Relevant bibliographies by topics / Neutrality level

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Neutrality level'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Neutrality level"

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Gauger, Jean. "Disaggregate Level Evidence on Monetary Neutrality." Review of Economics and Statistics 70, no. 4 (November 1988): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1935832.

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Dimoulas, A., P. Tsipas, A. Sotiropoulos, and E. K. Evangelou. "Fermi-level pinning and charge neutrality level in germanium." Applied Physics Letters 89, no. 25 (December 18, 2006): 252110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2410241.

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Brudnyi, V. N. "Gallium Nitride: Charge Neutrality Level and Interfaces." Russian Physics Journal 58, no. 11 (March 2016): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-016-0691-1.

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Goswami, Anandajit, Sampurna Goswami, and Ashutosh Senger. "Gender Neutrality." International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility 4, no. 2 (July 2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsecsr.2019070103.

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The main focus of this article is to critically analyse the associations between crime against women, gender neutrality and attainment of SDG 5 within the multicultural complex context of India. The article argues that to achieve gender equality and neutrality, changes must be made at the level of policy that empowers not only women but also the other genders. This has to be mainstreamed within policy making, by institutions and someday as a part of CSR through the creation of a shared value approach. The article argues that gender equality is not just about women's empowerment but also about empowering all other genders. For making its case, this article gives a detailed analysis of women's empowerment laws and goes on to make a case for the gender equality and neutrality by challenging the binary of man versus woman. The article makes a narrative about the imperative need of pushing gender neutrality in order to attain SDG-5 and sustainability in the middle of the unequal power relationship within every segment and sector of societies with complex cultural, class, caste divide and other inequities.
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Zhang, Jing, Shuhua Wei, Xiaolei Wang, Jinjuan Xiang, and Wenwu Wang. "Experimental estimation of charge neutrality level of SiO2." Applied Surface Science 422 (November 2017): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.078.

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Brake, Elizabeth. "Rawls and Feminism: What Should Feminists Make of Liberal Neutrality?" Journal of Moral Philosophy 1, no. 3 (2004): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174046810400100305.

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AbstractI argue that Rawls’s liberalism is compatible with feminist goals. I focus primarily on the issue of liberal neutrality, a topic suggested by the work of Catharine MacKinnon. I discuss two kinds of neutrality: neutrality at the level of justifying liberalism itself, and state neutrality in political decision-making. Both kinds are contentious within liberal theory. Rawls’s argument for justice as fairness has been criticized for non-neutrality at the justificatory level, a problem noted by Rawls himself in Political Liberalism. I will defend a qualified account of neutrality at the justificatory level, taking an epistemic approach to argue for the exclusion of certain doctrines from the justificatory process. I then argue that the justification process I describe offers a justificatory stance supportive of the feminist rejection of state-sponsored gender hierarchy. Further, I argue that liberal neutrality at the level of political decision-making will have surprising implications for gender equality. Once the extent of the state’s involvement in the apparently private spheres of family and civil society is recognized, and the disproportionate influence of a sexist conception of the good on those structures—and concomitant promotion of that ideal—is seen, state neutrality implies substantive change. While—as Susan Moller Okin avowed—Rawls himself may have remained ambiguous on how to address gender inequality, his theory implies that the state must seek to create substantive, not merely formal, equality. I suggest that those substantive changes will not conflict with liberal neutrality but instead be required by it.
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Brudnyi, V. N., S. N. Grinyaev, and V. E. Stepanov. "Local neutrality conception: Fermi level pinning in defective semiconductors." Physica B: Condensed Matter 212, no. 4 (September 1995): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00376-k.

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Koppelman, Andrew. "The Fluidity of Neutrality." Review of Politics 66, no. 4 (2004): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500039917.

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The political ideal of neutrality toward conceptions of the good is unsustainable at the extremely abstract level proposed by some liberal theorists. Neutrality is nonetheless a valuable political ideal. One of the many ways that government can go wrong is to take a position on some question that it would, all things considered, be better for it to abstain from deciding. The classic example is the question of which (if any) religion is true. The idea of neutrality holds that government ought to avoid this pathology.
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Brudnyi, V. N., A. V. Kosobutsky, and S. Yu Sarkisov. "Charge neutrality level and electronic properties of GaSe under pressure." Semiconductors 44, no. 9 (September 2010): 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782610090095.

