Relevant bibliographies by topics / Neurotransmitter receptors Cysteine proteinases

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Academic literature on the topic 'Neurotransmitter receptors Cysteine proteinases'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Neurotransmitter receptors Cysteine proteinases"

1

Naumenko, Vladimir S., and Evgeni Ponimaskin. "Palmitoylation as a Functional Regulator of Neurotransmitter Receptors." Neural Plasticity 2018 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5701348.

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The majority of neuronal proteins involved in cellular signaling undergo different posttranslational modifications significantly affecting their functions. One of these modifications is a covalent attachment of a 16-C palmitic acid to one or more cysteine residues (S-palmitoylation) within the target protein. Palmitoylation is a reversible modification, and repeated cycles of palmitoylation/depalmitoylation might be critically involved in the regulation of multiple signaling processes. Palmitoylation also represents a common posttranslational modification of the neurotransmitter receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LICs). From the functional point of view, palmitoylation affects a wide span of neurotransmitter receptors activities including their trafficking, sorting, stability, residence lifetime at the cell surface, endocytosis, recycling, and synaptic clustering. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the palmitoylation of neurotransmitter receptors and its role in the regulation of receptors functions as well as in the control of different kinds of physiological and pathological behavior.
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2

Lourbakos, Afrodite, YuPing Yuan, Alison L. Jenkins, James Travis, Patricia Andrade-Gordon, Rosemary Santulli, Jan Potempa, and Robert N. Pike. "Activation of protease-activated receptors by gingipains fromPorphyromonas gingivalis leads to platelet aggregation: a new trait in microbial pathogenicity." Blood 97, no. 12 (June 15, 2001): 3790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.12.3790.

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The bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiologic agent in the pathogenesis of adult periodontitis in humans. Cysteine proteinases produced by this pathogen, termed gingipains, are considered to be important virulence factors. Among many other potentially deleterious activities, arginine-specific gingipains-R (RgpB and HRgpA) efficiently activate coagulation factors. To further expand knowledge of the interaction between gingipains and the clotting cascade, this study examined their effects on cellular components of the coagulation system. The enzymes induced an increase in intracellular calcium in human platelets at nanomolar concentrations and caused platelet aggregation with efficiency comparable to thrombin. Both effects were dependent on the proteolytic activity of the enzymes. Based on desensitization studies carried out with thrombin and peptide receptor agonists, and immunoinhibition experiments, gingipains-R appeared to be activating the protease-activated receptors, (PAR)-1 and -4, expressed on the surface of platelets. This was confirmed by the finding that HRgpA and RgpB potently activated PAR-1 and PAR-4 in transfected cells stably expressing these receptors. Cumulatively, the results indicate the existence of a novel pathway of host cell activation by bacterial proteinases through PAR cleavage. This mechanism not only represents a new trait in bacterial pathogenicity, but may also explain an emerging link between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.
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WASHBOURNE, Philip, Victor CANSINO, James R. MATHEWS, Margaret GRAHAM, Robert D. BURGOYNE, and Michael C. WILSON. "Cysteine residues of SNAP-25 are required for SNARE disassembly and exocytosis, but not for membrane targeting." Biochemical Journal 357, no. 3 (July 25, 2001): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3570625.

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The release of neurotransmitter at a synapse occurs via the regulated fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. The fusion of the two lipid bilayers is mediated by a protein complex that includes the plasma membrane target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptors (t-SNAREs), syntaxin 1A and synaptosome-associated protein of 25kDa (SNAP-25), and the vesicle SNARE (v-SNARE), vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP). Whereas syntaxin 1A and VAMP are tethered to the membrane by a C-terminal transmembrane domain, SNAP-25 has been suggested to be anchored to the membrane via four palmitoylated cysteine residues. We demonstrate that the cysteine residues of SNAP-25 are not required for membrane localization when syntaxin 1A is present. Analysis of the 7S and 20S complexes formed by mutants that lack cysteine residues demonstrates that the cysteines are required for efficient SNARE complex dissociation. Furthermore, these mutants are unable to support exocytosis, as demonstrated by a PC12 cell secretion assay. We hypothesize that syntaxin 1A serves to direct newly synthesized SNAP-25 through the Golgi transport pathway to the axons and synapses, and that palmitoylation of cysteine residues is not required for targeting, but to optimize interactions required for SNARE complex dissociation.
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Ellen, R. P., G. Lépine, and P. M. Nghiem. "In Vitro Models That Support Adhesion Specificity in Biofilms of Oral Bacteria." Advances in Dental Research 11, no. 1 (April 1997): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110011401.

