Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Neutral trade / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Neutral trade.

Journal articles on the topic 'Neutral trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Neutral trade.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Marjit, Sugata, Suryaprakash Mishra, Sandip Sarkar, and Lei Yang. "Trade, Inequality and Distribution-neutral Fiscal Policy." Foreign Trade Review 54, no. 2 (2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519831797.

Full text

Abstract:

Gains from trade and inequality do not feature prominently in trade theory. The standard criterion of Pareto efficiency indicates nothing about inequality when applied to the redistribution of gains from trade. Yet, trade-induced inequality has become a talking point and extremely contentious issue worldwide. In a Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson (HOS) model of trade, we consider tax-transfer policies that do not decrease the absolute income of any group, as suggested by the standard Pareto rule and keep the pre-trade degree of inequality between skilled and unskilled workers unchanged. Such a fiscal

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Turnbull, Lindsay A., Mark Rees, and Drew W. Purves. "Why equalising trade-offs aren’t always neutral." Ecology Letters 11, no. 10 (2008): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01214.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Bajaj, Pallavi. "No Such Thing as Gender-Neutral Trade Policy." Indian Public Policy Review 5, no. 5 (Sep-Oct) (2024): 118–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55763/ippr.2024.05.05.004.

Full text

Abstract:

Trade policy is not gender neutral. As a matter of fact, it cannot be. To counter the inherent disadvantages of social, institutional, and structural constructs, as well as access and capacity constraints specific to women, policy, including trade policy, needs to actively and continuously neutralize these disadvantages, and create an ecosystem where men and women are on the same playing field in economic activity, and therefore, in trade. It needs to be gender-balancing, at the very least. It needs to effectively address the inherent gender-specific limitations to access and capacity that wom

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Howland, Douglas. "Contraband and Private Property in the Age of Imperialism." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 13, no. 1 (2011): 117–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180511x552063.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractA belligerent declaration of war binds all of its subjects, so that merchants of a belligerent state are forbidden from trading with the enemy. But when a neutral state declares neutrality, that act does not bind all subjects of the neutral state. Neutral merchants are free to trade with belligerents – even in contraband, at their own risk. This essay examines international negotiations over contraband during the first decade of the 1900s while highlighting, in particular, the contradiction between the wish to maintain belligerent rights to determine contraband and to capture it on the

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Munin, Nellie. "Can a Gender-Sensitive Approach to WTO Regulation Enhance Womens Contribution to the Global Economy?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 10, Issue 3 (2015): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2015010.

Full text

Abstract:

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the leading global regulating authority with regard to international trade in goods and services. Through a network of multilateral agreements concluded by more than 150 countries, it determines rules and disciplines affecting the entire global trade arena. Since its establishment, the WTO exercises an allegedly 'neutral' regulation policy, indifferent to gender, justified on grounds of desired equality. However, this 'neutral' regulation is criticized for pragmatically causing gender discrimination in certain cases, reinforcing it in others. In recent yea

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Brooks, Paula P., Brigitte A. Guzman, Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Kenneth A. Norman, and Maureen Ritchey. "Eye tracking evidence for the reinstatement of emotionally negative and neutral memories." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0303755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303755.

Full text

Abstract:

Recent eye tracking studies have linked gaze reinstatement—when eye movements from encoding are reinstated during retrieval—with memory performance. In this study, we investigated whether gaze reinstatement is influenced by the affective salience of information stored in memory, using an adaptation of the emotion-induced memory trade-off paradigm. Participants learned word-scene pairs, where scenes were composed of negative or neutral objects located on the left or right side of neutral backgrounds. This allowed us to measure gaze reinstatement during scene memory tests based on whether people

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

G. Das, Gouranga, and Alan A. Powell. "Absorption Capacity, Structural Similarity and Embodied Technology Spillovers in a "Macro" Model: An Implementation Within a Computable General Equilibrium Framework." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 16, no. 1 (2001): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps16109.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, all technology transfers are embodied in trade flows within a three-region, one- traded-commodity version of the GTAP model. Exogenous Hicks-Neutral technical progress in one region can have uneven impacts on productivity elsewhere. Why? Destination regions’ ability to harness new technology depends on their absorptive capacity and the structural congruence of the source and destination. Together with trade volume, these two factors determine the recipient’s spillover coefficient (which measures its success in capturing foreign technology). Armington competition between the outp

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Chizhikov, Grigory V. "New Energy and Raw Material Currency Unit for International Trade Settlements." Economic Strategies 160, no. 5 (2022): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-5.185.2022.78-86.

