognitive impairment in each group, as indicated by Z scores. The two groups did not differ as to the prevalence of communicative deficits, although patients with LHD displayed slower inhibitory processing. Additionally, two cases had communicative impairments in the absence of executive deficits, while fourteen patients displayed executive function impairments only. The lack of between-group differences may be attributable to the fact that participants were assessed in the chronic stage of recovery. The presence of dissociations between impairments in the two types of processing also reveals that the relationship between these conditions is not causal. The second study involved the development and implementation of a feedback-based discourse rehabilitation program (FDRP) in a patient with TBI. The program was developed using an eight-step process, which culminated in a pilot study. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons revealed improvements in scores on part A of the Hayling test and on the full retelling of the story in the discourse task of the MAC-B Battery. A decrease in inadequate communicative behaviors such as speaking off topic was also observed over the course of the intervention. The use of pictogram-based feedback appeared to contribute significantly to the improvement of inadequate communicative behaviors. However, further studies must be performed to determine the optimal number of sessions required to obtain reliable results, as well as to assess the longterm effects of the intervention through the use of follow-up assessments. The third study involved the development of a context-based lexical-semantic rehabilitation program (CLSR). This process involved eight steps. The expert evaluation of task stimuli and instructions, and of their conformity to the intended goals, was essential for the construction of the CLSR, as was the pilot study in which the judges suggestions for improving the understandability of the tasks were implemented. Studies involving clinical groups should be performed to ensure the efficacy of this rehabilitation approach. To date, most lexical-semantic therapies have focused on the treatment of anomia, so that the present studies provide an important new perspective regarding the rehabilitation of these components. In conclusion, the studies which comprise this thesis make important contributions to our knowledge of the relationship between cognitive-communicative functions and hemispheric lateralization, as well as to the development of rehabilitation programs based on clearly defined methods.
A presente tese buscou investigar o papel do hemisf?rio cerebral lesado e a rela??o entre os processamentos comunicativos e de componentes executivos, al?m de desenvolver e verificar o efeito de programas de reabilita??o neuropsicol?gica da comunica??o. Para tanto, foram realizados tr?s estudos emp?ricos. O primeiro visou a investigar o desempenho comunicativo e executivo de pacientes com les?es cerebrovasculares unilaterais direita versus esquerda, como tamb?m verificar se h? rela??o entre a ocorr?ncia de d?ficits discursivos e executivos. Para responder a quest?o de que se h? diferen?as comunicativas entre os dois grupos cl?nicos, foram avaliados 73 indiv?duos, 36 com les?o de hemisf?rio direito (LHD) e 37 com les?o de hemisf?rio esquerdo (LHE). Para verificar o desempenho executivo e se existe rela??o entre as dificuldades discursivas e executivas, a amostra constituiu-se de 42 indiv?duos, sendo 25 com LHD e 17 com LHE, avaliados pelas ferramentas Bateria MAC B, Teste de Cancelamento dos Sinos, subteste Span auditivo de palavras em senten?as do NEUPSILIN, Teste Hayling e Wisconsin Card Sorting Test modificado (48 cart?es), cujos escores foram comparados pelo Teste t de Student para amostras independentes, al?m da an?lise de ocorr?ncia de d?ficits (escore Z e Qui-quadrado). N?o foram encontradas diferen?as significativas entre os grupos cl?nicos quanto ao desempenho comunicativo. O grupo com LHD apresentou pior desempenho quanto ? velocidade inibit?ria. Dois casos apresentaram apenas dificuldades discursivas sem dificuldades em fun??es executivas e 14 casos, apenas d?ficits executivos. Pode-se concluir que talvez pelo fato dos pacientes serem cr?nicos n?o tenham sido encontradas diferen?as entre os dois grupos cl?nicos e que n?o se pode afirmar que h? uma rela??o causal entre d?ficits executivos e discursivos, havendo dissocia??es. No segundo estudo, foi desenvolvido um Programa de Reabilita??o do Discurso com o uso de feedback (PRDF), cujo efeito terap?utico foi averiguado com uma paciente p?s-traumatismo cr?nio-encef?lico (TCE). Primeiramente, construiu-se o programa de reabilita??o a partir de oito etapas bem definidas, sendo a ?ltima etapa o estudo piloto. Observaram-se melhoras quantitativas no escore de erros da parte A do Teste Hayling e no escore de reconto integral do Discurso narrativo da Bateria MAC, bem como, melhoras qualitativo-quantitativas de diminui??o do comportamento comunicativo desviante fuga do t?pico no decorrer das sess?es. Observou-se que a estrat?gia terap?utica de feedback com o uso de pictogramas pode contribuir para a melhora dos comportamentos desviantes no discurso. No entanto, existe a necessidade de investigar o n?mero de sess?es adequadas para o sucesso terap?utico, bem como, investir em estudos de follow-up. No terceiro estudo, foram desenvolvidos conjuntos de tarefas para um programa de reabilita??o do componente l?xico-sem?ntico com base no contexto (PRLS-C). Esse processo passou por oito etapas bem definidas. A an?lise de ju?zes especialistas para verifica??o