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Willson, Richard W., and Kyle D. Brown. "Carbon Neutrality at the Local Level: Achievable Goal or Fantasy?" Journal of the American Planning Association 74, no. 4 (October 21, 2008): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360802380431.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neutrality level"

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King, Philip David. "Charge neutrality level in significantly cation-anion mismatched semiconductors." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2767/.

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The fundamental bulk and surface electronic properties of a novel class of semiconductors, characterised by a significant mismatch between the size and electro-negativity of the cation and anion (SCAMS), have been investigated. The characteristic examples of CdO, In2O3, and InN were studied using high-resolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, infrared reflectivity, optical absorption spectroscopy, and single-field Hall effect measurements. The behaviour of not only defects, dopants and impurities, which dominate the bulk electronic properties, but also surface states was shown to depend on the position of a single energy level, the charge neutrality level (CNL), unifying bulk and surface electronic properties of semiconductors. For the materials studied, the CNL was shown to be located within the conduction band (0.39 eV, »0:65 eV, and 1.19 eV above the conduction band minimum (CBM) in CdO, In2O3, and InN, respectively; see figure) in contrast to the vast majority of semiconductors where the CNL lies within the fundamental band gap (as, for example, in the classic case of GaAs). In CdO, this was shown to lead to native defects, hydrogen impurities and surface states all being donors, even in already n-type material. The donor surface states result in electron accumulation at the CdO surface. Such an electron accumulation is also present at InN surfaces, and this was shown to exhibit a remarkable independence on surface orientation, and to lead to inversion layers at the surface of p-type InN. The changes in surface space-charge regions were investigated across the In(Ga,Al)N composition range, for both undoped and Mg-doped alloys. The influence of the CNL position on interface properties and conductivity in InN was considered. Electron accumulation was observed in In2O3, in contrast to previous reports. Muonium, and by analogy hydrogen, was also shown to be a shallow donor in this material. The location of the CNL above the CBM in SCAMS was used to explain many of their striking bulk electronic properties, such as why materials like In2O3 are able to be conducting despite being optically transparent, two normally contradictory properties. The conclusions drawn from these studies are applicable to a wide variety of other materials, in particular other SCAMS such as ZnO or SnO2. Surface electron accumulation is treated here mainly within a one-electron semi-classical approximation. The final section of this work moves beyond this, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements and theoretical calculations to consider both the quantized nature of an electron accumulation layer, and the influence of many-body effects.
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Piggot, Georgia Jean. "Getting to zero : a field-level perspective on organizational transitions towards carbon neutrality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64143.

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Climate change policies are proliferating at a local and regional level. Within this landscape, organizational climate change action is shifting from voluntary to mandated, and organizations are grappling with new pressures to reduce their environmental impact. This dissertation explores organizational responses to climate change policy, though a field-level analysis of 132 organizations that were required to achieve carbon neutrality in British Columbia, Canada. The strategies organizations adopted or considered over a five-year period from the policy inception are examined using survey data and a content analysis of annual reports. This study shows that the organizations bound by the carbon neutral mandate quickly came to a common understanding of what the practical expression of carbon neutrality involved. Within five years of the policy introduction, and three years of the requirement to become carbon neutral, organizations were considering or adopting a large number of similar strategies in response to the legislative requirement to reduce their carbon emissions. This convergence of strategies can be explained by several factors. First, organizations drew cues about appropriate responses from the government, and from other organizations within the field, leading to isomorphism of strategies over time. Second, the organizations were working under a common set of institutional logics, or cultural assumptions about the rationale for pursuing strategies, leading them to consider the same practices appropriate for meeting carbon neutral goals. Finally, organizations were supported by similar networks of organizations, centralizing the field around a few key actors. Similarity in responses to the mandate to achieve carbon neutrality are reflective of the fact that organizations drew from the common sources of information and resources to meet emissions reduction targets. This work demonstrates that organizational responses to climate policy should be understood with reference to the field in which organizations are embedded, rather than simply as the sum of individual organizational actions. It also highlights the fact that if the institutional and cultural conditions are right, organizational fields can rapidly emerge and adapt to new policy imperatives to tackle climate change.
Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate
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Molodtsova, Olga. "Electronic properties of metal-organic and organic-organic interfaces studied by photoemission and photoabsorption spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1197646805493-74166.

