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Journal articles on the topic 'Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 September 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Bairy, Laxminarayana Kurady, and Suresh Kumar. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in learning and memory." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 12 (2019): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20195296.

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Learning and memory being highly specialized process of human brain involves complex interaction between neurotransmitters and cellular events. Over the years, the understandings of these processes have been evolving from psychological, neurophysiological, and pharmacological perspectives. The most widely appraised model of learning and memory involves attention, acquisition, storage and retrieval. Each of these events involve interplay of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, though preponderance of specific neuro

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2

Hisa, Yasuo, Hitoshi Bamba, Shinobu Koike, Kazuhiro Shogaki, Nobuhisa Tadaki, and Toshiyuki Uno. "Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Involved in Laryngeal Innervation." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 108, no. 7_suppl (1999): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894991080s702.

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3

Herlenius, Eric, and Hugo Lagercrantz. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators during early human development." Early Human Development 65, no. 1 (2001): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3782(01)00189-x.

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4

Graybiel, Ann M. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia." Trends in Neurosciences 13, no. 7 (1990): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(90)90104-i.

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Eybalin, M. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators of the mammalian cochlea." Physiological Reviews 73, no. 2 (1993): 309–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1993.73.2.309.

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Philippides, Andy, Phil Husbands, Tom Smith, and Michael O'Shea. "Flexible Couplings: Diffusing Neuromodulators and Adaptive Robotics." Artificial Life 11, no. 1-2 (2005): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1064546053279044.

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Recent years have seen the discovery of freely diffusing gaseous neurotransmitters, such as nitric oxide (NO), in biological nervous systems. A type of artificial neural network (ANN) inspired by such gaseous signaling, the GasNet, has previously been shown to be more evolvable than traditional ANNs when used as an artificial nervous system in an evolutionary robotics setting, where evolvability means consistent speed to very good solutions—here, appropriate sensorimotor behavior-generating systems. We present two new versions of the GasNet, which take further inspiration from the properties o

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Ralevic, Vera. "Purines as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in Blood Vessels." Current Vascular Pharmacology 7, no. 1 (2009): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016109787354123.

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8

NASSEL, D. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the insect visual system." Progress in Neurobiology 37, no. 3 (1991): 179–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(91)90027-x.

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9

Purtov, Yuri A., and Olga N. Ozoline. "Neuromodulators as Interdomain Signaling Molecules Capable of Occupying Effector Binding Sites in Bacterial Transcription Factors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 21 (2023): 15863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115863.

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Hormones and neurotransmitters are important components of inter-kingdom signaling systems that ensure the coexistence of eukaryotes with their microbial community. Their ability to affect bacterial physiology, metabolism, and gene expression was evidenced by various experimental approaches, but direct penetration into bacteria has only recently been reported. This opened the possibility of considering neuromodulators as potential effectors of bacterial ligand-dependent regulatory proteins. Here, we assessed the validity of this assumption for the neurotransmitters epinephrine, dopamine, and n

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10

Nilsson, G. E., and P. L. Lutz. "Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in response to anoxia in turtle brain." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 1 (1991): R32—R37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.1.r32.

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In mammals a massive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, occurring within a few minutes of anoxia/ischemia, is thought to be a major mediator of anoxic brain damage. In contrast to the mammalian brain, the turtle brain is exceptionally anoxia tolerant. Using intracerebral microdialysis in turtle brain striatum, we have found a large increase in the extracellular level of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid during anoxia, reaching 90 times the normoxic level after 240 min, whereas no substantial release of glutamate occurred. Moreover, the inhibitory neurot

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11

Diz, Debra I., Jewell A. Jessup, Brian M. Westwood, et al. "Angiotensin Peptides As Neurotransmitters/ Neuromodulators In The Dorsomedial Medulla." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 29, no. 5-6 (2002): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03659.x.

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12

D’Andrea, G., and A. Leon. "Pathogenesis of migraine: from neurotransmitters to neuromodulators and beyond." Neurological Sciences 31, S1 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-010-0267-8.

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13

Fernández-López, Blanca, Natividad Pereiro, Anunciación Lafuente, María Celina Rodicio, and Antón Barreiro-Iglesias. "Data on the Quantification of Aspartate, GABA and Glutamine Levels in the Spinal Cord of Larval Sea Lampreys after a Complete Spinal Cord Injury." Data 6, no. 6 (2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data6060054.