do conjunto instru??o-est?mulos de cada tarefa apontou que as estrat?gias estavam adequadas aos objetivos propostos. Todas as etapas foram fundamentais para a constru??o do programa, assim como, o estudo piloto em que modifica??es quanto ? compreensibilidade das tarefas foram realizadas. Sugerem-se estudos com grupos cl?nicos para verificar efic?cia e efetividade dessa abordagem na reabilita??o. At? onde se sabe as terapias l?xico-sem?nticas s?o voltadas para o tratamento da anomia cl?ssica, o que faz com que a partir dessa nova abordagem possa se pensar em outras perspectivas de reabilita??o desse componente na ?rea de interven??o neuropsicol?gica da comunica??o. Em suma, os estudos desenvolvidos contribu?ram para a reflex?o da rela??o entre as fun??es cognitivocomunicativas e especializa??es/coopera??es interhemisf?ricas, bem como, para a elabora??o programas de reabilita??o a partir de etapas bem definidas em seu m?todo.
Prando, Mirella Liberatore. "Processamentos lingu?stico, perceptivo auditivo e executivo em crian?as : o papel da idade, do tipo de escola e do TDAH." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/893.
Full textThe main goal of the present thesis was to explore the development and relationship between language and executive functions (EF), a topic of extreme relevance both for research and clinical practice. Given the scarcity of studies of the association between language and executive abilities in typically developing children, there is an absence of assessment instruments with norms for children of different ages and education levels. Verbal fluency (VF) tasks are some of the most commonly used tools in the neuropsychological assessment of linguistic and executive processing. As such, these tasks may be able to satisfy the research and clinical demands for a further understanding of these abilities in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a highly prevalent condition in childhood. The relationship between EF and language in children with this disorder were examined through two empirical studies and a literature review. The first study assessed the impact of age and type of school in the performance of 6-to-12-year old children in unconstrained, phonemic and semantic VF tasks (abbreviated as UVF, PVF and SVF, respectively). A total of 378 participants (177 from private schools) with a mean age of 9.03 years (SD=1.91) completed the UVF task, while 403 children (186 from private schools) with a mean age of 9.12 years (SD=1.88) completed were administered the PVF task and 385 children (168 from private schools) with a mean age of 9.01 years (SD=1.86) completed the SVF task. The effect of age and type of school on children s VF performance was assessed using a Two-Way ANOVA, and group differences were investigated using Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Main effects of age and type of school were observed in UVF and PVF scores, while the interaction between these two variables had an effect on SVF. Overall, performance tended to improve with age, and was better in children who attended private schools than in those recruited from public institutions. The second study aimed to perform a review of studies addressing the clinical and/or neuropsychological assessment of linguistic and auditory processing (AP) in children with ADHD. The PubMed database was searched for articles published between 2000 and 2012 using the following keywords [language or linguistic] and [auditory processing or auditory perception] and [attention deficit or hyperactivity]. All abstracts returned were analyzed in parallel by two independent researchers, using a third reviewer for consensus. A total of 46.7% of the studies included in the reviewed focused on language assessment at word and sentence levels, while 33.33% investigated AP and 13.33% assessed both variables. Reading disorders were the most prevalent condition in the samples studied, and, interestingly, the assessments of language and AP were not conducted with the aim of achieving any specific neuropsychological goals. Lastly, the third study in this thesis assessed the impact of the intensity of symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity on language, AP, working memory (WM) and the EF of children with ADHD, as well as the relationships and interactions between these variables. Forty-four children with a diagnosis of ADHD took part in the study (33 from private schools, with a mean age of 9.07 years (SD = 1.71)). Correlation analysis was used to select variables for inclusion in a linear regression model. The following results were obtained from this investigation: (1) the intensity of inattention symptoms accounted for a significant portion of the variability reading and writing performance, especially phonological reading and spelling in a writing-to-dictation task; (2) the intensity of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms had a significant impact on children s EF (processing speed, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control), corroborating other findings in the literature; (3) oral language and AP were associated with measures of EF and WM, suggesting that these components are interdependent, although the directionality of their relationship needs to be further explored. In conclusion, the present studies contributed to the understanding of relationships between language and EF in typical childhood development and in children with psychiatric disorders. These findings also have important implications for the neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation of patients with ADHD.
