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1

Peper, Martin. "Neuropsychological Toxicology." European Psychologist 4, no. 2 (June 1999): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.4.2.90.

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Humans exposed to neurotoxins may exhibit alterations in cognitive and affective functioning and report a wide range of subjective symptoms. The multidisciplinary field of “neuropsychological toxicology” provides a framework for the systematic assessment and interpretation of adverse effects. Neuropsychological assessment is of interest not only to clinicians, but also to regulatory and legislative authorities. The importance of neuropsychological toxicology in the area of occupational risk research is increasingly being recognized. Possible fields of application include behavioral monitoring for preventive purposes, expert assessment in the context of compensation cases, and treatment in rehabilitation programs. This article reviews common research approaches, selected findings, and methodological problems of this emerging discipline and summarizes the implications for related fields of psychological research.
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2

Reynolds, C. R., and J. J. Sweet. "Neuropsychological toxicology." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/4.2.197.

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3

Reidy, T. J., and J. F. Bolter. "Neuropsychological toxicology of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 6, no. 3 (January 1, 1991): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/6.3.218.

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4

Easton, Caroline, and Lance O. Bauer. "Neuropsychological correlates of urine toxicology results." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 20, no. 6 (August 1996): 969–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(96)00077-2.

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5

Hartman, D. E. "Neuropsychological toxicology: Identification and assessment of neurotoxic syndromes." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/2.1.45.

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6

Hartman, D. "Neuropsychological toxicology: Identification and assessment of neurotoxic syndromes." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2, no. 1 (1987): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(87)90033-3.

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7

Horton, A. M., J. R. Price, and K. B. Stevens. "Neuropsychological Toxicology: Identification and Assessment of Human Neurotoxic Syndromes." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 12, no. 6 (January 1, 1997): 607–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/12.6.607.

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8

Reidy, Thomas J., and John F. Bolter. "Neuropsychological toxicology of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate: A report of five cases." Brain Injury 8, no. 3 (January 1994): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699059409150980.

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9

Köppel, Claus, and Gregor Fahron. "Toxicological and Neuropsychological Findings in Patients Presenting to an Environmental Toxicology Service." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 33, no. 6 (January 1995): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659509010619.

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10

Bowler, Rosemarie M., Sabine Gysens, and Christopher Hartney. "Neuropsychological Effects of Ethylene Dichloride Exposure." NeuroToxicology 24, no. 4-5 (August 2003): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00027-5.

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11

Chadwick, O. F. D., and H. R. Anderson. "Neuropsychological Consequences of Volatile Substance Abuse: A Review." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800409.

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1 The evidence from studies of the neuropsychological consequences of chronic volatile substance abuse is reviewed. 2 Studies of occupational exposure to solvent vapour are of limited relevance when considering the effects of volatile substance abuse because occupational exposure is normally to small quantities of many different compounds over prolonged periods of time. 3 Many studies of chronic volatile substance abusers suffer from serious shortcomings such as the use of small sample sizes, inadequate controls, failure to exclude the possibility of acute toxic effects and a disregard of other factors which could account for the findings. 4 There is reasonably good evidence that neuropsychological impairment is often present amongst volatile subtance abusers with definite neurological abnormalities. 5 Although most studies have found that volatile substance abusers without reported neurological abnormalities obtain lower psychometric test scores than non-abusers, it remains uncertain whether these deficits are best explained in terms of a causal effect of volatile substance abuse, rather than a reflection of other factors associated with volatile substance abuse, such as background, social disadvantages or history of delinquency.
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12

Varney, Nils. "Review of Neuropsychological Toxicology: Identification and Assessment of Human Neurotoxic Syndromes (2nd ed.)." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 11 (November 1996): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/003236.

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13

Sweet, J. "Neuropsychological toxicology by David E. Hartman. New York: Pergamon Press, 1988. 314pp., index." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 2 (1989): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(89)90156-x.

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14

Letz, Richard. "Continuing Challenges for Computer-based Neuropsychological Tests." NeuroToxicology 24, no. 4-5 (August 2003): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00047-0.

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15

Boey, Kam Weng, and Jayarajah Jeyaratnam. "A discriminant analysis of neuropsychological effect of low lead exposure." Toxicology 49, no. 2-3 (May 1988): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(88)90013-3.

