Journal articles: 'Neutrality level'

1

Gauger, Jean. "Disaggregate Level Evidence on Monetary Neutrality." Review of Economics and Statistics 70, no. 4 (November 1988): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1935832.

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Dimoulas, A., P. Tsipas, A. Sotiropoulos, and E. K. Evangelou. "Fermi-level pinning and charge neutrality level in germanium." Applied Physics Letters 89, no. 25 (December 18, 2006): 252110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2410241.

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Brudnyi, V. N. "Gallium Nitride: Charge Neutrality Level and Interfaces." Russian Physics Journal 58, no. 11 (March 2016): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-016-0691-1.

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Goswami, Anandajit, Sampurna Goswami, and Ashutosh Senger. "Gender Neutrality." International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility 4, no. 2 (July 2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsecsr.2019070103.

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The main focus of this article is to critically analyse the associations between crime against women, gender neutrality and attainment of SDG 5 within the multicultural complex context of India. The article argues that to achieve gender equality and neutrality, changes must be made at the level of policy that empowers not only women but also the other genders. This has to be mainstreamed within policy making, by institutions and someday as a part of CSR through the creation of a shared value approach. The article argues that gender equality is not just about women's empowerment but also about empowering all other genders. For making its case, this article gives a detailed analysis of women's empowerment laws and goes on to make a case for the gender equality and neutrality by challenging the binary of man versus woman. The article makes a narrative about the imperative need of pushing gender neutrality in order to attain SDG-5 and sustainability in the middle of the unequal power relationship within every segment and sector of societies with complex cultural, class, caste divide and other inequities.

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Zhang, Jing, Shuhua Wei, Xiaolei Wang, Jinjuan Xiang, and Wenwu Wang. "Experimental estimation of charge neutrality level of SiO2." Applied Surface Science 422 (November 2017): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.078.

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Brake, Elizabeth. "Rawls and Feminism: What Should Feminists Make of Liberal Neutrality?" Journal of Moral Philosophy 1, no. 3 (2004): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174046810400100305.

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AbstractI argue that Rawls’s liberalism is compatible with feminist goals. I focus primarily on the issue of liberal neutrality, a topic suggested by the work of Catharine MacKinnon. I discuss two kinds of neutrality: neutrality at the level of justifying liberalism itself, and state neutrality in political decision-making. Both kinds are contentious within liberal theory. Rawls’s argument for justice as fairness has been criticized for non-neutrality at the justificatory level, a problem noted by Rawls himself in Political Liberalism. I will defend a qualified account of neutrality at the justificatory level, taking an epistemic approach to argue for the exclusion of certain doctrines from the justificatory process. I then argue that the justification process I describe offers a justificatory stance supportive of the feminist rejection of state-sponsored gender hierarchy. Further, I argue that liberal neutrality at the level of political decision-making will have surprising implications for gender equality. Once the extent of the state’s involvement in the apparently private spheres of family and civil society is recognized, and the disproportionate influence of a sexist conception of the good on those structures—and concomitant promotion of that ideal—is seen, state neutrality implies substantive change. While—as Susan Moller Okin avowed—Rawls himself may have remained ambiguous on how to address gender inequality, his theory implies that the state must seek to create substantive, not merely formal, equality. I suggest that those substantive changes will not conflict with liberal neutrality but instead be required by it.

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Brudnyi, V. N., S. N. Grinyaev, and V. E. Stepanov. "Local neutrality conception: Fermi level pinning in defective semiconductors." Physica B: Condensed Matter 212, no. 4 (September 1995): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00376-k.

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Koppelman, Andrew. "The Fluidity of Neutrality." Review of Politics 66, no. 4 (2004): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500039917.

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The political ideal of neutrality toward conceptions of the good is unsustainable at the extremely abstract level proposed by some liberal theorists. Neutrality is nonetheless a valuable political ideal. One of the many ways that government can go wrong is to take a position on some question that it would, all things considered, be better for it to abstain from deciding. The classic example is the question of which (if any) religion is true. The idea of neutrality holds that government ought to avoid this pathology.