A presente tese tem como eixo principal a avalia??o de fun??es cognitivas e suas interrela??es, como componentes lingu?sticos lexicais, sint?ticos e discursivos, de fun??es executivas (FE) e de percep??o auditiva, no desenvolvimento t?pico e at?pico (Transtorno de D?ficit de Aten??o e Hiperatividade TDAH). Na medida em que as investiga??es sobre a interface entre componentes lingu?sticos e executivos em crian?as em desenvolvimento t?pico ainda s?o escassas, levanta-se a necessidade de ferramentas adaptadas e normatizadas para esta popula??o, considerando as vari?veis sociodemogr?ficas, como idade e escolaridade. Nesse contexto, destaca-se o paradigma da flu?ncia verbal (FV), sendo uma das tarefas mais utilizadas na avalia??o neuropsicol?gica das FE que contempla a an?lise do processamento lingu?stico e executivo. Este tema vem ao encontro da demanda cl?nica e de pesquisa sobre o entendimento destes construtos em associa??o com o quadro cl?nico de TDAH, que ? frequente na popula??o infantil. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos emp?ricos e um de revis?o sistem?tica da literatura. O primeiro estudo investigou, preliminarmente, o impacto da idade e do tipo de escola no desempenho de crian?as de 6 a 12 anos em tarefas de flu?ncia verbal livre (FVL), fon?mico-ortogr?fica (FVF) e sem?ntica (FVS). Para responder as quest?es de pesquisa participaram da avalia??o da FVL, 378 participantes (177 de escolas privadas) com m?dia de idade de 9,03 anos (dp=1,91); da FVF, foram 403 crian?as (186 de escolas privadas) com idade m?dia de 9,12 (dp=1,88); e da FVS, 385 participantes (168 de escolas privadas) com idade m?dia de 9,01 anos (dp=1,86). O efeito da idade, do tipo de escola e intera??o foi analisado pelo teste Two-Way ANOVA e as diferen?as entre os grupos foram verificadas por an?lise post-hoc Bonferroni. Observaram-se efeitos principais da idade e do tipo de escola na FVL e FVF e intera??o entre os fatores na FVS. De modo geral, o desempenho melhora de acordo com o aumento da idade e as crian?as de escolas privadas tendem a apresentar melhores escores. O segundo estudo objetivou identificar na literatura pesquisas que investigaram o processamento lingu?stico e auditivo (PA) na avalia??o cl?nica e/ou neuropsicol?gica de crian?as/adolescentes com TDAH. Realizou-se uma busca na base de dados PubMed de 2000 a 2012 com keywords dos construtos [language or linguistic] e [auditory processing or auditory perception] e [attention deficit or hyperactivity]. Os abstracts foram analisados por double blind review com terceiro juiz para consenso. Os resultados mostraram que 46,67% dos estudos avaliaram a linguagem (n?vel da palavra e senten?a), 33,33% processamento auditivo (PA) e 13,33%, ambos. O transtorno de leitura foi a comorbidade mais prevalente e o desempenho lingu?stico e de PA n?o foram analisados nos estudos para fins neuropsicol?gicos espec?ficos. Por fim, o terceiro estudo analisou o impacto da intensidade de sintomas de desaten??o e/ou hiperatividade/impulsividade de crian?as com TDAH em desfechos de linguagem, PA, mem?ria de trabalho (MT), componentes das FE, e as suas rela??es e influ?ncias m?tuas. Participaram do estudo 44 crian?as com diagn?stico de TDAH (33 de escolas privadas, com idade m?dia de 9,07 anos (dp=1,71)). As vari?veis que se correlacionaram significativamente participaram no modelo de an?lise de regress?o linear. Concluiu-se, com dados preliminares, que: (1) a intensidade de sintomas de desaten??o explicou aspectos relacionados ? leitura e escrita, mais especificamente o processamento ortogr?fico em tarefa de ditado e a leitura por via fonol?gica; (2) a intensidade dos sintomas de hiperatividade/impulsividade apresentou maior impacto em subcomponentes das FE (velocidade de processamento, flexibilidade cognitiva e controle inibit?rio) das crian?as investigadas, estando de acordo com outras pesquisas j? realizadas e (3) o processamento de linguagem oral e do PA relacionam-se com as medidas de FE e de MT, sugerindo a interdepend?ncia entre esses componentes, embora a direcionalidade destas influ?ncias necessitem ser mais exploradas. Em suma, os estudos desenvolvidos contribu?ram para a reflex?o sobre rela??o entre a linguagem e as FE no desenvolvimento t?pico infantil, bem como, para o entendimento de suas manifesta??es cl?nicas e implica??es para avalia??o e reabilita??o neuropsicol?gica de indiv?duos com TDAH.
