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Books on the topic 'Neutrality level'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Buiter, Willem H. The young person's guide to neutrality, price level indeterminacy, interest rate pegs, and fiscal theories of the price level. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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2

Binneveld, J. M. W. Leven naast de catastrofe: Nederland tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Hilversum: Verloren, 2001.

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3

Shumilina, Vera, Vadim Kleptsov, Viktoria Grushina, Galina Krohicheva, Anastasia Popova, Liubov Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina Boguslav, et al. Business security management in modern conditions. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/978-0-6487435-9-0.

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The modern economy is characterized by a high level of dynamism of the factors of the external and internal environment of enterprises, influencing the possibility of their stable development. With the transition of the Russian economy to market methods of doing business, in which enterprise management must take into account various scenarios, risk becomes an integral element of socio-economic relations. Risk is present in all spheres of life, regardless of whether its presence is taken into account in the situation of choosing an alternative method of managing a business entity or not. The presence of risk is a significant factor in the development of business and the economy as a whole. To minimize and neutralize risks, the enterprise must constantly ensure its safety. In modern conditions, due to the pandemic and economic downturn, enterprises are forced to revise their methods of safety management and risk neutralization. This monograph, dedicated to modern problems of business security management, is the result of the joint work of teachers and students of the Department of Economic Security, Accounting and Law of the Don State Technical University.

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4

Boje, John. From Neutrality to Collaboration. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039560.003.0004.

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This chapter examines how the Boers went from neutrality to collaboration with the British during the South African War. It considers the many gradations in the process of alienation from the national cause as well as the essential unity of the phenomenon. Before discussing gradations of culpability, the chapter looks at some general issues relating to economic considerations, pan-republican nationalism, and level of commitment that underlay the phenomenon of collaboration in all its forms. It then describes manifestations of Boer disloyalty: evading combat, opting out of the war, the “objective collaboration” of working with the new authorities, participation in the peace movement, providing intelligence, service with the British Army, and service under arms.

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5

Hargreaves, Ian. 2. Big Brother: journalism and the altered state. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199686872.003.0003.

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‘Big Brother: journalism and the altered state’ discusses the role of the state in journalism. Russia has retightened its grip on television and newspaper journalism despite its constitutional guarantee of press freedom. In China, a separate Chinese Internet has been created that allows a certain level of freedom, but which is contained and free from foreign intervention. The ‘Arab Spring’ of 2010 was triggered in part by social media activism, and Western news media are facing their own questions of neutrality. What does this all mean for journalism now set in a world of corporate media ambition, telecommunications regulation, and global Internet governance?

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6

Daunton, Martin. Creating Consent. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796817.003.0006.

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The British state in the long eighteenth century created an effective fiscal–military state based on an efficient tax system that allowed borrowing without the default that afflicted France. The result was success in wars with France and the expansion of the empire. After the victory at Waterloo in 1815, consent was lost as a result of the high level of debt service which fell on producers within an unreformed political system. This chapter explains how consent was re-established by the use of a political language of neutrality and equity between classes, and by the design of parliamentary and administrative controls over spending. The fiscal state secured a high level of legitimacy and consent that prepared the ground for an expansion of public spending on welfare and warfare in the early twentieth century.

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7

Rodley, Nigel S. ‘Humanitarian Intervention’. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0036.

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This chapter examines whether so-called humanitarian intervention is a lawful exception to the international law prohibiting use of force when rescuing populations from widespread grave human rights violations, without UN Security Council authorization under Chapter VII. It considers what type or level of human rights violation or abuse justifies ‘humanitarian intervention’ if it were permitted, with reference to the R2P categories of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It discusses the UN Charter provisions and state practice on the prohibition on use of force, and criteria used to determine the legality of action deemed humanitarian intervention. The chapter describes tests that an intervention would have to pass and would be applicable to mitigate culpability, including gravity of the situation, political neutrality, the circumstances of the Security Council’s inability to act, and principles of necessity and proportionality. It argues that there is no humanitarian exception to the prohibition of the use of force in international law.