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Brudnyi, V. N., A. V. Kosobutsky, and S. Yu Sarkisov. "Charge neutrality level and electronic properties of GaSe under pressure." Semiconductors 44, no. 9 (September 2010): 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782610090095.

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Willson, Richard W., and Kyle D. Brown. "Carbon Neutrality at the Local Level: Achievable Goal or Fantasy?" Journal of the American Planning Association 74, no. 4 (October 21, 2008): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360802380431.

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Kuzum, Duygu, Koen Martens, Tejas Krishnamohan, and Krishna C. Saraswat. "Characteristics of surface states and charge neutrality level in Ge." Applied Physics Letters 95, no. 25 (December 21, 2009): 252101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3270529.

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Wang, Wenfeng, Jan H. Alsmeier, Matthäus Wolak, and Rudy Schlaf. "Determination of the charge neutrality level of poly(3-hexylthiophene)." Journal of Chemical Physics 138, no. 5 (February 7, 2013): 054705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789015.

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Seubert, Virginia. "Sociology and value neutrality: Limiting sociology to the empirical level." American Sociologist 22, no. 3-4 (September 1991): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02691897.

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Brudnyi, V. N. "BN, AlN, GaN, InN: Charge Neutrality Level, Surface, Interfaces, Doping." Russian Physics Journal 59, no. 12 (April 2017): 2186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-017-1035-5.

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15

Uchman, Jacek. "Opodatkowanie dochodów a inwestycje w przedsiębiorstwie." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 106 (June 20, 2014): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2014.106.14.

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There are numerous factors that can influence the level of investment in fixed assets of enterprises. The tax incentives can also influence the level of investment in fixed capital. They have their advantages and disadvantages. Some of the corporate tax incentives are described in this paper. Theoretical analysis of neutrality is an essential tool applied to this research. Lack of neutrality proves that tax system awards some company activities and, therefore, it states the level of their income.

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Antić, Dinka. "Primjena načela fiskalne neutralnosti u presudama suda pravde Evropske unije / Application of Fiscal Neutrality Principle in the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 6, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1606120a.

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Neutrality of value added tax (VAT) is not only a theoretical issue and unattainable myth but also a need for all modern economies. Higher degree of neutrality brings to a reduction of distortions on micro, macro and global economic system caused by selective taxation, with positive consequences on capital allocation efficiency at the national, regional and global level. The European Union, as a supranational integration, has mobilised all available legal mechanisms for elimination of harmful practice and policies that jeopardise VAT neutrality in the Member States and at the EU level as well. The EU is aiming at increasing the efficiency of the VAT system and coherence with the global VAT system promoted by OECD. By activities on reforming the EU legal framework in the field of VAT taxation taxpayers in the EU are brought to the level playing field at the EU Single Market and the world market as well. Legal framework at the EU level has been updated directly by amendments to the Council Directive 2006/112/EC and other related Council directives, and indirectly, via comprehensive case law of the Court of Justice of the EU. The practice of the Court and mandatory implementation of its case law indirectly contribute to uniformity of application of the VAT rules, its efficiency and neutrality in relation to position of taxpayers at the EU level. The Court decisions have become a powerful mechanism of supranational intervention in the EU VAT system aiming at achieving a higher degree of harmonisation of VAT system at the EU level. Due to the attitude of the Court that a principle of VAT neutrality has a supremacy over national VAT legislation and rules, the decisions have produced systematic implications for national tax systems as well.

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Ahmadi, Hamid, and Royce S. Bringhurst. "Breeding Strawberries at the Decaploid Level." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 5 (September 1992): 856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.5.856.