D'Alcante, Carina Chaubet. "Características neuropsicológicas no transtorno obsessivo compulsivo e seu impacto na resposta ao tratamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-07042010-121058/.
Full textPrevious studies assessing neuropsychological domains, especially executive functions, indicate the presence of deficits in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, findings in this sense are often contradictory. These discrepancies may partly be explained by methodological limitations such as inadequate matching of patients and controls and use of medication at the time of neuropsychological assessment. This study had two aims: 1) to assess the neuropsychological functioning, especially in executive functions in OCD patients without prior treatment compared with healthy controls and 2) to identify neuropsychological predictors of response to treatment with fluoxetine or cognitivebehavioral therapy in group (CBTG). Patients with OCD (n=50) were matched with healthy controls (n=35) by gender, age, education, socioeconomic status and handedness. Patients and controls were evaluated with a neuropsychological battery investigating: intellectual quotient (IQ), executive functions, motor functions, verbal memory and non-verbal, social skills and motor function. OCD patients were allocated into two subgroups: 24 were submitted to GCBT for 12 weeks and 26 underwent treatment with fluoxetine. We found deficits in OCD patients compared to healthy controls in cognitive flexibility (Hayling test), motor functions (Grooved pegboard test) and social skills (inventory of Del Prette). Some neuropsychological measures were predictive of a better response to both treatments: greater number of correct answers on the California verbal learning test (CVLT) (Trials 1-5); greater speed on board D (Dots) of the Victoria stroop test (VST); greater slowness on board W (Word) of VST and fewer errors on the board C (Colors) of VST (primarily in TCCG). Greater verbal IQ was associated with better response to CBTG. Fewer perseveration answers in the 17 CVLT was associated with better response to CBTG and worse response to fluoxetine. In conclusion, patients with OCD showed deficits in cognitive flexibility, social skills and motor functions compared to healthy controls. Neuropsychological measures such as verbal IQ, verbal memory and inhibitory control were predictive of treatment response. Specific patterns of verbal abilities and mental flexibility predicted different treatment response to GCBT or fluoxetine. Thus, neuropsychological assessment may provide important information for treatment choice in clinical settings and may alert clinicians to those patients that are most likely non-responders, in whom additional treatment modalities should be implemented.
Ortiz, Gil Jordi. "The neural correlates of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia / Els correlats neurals del dèficit cognitiu en l’esquizofrènia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/91283.
Full textMARCO: Los déficits cognitivos son una característica conocida de la esquizofrenia. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre su relación con las anormalidades cerebrales tanto estructurales como funcionales que caracterizan dicha enfermedad. OBJETIVOS: Identificar las alteraciones estructurales y/o funcionales asociadas al déficit cognitivo en la esquizofrenia. MÉTODO: Se adquirió imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional (RMf) y morfometría basada en el vóxel (VBM) en 26 participantes que tenían alteraciones cognitivas y 23 que presentaban una cognición relativamente preservada, todos con esquizofrenia, así como en 39 controles apareados. Diecinueve de quienes presentaban déficits cognitivos y 18 de los preservados cognitivamente y 24 controles también ejecutaron una tarea n-back de memoria de trabajo durante la adquisición de imágenes de RMf. RESULTADOS: No se encontró diferencias entre los participantes con cognición preservada y quienes presentaban déficits cognitivos en el volumen de los ventrículos laterales ni tampoco en el volumen cerebral total. La VBM tampoco mostró clústers con diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en el volumen de sustancia blanca y gris. Sin embargo, durante la realización de la tarea n-back de memoria de trabajo, los participantes con alteración cognitiva presentaron hipoactivación en la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral, entre otras regiones, en relación a quienes mostraban una cognición preservada. CONCLUSIONES: No se encontró evidencia de que los déficits cognitivos de la esquizofrenia sean una función de anormalidades cerebrales estructurales que acompañan a la enfermedad sino que se asociarían con un funcionamiento cerebral alterado.