Full text

Abstract:

The article elaborates in detail the project of creating a neutral international currency for settlements in international trade — ERMU (Energy and Raw Material Unit), the purchasing power of which does not depend on political and economic actions of any country, nor on the exchange rate of national currencies. ERMU isn’t bound to any national currency, its purchasing power is nominated in a strictly specified amount of basic export energy raw materials of world trade — gas, oil, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, mineral fertilizers, wheat and gold. Switching of international trade to ERMU

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Almajali, Ibrahim Omar Ibrahim, Sarab Salker Alaflaq, Omar Ahmad Yousef Alkhatatneh, and Ali Hassan. "Unpacking the Role of Renewable Energy Integration and Green Trade Policies on Environmental quality and Carbon-Neutral Economic Growth: A Dynamic Comparative Analysis of South Asian Economies." Journal of Policy Research 10, no. 3 (2023): 447–58. https://doi.org/10.61506/02.00363.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to measure the efficiency of green trade policies to encourage appropriate economic behavior. Some of the friendly trade eco policies such as Eco friendly trade agreement, –Carbon Tariffs, Technology transfers seek to spur some level of eco responsibility and reduce the economic infringements on the ecology. This research, therefore, seeks to examine the role of these policies in enhancing carbon neutral growth and their relevance as an instrument for development in South Asia. We conducted comparative research on South Asian countries regarding " the Role of Renew

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Sturm, John. "How Should Sanctions Account for Bystander Countries?" AEA Papers and Proceedings 113 (May 1, 2023): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231044.

Full text

Abstract:

Neutral “bystander countries” have profoundly shaped the impact of trade sanctions imposed on Russia following its invasion of Ukraine. How should sanctions account for the presence of such bystanders? I study this question in a simple trade model where a sanctioning country places tariffs on imports from a sanctioned country in the presence of a neutral third country. Optimal tariffs-as-sanctions are lower on goods that the sanctioner can import from bystanders. On goods that the sanctionee can export to bystanders, tariffs-as-sanctions are higher given an elasticity of (excess) supply to the

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Chang, Juin-jen, Wen-ya Chang, Hsueh-fang Tsai, and Ping Wang. "INFLATION TARGETING, PATTERN OF TRADE, AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 07 (2018): 2748–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000955.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper develops an analytically tractable, two-country, two-traded-good dynamic general-equilibrium model of money to examine the long-run and short-run effects of a temporary change in the domestic inflation target on the trade pattern, the terms of trade, the foreign exchange rate, and the capital accumulation of each country and of the world economy. We find that such a temporary monetary innovation can generate permanent effects on the world distribution of capital and the pattern of trade, resulting in nonneutrality in an otherwise money-neutral cash-in-advance setting. This change al

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Cooney, Jerry W. "Neutral Vessels and Platine Slavers: Building a Viceregal Merchant Marine." Journal of Latin American Studies 18, no. 1 (1986): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00011159.

Full text

Abstract:

Creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 and the subsequent Edict of Free Commerce in 1778 fostered a flourishing export trade from that region, mainly of hides and silver. Merchants of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, both criollos and recently arrived peninsulares, prospered during the 1780s and early 1790s, an era of international peace. While a few of these merchants owned and operated ships out of the Río de la Plata, most were content to export to the Peninsula in craft of metropolí registry. Indeed, given the traditional and strong ties of commercial obligations to the Pen

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Wang, Yixuan. "Analysis of the energy trade game between major countries under the background of “carbon neutrality”: A case study of the photovoltaic industry in China and the United States." SHS Web of Conferences 188 (2024): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418803019.

Full text

Abstract:

With the global climate change poses a major threat to human society, more and more countries begin to “carbon neutral” as a national strategy. As a major country in the global carbon emissions, China and the United States focus on the development of the clean industry - photovoltaic industry to increase investment, in order to deal with global climate problems. At the same time, China and the United States for the photovoltaic industry game also presents a two-way interaction situation, on the one hand, the two countries for the “carbon neutral” energy strategy affects the two countries’ trad

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Akseli, N. Orkun. "The Interpretation Philosophy of Secured Transaction Law Conventions." European Review of Private Law 21, Issue 5/6 (2013): 1299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013078.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract: Uniform secured transaction law conventions are critical instruments in efforts to reduce the cost of credit and increase cross-border investment and trade. They present neutral sets of rules. Their provisions need to be construed autonomously, considering their neutral and international character and the need to establish predictability, transactional certainty, and good faith. This article examines the interpretation philosophy of three significant uniform secured transaction law conventions, namely the United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Tra

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Livani, Talajeh, and Jennifer Solotaroff. "Promoting Women’s Participation in Cross-border Trade in South Asia." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 4, no. 1 (2019): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632719832208.