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We used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to quantify aspartate, GABA, and glutamine levels in the spinal cord of larval sea lampreys following a complete spinal cord injury. Mature larval sea lampreys recover spontaneously from a complete spinal cord transection and the changes in neurotransmitter systems after spinal cord injury might be related to their amazing regenerative capabilities. The data presented here show the concentration of the aminoacidergic neurotransmitters GABA (and its precursor glutamine) and aspartate in the spinal cord of control (non-injured) and 2-

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14

Do, J., J. I. Kim, J. Bakes, K. Lee, and B. K. Kaang. "Functional roles of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the dorsal striatum." Learning & Memory 20, no. 1 (2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.025015.111.

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15

Sharma, Ruchi, and Rohit Sharma. "Drosophila melanogaster: A Platform to Study Therapeutic Neuromodulating Interventions." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 13 (2023): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2023.13003.

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The Drosophila melanogaster(fruit fly), is a crucial and straightforward model organism for researching how genetic changes affect behaviorand neural activity. Drosophila is used by biologists to study the nervous system because of its genetic tractability, well-known complex behaviors, straightforward neuroanatomy, and numerous human genes orthologs. Due to the Drosophila central nervous system's diminutive size, neurochemical studies are difficult. Recently, electrochemistry-based techniques have been created to monitor the release and clearance of neurotransmitters in real time in both larv

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Inoue, Katarzyna A., Kimiya Narikiyo, Jorge L. Zeredo, Akira Masuda, Shuji Aou, and Yasuhiro Kumei. "Analysis of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators released under low gravity using microdialysis technique." Neuroscience Research 71 (September 2011): e370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1625.

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17

Lees, G. "Receptors for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and their roles in drug action." Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 8, no. 5 (1997): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7112(97)80016-6.

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18

Ribeiro, J. Alexandre. "Adenosine A2A receptor interactions with receptors for other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators." European Journal of Pharmacology 375, no. 1-3 (1999): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00230-7.

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19

Richter, D. W., P. Schmidt-Garcon, O. Pierrefiche, A. M. Bischoff, and P. M. Lalley. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators controlling the hypoxic respiratory response in anaesthetized cats." Journal of Physiology 514, no. 2 (1999): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.567ae.x.

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20

Chandana, Bandaru, G. Krishna Mohan, and M. Sandhya Rani. "Advanced Molecular Mechanisms of Epilepsy." Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance and Quality Control 5, no. 2 (2023): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jqaqc.2023.v05i02.004.

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex network composed of the cerebral cortex and the vertebral column, orchestrating intricate processes through neural networks and chemical regulation. Neurotransmission in the CNS involves neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuromediators, and neurotropic factors, playing distinct roles in cellular activity and synaptic plasticity. Various neurotransmitters such as dopamine, glutamate, GABA, glycine, serotonin, and others exert diverse effects on the CNS through specific receptors, influencing synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. GABA, t

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21

Jiménez-Jiménez, Félix Javier, Hortensia Alonso-Navarro, Elena García-Martín, and José AG Agúndez. "Neurochemistry of Idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome." European Neurological Review 10, no. 01 (2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2015.10.01.35.

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The pathogenesis of idiopathic restless legs syndrome (iRLS) is not well established, but the most important hypothesis suggests dopaminergic dysfunction and iron deficiency. However, recent reports suggest a possible role for several neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, such as aspartate, glutamate, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GABA) and opiates, as well as relation with vitamin D deficiency. In this review, we summarise the studies related to neurochemical findings in iRLS.

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22

Bulumulla, Chandima, and Abraham G. Beyene. "Insights into the Synaptic Properties of Dopamine Release Revealed by Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Biosensors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 8 (2024): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-018822mtgabs.

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It is thought that there are two distinct modes of chemical neurotransmission, referred to as fast (synaptic) transmission and slow (volume) transmission. Fast transmission, mediated by ligand-gated ionotropic receptors, operate with millisecond temporal and nanometer spatial precision in excitatory and inhibitory synapses, primarily mediated by glutamate and GABA, respectively. In contrast, slow transmission relies on activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is mediated by several classes of neuromodulators, including dopamine. Neuromodulators are thought to operate at temporal s

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23

Toppin, Veronica A. L., Michael B. Harris, Anna M. Kober, J. C. Leiter, and Walter M. St.-John. "Persistence of eupnea and gasping following blockade of both serotonin type 1 and 2 receptors in the in situ juvenile rat preparation." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 1 (2007): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00071.2007.