Forcada, Pach Irene. "Reserva cognitiva, neuropsicología y factores neuroestructurales implicados en la funcionalidad del trastorno bipolar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/365043.
Full textObjectiu: Estudiar la relació de la reserva cognitiva (RC) i cerebral amb factors neurocognitius i neuroestructurals i els seus efectes en la funcionalitat psicosocial del trastorn bipolar (TB). Mètode: Es realitzen quatre estudis transversals. Els tres primers amb una mostra de 101 subjectes (TB i controls sans), analitzant variables de reserva cognitiva, neurocognició i funcionalitat. L’últim, amb una mostra de pacients amb TB comparat amb els seus familiars de primer grau (n=91), estudiant variables de reserva cerebral, neuropsicològiques i de funcionalitat global. Resultats: En el TB, la RC i el volum de substància blanca cerebral apareixen com a variables predictores del funcionament psicosocial o cognitiu dels pacients, no ocorrent de la mateixa manera en grup dels familiars. Conclusions: La RC pot ser un punt clau en el pronòstic funcional del TB i intervencions encaminades a potenciar-la poden prevenir el futur deteriorament cognitiu i funcional en aquests pacients.
Objective: To study the relationship of cognitive (CR) and cerebral reserve with neurocognitive and brain structural factors and their effects on psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder (BD). Methods: Four cross-sectional studies are conducted. The first three studies are carried out with a sample of 101 subjects (bipolar patients and healthy controls), analyzing variables of cognitive reserve, neurocognition and psychosocial functioning. The last one, with a sample of bipolar patients compared with their first-degree relatives (n=91), studying variables of brain reserve, neuropsychology and functional outcome. Results: In BD, CR and brain white matter volume appear as predictors of psychosocial or cognitive functioning in bipolar patients, not occurring the same way in the relatives group. Conclusions: CR may be a key factor in bipolar patients’ functional outcome, and interventions enhancing CR may help prevent cognitive and functional impairments in this condition.
Pinto, Lécio Figueira. "Disfunção cognitiva em pacientes com epilepsia associada à esclerose mesial temporal. Estudo comparativo do perfil neuropsicológico de pacientes com lesão à direita ou à esquerda pela análise de aspectos eletrencefalográficos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-28052013-101000/.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) associated epilepsy leads to cognitive changes in various cognitive domains, including episodic and semantic memory, executive functions, and language. A material-specific model for memory impairment has been proposed. Ictal and interictal epileptiform activity may negatively impact on cognitive functions. The impact of contralateral electrographic involvement on cognitive functions in unilateral MTS has not been studied. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the impact of contralateral interictal and ictal epileptiform activity on cognitive functions in 121 (69 left) right-handed unilateral MTS patients, with an IQ>70, eight or more education years, without comorbidities, and 39 age, gender and education-matched controls. All patients underwent video-EEG monitoring and neuropsychological testing, including verbal (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RAVLT) and nonverbal memory (Rey Visual Design Learning Test, RVDLT, and Complex-Rey-Osterrieth-Figure), executive functions (Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, digit span and verbal fluency - FAS), language (Boston Naming Test) and self- report scales for anxiety, depression, and memory complaints. According to MTS side and EEG findings groups were classified as right or left concordant (RC,LC), partially concordant (RPC, LPC), discordant (RD, LD). Groups were regrouped by two criteria: major discordance (merging partially concordant and concordant groups) and minor discordance (merging partially concordant and discordant groups). RESULTS: Demographic, disease and treatment features did not differ among groups. On verbal memory, LD and LC performed worse than controls on delayed recall. On 7-day recall, LD scored significantly worse than controls and RC+RPC, recognized fewer words and had more recognition errors than all groups. On nonverbal memory, RD had more errors in RVDLT learning than controls, and showed a trend towards worse performance compared to RC+RPC in immediate and delayed recall. For the Complex- Rey-Osterrieth-Figure, RPC+RD performed significantly worse than controls on delayed and 7-day recall. Both left MTS groups attained lower scores than controls on the Complex-Rey-Osterrieth-Figure delayed recall. LD and RPC+RD had higher scores of memory complaints than controls. No impact of discordance was observed on executive functioning. On language tests, there was a trend towards worse performance