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Molodtsova, Olga. "Electronic properties of metal-organic and organic-organic interfaces studied by photoemission and photoabsorption spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24174.

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In this work systematic studies of the organic semiconductor CuPc have been presented. In general the investigation can be devided in three parts. In the first one we have studied the electronic structure of clean CuPc thin film. The next two parts are devoted to organic-organic and metal–organic interface formation, where one of the interface components is CuPc thin film. The main results of this thesis are: - The electronic structure of the pristine organic semiconductor CuPc (valence band and empty states) has been obtained by a combination of conventional and resonant photoemission, near-edge X-ray absorption, as well as by theoretical ab initio quantum-chemical calculations. A qualitative assignment of different VB structures has been given, or in other words the contributions of different atomic species as well as sites of the CuPc molecule to the electronic DOS has been established. In particular, it was shown, that the HOMO is mainly comprised of the spectral weights from the orbitals of carbon pyrolle atoms. Additional contributions to the HOMO stems from the benzene atoms. A combined experimental and theoretical study of the unoccupied electronic density of states of CuPc was presented. Our study allows identifying the contributions from different parts of the molecule to the unoccupied DOS and the measured spectra, which lays grounds for future studies of the evolution of the CuPc electronic states upon e.g. functionalization or doping. Application of similar studies to other organic semiconductors will also provide significant insight into their unoccupied electronic states. - The electronic properties of the organic heterointerfaces between fullerite and pristine copper phthalocyanine were studied. Both interfaces, CuPc/C60 and C60/CuPc, were found to be non-reactive with pronounced shifts of the vacuum level pointing to the formation of an interfacial dipole mainly at the CuPc side of the heterojunctions. The dipole values are close to the difference of the work functions of the two materials. Important interface parameters and hole-injection barriers were obtained. The sequence of deposition does not influence the electronic properties of the interfaces. - CuPc doped with potassium was studied by means of photoemission and photoabsorption spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the core-level PE spectra allows one to propose possible lattice sites, which harbor the potassium ions. Contrasting to a few results reported in the literature, the films prepared in this thesis showed no finite electronic density of states at the Fermi level. - Two stages of the In/CuPc interface formation have been distinguished. The low-coverage stage is characterized by a strong diffusion of the In atoms into the organic film. Metal ions occupy sites close to the pyrolle nitrogen and strongly interact with molecules transferring negative charge to CuPc. Indium diffusion into the organic films saturates at a stoichiometry of In2CuPc. Subsequently, in the second stage the formation of a metallic indium film occurs on the top of the In2CuPc film. - Upon deposition on CuPc film Sn and Ag atoms do not diffuse into the organic film forming metallic clusters and/or thin metallic overlayer. Sharp metal-organic film interface is formed, in contrast to indium and potassium deposition. Presented experimental results also give evidence for absence of noticeable chemical reaction of Sn and Ag with CuPc thin film. - The systematic investigation of interface formation between CuPc thin film and various metals gives us the possibility to summarize all results with demonstrating similarities and differences for all systems studied.
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Tschudi, Yohann. "Reconstruction de muons cosmiques en collision et recherche de gluinos se désintégrant en stop-top dans l’expérience CMS au LHC." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10152/document.