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8

U.S. Army Engineer School and U.S. Army Training Support Center. Reserve Schools Division, eds. Student lesson: Locate mines by probing and neutralize enemy mines : MOS 12B combat engineer, skill level I. Fort Eustis, VA: U.S. Army Training Support Center, Reserve Schools Division, 1986.

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9

U.S. Army Engineer School. and U.S. Army Training Support Center. Reserve Schools Division., eds. Student lesson: Locate mines by probing and neutralize enemy mines : MOS 12B combat engineer, skill level I. Fort Eustis, VA: U.S. Army Training Support Center, Reserve Schools Division, 1986.

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10

Hauser, Gunther, and Mauro Mantovani. Austria and Switzerland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0011.

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Since the end of the cold war, Austria and Switzerland have maintained their status of neutrality, but reinterpreted their neutrality policy in pragmatic yet different ways. Both, however, joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) initiative at an early stage. Within the EU and PfP, Austria focused on armed forces interoperability, whereas Switzerland increased its formerly very low contribution to international peace missions. Both alpine republics conducted three major reforms of their armed forces, which entailed a substantial downsizing of overall mobilization strength and weaponry, while maintaining territorial defence as the core mission. Austria and Switzerland both aim at slightly increasing defence expenditures up to the early 2020s as a consequence of widely increased threat perception (owing to mass migration, Islamist terrorism, and a reasserting Russia), yet they will still find it difficult to replace their rapidly ageing main weapons systems. Troop contributions to international operations are likely to remain at at the 2017 levels.

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11

Bresser-Perreira, Luiz Carlos. Brazil’s Macroeconomic Policy Institutions, Quasi-Stagnation, and the Interest Rate–Exchange Rate Trap. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.10.

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This chapter examines the evolution of macroeconomic policy and institutions over the long term and the ways in which they have influenced the growth path of the Brazilian economy. It establishes that a critical influence on the disappointing growth performance realized was a failure to neutralize the effects of exchange rate induced Dutch Disease. In addition to this, Brazil’s economic dynamism has been inhibited by the pursuit of a growth with current account deficits (“foreign savings”) policy; an exchange rate anchor policy to control inflation; and a high level of interest rates. Collectively, these factors have reduced the productivity and competitiveness of Brazil’s manufacturing industry. In addition, the interest-rate level has remained very high since the Real Plan and, from the late 1970s the investment capacity of the Brazilian state drastically decreased.

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12

Kramer, Matthew H. Conceptual Analysis and Distributive Justice. Edited by Serena Olsaretti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.30.

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This chapter ponders several understandings of conceptual analysis in the context of debates over distributive justice. The chapter's first three main sections consider the concept/conception distinction in its multilayered complexity in a couple of prominent recent accounts of justice. The chapter explores how those theories of justice unfold over several levels of increasing specificity. Thereafter, the chapter takes up the vexed question whether expositions of the concept of justice can ever be austerely analytical or formal rather than morally value-laden. After distinguishing between value-independence and value-neutrality, the chapter argues that, although some possible accounts of justice are at least partly value-neutral, no accounts of justice are ever value-independent.

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13

Montoya, Milton Fernando. The Coal Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses the need to promote and implement technologies that allow the efficient and low production of carbon dioxide emissions generated by coal-fired power plants in Colombia. This takes place in a context where the country seeks to guarantee the reliability and energy security of the electric system. Besides, in seeking to honour the commitments made in matters of greenhouse gas reduction according to the COP21 Paris Agreement. Thus, in the Colombian case, where dependence on hydraulic technology is evident, it is necessary to boost thermal generation, using available energy resources such as coal, making use of new developments and new thermal generation technologies such as supercritical plants, which operate with low emission levels and greater efficiency, thus implying new stimuli aimed at facilitating the implementation of this technology, and even discussing the principle of technological neutrality.