for RD compared to controls and RC+-RPC. LPC+LD scored more than controls in depression scale. CONCLUSION: Contralateral EEG involvement was associated with impaired verbal memory for LD group, and, to a lesser extent, with impaired nonverbal memory for the RD+RPC group. These findings were associated with increased memory complaints for LD and RD+RPC groups. We also found a trend towards worse performance on language tests for RD. These findings suggest that verbal and nonverbal memory are not completely lateralized to the dominant and non- dominant hemispheres. We propose a model of language-dominant hemisphere predominance for verbal memory and a less pronounced non-language dominant hemisphere predominance for nonverbal memory. We speculate that memory impairment in patients with discordant EEG data may be partially reversed with successful epilepsy surgery and removal of the at-distance focus. This hypothesis should be tested with appropriately designed studies
Corso, Helena Vellinho. "Compreensão leitora : fatores neuropsicológicos e ambientais no desenvolvimento da habilidade e nas dificuldades específicas em compreensão." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70032.
Full textThis research aimed to examine reading comprehension in children, establishing the following objectives: 1) discussing the experimental and theoretical models of reading comprehension; 2) developing an instrument to evaluate reading comprehension; 3) investigate the development of reading comprehension, also analyzing the effect of external variables (socioeconomic status and type of school) on this development; 4) investigating in the sample associations and dissociations between word reading and reading comprehension performances; 5) verifying which neuropsychological functions are related to reading comprehension; 6) and, finely, investigating how those neuropsychological functions relate to socioeconomic status and intelligence in their effect upon reading comprehension. For the empirical studies, 110 children, 4th to 6th grades, were assessed in reading, neuropsychological and intelligence measures. Statistical differences among the groups, in terms of grade and type of school, were tested. Poor comprehenders (high word reading and low reading comprehension) and good readers (high word reading and reading comprehension) were compared in relation to the neuropsychological measures. Linear regression tested the effect of the variable group (poor comprehenders versus good readers) upon neuropsychological scores, controlling for grade and type of school. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test six models proposing different relations among socioeconomic status, intelligence and executive functions (independent variables) in their effect upon reading comprehension. The results showed that grade has effect upon word reading and comprehension (questionnaire), and that students from public schools underscore the ones from private schools. Group variable (poor comprehenders versus good readers) were significantly related to performance on four tasks of the neuropsycolinguistic battery, highlighting executive functions and working memory. In the best-fitting structural model, effects of socioeconomic status on reading comprehension were fully mediated by executive functions. Furthermore, IQ had no effect on reading comprehension once the direct effect of executive function was included in the model. It is concluded that executive functions should be focused both on clinical actions among children with reading comprehension difficulties, and preventive actions with the school children from low socioeconomic level, in order to prevent difficulties in reading comprehension.
Mora, i. Claramunt Ester. "Neuropsicologia i factors neurobiològics en el trastorn bipolar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/418808.
Full textLa disfunción cognitiva representa el mayor obstáculo para la recuperación funcional de los pacientes con trastorno bipolar (TB). El objetivo de esta tesis es describir la evolución de la disfunción cognitiva en pacientes con TB y su relación con diferentes marcadores neurobiológicos. Se realiza un estudio longitudinal de pacientes con TB eutímicos apareados con controles sanos (n=54), analizando variables clínicas, cognitivas y funcionales en un periodo de seguimiento de 6 años. Se estudia también un subgrupo de excelentes respondedores a litio (ERL) (n=20). Se estudia el impacto de la obesidad a nivel transversal y longitudinal. Por último, incluyendo pacientes en fase maníaca (n total=133), se estudian los niveles de biomarcadores periféricos. La persistencia de la disfunción cognitiva se relaciona con una peor funcionalidad psicosocial. El subgrupo de ERL, también presentan déficit cognitivo y funcional sostenido. Factores neurobiológicos como la obesidad y las neurotrofinas modulan la cognición. Estos resultados permiten comprender más la naturaleza de la disfunción neurocognitiva en el TB.