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In severe hypoxia or ischemia, normal eupneic breathing is replaced by gasping, which can serve as a powerful mechanism for “autoresuscitation.” We have proposed that gasping is generated by medullary neurons having intrinsic pacemaker bursting properties dependent on a persistent sodium current. A number of neuromodulators, including serotonin, influence persistent sodium currents. Thus we hypothesized that endogenous serotonin is essential for gasping to be generated. To assess such a critical role for serotonin, a preparation of the perfused, juvenile in situ rat was used. Activities of the

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24

Jha, Saurabh Kumar, Niraj Kumar Jha, Dhiraj Kumar, et al. "Stress-Induced Synaptic Dysfunction and Neurotransmitter Release in Alzheimer’s Disease: Can Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators be Potential Therapeutic Targets?" Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 57, no. 4 (2017): 1017–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-160623.

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25

Yojiro, Muneoka, Fujisawa Yuko, Matsuura Masahiro, and Ikeda Tetsuya. "Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators controlling the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 98, no. 1 (1991): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(91)90187-x.

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26

Klimaschewski, Lars, Wolfgang Kummer, and Christine Heym. "Localization, regulation and functions of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in cervical sympathetic ganglia." Microscopy Research and Technique 35, no. 1 (1996): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19960901)35:1<44::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-s.

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27

Fioroni, L., E. Martignoni, and F. Facchinetti. "Changes of Neuroendocrine Axes in Patients with Menstrual Migraine." Cephalalgia 15, no. 4 (1995): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.1504297.x.

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Menstrual migraine (MM) is a menstrually related disorder (MRD) characterized by several symptoms in common with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It has been hypothesized that in both MM and PMS hormonal cyclicity could change the balance of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators like monoamine and opioid. In this article we analyze all the data collected by our group on the central opioid tonus and the adrenergic and serotonergic systems in patients affected by menstrual migraine.

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28

Wang, Huan, Miao Jing, and Yulong Li. "Lighting up the brain: genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for imaging neurotransmitters and neuromodulators." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 50 (June 2018): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2018.03.010.

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29

E, Bon. "Characterization of the Pool of Amino Acids and Their Functional Significance in The Rat Brain." Journal of Clinical Peadiatrics and Care 1, no. 1 (2023): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-8630/006.

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Amino acids (AA) play an important role in the metabolism and functioning of the brain. This is explained not only by their exceptional role as sources of synthesis of a large number of biologically important compounds (proteins, mediators, lipids, biologically active amines). Amino acids and their derivatives are involved in synaptic transmission as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA, taurine), and some AA are involved in the formation of nervous system mediators: methionine – acetylcholine, DOPA, dopamine; tyrosine – catecholamines; serine and cysteine

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30

E.I, Bon. "Distribution of the Pool of Amino Acids in The Parietal Lobe of Albino Rats." Transplantation Proceedings and Research 2, no. 1 (2023): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-8991/005.

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Amino acids (AA) play an important role in the metabolism and functioning of the brain. This is explained not only by their exceptional role as sources of synthesis of a large number of biologically important compounds (proteins, mediators, lipids, biologically active amines). Amino acids and their derivatives are involved in synaptic transmission as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA, taurine), and some AA are involved in the formation of nervous system mediators: methionine – acetylcholine, DOPA, dopamine; tyrosine – catecholamines; serine and cysteine

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31

Zestos, Alexander George, Whirang Cho, Harmain Rafi, Seulki Cho, and Arvind Balijepalli. "Carbon Fiber Microelectrode pH Sensors with Voltammetry and Field Effect Transistors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 53 (2022): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532229mtgabs.

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Graphitic carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been used as biosensors for the detection of biomolecules such as neurotransmitters using fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). The electrodes are relatively small (7 microns in diameter), biocompatible, have high spatiotemporal resolution, and do not generally illicit an immune response. Traditionally, CFMEs have been used to detect neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and others. The shape and position of the cyclic voltammogram (CV) is a chemical fingerprint for neurotransmitter detection with the peak oxidative cu

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32

Ruzicka, Bianca B., and Khem H. Jhamandas. "Excitatory amino acid action on the release of brain neurotransmitters and neuromodulators: Biochemical studies." Progress in Neurobiology 40, no. 2 (1993): 223–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(93)90023-l.

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33

Jakó, Tamás, Eszter Szabó, Tamás Tábi, Gergely Zachar, András Csillag, and Éva Szökő. "Chiral analysis of amino acid neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in mouse brain by CE-LIF." ELECTROPHORESIS 35, no. 19 (2014): 2870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201400224.