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Two groups of Fragaria decaploid (2n = 70, x = 7) breeding populations were studied. The first was derived from pentaploid (2n = 35) and hexaploid (2n = 42) natural or synethetic interspecific hybrids between octoploid (2n = 56) F. chiloensis (L.) Duch. or F. virginiana Duch. both from California, and various Fragaria diploids (2n = 14). Their chromosome number was doubled with colchicine or through the naturally generated unreduced gametes. They were selfed repetitively, intercrossed, and open pollinated. Gametic viability of the hermaphroditic and female decaploid hybrids exceeded 50%. The hybrids exhibited heterosis for runner production and vegetative vigor. Fragaria chiloensis bred for large fruit and desirable fruit qualities, and, in combination with diploids F. vesca L. and F. viridis Duch., resulted in hybrids that produced a single early spring crop and prolific runner production throughout the summer. Fragaria virginiana L. derivatives were characterized by high pollen fertility, and by day neutrality (photo-insensitivity). Together, they may contribute genes for adaptation to various regions and climates of the world and for pest and disease resistance. The second and most important group of decaploids involved here were those derived from hybrids between day-neutral octoploid cultivars (F. ×ananassa) crossed to F. vesca or F. viridis. This group of decaploids combined the genomes of the best octoploid cultivars with those of the above diploid species: facilitating the incorporation of genes responsible for high yield, day neutrality, and excellent fruit quality into the decaploid strawberries.

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Luhmann, Hans-Jochen, and Wolfgang Obergassel. "Klimaneutralität versus Treibhausgasneutralität: Anforderungen an die Kooperation im Mehrebenensystem in Deutschland." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 29, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.29.1.7.

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Klimaneutralität wird im Zuge des Pariser Klimaabkommens zur politischen Zielgröße. Die Nationalstaaten, die das Abkommen unterzeichnet haben, müssen regeln, wie sie das Ziel erreichen möchten. Das deutsche Klimaschutzgesetz unterscheidet dabei zwischen ,,klimaneutral“ und ,,treibhausgasneutral“. Das kann zu Missverständnissen führen, kann aber auch sinnvoll sein.German and European policymakers are currently in the process of clarifying their long-term climate policy aim. While it has been decided at United Nations and European Union level to use the terms “greenhouse gas neutrality” and “climate neutrality” largely synonymously, in Germany these two terms have very different meanings. In the German climate protection act (Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz), “greenhouse gas neutrality” is formulated as the political aim for Germany, while “climate neutrality” is formulated as an aim for the federal administration. The aim of this paper is to contribute towards a clarification of the terminology. To this end, the article first shows the decisions on terminology taken at United Nations and European Union level. On the basis of this, the article discusses how the objective of enabling sub-national and non-state actors in Germany to positively contribute to the common aim “greenhouse gas neutrality” can be implemented. The voluntary efforts of these actors should not merely substitute federal endeavors.

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19

Brudnyi, V. N., S. N. Grinyaev, and N. G. Kolin. "The charge neutrality level in w-AlxGa1−x N solid solutions." Russian Physics Journal 49, no. 8 (August 2006): 874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-006-0189-3.

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OH, Hyungna, Inkee HONG, and Ilyoung OH. "South Korea’s 2050 Carbon Neutrality Policy." East Asian Policy 13, no. 01 (January 2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930521000039.

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On 28 October 2020, President Moon Jae-in declared Korea’s 2050 carbon neutrality strategy as a comprehensive transformation plan towards a sustainable and green Korean economy. The key elements for the 2050 carbon neutrality are: expanding the use of clean power and hydrogen across all sectors; improving energy efficiency to a significant level; commercial development of carbon removal and other future technologies; scaling up the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability; and enhancing carbon sinks. The success of the 2050 net-zero depends on whether the energy sector can be decarbonised on schedule. More fundamentally, the strength of carbon pricing to secure private climate finance will determine the future of Korea’s vision to go carbon neutral by 2050.

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Brudnyi, V. N., A. V. Kosobutsky, and N. G. Kolin. "The charge neutrality level and the fermi level pinning in A3N (BN, AlN, GaN, InN) nitrides." Russian Physics Journal 51, no. 12 (December 2008): 1270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-009-9176-9.