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16

Selby, M. J., and R. L. Azrin. "Neuropsychological functioning in drug abusers." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 50, no. 1 (March 1998): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00002-7.

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17

Schofield, Peter W., Richard Gibson, Meredith Tavener, John R. Attia, Catherine D’Este, Maya Guest, Anthony M. Brown, et al. "Neuropsychological health in F-111 aircraft maintenance workers." NeuroToxicology 27, no. 5 (September 2006): 852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.02.002.

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18

Fimm, B., W. Sturm, A. Esser, T. Schettgen, K. Willmes, J. Lang, P. M. Gaum, and T. Kraus. "Neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls." NeuroToxicology 63 (December 2017): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.09.011.

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19

Deluca, John, Susan K. Johnson, and Benjamin H. Natelson. "Neuropsychiatric Status of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Overview." Toxicology and Industrial Health 10, no. 4-5 (July 1994): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379401000520.

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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness that results in debilitating fatigue as well as rheumatological, infectious, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The present paper is a brief overview of the neuropsychological and psychiatric research on CFS. Studies from our laboratory contrasting CFS with patients with multiple sclerosis, depression, and healthy controls are detailed. Our hypothesis of the neuropsychological impairments in CFS is discussed.
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20

Ehle, Albert L., and Daphne C. McKee. "Neuropsychological Effect of Lead in Occupationally Exposed Workers: A Critical Review." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 20, no. 4 (January 1990): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408449009089864.

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21

Fasfous, Ahmed F., María Nieves Pérez-Marfil, Francisco Cruz-Quintana, Miguel Pérez-García, Hala R. Al-Yamani, and Manuel Fernández-Alcántara. "Differences in Neuropsychological Performance between Refugee and Non-Refugee Children in Palestine." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 5750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115750.

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Neuropsychological studies on refugee children are scarce, but there are even less in the case of Palestinian children. This work aims to study the neuropsychological performance of Palestinian refugee children in Palestine compared to other Palestinian children living outside refugee camps. A comprehensive Neuropsychological battery was administrated to 584 Palestinian school children (464 refugees and 120 non-refugees) aged 6, 7, and 8 years old. Results showed that non-refugee children outperformed refugee children in sustained attention, verbal comprehension, verbal memory, and visual memory. This study is the first to have performed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, based on a standardized and validated battery with the Palestinian refugee children. It supports professionals in their evaluation of neurodevelopment and neuropsychological alterations in refugee and non-refugee children in Palestine.
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22

Laohaudomchok, Wisanti, Xihong Lin, Robert F. Herrick, Shona C. Fang, Jennifer M. Cavallari, Ruth Shrairman, Alexander Landau, David C. Christiani, and Marc G. Weisskopf. "Neuropsychological effects of low-level manganese exposure in welders." NeuroToxicology 32, no. 2 (March 2011): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.014.

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23

Halpern, John H., and Harrison G. Pope. "Do hallucinogens cause residual neuropsychological toxicity?" Drug and Alcohol Dependence 53, no. 3 (February 1999): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00129-x.

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24

Fiedler, Nancy, Howard Kipen, John Deluca, Kathie Kelly-Mcneil, and Benjamin Natelson. "Neuropsychology and Psychology of MCS." Toxicology and Industrial Health 10, no. 4-5 (July 1994): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379401000523.

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Neurological symptoms are frequently reported by patients with multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Methods to compare the psychiatric, personality, and neuropsychological function of patients with MCS, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and normal controls are described. Increased rates of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses are observed in the literature for MCS and CFS subjects relative to controls. Findings on the MMPI-2 and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale reveal prof iles consistent with the tendency to report somatic rather than emotional symptoms in response to stress. However, many of the reported somatic symptoms also coincide with those found in neurologic disorders. The overall neuropsychological prof ile for MCS subjects does not reflect cognitive impairment. Relative to normal controls, the only difference in neuropsychological performance observed is reduced recognition of nontarget designs on a visual memory task. More fruitful areas for future psychological research will include measurement of the interaction between behavioral response styles and attentional processes in cognition, as well as observations under controlled challenge conditions.
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25

Vigliecca, Nora Silvana, and Gretel Patricia Aleman. "A novel neuropsychological assessment to discriminate between ischemic and nonischemic dementia." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 61, no. 1 (January 2010): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2009.10.003.