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34

D’Andrea, G., A. Gucciardi, F. Perini, and A. Leon. "The role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the pathogenesis of cluster headache: a review." Neurological Sciences 40, S1 (2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-019-03768-9.

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35

Rogers, S. M. "Substantial changes in central nervous system neurotransmitters and neuromodulators accompany phase change in the locust." Journal of Experimental Biology 207, no. 20 (2004): 3603–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01183.

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36

Okuda, Chieko, Akiko Saito, Masao Miyazaki, and Kinya Kuriyama. "Alteration of central neurotransmitters and neuromodulators associated with hypothermal stress. [1] Changes in cerebral monoamines." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 39 (1985): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)63540-7.

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37

Okuda, Chieko, Toshiki Mizobe, Masao Miyazaki, Hiroshi Kimura, and Kinya Kuriyama. "Alterations in central neurotransmitters and neuromodulators associated with hypothermic stress. (II) Changes in hypothalamic TRH." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 40 (1986): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)59200-9.

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38

Haller, M., S. L. Mironov, and D. W. Richter. "Intrinsic Optical Signals in Respiratory Brain Stem Regions of Mice: Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Metabolic Stress." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 1 (2001): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.412.

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In the rhythmic brain stem slice preparation, spontaneous respiratory activity is generated endogenously and can be recorded as output activity from hypoglossal XII rootlets. Here we combine these recordings with measurements of the intrinsic optical signal (IOS) of cells in the regions of the periambigual region and nucleus hypoglossus of the rhythmic slice preparation. The IOS, which reflects changes of infrared light transmittance and scattering, has been previously employed as an indirect sensor for activity-related changes in cell metabolism. The IOS is believed to be primarily caused by

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39

D'Andrea, Giovanni, Antonina Gucciardi, Francesco Perini, and Alberta Leon. "Pathogenesis of Cluster Headache: From Episodic to Chronic Form, the Role of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 59, no. 9 (2019): 1665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.13673.

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40

Baldassarro, Vito Antonio, Marco Sanna, Andrea Bighinati, et al. "A Time-Course Study of the Expression Level of Synaptic Plasticity-Associated Genes in Un-Lesioned Spinal Cord and Brain Areas in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury: A Bioinformatic Approach." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (2021): 8606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168606.

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“Neuroplasticity” is often evoked to explain adaptation and compensation after acute lesions of the Central Nervous System (CNS). In this study, we investigated the modification of 80 genes involved in synaptic plasticity at different times (24 h, 8 and 45 days) from the traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), adopting a bioinformatic analysis. mRNA expression levels were analyzed in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and in the spinal segments rostral and caudal to the lesion. The main results are: (i) a different gene expression regulation is observed in the Spinal Cord (SC) segments ro

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41

Ribeiro, Eliane Beraldi. "Studying the central control of food intake and obesity in rats." Revista de Nutrição 22, no. 1 (2009): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732009000100015.

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The central nervous system regulates energy intake and expenditure through a complex network of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. It is of great interest to understand the relevance of these systems to the physiological control of energy balance and to the disturbances of obesity. The present paper discusses some of the methods to address this field used at the laboratory of Endocrine Physiology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Initially, different experimental models of rat obesity are presented, namely the hypothalamic induced monosodium glutamate model, the Zucker genetic model, a

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Bröer, Angelika, Nadine Tietze, Sonja Kowalczuk, et al. "The orphan transporter v7-3 (slc6a15) is a Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B0AT2)." Biochemical Journal 393, no. 1 (2005): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20051273.

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Transporters of the SLC6 (solute carrier 6) family play an important role in the removal of neurotransmitters in brain tissue and in amino acid transport in epithelial cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that mouse v7-3 (slc6a15) encodes a transporter for neutral amino acids. The transporter is functionally and sequence related to B0AT1 (slc6a19) and was hence named B0AT2. Leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline and methionine were recognized by the transporter, with values of K0.5 (half-saturation constant) ranging from 40 to 200 μM. Alanine, glutamine and phenylalanine were low-affinity

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Travagli, R. Alberto, and Richard C. Rogers. "V. Fast and slow extrinsic modulation of dorsal vagal complex circuits." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281, no. 3 (2001): G595—G601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.g595.