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L'expérience CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid), construite sur l'anneau du LHC (Large Hadron Collider), enregistre des données provenant des collisions proton-proton depuis 2 ans. L'alignement entre toutes les couches du trajectographe, sous-détecteur de CMS permettant la reconstruction et la mesure de l'impulstion des particules chargées, est effectué à l'aide de traces de particules créées lors de la collision et des traces créées par le passage de muons d'origine cosmique à travers ce détecteur. La première partie de ce livre sera dédiée à la reconstruction des traces de ces muons lors des collisions. Une nouvelle méthode, appelée reconstruction cosmique régionale, a été développée et mise en place. L'efficacité de 69% et le taux de faux de l'ordre de 1% permettent l'utilisation de ces traces pour l'alignement. La deuxième partie, portant sur l'analyse des données de collision, s'intéressera à la recherche de particules prédites par un modèle d'extension du Modèle Standard, la Supersymétrie, dans un scénario particulier, le scénario du Stop Léger. Dans le cas d'un fort mélange dans la troisième génération de squarks, le stop, partenaire supersymétrique du quark top, peut être léger. Dans l'analyse effectuée au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au cas au mstop < mtop. Dans le MSSM avec conservation de la R-parité, le gluino serait formé par paire et se désintégrerait en un squark stop et un quark top. Le stop se désintégrerait quant-à-lui en un quark c et un neutralino, particule supersymétrique la plus légère du modèle, stable et interagissant faiblement. Aucun excès par rapport aux prédictions du Modèle Standard n'a été relevé en utilisant les 40pb-1 de données enregistrées par CMS en 2010. Les limites obtenues à 95% de niveau de confiance permettent d'exclure des masses de stop jusqu'à 175 GeV pour des masses de gluinos allant jusqu'à 350 GeV et des faibles différences de masses entre le stop et le neutralino
The CMS experiment (Compact Muon Solenoid), built on the ring of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), is recording data from proton-proton collisions for 2 years now. The alignment between all layers of the tracker, the sub-detector of CMS allowing the reconstruction and the measurement of the momentum of charged particles, is made by using tracks of particles created during collisions and tracks created by the passage of cosmic muons through this sub-detector. A first part of the presentation will be dedicated to the reconstruction of the tracks of these cosmic muons during collisions. A new method, called regional cosmic reconstruction, was developed and implemented. The 69 % efficiency and the fake rate around 1 % allow to use these tracks for the alignment. The second part, dedicated to the analysis of collision data, will concern the search of particles predicted by a model of extension of the Standard Model, the Supersymmetry, in a particular scenario, the light Stop scenario. In the case of a strong mixing in the third generation of squarks, the stop, supersymmetric partner of the top quark, could be light. In the analysis developped during this thesis, we were interested in the case where the mstop < mtop. In the MSSM with R-parity conservation, the gluino would be created by pair and would decay in a stop squark and a top quark. Stop would decays in a c quark and a neutralino, the lightest supereymmetric particle of the model, stable and interacting weakly. No excess with regards to Standard Model predictions was observed in 40pb-1 of data recorded by CMS in 2010. The limits obtained at 95 % confidence level allow to exclude masses of stop until 175 GeV for masses of gluinos going up to 350 GeV and low differences of masses between stop and neutralino
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Dragin, Fabienne Christelle. "Structure et propriétés électroniques de nanotubes de carbone en solution polyélectrolyte." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6559.

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Shyianok, Krystsina. "Tlumočnická neutralita při tlumočení na vysoké úrovni." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-389229.

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(in English): The diploma thesis "The interpreter's neutrality when interpreting for high-level officials" is a theoretical and empirical work and consists of two parts. The theoretical part tries to look into the concepts of neutrality, impartiality and bias and to point out the multidimensional nature of interpreter's neutrality. It also provides an overview of existing approaches to interpreter's neutrality and highlights the essence of high-level interpreting. The empirical part is a research probe that maps how professional conference interpreters who interpret for high-level officials in the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation view the concept of absolute interpreter's neutrality. At the same time it inquires whether they sometimes face the absence of interpreter's neutrality. Lastly, it outlines factors that can influence interpreter's neutrality and examines possible impacts of neutrality absence on interpreting performance. The results of empirical part may become a springboard for further research in interpreter's neutrality.
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Books on the topic "Neutrality level"

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Buiter, Willem H. The young person's guide to neutrality, price level indeterminacy, interest rate pegs, and fiscal theories of the price level. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Binneveld, J. M. W. Leven naast de catastrofe: Nederland tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Hilversum: Verloren, 2001.

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Shumilina, Vera, Vadim Kleptsov, Viktoria Grushina, Galina Krohicheva, Anastasia Popova, Liubov Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina Boguslav, et al. Business security management in modern conditions. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/978-0-6487435-9-0.

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The modern economy is characterized by a high level of dynamism of the factors of the external and internal environment of enterprises, influencing the possibility of their stable development. With the transition of the Russian economy to market methods of doing business, in which enterprise management must take into account various scenarios, risk becomes an integral element of socio-economic relations. Risk is present in all spheres of life, regardless of whether its presence is taken into account in the situation of choosing an alternative method of managing a business entity or not. The presence of risk is a significant factor in the development of business and the economy as a whole. To minimize and neutralize risks, the enterprise must constantly ensure its safety. In modern conditions, due to the pandemic and economic downturn, enterprises are forced to revise their methods of safety management and risk neutralization. This monograph, dedicated to modern problems of business security management, is the result of the joint work of teachers and students of the Department of Economic Security, Accounting and Law of the Don State Technical University.
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Boje, John. From Neutrality to Collaboration. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039560.003.0004.