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26

Reddy V, N. V. L. Suvarchala, Ganga Raju M, Sirisha Sirisha S, and Nikitha Nikitha K. "Neuropsychological Screening on Acalypha indica Whole Plant Extract." Journal of Young Pharmacists 12, no. 2s (August 10, 2020): s82—s86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2020.12s.52.

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27

Tarter, Ralph E., and Kathleen L. Edwards. "Multifactorial Etiology of Neuropsychological Impairment in Alcoholics." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 10, no. 2 (March 1986): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05059.x.

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28

Bowler, Rosemarie M., Sabine Gysens, Emily Diamond, Sanae Nakagawa, Marija Drezgic, and Harry A. Roels. "Manganese exposure: Neuropsychological and neurological symptoms and effects in welders." NeuroToxicology 27, no. 3 (May 2006): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2005.10.007.

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29

Ellingsen, Dag G., Rita Bast-Pettersen, Jon Efskind, and Yngvar Thomassen. "Neuropsychological Effects of Low Mercury Vapor Exposure in Chloralkali Workers." NeuroToxicology 22, no. 2 (April 2001): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-813x(01)00012-2.

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30

Bernstein, Jane Holmes. "Assessment of Developmental Toxicity: Neuropsychological Batteries." Environmental Health Perspectives 102 (June 1994): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3431831.

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31

Bernstein, J. H. "Assessment of developmental toxicity: neuropsychological batteries." Environmental Health Perspectives 102, suppl 2 (June 1994): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102141.

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32

Bluhm, Renata E., Robert G. Bobbitt, Larry W. Welch, Alastair J. J. Wood, J. Frank Bonfiglio, Christopher Sarzen, Andrew J. Heath, and Robert A. Branch. "Elemental Mercury Vapour Toxicity, Treatment, and Prognosis After Acute, Intensive Exposure in Chloralkali Plant Workers. Part I: History, Neuropsychological Findings and Chelator effects." Human & Experimental Toxicology 11, no. 3 (May 1992): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719201100308.

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Mercury poisoning occurred after the acute, prolonged exposure of 53 construction workers to elemental mercury. Of those exposed, 26 were evaluated by clinical examination and tests of neuropsychological function. Patients received treatment with chelation therapy in the first weeks after exposure. Eleven of the patients with the highest mercury levels were followed in detail over an extended period. Observations included the evaluation of subjective symptoms of distress, using the 'Symptom Check List 90-Revised' (SCL-90R) and tests of visual-motor function such as 'Trailmaking Parts A and B', 'Finger Tapping', 'Stroop Colour Word Test' and 'Grooved Pegboard.' On day 85 ± 11 (mean±s.d.) after exposure, these 11 men again received either 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) or N-acetyl-D, L-penicillamine (NAP) in a short-term study designed to compare the potential to mobilize mercury and the incidence of drug-induced toxicity of these two chelating agents. Rapidly resolving metal fume fever was the earliest manifestation of symptoms. CNS symptoms and abnormal performance on neuropsychological tests persisted over the prolonged period of follow-up. There were significant correlations between neuropsychological tests and indices of mercury exposure. Serial mercury in the blood and urine verified the long half-life and large volume of distribution of mercury. Chelation therapy with both drugs resulted in the mobilization of a small fraction of the total estimated body mercury. However, DMSA was able to increase the excretion of mercury to a greater extent than NAP. These observations demonstrate that acute exposure to elemental mercury and its vapour induces acute, inorganic mercury toxicity and causes long-term, probably irreversible, neurological sequelae.
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33

Bowler, Rosemarie M., William Koller, and Paul E. Schulz. "Parkinsonism due to manganism in a welder: Neurological and neuropsychological sequelae." NeuroToxicology 27, no. 3 (May 2006): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2005.10.011.

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34

Lyvers, Michael, and Michael Yakimoff. "Neuropsychological correlates of opioid dependence and withdrawal." Addictive Behaviors 28, no. 3 (April 2003): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00253-2.