Cognitive dysfunction represents the greatest barrier to functional recovery of patients with bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this thesis is to describe the evolution of cognitive dysfunction in patients with BD and its relation with different neurobiological factors. A longitudinal study of euthymic patients with BD matched with healthy controls (n = 54) was performed analyzing clinical, cognitive and functional variables in a 6-year period of follow-up. A subgroup of excellent lithium responders (ELR) (n = 20) were also studied. The impact of obesity was studied cross-sectionally and at long-term. Finally, including patients in the manic phase (n = 133), the levels of peripheral biomarkers were analysed. The persistence of cognitive dysfunction was associated with poorer psychosocial functioning. The ELR subgroup also displayed cognitive and functional deficits at long-term. Neurobiological factors such as obesity and neurotrophins modulate cognition. These results allow a better understanding of the nature of neurocognitive dysfunction in BD.
BULGARI, VIOLA. "Il comportamento violento nei Disturbi dello Spettro Schizofrenico: associazioni con fattori clinici e neuropsicologici." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/39105.
Full textThis thesis addresses the phenomenon of violence by patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSDs) who had a history of violence, compared to matched controls. The research protocol also included a 1-year observation period. The research project has been carried out in ordinary psychiatric residential facilities (study 1) and in Community Mental Health Centres (study 2) in northern Italy. The aims were: (i) to investigate the demographic, clinical, and neurocognitive features of patients with SSDs who had a history of violence, matched by age, gender and diagnosis to controls; (ii) to quantify violence exhibited by patients with SSDs during 1 year, and to identify protective and risk factors for such violence; (iii) to characterize patients exhibiting considerable violence during the study period. The results of the project show different clinical and cognitive characteristics for patients with a history of violence and for controls, and different factors associated with violence exhibited in the two care settings.
Gil, Pagés Macarena. "Telerehabilitación cognitiva en pacientes crónicos con alteraciones cognitivas asociadas a un ictus: ensayo clínico cruzado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669667.
Full textObjective The objectives of this thesis were: (I) to investigate the application of a home computerized cognitive rehabilitation treatment in stroke patients with chronic pase cognitive deficits (II) to investigate the influence of the execution of cognitively stimulating activities on the cognitive performance of patients in chronic phase. Method A study of two arms, crossed, double blind and randomized, was carried out.Thirty stroke patients in chronic phase, between 24 and 62 years. The recruited participants were former patients of Institut Guttmann, who had undergone intensive treatment in the post-acute phase, and who since discharge (t0) to recruitment had not shown significant changes at the cognitive level. In phase I, Group A received a personalized cognitive telerehabilitation treatment (CCT-C) and Group B performed a sham treatment, a non-personalized exercise platform (CCT-non-C) for 6 weeks. After a 3-month washout period, each group received the other treatment (phase II). Participants were evaluated in recruitment (20 months after discharge, t1), after phase I (t2), after washout (t3), after phase II (t4), and at follow-up 6 months later (t5). The evaluations included tests, and functional scales for patient and family as well as a cognitive reserve scale to assess the frequency of cognitively stimulating activities (CRS). Results Both groups showed significant improvements after treatments (t1 - t5 period). After phase I, intergroup analyzes revealed that Group A showed a significant decrease in subjective complaints (RSAB: p = 0.02, d = 0.8). On the other hand, Group B showed improvement in some tests. After both treatments (t4), a decrease in the subjective complaints of Group A continued (PRMQ: p = 0.03, d = 0.9; PCRS: p = 0.04, d = 0.4; BRIEF -A: p = 0.04, d = 0.6). Both groups showed improvements in the tests (Group A in Symbol Digit: p = 0.01, d = 1; Group B in RAVLT Recognition p = 0.02, d = 0.6). The CRS showed significant differences in the frequency of cognitively stimulating activities before (CRS-Pre-stroke) and after stroke (CRS-Post-stroke). The sub indexes of the CRSPost-stroke showed a positive correlation with the functional scales (RSAB, BRIEF-A and PCRS). Conclusions Chronic stroke patients with cognitive deficits can benefit from a home based cognitive telerehabilitation treatment. Receiving a CCT-C treatment and the frequency of cognitively stimulating activities have positive correlation with a decrease in subjective complaints.