Full text

Abstract:

Historically, practitioners and policymakers have overlooked gender issues in the trade space; however, research in recent decades strongly suggests that trade is not gender neutral. Cross-border trade produces changes in employment and prices, and these changes have different effects on women and men. Moreover, because women and men do not have equal access to education, networks, transportation and productive resources, their ability to seize trade-related opportunities differs. General trade barriers, such as deficient infrastructure and cumbersome regulatory and documentary requirements, a

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Novikova, Irina. "“Scandinavian Transit” in Russian-English Relations (1914—1918)." ISTORIYA 14, no. 8 (130) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027713-3.

Full text

Abstract:

This article is dedicated to one of the insufficiently studied issues of the First World War as a role of the Allied transit trade through Scandinavia. It deals with the organization of the Based on the materials of the archives — the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI), the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGA VMF), as well as the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), the article examines such issues as the organization of transit supplies through neutral Sweden, the activities of the Russian-English joint stock company “Transito”, identifies factors that hindered

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

GRIBINCEA, Lilia. "Solving internal and international trade litigation in European Union." Revista Naţională de Drept 10-12 (216-218) (December 15, 2018): 32–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3357874.

Full text

Abstract:

In the European Union, it is encouraged, through legislation, dispute resolution through alternative methods. Alternative dispute resolution is a simple, fast and inexpensive procedure that involves the intervention of a neutral third party and the solution offered differs depending on the method of settlement - arbitration, mediation, conciliation, negotiation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Ziguras, Christopher, Leanne Reinke, and Grant Mcburnie. "‘Hardly Neutral Players’: Australia's role in liberalising trade in education services." Globalisation, Societies and Education 1, no. 3 (2003): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1476772032000141807.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

DAS, MONICA, and SANDWIP K. DAS. "Distribution neutral abatement policy in a model of trade and environment." Environment and Development Economics 14, no. 4 (2009): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x09005191.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThe Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) states that with weak environmental policies a country can create comparative advantage in the polluting sector. This paper formulates a 3-good-3-factor model where the abatement input is a pure intermediate good. In our model, the PHH as well as the neoclassical trade theorems are valid only when environmental policies are distribution neutral. Inspired by the US Clean Air Act, we develop and estimate a dynamic panel model. We find that US environmental policies are consistent with distribution neutrality. Our results indicate that lowering abateme

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Cheng, Hong, Yingsheng Su, Jinjiang Yan, Xianyu Wang, and Mingyang Li. "The Incentive Model in Supply Chain with Trade Credit and Default Risk." Complexity 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5909785.

Full text

Abstract:

Trade credit is widely used for its advantages. However, trade credit also brings default risk to the manufacturer due to the uncertain demand. And moral hazard may aggravate the default risk. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of moral hazard in trade credit and explore incentive contract under uncertain demand and asymmetric information. We consider a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a risk-neutral retailer ordering a single product from a risk-neutral manufacturer. Market demand is stochastic and is influenced by retailer’s sales effort which is his private informati

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Zhao, Wanrong. "The Impact of Different Trading Strategies on the Same Portfolio." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 16, no. 1 (2023): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/16/20231030.

Full text

Abstract:

The frequent occurrence of political events, the spread of the epidemic and changes in policies of various countries have made the market more volatile. Due to the instability of the overall economic environment, investors are increasingly focusing on using strategies to improve returns, so this article selects several hedge fund trading strategies, analyzes the same trading portfolio, and compares the performance of different trading portfolios. Different effects of the same combination give spirits to investors when making transactions. The market neutral trading strategy is effective for th

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Scheckenhofer, Lisa, Feodora A. Teti, and Joschka Wanner. "Dodging Trade Sanctions? Evidence from Military Goods." AEA Papers and Proceedings 115 (May 1, 2025): 573–77. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251084.