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22

Langer, Jerzy M., Christian Delerue, and Michel Lannoo. "Screening of the Coulomb Interaction and Transition Metal Energy Levels Pinning to the Semiconductor Neutrality Level." Materials Science Forum 38-41 (January 1991): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.38-41.275.

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23

Devine, Karen. "Neutrality and the development of the European Union’s common security and defence policy." Cooperation and Conflict 46, no. 3 (September 2011): 334–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836711416958.

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This article examines the content of concepts of neutrality articulated in elite and public discourses in the context of the development of the European Union’s (EU) Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). In parallel with security and defence policy developments in successive EU treaties, many argue that the meaning of neutrality has been re-conceptualized by elites in EU ‘neutral’ member states (specifically, Austria, Finland, Ireland and Sweden) to the point of irrelevance and inevitable demise. Others argue that the concept of ‘military’ neutrality, as it is termed by elites in Ireland, or ‘military non-alignment’, as it is termed by elites in Austria, Sweden and Finland, meaning non-membership of military alliances, is compatible with the CSDP in the Lisbon Treaty. An investigation of these paradoxical discursive claims as to the status of neutrality yields findings of a divergence in public ‘active’ and elite ‘military’ concepts of neutrality that embodies competing foreign policy agendas. These competing, value-laden, concepts reflect tensions between, on the one hand, the cultural influences of a domestic constituency holding strong national identities and role-conceptions informed by a postcolonial or anti-imperialist legacy and, on the other hand, elite socialization influences of ‘global actor’ and common defence-supported identity ambitions encountered at the EU level that can induce discursively subtle yet materially significant shifts in neutral state foreign policy. The article concludes with an analysis of the compatibility of both ‘military’ neutrality and the ‘active’ concept of neutrality with the CSDP in the Lisbon Treaty and draws conclusions on the future role of neutrality both inside and outside the EU framework.

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Brudnyi, V. N., and A. V. Kosobutsky. "Electronic properties of SiC polytypes: Charge neutrality level and interfacial barrier heights." Superlattices and Microstructures 111 (November 2017): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.07.003.

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Vázquez, H., R. Oszwaldowski, P. Pou, J. Ortega, R. Pérez, F. Flores, and A. Kahn. "Dipole formation at metal/PTCDA interfaces: Role of the Charge Neutrality Level." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 65, no. 6 (March 2004): 802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2003-10131-2.

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NG, YEW-KWANG. "WHY IS FINANCE IMPORTANT? SOME THOUGHTS ON POST-CRISIS ECONOMICS." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 05 (November 9, 2014): 1450037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500374.

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The global financial crisis of 2008 challenges some relevant aspects of macroeconomic theory such as the neutrality of money. This paper shows that this neutrality is based on the unrealistic assumption of perfect competition. Relaxing this alone (without time lags, price rigidities, menu costs and other frictions) makes money no longer necessarily neutral and hence makes financial crises and institutions much more important. The presence of increasing returns to scale at the firm level and to specialization at the economy level due to the division of labor also makes finance much more important than suggested by traditional economics.

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Anderson, John P. "LAW BEYOND GOD AND KANT: A PRAGMATIST PATH." Journal of Law and Religion 32, no. 1 (March 2017): 98–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2017.9.

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AbstractThe liberal principle of reciprocity requires that states maintain neutrality with respect to their citizens’ competing comprehensive worldviews (both religious and secular) while officially justifying the law and while adjudicating under it. But the very possibility of such liberal neutrality has come under attack in a post-Enlightenment world in which even foundational arguments for the principle of reciprocity itself are no longer taken for granted. This article offers a pragmatist path to the resolution of this liberal dilemma. It recommends a “default and challenge” model for legal justification and legitimation that is rooted in social-linguistic practice. By rooting justification and legitimation in practice, it is argued liberal neutrality can be preserved without need for appeals to controversial foundational commitments at any level of public political justification. The article closes with a fictional case study concerning abortion to show how politicians and courts can apply this method to preserve liberal neutrality while addressing even the most controversial issues.