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14

Wallcraft, Jan. Service User Involvement in Research. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.13.

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This chapter traces the development of service user involvement in research and user-controlled research, from its origins in the early 1990s to the present day where mental health researchers are expected to involve service users. It looks at why service users wanted to be involved in research and their issues of concern, including the effects of treatment, staff attitudes, and human rights. Values in research are linked to the epistemological underpinnings of research, and it is argued that service users’ ways of knowing based on experience are in conflict with mainstream research based on claims of objectivity and neutrality. Service user involvement at all levels from consultation to control is explored with examples. The benefits and problems of working in partnership are explored, and the chapter ends with an assessment of the impact of involvement in research and how it can lead to change.

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15

Corbin, Caroline. Secularism and US Religion Jurisprudence. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.29.

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Religious surveys are finding greater percentages of Americans who self-identify as secular. At the same time, religious exemptions under the Free Exercise Clause have become more difficult to obtain. However, religion jurisprudence in the United States has not become more secular for two reasons. First, this greater unwillingness to grant constitutional exemptions reflects a shift in constitutional jurisprudence from “separationism” to “neutrality.” Rather than building a wall between church and state, the Establishment Clause is now interpreted to impose fewer restraints on state-sponsored religion. Second, statutes like the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act and its state counterparts have not only reestablished separationist era levels of protection for religious liberty but increased them. The result is a religion jurisprudence where religion is accommodated more than ever, while the state has more leeway to advance religion. This combination has unfortunate consequences for both secular people and core secular values, such as antidiscrimination.

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16

Akin, Heather. Overview of the Science of Science Communication. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.3.

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This chapter synthesizes the central findings generated by the field of science communication, including those that establish that higher levels of public knowledge will not necessarily increase public support for and interest in science. It describes how beliefs about science are entangled in our social and political environment, shaped by mass media portrayals, and confounded by interpersonal and cultural influences. The chapter closes with a discussion of the current landscape of science communication in the context of contemporary science issues. It also suggests that future research develop and test message structures able to neutralize biased processing and also uncover ways to motivate audiences to make accurate rather than distorted judgments about scientific issues.

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17

McNaughton, James. Taking Them at their Word. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822547.003.0005.

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This chapter works in two directions. First, it examines how Beckett’s artistic techniques reflect political aspiration. Beckett’s literalizing techniques—for instance, his making ironically literal, corporeal, and physical various rhetorics—partly reflect and engage a fear about political power: that authoritarian power aims to have the leader’s words enacted, something Beckett notes in Nazi Germany. Second, the chapter examines how Beckett has narrators perform the reverse: how they aim to preserve words and categories from denotations acquired by recent historical violence. In Malone Dies, the narrator seeks to contain connotations safely for aesthetic meanings that anesthetize the past. But Beckett has Malone fail. And this dynamic—where a narrator tries to neutralize violent history on the level of interpretation while sentences nevertheless have it resurface—expresses The Three Novels’ mistrust for aesthetic attempts to process trauma and dramatizes the complicity of art and language in covering up the past.

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18

Berger, Tobias. Translating Practices and Normative Orders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807865.003.0007.

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This chapter analyses, firstly, the translation of a key practice of the rule of law—the formal documentation of court proceedings in writing. It shows how the grassroots-level NGO fieldworkers do not use the official paperwork provided by the project to neutrally record village court sessions. Instead, they use the documents as symbolic capital that allows marginalized people to access local elites they could have otherwise not have accessed. Secondly, the employees of the local NGOs also translate the normative vocabularies in which the rule of law is justified. Instead of advocating access to village court justice in the secular registers of human rights and the rule of law, the fieldworkers draw on Islam and Islamic law to enhance participatory spaces in non-state courts, particularly for women. This, however, leads to contestations with established religious authorities over competing interpretations of Islam and Islamic law.

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