Full text

Abstract:

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 led to unprecedented sanctions aimed at denying Russia access to critical technologies essential for sustaining its war efforts. This paper examines whether trade sanctions targeting military goods were undermined by evasion, specifically through transshipment via Russia-friendly countries. We find that Russia-friendly countries were 20 percentage points more likely to export military goods to Russia relative to neutral countries after the war began, while exports of military goods from Western allies to these countries also increased. Our results show t

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Teixeira, Arilton. "Effects of trade policy on total factor productivity." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 33, no. 2 (2003): 217–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612003000200001.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines if trade policy can account for the difference in total factor productivity (TFP) across countries. A two-sector dynamic international-trade model is developed where technological progress is neutral and a coalition of workers can stop the adoption of new technologies. The key findings are the following: (i) With free trade, or tariff, the best technology is always used and TFP is always at its highest value. Under a quota, this is not always the case and TFP is generally below its highest value; (ii) even controlling for difference of skilled labor (or human capital), work

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Kim, Jin Yeub. "Neutral Bargaining in Financial Over-The-Counter Markets." AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 1, 2019): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20191100.

Full text

Abstract:

I study bargaining over prices between two investors in financial over-the-counter markets with asymmetric information. I focus on environments in which an asset owner has private information about both her liquidity state and asset quality, and so a buyer is uncertain about the owner's true motive for selling--whether it is because of a liquidity need or because of a low asset valuation. I apply the concept of neutral bargaining solution to characterize the prices at which the investors trade with each other. I illustrate the implications for asset prices in over-the-counter markets where pri

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

1, Jacqui. "Trading-Off Gender Equality for Global Europe? The European Union and Free Trade Agreements." European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (2009): 723–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009050.

Full text

Abstract:

Trade liberalization is generally assumed to be a gender-neutral process that increases overall prosperity and is best advanced when stripped of all social and institutional baggage. Yet trade frequently increases or exacerbates structural gender inequalities between women and men in household economies and in local and transnational labour markets. The European Union (EU) purports a different model of economic integration based on the harmonization of institutional, ostensibly ‘non-market’ rules and norms among Member States. This approach to economic integration opens a crucial political opp

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Chernova, V. Yu, and A. G. Pylin. "THE INFLUENCE OF GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS ON THE ECONOMIC POLICIES AND INTEGRATION PROCESSES OF CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES." Вестник Института экономики Российской академии наук, no. 5 (2023): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2023_5_136_151.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of sanctions policy to compete for sales markets and to exert pressure on the governments of countries subject to sanctions has stimulated Russia to develop trade with friendly and neutral countries, to redirect the trade flows along new logistics routes and to form new supply chains. The article examines the impact of Western sanctions on the economies of the Central Asian countries and on their integration with Russia. A sharp decline in exports from Western countries to Russia is accompanied by a significant increase in exports from these countries to the countries of Central Asia,

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Colares, Juscelino F., and William P. Canterberry. "USCOOL: How the Appellate Body Misconstrued the National Treatment Principle, Severely Restricting Agency Discretion to Promulgate Mandatory, Pro-Consumer Labeling Rules." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 1 (2017): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017005.

Full text

Abstract:

In United States–Certain Country of Origin Labeling Requirements1the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) ruled that the United States’ country-of-origin labeling regulations (COOL) on beef and pork products violated the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade’s (TBT) National Treatment (NT) Principle.2 Aimed at promoting informed consumer choice, COOL required retailers to disclose the covered products’ origin. In prior decisions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article III:4, the AB correctly rejected protectionist rules that unnecessarily encumbe

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Ogu, Callistus, Chibueze Aniebo, and Paul Elekwa. "Does Trade Liberalisation Hurt Nigeria’s Manufacturing Sector?" International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 6 (2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n6p175.

Full text

Abstract:

<p>This study examines the role of trade liberalization in the growth of manufacturing output in Nigeria, focusing on the short to medium term period while not ignoring the very important long term on which most studies have focused. Data for the period 1980 to 2013 were obtained from CBN and WDI, with which parameter estimates were extracted for the short to medium term using the error correction mechanism. Trade liberalization was found to hurt manufacturing output in the short run although it showed a real potential to boost it in the long term. An overhaul of competition policy was r

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Hedberg, Peter, and Lars Karlsson. "Neutral trade in time of war: The case of Sweden, 1838–1960." International Journal of Maritime History 27, no. 1 (2015): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871414567077.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Gagliani, Gabriele. "Cybersecurity, Technological Neutrality, and International Trade Law." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 3 (2020): 723–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgaa006.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT There have already been several studies focusing on cybersecurity and international trade but the intersection between the two is multifaceted and can be approached from several viewpoints. This article focuses on cybersecurity and international trade from the specific perspective of technological neutrality. Although technological neutrality is recognized with different degrees of intensity both under World Trade Organization Covered Agreements and free trade agreements in a diverse range of fields (such as trade in services, technical barriers to trade, or intellectual property), it

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Kochetov, N. "Business tool to revitalize interregional trade." Science and Innovations, no. 12 (January 20, 2025): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.29235/1818-9857-2024-12-39-43.