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Adhesion to adsorbed pellicles and interspecies co-adhesion to form plaque biofilms involve selective interactions of bacterial adhesins with specific receptors. Our laboratory has devised in vitro assays for co-adhesion between Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus oralis or Porphyromonas gingivalis on saliva-coated mineral and hexadecane droplet substrata. P. gingivalis structures significant for co-adhesion with A. naeslundii include surface vesicles and fimbriae. A family of arginine-specific cysteine proteinases in vesicles may be involved in adherence to bacteria, to host cells, and to matrix proteins. New research from several laboratories has found that such proteinases are processed from genes encoding polyproteins containing both proteinase and hemagglutinin domains. In addition to enzyme-substrate recognition, bacterial adhesion is often determined by specific protein-peptide and lectin-carbohydrate recognition. A. naeslundii - salivary proline-rich protein, S. gordonii - salivary a-amylase, and Treponema denticola - matrix protein recognition are examples of the former. Co-adhesion of A. naeslundii and S. oralis is an example of the latter. Lactose can selectively desorb A. naeslundii cells from mixed biofilms with S. oralis, a demonstration of the significance of specificity. Although non-specific forces are probably secondary to stereochemical fit in determining the selective range of surfaces that bacteria have evolved to recognize and bind, they probably help stabilize non-covalent bonds within aligned, complementary domains.
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Yun, Peter L. W., Arthur A. Decarlo, Charles Collyer, and Neil Hunter. "Hydrolysis of Interleukin-12 by Porphyromonas gingivalis Major Cysteine Proteinases May Affect Local Gamma Interferon Accumulation and the Th1 or Th2 T-Cell Phenotype in Periodontitis." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 5650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.9.5650-5660.2001.

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ABSTRACT Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) have been associated with virulence in destructive periodontitis, a disease process variously considered to represent an unregulated stimulation of either T helper type 1 (Th1)- or Th2-type cells. Critical in maintaining Th1 activity is the response of T lymphocytes to environmental interleukin 12 (IL-12) in the form of up-regulation of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production. Here we demonstrate that in the presence or absence of serum, gingipains were able to hydrolyze IL-12 and reduce the IL-12-induced IFN-γ production from CD4+ T cells. However, the induction of IL-12 receptors on T cells by gingipains did not correlate with the enhancement of IFN-γ production. The gingipains cleaved IL-12 within the COOH-terminal region of the p40 and p35 subunit chains, which leads to IL-12 inactivity, whereas IL-2 in these assays was not affected. Inactivation of IL-12 by the gingipains could disrupt the cytokine balance or favor Th2 activities in the progression of periodontitis.
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Yun, Peter L. W., Arthur A. Decarlo, Cheryl C. Chapple, and Neil Hunter. "Functional Implication of the Hydrolysis of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CD31) by Gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis for the Pathology of Periodontal Disease." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 3 (March 2005): 1386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.3.1386-1398.2005.

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ABSTRACT Periodontitis is a response of highly vascularized tissues to the adjacent microflora of dental plaque. Progressive disease has been related to consortia of anaerobic bacteria, with the gram-negative organism Porphyromonas gingivalis particularly implicated. The gingipains, comprising a group of cysteine proteinases and associated hemagglutinin domains, are major virulence determinants of this organism. As vascular expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules is a critical determinant of tissue response to microbial challenge, the objective of this study was to determine the capacity of gingipains to modulate the expression and function of these receptors. Given the potential multifunctional role of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) in the vasculature, the effect of gingipains on PECAM-1 expression by endothelial cells was examined. Activated gingipains preferentially down-regulated PECAM-1 expression on endothelial cells compared with vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, but the reduction in PECAM-1 expression was completely inhibited in the presence of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor TLCK (Nα-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone). Endothelial monolayers treated with activated gingipains demonstrated progressive intercellular gap formation that correlated with reduced intercellular junctional PECAM-1 expression as determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. This was accompanied by enhanced transfer of both albumin and neutrophils across the monolayer. The results suggest that degradation of PECAM-1 by gingipains contributes to increased vascular permeability and neutrophil flux at disease sites.
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Mężyk-Kopeć, Renata, Małgorzata Bzowska, Jan Potempa, Monika Bzowska, Natalia Jura, Aneta Sroka, Roy A. Black, and Joanna Bereta. "Inactivation of Membrane Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha by Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 3 (March 2005): 1506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.3.1506-1514.2005.

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ABSTRACT Gingipains are cysteine proteinases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major causative bacterium of adult periodontitis. They consist of arginine-specific (HRgpA and RgpB) and lysine-specific (Kgp) proteinases. Gingipains strongly affect the host defense system by degrading some cytokines, components of the complement system, and several immune cell receptors. In an in vitro model, gingipains were shown to degrade soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). However, since membrane TNF-α shows strong biological activity, especially in local inflammatory lesions, it was worth investigating whether gingipains might also destroy membrane TNF-α and limit its biological activities. To avoid a possible influence of gingipains on ADAM17, the secretase of TNF-α, the majority of experiments were performed using ADAM17−/− fibroblasts stably transfected with cDNA of human pro-TNF-α (ADAM17−/− TNF+). Arginine-specific gingipains (Rgp's) strongly diminished the level of TNF-α on the cell surface as measured by flow cytometry, and this process was not accompanied by an increased concentration of soluble TNF-α in the culture medium. Degradation of membrane TNF-α by Rgp's correlated with a strong decrease in TNF-α-mediated biological activities of ADAM17−/− TNF+ cells. First, the activation state of transcription factor NF-κB was suppressed; second, the cells were no longer able to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Kgp was also able to cleave membrane TNF-α, but its effect was much weaker than that of Rgp's. Gingipains also limited the binding of native TNF-α to the target cells. Thus, gingipains are able not only to cleave soluble TNF-α but also to destroy the membrane form of the cytokine, which may additionally dysregulate the cytokine network.
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8

Xu, M., and M. H. Akabas. "Identification of channel-lining residues in the M2 membrane-spanning segment of the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit." Journal of General Physiology 107, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.107.2.195.