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This chapter examines how the Boers went from neutrality to collaboration with the British during the South African War. It considers the many gradations in the process of alienation from the national cause as well as the essential unity of the phenomenon. Before discussing gradations of culpability, the chapter looks at some general issues relating to economic considerations, pan-republican nationalism, and level of commitment that underlay the phenomenon of collaboration in all its forms. It then describes manifestations of Boer disloyalty: evading combat, opting out of the war, the “objective collaboration” of working with the new authorities, participation in the peace movement, providing intelligence, service with the British Army, and service under arms.
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Hargreaves, Ian. 2. Big Brother: journalism and the altered state. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199686872.003.0003.

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‘Big Brother: journalism and the altered state’ discusses the role of the state in journalism. Russia has retightened its grip on television and newspaper journalism despite its constitutional guarantee of press freedom. In China, a separate Chinese Internet has been created that allows a certain level of freedom, but which is contained and free from foreign intervention. The ‘Arab Spring’ of 2010 was triggered in part by social media activism, and Western news media are facing their own questions of neutrality. What does this all mean for journalism now set in a world of corporate media ambition, telecommunications regulation, and global Internet governance?
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Daunton, Martin. Creating Consent. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796817.003.0006.

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The British state in the long eighteenth century created an effective fiscal–military state based on an efficient tax system that allowed borrowing without the default that afflicted France. The result was success in wars with France and the expansion of the empire. After the victory at Waterloo in 1815, consent was lost as a result of the high level of debt service which fell on producers within an unreformed political system. This chapter explains how consent was re-established by the use of a political language of neutrality and equity between classes, and by the design of parliamentary and administrative controls over spending. The fiscal state secured a high level of legitimacy and consent that prepared the ground for an expansion of public spending on welfare and warfare in the early twentieth century.
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Rodley, Nigel S. ‘Humanitarian Intervention’. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0036.

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This chapter examines whether so-called humanitarian intervention is a lawful exception to the international law prohibiting use of force when rescuing populations from widespread grave human rights violations, without UN Security Council authorization under Chapter VII. It considers what type or level of human rights violation or abuse justifies ‘humanitarian intervention’ if it were permitted, with reference to the R2P categories of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It discusses the UN Charter provisions and state practice on the prohibition on use of force, and criteria used to determine the legality of action deemed humanitarian intervention. The chapter describes tests that an intervention would have to pass and would be applicable to mitigate culpability, including gravity of the situation, political neutrality, the circumstances of the Security Council’s inability to act, and principles of necessity and proportionality. It argues that there is no humanitarian exception to the prohibition of the use of force in international law.
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U.S. Army Engineer School and U.S. Army Training Support Center. Reserve Schools Division, eds. Student lesson: Locate mines by probing and neutralize enemy mines : MOS 12B combat engineer, skill level I. Fort Eustis, VA: U.S. Army Training Support Center, Reserve Schools Division, 1986.

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U.S. Army Engineer School. and U.S. Army Training Support Center. Reserve Schools Division., eds. Student lesson: Locate mines by probing and neutralize enemy mines : MOS 12B combat engineer, skill level I. Fort Eustis, VA: U.S. Army Training Support Center, Reserve Schools Division, 1986.

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Hauser, Gunther, and Mauro Mantovani. Austria and Switzerland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0011.

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Since the end of the cold war, Austria and Switzerland have maintained their status of neutrality, but reinterpreted their neutrality policy in pragmatic yet different ways. Both, however, joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) initiative at an early stage. Within the EU and PfP, Austria focused on armed forces interoperability, whereas Switzerland increased its formerly very low contribution to international peace missions. Both alpine republics conducted three major reforms of their armed forces, which entailed a substantial downsizing of overall mobilization strength and weaponry, while maintaining territorial defence as the core mission. Austria and Switzerland both aim at slightly increasing defence expenditures up to the early 2020s as a consequence of widely increased threat perception (owing to mass migration, Islamist terrorism, and a reasserting Russia), yet they will still find it difficult to replace their rapidly ageing main weapons systems. Troop contributions to international operations are likely to remain at at the 2017 levels.
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Book chapters on the topic "Neutrality level"

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Bodle, Ralph. "Implementing Land Degradation Neutrality at National Level: Legal Instruments in Germany." In International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2017, 287–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68885-5_15.