Zorzetto, Filho Dirceu. "Alterações cognitivas na depressão." [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308739.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Este estudo é uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre o comprometimento cognitivo encontrado nos quadros depressivos primários, não-bipolares. O objetivo foi a análise da natureza e do padrão desse comprometimento, o estabelecimento de associações entre as variáveis clínicas e o desempenho neuropsicológico, e a determinação das correlações entre os déficits cognitivos na depressão e seus substratos neurais subjacentes. Inicialmente, foram revistos os conceitos de depressão, suas características clínicas, as classificações atuais, o diagnóstico diferencial, a epidemiologia, as principais hipóteses etiológicas e a evolução. Discutiu-se a conceituação e as características das principais funções cognitivas, seguindo a abordagem neuropsicológica sugerida por Muriel Lezak, e descreveu-se os propósitos e os métodos da avaliação neuropsicológica das funções cognitivas. Organizou-se um painel das principais contribuições da neuropsicologia na área de saúde mental e descreveu-se a evolução histórica do conceito de déficit cognitivo relacionado à depressão, bem como as contribuições de diversos autores. Tanto o aspecto conceitual como a utilidade clínica da avaliação neuropsicológica foram abordados. A revisão da literatura foi realizada por meio da consulta a três bancos de dados: Medline, Psychlnfo e llLACS. Além disso, procedeu-se a uma extensiva busca manual a partir das referências bibliográficas listadas pelos artigos selecionados e capítulos de livros de expre'ssão na área de estudo. Foram incluídos nesta revisão os artigos que preencheram os seguintes critérios: publicados nos últimos dez anos, estudos clínicos com grupo controle, incluírem pacientes com diagnóstico de depressão primária, não bipolar (depressão maior pelos critérios do DSM-IV; episódio depressivo e transtorno depressivo recorrente pelos critérios da CID-lO), e apresentarem significância estatística. Foram selecionados 71 estudos, publicados entre 1989 e 1999, que satisfizeram esses critérios. Os resultados obtidos foram organizados de acordo com os principais tópicos relacionados aos Déficits cognitivos na depressão, isto é, sua naturezã, correlação com variáveis clínicas e substratos neurais. Concluindo, o autor comenta os resultados dos estudos revisados, assinalando quais apresentaram consistência e quais não. Aponta as principais limitações e falhas metodológicas observadas em alguns estudos, assinala' as discordâncias e concordâncias entre os autores, ressalta a importância clínica para o tratamento individualizado e sugere algumas pesquisas futuras no campo dos transtornos cognitivos e da depressão
Abstract: A review of the literature on cognitive impairment in primary non-bipolar depression was carried out. The aims were: 1. To examine the nature and pattem of cognitive impairments in depression; 2. the association between clinical variables and neuropsychological cognitive performance, and 3. correlation between cognitive deficits in depression and neural subtracts. First1y, it was reviewed the concept of depression, clinical characteristics, current classifications, differential diagnosis, epidemiology, main aetiological hypotheses and outcome. The main cognitive function concepts and characteristics were discussed, following the neuropsychological approach suggested by Muriel Lezak. The proposals and methods of neuropsychological assessment of cognitive functions are also discossed. A list of the more important contributions in neuropsychology and mental health conceming depression cognitive impairment is made. Concepts and clinical usefulness of neuropsychological evaluation were discussed. A systematic review of the literature was carried out at Medline, Psychlnfo and LlLACS, which was completed by a search at the citations in the references in the selected papers and book chapters related to depression and cognition. In order to be selected for this review the papers had to be published in the past Ia years, they should report on clinical studies with control group, and the patients included diagnosed as primary nonbipolar depression, major depression following DSM-IV criteria; or depressive episod~ or recurrent depressive disorder (CID-IO criteria). Seventy-one studies published between 1989 and 1999 met these criteria. The survey was organized by its main items reporting on depression and cognitive deficits. It included nature of cognitive deficits and its correlation with neural subtracts. Finally, ,the author comments on the studies reviewed and calls attention to the authors' agreements and disagreements as well as to consistencies and inconsistencies. He also pointed out to limitations and methodological pitfalls found in some studies, and higWights the clinical importance for an personalized treatment. He concludes by stressing the need for further research in depression and cognitive impairment
Mestrado
Saude Mental
Mestre em Ciências Médicas