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The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors are the major inhibitory, postsynaptic, neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system. The binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the GABA(A) receptors induces the opening of an anion-selective channel that remains open for tens of milliseconds before it closes. To understand how the structure of the GABA(A) receptor determines the functional properties such as ion conduction, ion selectivity and gating we sought to identify the amino acid residues that line the ion conducting channel. To accomplish this we mutated 26 consecutive residues (250-275), one at a time, in and flanking the M2 membrane-spanning segment of the rat alpha1 subunit to cysteine. We expressed the mutant alpha1 subunit with wild-type beta1 and gamma2 subunits in Xenopus oocytes. We probed the accessibility of the engineered cysteine to covalent modification by charged, sulfhydryl-specific reagents added extracellularly. We assume that among residues in membrane-spanning segments, only those lining the channel would be susceptible to modification by polar reagents and that such modification would irreversibly alter conduction through the channel. We infer that nine of the residues, alpha1 Val257, alpha1 Thr26l, alpha1 Thr262, alpha1 Leu264, alpha1 Thr265, alpha1 Thr268, alpha1 Ile27l, alpha1 Ser272 and alpha1 Asn275 are exposed in the channel. On a helical wheel plot, the exposed residues, except alpha1 Thr262, lie on one side of the helix in an arc of 120 degrees. We infer that the M2 segment forms an alpha helix that is interrupted in the region of alpha1 Thr262. The modification of residues as cytoplasmic as alpha1 Val257 in the closed state of the channel suggests that the gate is at least as cytoplasmic as alpha1 Val257. The ability of the positively charged reagent methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium to reach the level of alpha1 Thr261 suggests that the charge-selectivity filter is at least as cytoplasmic as this residue.
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9

Carmona, Asuncion, Stéphane Roudeau, and Richard Ortega. "Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Metal Neurotoxicity: A Focus on the Interactions of Metals with Synapse Structure and Function." Toxics 9, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090198.

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Environmental exposure to neurotoxic metals and metalloids such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, or manganese is a global health concern affecting millions of people worldwide. Depending on the period of exposure over a lifetime, environmental metals can alter neurodevelopment, neurobehavior, and cognition and cause neurodegeneration. There is increasing evidence linking environmental exposure to metal contaminants to the etiology of neurological diseases in early life (e.g., autism spectrum disorder) or late life (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). The known main molecular mechanisms of metal-induced toxicity in cells are the generation of reactive oxygen species, the interaction with sulfhydryl chemical groups in proteins (e.g., cysteine), and the competition of toxic metals with binding sites of essential metals (e.g., Fe, Cu, Zn). In neurons, these molecular interactions can alter the functions of neurotransmitter receptors, the cytoskeleton and scaffolding synaptic proteins, thereby disrupting synaptic structure and function. Loss of synaptic connectivity may precede more drastic alterations such as neurodegeneration. In this article, we will review the molecular mechanisms of metal-induced synaptic neurotoxicity.
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10

Nys, Mieke, Eveline Wijckmans, Ana Farinha, Özge Yoluk, Magnus Andersson, Marijke Brams, Radovan Spurny, et al. "Allosteric binding site in a Cys-loop receptor ligand-binding domain unveiled in the crystal structure of ELIC in complex with chlorpromazine." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 43 (October 10, 2016): E6696—E6703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603101113.

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Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels or Cys-loop receptors are responsible for fast inhibitory or excitatory synaptic transmission. The antipsychotic compound chlorpromazine is a widely used tool to probe the ion channel pore of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which is a prototypical Cys-loop receptor. In this study, we determine the molecular determinants of chlorpromazine binding in the Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC). We report the X-ray crystal structures of ELIC in complex with chlorpromazine or its brominated derivative bromopromazine. Unexpectedly, we do not find a chlorpromazine molecule in the channel pore of ELIC, but behind the β8–β9 loop in the extracellular ligand-binding domain. The β8–β9 loop is localized downstream from the neurotransmitter binding site and plays an important role in coupling of ligand binding to channel opening. In combination with electrophysiological recordings from ELIC cysteine mutants and a thiol-reactive derivative of chlorpromazine, we demonstrate that chlorpromazine binding at the β8–β9 loop is responsible for receptor inhibition. We further use molecular-dynamics simulations to support the X-ray data and mutagenesis experiments. Together, these data unveil an allosteric binding site in the extracellular ligand-binding domain of ELIC. Our results extend on previous observations and further substantiate our understanding of a multisite model for allosteric modulation of Cys-loop receptors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neurotransmitter receptors Cysteine proteinases"

1

Martinez, Derek L. "Palmitoylation and oxidation of the cysteine rich region of SNAP-25 and their effects on protein interactions /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2003.pdf.

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