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35

Olson, Heather Carmichael, Julie J. Feldman, Ann P. Streissguth, Paul D. Sampson, and Fred L. Bookstein. "Neuropsychological Deficits in Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome." Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 22, no. 9 (December 1998): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000374-199812000-00016.

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36

Sullivan, Edith V. "NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND BRAIN STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN ALCOHOLISM." Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 28, Supplement (August 2004): 81A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000374-200408002-00448.

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37

Goldman, Mark S. "Neuropsychological Recovery in Alcoholics: Endogenous and Exogenous Processes." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 10, no. 2 (March 1986): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05060.x.

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38

Eckardt, Michael J., Robert R. Rawlings, Barry I. Graubard, Vivian Faden, Peter R. Martin, and Louis A. Gottschalk. "Neuropsychological Performance and Treatment Outcome in Male Alcoholics." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 12, no. 1 (February 1988): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00138.x.

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39

Weiss, Bernard. "Low-Level Chemical Sensitivity: A Perspective from Behavioral Toxicology." Toxicology and Industrial Health 10, no. 4-5 (July 1994): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379401000530.

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Low-level chemical sensitivity is hardly a new issue in environmental toxicology. It is, in fact, the focus of risk assessment. The risk assessment process is designed explicitly to estimate the health threats posed by low exposure levels, typically by extrapolating from high experimental or environmental levels. The conventional risk assessment structure, however, was designed primarily around cancer. It is only awkwardly applicable to neurobehavioral toxicants because of the multiplicity of endpoints that have to be considered in evaluating neurotoxicity. At the same time, neurotoxic risk assessment maintains certain advantages over cancer risk assessment because of diminished uncertainties over dose extrapolation. It does not have to depart as far from the range of observable data. The main problem with extending the risk assessment model to issues such as Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) and Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is the absence of a specific chemical whose concentration can be measured and then manipulated. A prototypical agent, however, such as a volatile organic solvent, might be selected and studied. Beyond the choice of agent, however, is the question of which behavioral criteria are likely to yield the most useful information. Although neuropsychological test batteries provide one source of data, they typically are administered in a setting other than the one allegedly provoking the syndrome. A different approach invokes what might be called a miniature work situation. Here, a test subject is evaluated in a setting that emphasizes sustained performance testing in the presence of target chemicals.
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40

Schantz, Susan L., Anne M. Sweeney, Joseph C. Gardiner, Harold E. B. Humphrey, Robert J. McCaffrey, Donna M. Gasior, K. R. Srikanth, and Marvin L. Budd. "Neuropsychological Assessment of an Aging Population of Great Lakes Fisheaters." Toxicology and Industrial Health 12, no. 3-4 (May 1996): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379601200312.

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Because of the decline in central nervous system function that occurs with age, older people may be at greater risk of neurological dysfunction following exposure to neurotoxic contaminants in the environment. This study wasdesigned to assess the neuropsychological functioning of a group of 50-90- year-old fisheaters exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through Great Lakes fish consumption, and a group of age- and sex-matched nonfisheaters selectedfrom the Michigan Department of Public Health's established cohort of fisheaters and nonfisheaters. A neuropsychological assessment battery, demographic interview, and fish consumption questionnaire were developed and piloted on similarly aged men and women in the Lansing and Detroit, Michigan, areas. The assessment battery included tests of motor function, memory and learning, executive functions, and visual-spatial functions, and took approximately two hours to administer. Most of the tests included in the battery have been shown to be sensitive to subtle, age-related declines in cognitive and motor function. The demographic questionnaire included questions on a number of important control variables that could influence the neuropsychological end points that were assessed in the study. These included demographic background, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, prescription and nonprescription drug use, medical history (including psychiatric illnesses), employment history, and activity level. The fish consumption questionnaire asked about historical and current consumption of specific fish species from each of the Great Lakes and its tributaries and was based on the fish consumption advisories published in the 1992 Michigan Fishing Guide. The questionnaire also asked about consumption of wild game, fish preparation and cooking methods, serving size, and changes in fish consumption patterns over time. After each subject completed the neuropsychological assessment, demographic interview, and fish consumption questionnaire, a blood sample was collected for analysis of PCBs, dichloro diphenyl dichloroethene (DDE), and ten other contaminants frequently detected in Great Lakes fish. Subject recruitment for the study began in July 1993 and was completed in November 1995. The data will be analyzed in two steps: first, to assess differences in confounding variables between fisheaters and nonfisheaters; and secondly, to determine the independent effects of Great Lakes fish consumption, as well as serum PCB and DDE levels, on cognitive and motor function after controlling for all identified covariates. Three indices of PCB exposure—total PCBs, total ortho-substituted PCBs and total coplanar PCBs—will be assessed. These studies should shed light on three questions: 1) Does consumption of contaminated fish from the Great Lakes exacerbate or accelerate the normal age-related decline in cognitive and motor function? 2) Do serum PCB or DDE concentrations predict the degree of behavioral dysfunction? and 3) If PCB exposure is related to behavioral outcomes, which class of PCB congeners, ortho-substituted or coplanar, are responsible for the cognitive and motor deficits?
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41