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Garreta Leclercq, Mariano. "An Epistemic Argument in Support of Liberal Neutrality." Les ateliers de l'éthique 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044462ar.

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My aim in the present paper is to develop a new kind of argument in support of the ideal of liberal neutrality. This argument combines some basic moral principles with a thesis about the relationship between the correct standards of justification for a belief/action and certain contextual factors. The idea is that the level of importance of what is at stake in a specific context of action determines how demanding the correct standards to justify an action based on a specific set of beliefs ought to be. In certain exceptional contexts –where the seriousness of harm in case of mistake and the level of an agent’s responsibility for the outcome of his action are specially high– a very small probability of making a mistake should be recognized as a good reason to avoid to act based on beliefs that we nonetheless affirm with a high degree of confidence and that actually justify our action in other contexts. The further steps of the argument consist in probing 1) that the fundamental state’s policies are such a case of exceptional context, 2) that perfectionist policies are the type of actions we should avoid, and 3) that policies that satisfy neutral standards of justification are not affected by the reasons which lead to reject perfectionist policies.

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Leibold, Mathew A., Mark C. Urban, Luc De Meester, Christopher A. Klausmeier, and Joost Vanoverbeke. "Regional neutrality evolves through local adaptive niche evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 7 (January 16, 2019): 2612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808615116.

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Biodiversity in natural systems can be maintained either because niche differentiation among competitors facilitates stable coexistence or because equal fitness among neutral species allows for their long-term cooccurrence despite a slow drift toward extinction. Whereas the relative importance of these two ecological mechanisms has been well-studied in the absence of evolution, the role of local adaptive evolution in maintaining biological diversity through these processes is less clear. Here we study the contribution of local adaptive evolution to coexistence in a landscape of interconnected patches subject to disturbance. Under these conditions, early colonists to empty patches may adapt to local conditions sufficiently fast to prevent successful colonization by other preadapted species. Over the long term, the iteration of these local-scale priority effects results in niche convergence of species at the regional scale even though species tend to monopolize local patches. Thus, the dynamics evolve from stable coexistence through niche differentiation to neutral cooccurrence at the landscape level while still maintaining strong local niche segregation. Our results show that neutrality can emerge at the regional scale from local, niche-based adaptive evolution, potentially resolving why ecologists often observe neutral distribution patterns at the landscape level despite strong niche divergence among local communities.

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Medeiros, Ben. "The ideological significance of “institutional neutrality” mandates in state-level campus speech legislation." First Amendment Studies 53, no. 1-2 (May 20, 2019): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21689725.2019.1601581.

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Vázquez, H., F. Flores, R. Oszwaldowski, J. Ortega, R. Pérez, and A. Kahn. "Barrier formation at metal–organic interfaces: dipole formation and the charge neutrality level." Applied Surface Science 234, no. 1-4 (July 2004): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.05.084.

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Qian, Kang, Tong Lv, and Yue Yuan. "Integrated Energy System Planning Optimization Method and Case Analysis Based on Multiple Factors and A Three-Level Process." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137425.

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Now that China has outlined its goals of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”, the development of clean energy will accelerate, the connection between different energy systems will be closer, and the development prospects of the integrated energy service industry will be broader. Integrated energy services are promoting energy transformation and services. “Carbon peaking, carbon neutrality” and other aspects will also have multiple values and far-reaching significance. Before implementing integrated energy services, the top-level design of integrated energy system planning must be carried out, and how to achieve the optimal allocation of capacity in the field of integrated energy systems is an urgent problem to be solved in integrated energy system planning. This paper combines practical engineering experience and the latest theoretical research results to creatively introduce, for the first time, a comprehensive evaluation into the initial planning stage, and proposes, also for the first time, a three-level multi-element comprehensive energy system planning optimization method which combines multi-element requirements to carry out comprehensive energy system planning and optimization. The three-tier planning and optimization solution results in the optimal planning scheme of the integrated energy system, thereby making the scheme more specific and reliable. According to the demand data of an industrial park, this method was applied to complete a case analysis of integrated energy system planning, which verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. This method is easy to popularize, and it will guide the planning of integrated energy systems, promote integrated energy services, promote energy transition, and make positive contributions to achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible.