Full text

Abstract:

The problem of international trade at the regional and country levels is considered. It is noted that after 2022, due to numerous sanctions, the geography of trade has undergone significant changes. The main trends in the development of trade for countries friendly and neutral in relation to Russia are determined. Statistics on the results of the Observatory of Economic Complexity for the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation are presented. The author notes that the statistical and scientific-methodological material of the Observatory of Economic Complexity is undeservedly little used

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Müller, Leos. "Svensk sjöfart, neutralitet och det väpnade neutralitetsförbundet 1780–1783." 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 9 (December 10, 2014): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.3246.

Full text

Abstract:

Swedish Shipping, Neutrality, and the First League of Armed Neutrality,1780–1783.The purpose of this article is to follow two contradictory perceptions of neutrality in the political discourses of the mid-eighteenth century. One perception drew on the philosophy of natural law and the beneficial view of trade and sociability; here neutrality was perceived as a good and moral basis for peaceful inter-state relations. The second perception derived from the mercantilist view of international trade as an alternative means of warfare; here neutrality was perceived as a shameless exploitation of war

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Muller, Gilles. "De facto Discrimination Under GATS National Treatment: Has the Genie of Trade Liberalization Been Let Out of the Bottle?" Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 2 (2017): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017009.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) national treatment rule is to prevent discrimination between domestic and like foreign services and service suppliers. It covers both overt (de jure) and origin-neutral (de facto) discrimination. While the identification of de jure discrimination is relatively easy, the exact meaning of de facto discrimination remains unclear. Taken literally, origin-neutral measures that favour domestic services and service suppliers over their foreign counterparts include a wide range of domestic regulations. A broad interpretation extends the

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Laroche, Fabien, Philippe Jarne, Thomas Perrot та Francois Massol. "The evolution of the competition–dispersal trade-off affects α- and β-diversity in a heterogeneous metacommunity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, № 1829 (2016): 20160548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0548.

Full text

Abstract:

Difference in dispersal ability is a key driver of species coexistence in metacommunities. However, the available frameworks for interpreting species diversity patterns in natura often overlook trade-offs and evolutionary constraints associated with dispersal. Here, we build a metacommunity model accounting for dispersal evolution and a competition–dispersal trade-off. Depending on the distribution of carrying capacities among communities, species dispersal values are distributed either around a single strategy (evolutionarily stable strategy, ESS), or around distinct strategies (evolutionary

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Viana, Victor, Paulo Almeida, Micaela Guardiano, Diana Silva, Bruno Oliveira, and António Guerra. "Mothers' eating style's influence on their feeding practices and on their children's appetite traits." Psychologist: Practice & Research Journal 2, no. 1 (2019): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33525/pprj.v2i1.72.

Full text

Abstract:

<strong>Background:</strong> Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has become an important public health concern in the last decades. To study the way mothers and childrenâ€™s behavioral factors interact with each other, influencing eating and body weight, may provide information to be used in preventive and treatment strategies. <strong>Goals:</strong> To study the association of mothersâ€™ eating style on their feeding behavior and on their childrenâ€™s eating behavior. <strong>Methods:</strong> Cross-sectional ob

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Pereira, Alfredo Marvao, and Rui Manuel Pereira. "Infrastructure investment in Portugal and the traded/non-traded industry mix." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 4, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v4i1.1124.

Full text

Abstract:

Using a newly-developed data set for Portugal, we analyze the industry-level effects of infrastructure investment. Focusing on the divide between traded and non-traded industries, we find that infrastructure investments have a non-traded bias, as these shift the industry mix towards private and public services. We also find that the industries that benefit the most in relative terms are all non-traded: construction, trade, and real estate, among the private services, and education and health, among the public services. Similarly, emerging trading sectors, such as hospitality and professional s

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Yuliansyah, Muslimin Kara, Rahman Ambo Masse, and Sumar’in. "Cross-Border Trade In Indonesia Malaysia Area Of Aruk New Border Crossing Sambas Regency." SOUTHEAST ASIA JOURNAL oF GRADUATE OF ISLAMIC BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 4, no. 1 (2025): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.37567/sajgibe.v4i1.3716.