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Wunder, Stephanie, Timo Kaphengst, and Ana Frelih-Larsen. "Implementing Land Degradation Neutrality (SDG 15.3) at National Level: General Approach, Indicator Selection and Experiences from Germany." In International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2017, 191–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68885-5_11.

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Unluturk, Burcu, and Anna Krook-Riekkola. "Energy System Models for City Climate Mitigation Plans—Challenges and Recommendations." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 15–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_2.

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AbstractMany cities around the world have adopted climate neutrality targets, and, to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, they need climate action plans. Energy system optimization models (ESOMs) can be used as tools to support their energy transitions. ESOMs have been in use at the national level for several years and also have recently been used at the city level. Even though several researchers have focused on how city ESOMs can be developed, the literature lacks a discussion of the challenges that are faced in data collection during model development. In this paper, we share the challenges encountered in the model development, as well as in the scenario development and recommend practical solutions for overcoming these challenges. The following three challenges were identified and discussed in the model development process: (a) data availability and quality; (b) communication; and (c) knowledge and background of civil servants and researchers. The main challenges in the scenario development were: (a) parameter selection and (b) complexity. It was found that explanation of the terminology used in ESOMs, presentation of the model structure and preliminary base-year results were crucial actions for overcoming challenges during model development. During the scenario development, collaboration between modelers and civil servants when reviewing parameter combinations and working with preliminary scenario results were decisive strategies for improving the civil servants’ understanding of ESOMs. Complementarily, it was found that continuous communication between the researcher and the civil servant and good comprehension of the model on the municipality's side helped improve the usefulness of ESOMs in cities’ energy transitions.
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Clark, Andrew G. "A Neutrality Test for Continuous Characters Based on Levels of Intraspecific Variation and Interspecific Divergence." In Non-Neutral Evolution, 101–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2383-3_9.

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"An Integrated Level Analysis of Belgian Foreign and Security Policies, 1914–1936." In Neutrality as a Policy Choice for Small/Weak Democracies, 42–126. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004395855_004.

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Ljusa, Melisa, and Hamid Custovic. "Baseline indicators to achive Land Degradation Neutrality at the country level." In Abstract book of the 18th Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, 36–37. Szent István Egyetemi Kiadó Nonprofit Kft., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.34116/nti.2019.aa.10.

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"An Integrated Level Analysis of the Regime of Voluntary Neutrality, October 1936 and May 1940." In Neutrality as a Policy Choice for Small/Weak Democracies, 127–95. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004395855_005.

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"An Integrated Level Analysis of the Impact of World War ii on Belgian Foreign Policy and Internal Politics." In Neutrality as a Policy Choice for Small/Weak Democracies, 196–271. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004395855_006.

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Steytler, Nico. "Judicial Neutrality in the Face of Ineptitude: The Constitutional Court and Multi-Level Government in South Africa." In Judge made Federalism?, 27–42. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co KG, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845213507-27.

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Murray, Andrew. "2. The network of networks." In Information Technology Law, 22–36. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804727.003.0002.

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This chapter traces the history of the internet, sometimes called the network of networks. It first looks at the origins of computer networks, beginning with the introduction of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network or ARPANET, followed by the ALOHANET and the SATNET. The chapter then outlines the development of the internet that began when Bob Kahn built an Internetwork Protocol and also explains how the modern internet functions, along with net neutrality. Finally, it considers the third network layer, the applications layer where higher-level protocols such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol make it possible to carry out operations such as web surfing.
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Conference papers on the topic "Neutrality level"

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Johnson, Colin G. "Multi-level neutrality in optimization." In 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cec.2008.4631147.

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Nishimura, T., T. Nakamura, T. Yajima, K. Nagashil, and A. Toriumi. "Charge neutrality level shift in the Bardeen limit of Fermi-level pinning at atomically flat Ge/metal interface." In 2013 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2013.b-5-2.

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Bozyigit, D., and C. Rossel. "Extraction of interface trap density in high-k/Ge gate stacks and determination of the charge neutrality level." In 2009 67th Annual Device Research Conference (DRC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drc.2009.5354888.

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Diaz, Gerardo, John Elliott, and Carlos F. M. Coimbra. "Towards Zero Net Energy at a Community-Scale Level: Case Study at UC Merced." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54545.