Guerra, D. "Neuropsychological performance in opiate addicts after rapid detoxification." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 20, no. 3 (November 30, 1987): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(87)90036-6.

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42

van Hout, Moniek S. E., Ben Schmand, Ellie M. Wekking, Gerard Hageman, and Betto G. Deelman. "Suboptimal Performance on Neuropsychological Tests in Patients with Suspected Chronic Toxic Encephalopathy." NeuroToxicology 24, no. 4-5 (August 2003): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00054-8.

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43

McMillan, T. M., A. J. Freemont, A. Herxheimer, J. Denton, A. P. Taylor, M. Pazianas, A. R. C. Cummin, and J. B. Eastwood. "Camelford Water Poisoning Accident; Serial Neuropsychological Assessments and Further Observations on Bone Aluminium." Human & Experimental Toxicology 12, no. 1 (January 1993): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719301200108.

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The serial cognitive assessment of ten individuals made between 8 and 26 months after the water at Camelford in Cornwall was accidentally contaminated with aluminium sulphate, showed consistent evidence of impairment of information processing and memory. There was no obvious relationship between these impairments and measurements of anxiety and depression. Serial bone biopsies in two individuals showed that the aluminium which was present 6 and 7 months after the accident had disappeared by 19 months. In the eight individuals biopsied 12-17 months after the accident the bone showed no stainable aluminium. Thus, aluminium deposited in the bone of normal individuals can disappear within 18 months. After an accident such as that at Camelford important evidence of toxicity is likely to be missed if an investigation is delayed. The abnormal neuropsychological findings indicate cognitive impairment, but whether this was caused by an acute episode of brain damage, or other causes such as the psychological effects of stress resulting from the accident, is uncertain.
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44

Braggio, John T., and Vladimir Pishkin. "Systolic Blood Pressure and Neuropsychological Test Performance of Alcoholics." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16, no. 4 (August 1992): 726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00669.x.

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45

Aronson, Marita, and Bibbi Hagberg. "Neuropsychological Disorders in Children Exposed to Alcohol during Pregnancy." Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 22, no. 2 (April 1998): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000374-199804000-00005.

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46

Mergler, Donna, Rosemarie Bowler, and James Cone. "Colour vision loss among disabled workers with neuropsychological impairment." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 12, no. 6 (November 1990): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(90)90084-p.

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47

Lewis, J. E., and R. A. Lanham. "Neuropsychological toxicology of phencyclidine (PCP): Contextual examination with its "relative" of polysubstance abuse and closed head injury (CHI)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/5.2.185.

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48

Berent, Stanley, Bruno Giordani, James W. Albers, David H. Garabrant, Sarah S. Cohen, Richard P. Garrison, and Rudy J. Richardson. "Effects of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos on neuropsychological function: A prospective longitudinal study." NeuroToxicology 41 (March 2014): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.010.

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49

Ozyurt, Gurayten, Fatma Nur Kaya, Ferda Kahveci, and Eray Alper. "Comparison of SPECT findings and neuropsychological sequelae in carbon monoxide and organophosphate poisoning." Clinical Toxicology 46, no. 3 (January 2008): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650701378704.

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50

Bolla, Karen I. "Neuropsychological Evaluation for Detecting Alterations in the Central Nervous System after Chemical Exposure." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 24, no. 1 (August 1996): S48—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1996.0076.

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