Full text

Abstract:

The export-import opportunities for various superior products from Sambas Regency through the Aruk PLBN are very high, especially with the presence of supporting government agencies and SOEs at the Aruk PLBN. So it is interesting to analyze further the cross-border trade in the Indonesia-Malaysia region in the Aruk PLBN area of Sambas Regency. This research is a type of field research that uses qualitative descriptive methods. The researcher tries to conduct an in-depth study by describing the phenomenon of cross-border trade that occurs at the Aruk Cross-Border Post. This will show the impact

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Pouris, A. "The effects of mergers on the trade component of the balance of payments: The British evidence." South African Journal of Business Management 18, no. 1 (1987): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v18i1.993.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper investigates empirically the effects of mergers within the British manufacturing industry on the trade component of the balance of payments. The effects of different merger rates over time on the trade component of the balance of payments are examined for the period 1880-1969. The effects of different merger rates over industry on the import/export performance of those industries are examined for the period 1969-1983. The results show that mergers had an adverse effect on the trade balance over the period 1880-1969 and that mergers did not determine the industries' performance over

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Dyomina, Yana. "Russia – ASEAN Relations Under Current Circumstances." Regionalistica 11, no. 3 (2024): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2024.3.30.

Full text

Abstract:

The author analyzes reactions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The results show that positions of ASEAN member states are poorly correlated with the dynamics of their trade with the Russian Federation. Thus, despite the fact that the political reaction of the Association member states to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict remains mostly neutral, ASEAN’s trade turnover with Russia decreased by 15,4% in 2022 compared to 2021. This was due to the lessening of Russian imports (a sharp decline occurred in Q2 2022). Supplies to Russia decreased fro

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Akgüller, Ömer, Mehmet Ali Balcı, Larissa Margareta Batrancea, Dilara Altan Koç, and Anca Nichita. "Neutral Delayed Fractional Models in Financial Time Series: Insights into Borsa Istanbul Sectors Affected by the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake." Fractal and Fractional 9, no. 3 (2025): 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9030141.

Full text

Abstract:

This study examines the impact of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake on four key sectors of Borsa Istanbul: Basic Metal, Insurance, Non-Metallic Mineral Products, and Wholesale and Retail Trade using neutral delayed fractional differential equations. Employing the Chebyshev collocation method, we numerically solved the neutral delayed fractional differential equations with initial conditions scaled by each sector’s log difference standard deviation to accurately reflect market volatility. Fractional orders were derived from the Hurst exponent, and time delays were identified using average mutual inf

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Gram-Skjoldager, Karen. "Denmark during the First World War: Neutral policy, economy and culture." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 2 (2019): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419835753.

Full text

Abstract:

When war broke out in the summer of 1914, the Danish government responded by declaring the country neutral. This decision marked the beginning of a particular neutral Danish war experience. This article analyses how Danish politics and society were affected by and responded to the war. It explores four themes in particular: the relationship between neutrality, trade and economic warfare; internationalist and humanitarian practices; political and redistributive responses to the war and the particular ‘neutral’ cultural processing of the war in Denmark. It argues that while the material and huma

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Stryszowski, Piotr K. "Intellectual Property Rights, Globalization and Growth." Global Economy Journal 6, no. 4 (2006): 1850100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1224.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents a model that combines the key features of a Schumpeterian growth model without scale effects and a North-South model of trade. All open economies converge to parallel growth paths because of costly technological transfer. The effects of intellectual property rights (IPR) regimes and trade policies on the growth rate is studied, as well as on a given country's economic performance. The requirement that trade be balanced neutralizes all potential effects of the tariff policy on the world's growth rate, and on the performance of a single country. By contrast, an improvement of

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Louka, Elli. "The New Trade Order: Conflicts, Internet Standards and Human Security." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 6 (2021): 921–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021039.