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The recent establishment of the University of California Merced presents a unique and invaluable opportunity to plan, carry out, and monitor the development and growth of a new university campus utilizing the most advanced sustainable concepts and technologies available today. Although retrofitting and obsolete building construction codes are not an issue, this community-scale project is already facing operational questions related to the integration of renewable resources. The actual operation at a high percentage of renewable power generation and building efficiency provides invaluable information to analyze the operation that mimic or even exceed California’s 20% and future 33% renewable portfolio standards. UC Merced is already working to meet the commitment of zero net energy by 2020 that is part of the triple-zero challenge that also includes elimination of landfill waste and climate neutrality in the same timeframe. In this work, current findings about this integration strategy are provided.
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Dyson, Richard, James Varney, Vaseem Khan, and Chris Dartnell. "Net Zero Facilities – A Tenet for Survival or a Pipedream." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31098-ms.

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Abstract To meet global climate targets, it is critical that the oil and gas industry address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to its operations. According to the IEA, 15% of global energy-related GHG emissions arise from the process of hydrocarbon extraction and distribution. Production facilities built today may operate for 20-30 years, by which time industries, governments and countries have committed to significant reductions in emissions. If facilities are not designed with carbon neutrality in mind, there is a risk that carbon pricing may cause projects to become uneconomic before their planned end-of-life - an expensive folly. To meet GHG emission targets and de-risk projects it is essential that operators design and construct facilities with carbon neutrality in mind. This will future-proof their operations, ensuring that operators are active participants in a carbon neutral future. In fact, this is a tenet for survival in a world with pressure to decarbonise from shareholders, financial institutions, and society itself. This paper presents a pathway to the carbon neutral upstream facility. A methodology to achieve net-zero emissions for an offshore compression platform is proposed. The project team used a Decision Quality framework to identify methods for achieving carbon neutrality, including: Power import and electrification Renewable micro-grids Integration with hydrogen networks Reduction of fugitive emissions Flare system removal Facility demanning and access method Engineered offsetting methods (excluding nature-based offsetting) Digital Transformation of design and operations - remote operation and monitoring. Design concepts were created to test carbon neutral facilities feasibility. Expertise gained from demanning projects, along with specialist Electrical & Instrumentation experience were used, to perform a techno-economic assessment. Class 5 CAPEX and OPEX estimates were prepared and compared against a Reference Case "traditional" facility design. Traditional approaches to facility design were challenged at every level and an optimal, carbon neutral design was identified based on the above assessments integrating the latest techniques and technology. The study team determined the facilities lifecycle cost, identifying breakeven carbon pricing required to ensure cost-competitiveness. This paper demonstrates what is achievable with current technology, and opportunities for further technology development. Breakeven carbon pricing for carbon neutral facilities is presented within a range of economic scenarios. A hierarchy of technologies show those which have the biggest impact per dollar spent. This will allow operators to make informed decisions on areas that present the biggest targets for emissions reduction. The methodology can be adapted to any geographical region, considering local infrastructure and carbon pricing. The approach presented can be applied across many industries. Long lifespan, capital intensive projects with large GHG footprints are particularly vulnerable to carbon taxes. These projects have much to gain from adopting carbon neutrality early in system design.
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Chen, Wei-Chen, Hang-Ting Lue, Yi-Hsuan Hsiao, Xi-Wei Lin, Jacky Huang, Yen-Hao Shih, and Chih-Yuan Lu. "Study of the impact of charge-neutrality level (CNL) of grain boundary interface trap on device variability and P/E cycling endurance of 3D NAND flash memory." In 2014 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsit.2014.6894345.

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Kuo, C. C., L. M. Neal, O. D. Crisalle, W. E. Lear, and J. H. Fletcher. "Water Crossover Experiments in an Open-Cathode Direct Methanol Fuel Cell." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54674.

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A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) that does not require an external water feed or a powered water-recovery system has potential for wide application in portable electronic devices. This paper provides experimental data for the water recovery rate in a novel DMFC design featuring a hydrophobic cathode gas-diffusion layer that allows for passive water recovery. Water and methanol crossover rates were experimentally characterized by measuring the water vapor and carbon dioxide concentration at the cathode exit with an infrared sensor. The result showed that the mass-transport parameter of water vapor, increases linearly with increasing cell temperature and remains invariant with respect to the cell current density. Water neutrality of the DMFC stack was achieved while the cell operated close to 50 °C and 150 mA/cm2 with a 1M methanol solution. A comprehensive empirical equation based on the experimental results is presented, along with system-level insights into the controllability of water management in designing an open cathode DMFC system.
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Duddu, Ravindra, Nithyanand Kota, and Siddiq Qidwai. "An Extended Finite Element Model of Crevice and Pitting Corrosion." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50423.