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Vago-vagal reflex circuits in the medulla are responsible for the smooth coordination of the digestive processes carried out from the oral cavity to the transverse colon. In this themes article, we concentrate mostly on electrophysiological studies concerning the extrinsic modulation of these vago-vagal reflex circuits, with a particular emphasis on two types of modulation, i.e., by “fast” classic neurotransmitters and by “slow” neuromodulators. These examples review two of the most potent modulatory processes at work within the dorsal vagal complex, which have dramatic effects on gastrointest

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44

Okamura, Tomio, Hideyuki Fujioka, Kazuhide Ayajiki, and Noboru Toda. "Modifications by Superoxide-Generating Agent, Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators of Nitroxidergic Nerve Function in Monkey Cerebral Arteries." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 286, no. 3 (1998): 1321–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37728-6.

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Sander, Christin Y., Hanne D. Hansen, and Hsiao-Ying Wey. "Advances in simultaneous PET/MR for imaging neuroreceptor function." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 40, no. 6 (2020): 1148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x20910038.

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Hybrid imaging using PET/MRI has emerged as a platform for elucidating novel neurobiology, molecular and functional changes in disease, and responses to physiological or pharmacological interventions. For the central nervous system, PET/MRI has provided insights into biochemical processes, linking selective molecular targets and distributed brain function. This review highlights several examples that leverage the strengths of simultaneous PET/MRI, which includes measuring the perturbation of multi-modal imaging signals on dynamic timescales during pharmacological challenges, physiological inte

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46

Hardebo, Jan Erik, Jan Kåhrström, Christer Owman, and Leif G. Salford. "Vasomotor Effects of Neurotransmitters and Modulators on Isolated Human Pial Veins." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 7, no. 5 (1987): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1987.113.

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Vasomotor reactivity of human pial veins, obtained in conjunction with neurosurgical operations, was studied in vitro. The effect of transmitters in nerves previously recognized in these vessels, as well as that of neuromodulators, was characterized. A comparison of these effects with their effects in the nearby pial arteries of the same patients was made. It was found that the veins were equipped with more sensitive α-adrenergic receptors (lower EC50 values) than the arteries. The reverse was found for 5-hydroxytryptamine. Acetylcholine, which causes an endothelium-dependent dilation of pial

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Hrncic, Dragan, Aleksandra Rasic-Markovic, Duro Macut, et al. "Sulfur – Containing Amino Acids in Seizures: Current State of the Art." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 3 (2018): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170609090613.

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Background: Homocysteine and taurine are non-proteinogenic sulfur-containing amino acids with numerous important physiological roles. Homocysteine and taurine are considered to be neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, the first showing clear hyperexcitability role, while the second is known by its inhibitory and neuroprotective properties. Objective: In this article we addressed the role of homocysteine and its related metabolite homocysteine thiolactone in the development of seizures, focusing on its experimental models in vivo, potential mechanisms of proepileptogenic activity via interacti

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Robb, S., and P. D. Evans. "FMRFamide-like peptides in the locust: distribution, partial characterization and bioactivity." Journal of Experimental Biology 149, no. 1 (1990): 335–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.149.1.335.

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The quantitative distribution of FMRFamide-like peptides in the nervous system and in their putative target sites in the locust Schistocerca gregaria is described using radioimmunoassay techniques. The nature of the immunoreactive material has been characterized by high-pressure liquid chromatography. At least six peaks of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity can be separated in extracts of locust nervous tissue. The relative proportions of these peaks vary from tissue to tissue, suggesting a differential expression of FMRFamide-like peptides in different parts of the locust nervous system. The bio

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Luciana, Monica, and Paul F. Collins. "Neuroplasticity, the Prefrontal Cortex, and Psychopathology-Related Deviations in Cognitive Control." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 18, no. 1 (2022): 443–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-111203.

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A basic survival need is the ability to respond to, and persevere in the midst of, experiential challenges. Mechanisms of neuroplasticity permit this responsivity via functional adaptations (flexibility), as well as more substantial structural modifications following chronic stress or injury. This review focuses on prefrontally based flexibility, expressed throughout large-scale neuronal networks through the actions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. With substance use disorders and stress-related internalizing disorders as exemplars, we review human behavioral

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Steinborner, ST, CW Gao, MJ Raftery, et al. "The Structures of Four Tryptophyllin and Three Rubellidin Peptides From the Australian Red Tree Frog Litoria rubella." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 11 (1994): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9942099.

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The peptide content of the glandular secretions of Litoria rubella specimens collected from Derby and Lake Argyle (Kimberley region of Western Australia) and from near Darwin in the Northern Territory are all quite different; this suggests that there are different frog populations in these three areas. These different populations may be indicative of either different species or different sub-species of frog. There are two separate families of peptides in the glandular secretion of 'Litoria rubella': ( i ) those corresponding to the tryptophyllin family (tetra- to hepta -peptides all containing

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