Full text

Abstract:

It is tempting to think of trade war as an innocuous conflict between the big economic interests of states with scant implications for the rest of the international system and citizens’ rights. This could not be further from reality. This study chronicles the collapse of the Appellate Body of the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the end point of a long process tarnished by deep ideological disputes ill-suited for adjudication. These disputes, frequently expressed through tit-for-tat litigation, have eroded the legitimacy of the WTO as a dispute settlement orga

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Wilson, Victor. "Contraband Trade under Swedish Colours: St. Barthélemy's Moment in the Sun, 1793–1815." Itinerario 43, no. 02 (2019): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000299.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe article explores the emergence and workings of the free port of Gustavia, founded in 1785 shortly after the Swedish acquisition of its first Caribbean colony, St. Barthélemy. Its free trade policy was modelled closely after Dutch and Danish predecessors in the region, which had been successful for centuries as neutral marketplaces, especially during times of international conflict. An increasing field of scholars have begun reconsidering the significance of contraband trade in Caribbean and Atlantic history. Arguments have been made for a more nuanced understanding of Caribbean geo

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Panda, Pallavi. "COVID-19, Trade Disruptions, and Gender: A Survey of the Potential Interactions and Consequences for Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of African Development 23, no. 2 (2022): 347–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.23.2.0347.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to significantly reduce trade flows due to global trade restrictions and economic lockdowns. The impact of a trade disruption is, however, not gender neutral. In developing countries, women form the majority of low-skilled and labor-intensive jobs in the export sector that are most affected by the pandemic. This article is based on a literature review that explores research on the gendered implications of trade on economic development. It also discusses the effects of previous epidemics on health and human capital in Africa. It outlines the various ch

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Lin, Kui, Da-Yong Zhang, and Fangliang He. "Demographic trade-offs in a neutral model explain death-rate–abundance-rank relationship." Ecology 90, no. 1 (2009): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-2079.1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Ranjan, Vipul, and Kumari Deepa Rani. "BRICS IN GLOBAL TRADE: THE EVOLVING ROLE OF SERVICES AND ITS COMPOSITIONS." International Journal of Innovations & Research Analysis 04, no. 03(I) (2024): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.62823/ijira/4.3(i).6835.

Full text

Abstract:

The trade in services has grown rapidly over the last 20 years, which has improved the BRICS countries' overall economic efficiency. All of the BRICS nations' services trade as a percentage of GDP in 2020 varied from 5.5% (China, Brazil) to roughly 12% (India). Based on balance of payments data, India strengthened its position as a net services exporter between 2000 and 2020. Brazil and the Russian Federation saw a decline in their negative trade balances, while South Africa's position stayed roughly neutral. China, on the other hand, saw a sharp growth in its negative trade balance in commerc

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Afiyati, Ruwaidah. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MEDIATION IN THE RESOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE DISPUTES." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 9, no. 1 (2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v9i1.20853.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this paper is to find out mediation in the settlement of disputes or international trade disputes by Business Actors, and the role of the ITPC in the event of a dispute between the parties involved in international trade transactions. This research used a normative juridical approach. The research results state that settlement of international trade disputes, in its implementation, business people prefer the mediation route, because of the benefits or advantages that business people get when using the mediation route. Among other things, the parties requested or appointed by the

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Nagengast, Arne J., Daniel A. Braun, and Daniel M. Wolpert. "Risk sensitivity in a motor task with speed-accuracy trade-off." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 6 (2011): 2668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00804.2010.

Full text

Abstract:

When a racing driver steers a car around a sharp bend, there is a trade-off between speed and accuracy, in that high speed can lead to a skid whereas a low speed increases lap time, both of which can adversely affect the driver's payoff function. While speed-accuracy trade-offs have been studied extensively, their susceptibility to risk sensitivity is much less understood, since most theories of motor control are risk neutral with respect to payoff, i.e., they only consider mean payoffs and ignore payoff variability. Here we investigate how individual risk attitudes impact a motor task that in

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Haverty, John L., and Waqar I. Ghani. "U. S. Corporate Reaction To GATT: An Analysis Of Managements Public Disclosures." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 13, no. 3 (2011): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v13i3.5750.

Full text

Abstract:

<span>The authors performed a computerized search of recent public financial disclosures in Management Discussion and Analyses and Presidents Letters to Shareholders concerning the reaction of multinational firms to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The intent of the search was to explore 1) the extent of TAGG disclosures made by multinational firms, 2) the tenor of these disclosures (i.e., favorable, neutral or unfavorable), 3) the location of the GATT disclosure (i.e. the Management Discussion and Analysis or the Presidents Letter, and 4) the nature of the corporate re

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!