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A sharp interface model formulation is developed for simulating the electrochemical environment in crevices/pits due to galvanic corrosion in aqueous media. The concentration of ionic species and the electrical potential in the crevice is established using the non-dimensionalized Nernst-Planck equations along with the assumption of local electro-neutrality. The crevice/pit interface fluxes are defined in terms of the cathodic and anodic current densities using Butler-Volmer kinetics. The extended finite element method is used to discretize the governing equations and the level set function to describe the interface morphology independent of the underlying finite element mesh. The advantage of this formulation is that it eliminates the need for cumbersome mesh generation and remeshing when the interface morphology changes. Numerical investigations of steady-state intergranular crevice corrosion in idealized Al-Mg alloy microstructures in two-dimensions are conducted to establish the viability of the formulation. Simulation results predict large pH and chloride concentration within the crevice environment, which leads us to the conclusion that chemical reactions and precipitation play a prominent role during crevice corrosion.
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Al-Othmani, Mohamad, Nesreen Ghaddar, and Kamel Ghali. "Transient Human Thermal Comfort Response in Convective and Radiative Environments." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56101.

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In this work, human transient thermal responses and comfort are studied in non-uniform radiant heating and convective heating environments. The focus was on a change from walking activity of human in outdoor cold environment at high clothing insulation to warm indoor environment at sedentary activity level associated with lower clothing insulation. A transient multi-segmented bioheat model sensitive to radiant asymmetry is used to compare how fast the human body approaches steady state thermal conditions in both radiative and convective warm environments. A space thermal model is integrated with the bioheat model to predict the transient changes in skin and core temperature of a person subject to change in metabolic rate and clothing insulation when entering conditioned indoor space. It was found that overall thermal comfort and neutrality were reached in 6.2 minutes in the radiative environment compared to 9.24 minutes in convective environment. The local thermal comfort of various body segments differed in their response to the convective system where it took more than 19 minutes for extremities to reach local comfort unlike the radiative system where thermal comfort was attained within 7 minutes.
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Lazaroiu, Gheorghe, Rodica-Manuela Grigoriu, Dana-Alexandra Ciupageanu, and Iulia Simion. "Efficient poultry industry waste management approach in the bioeconomy framework." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iv.12.

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In order to ensure EU’s transition to a climate-neutral energy environment, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, enhanced energy efficiency of waste utilization emerges as an important tool to achieve carbon neutrality goals. Several technologies for renewable waste treatment are investigated lately, researches worldwide focusing on exploiting their energy potential and diminishing the environmental impact. It is remarkable that, solid renewable waste is suitable to supply in particular grate or layer combustion plants. This energy valorization solution reached the technical maturity, experimentally and numerically proven. Further, to support regional development incentives implementation, local utilization of different wastes is strongly encouraged. Considering the fairly uniform territorial spread of poultry farms in Romania, this paper presents a case study aiming to provide a sustainable solution for bird waste management and local energy recovery from it, avoiding significant additional costs, as well as storage and transportation issues. The energy independence level is assessed in two scenarios. To this regard, the energy consumption of a real poultry production hall of 910 m2 (located in Giurgiu County, having 4650 birds/operating cycle, with a poultry waste flow of 558 𝑘𝑔waste ⁄day) is taken into account. The first scenario analyzes the disposal (for energy recovery purposes) of poultry waste as an individual raw material, while the second scenario investigates a mixture of poultry waste and agricultural biomass residues. It is demonstrated that the electricity and heating requirements of the hall can be partially satisfied in the first scenario and fully in the second one. Therefore, the multi-waste management concept investigated in this paper represents a sustainable solution to reduce industry’s carbon footprint, answering multiple requirements in the environmentally friendly energy sector development.
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Reports on the topic "Neutrality level"

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Buiter, Willem. The Young Person's Guide to Neutrality, Price Level Indeterminacy, Interest Rate Pegs, and Fiscal Theories of the Price Level. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6396.

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