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Turmel, Patrick. "Are Cities Illiberal?" Les ateliers de l'éthique 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044463ar.

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One of the main characteristics of today’s democratic societies is their pluralism. As a result, liberal political philosophers often claim that the state should remain neutral with respect to different conceptions of the good. Legal and social policies should be acceptable to everyone regardless of their culture, their religion or their comprehensive moral views. One might think that this commitment to neutrality should be especially pronounced in urban centres, with their culturally diverse populations. However, there are a large number of laws and policies adopted at the municipal level that contradict the liberal principle of neutrality. In this paper, I want to suggest that these perfectionist laws and policies are legitimate at the urban level. Specifically, I will argue that the principle of neutrality applies only indirectly to social institutions within the broader framework of the nation-state. This is clear in the case of voluntary associations, but to a certain extent this rationale applies also to cities. In a liberal regime, private associations are allowed to hold and defend perfectionist views, focused on a particular conception of the good life. One problem is to determine the limits of this perfectionism at the urban level, since cities, unlike private associations, are public institutions. My aim here is therefore to give a liberal justification to a limited form of perfectionism of municipal laws and policies.

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Furqon, Eki. "Kedudukan Komisi Aparatur Sipil Negara dalam Menjaga Netralitas Aparatur Sipil Negara pada Pemilihan Umum 2019 Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pemilihan Umum (Studi Kasus pada Pemilu 2019 di Provinsi Banten)." Ajudikasi : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi.v4i1.2157.

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The 2019 General Election which is a combination of the Presidential Election and the Election of legislative members still raises several issues regarding the neutrality of the ASN in its implementation in Banten Province. ASN neutrality is in the public spotlight because there are still cases that occurred in the 2019 Election Period in Banten Province. KASN has the authority to oversee the application of the ASN code of conduct both at the central and regional levels. This research uses a qualitative research method with descriptive research type. Based on the results of the study in this study, a number of violations have been found related to ASN neutrality, in the legislation has a lot to regulate the limitations of the ASN when facing Elections, this shows that the government is committed to protecting ASN from various conflicts of interest that can occur. In this regard, KASN has issued various recommendations related to violations of ASN neutrality that occurred during the 2019 Elections in Banten Province. KASN has enforced law against non-neutral ASNs in the 2019 elections. As a result the ASN recommended by KASN to officials responsible for each agency was given strict sanctions according to the level of violations.

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Vemareddy, P. "Degree of electric current neutralization and the activity in solar active regions." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 486, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 4936–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1020.

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Abstract Using time-sequence vector magnetic field observation from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, we examined the connection of non-neutralized currents and the observed activity in 20 solar active regions (ARs). The net current in a given magnetic polarity is algebraic sum of direct current (DC) and return current (RC) and the ratio |DC/RC| is a measure of degree of net current neutralization (NCN). In the emerging ARs, the non-neutrality of these currents builds with the onset of flux emergence, following the relaxation to neutrality during the separation motion of bipolar regions. Accordingly, some emerging ARs are source regions of CMEs occurring at the time of higher level non-neutrality. ARs in the post-emergence phase can be CME productive provided they have interacting bipolar regions with converging and shearing motions. In these cases, the net current evolves with higher level (>1.3) of non-neutrality. Differently, the |DC/RC| in flaring and quiet ARs vary near unity. In all the AR samples, the |DC/RC| is higher for chiral current density than that for vertical current density. Owing to the fact that the non-neutralized currents arise in the vicinity of sheared polarity-inversion-lines (SPILs), the profiles of the total length of SPIL segments and the degree of NCN follow each other with a positive correlation. We find that the SPIL is localized as small segments in flaring-ARs, whereas it is long continuous in CME-producing ARs. These observations demonstrate the dividing line between the CMEs and flares with the difference being in global or local nature of magnetic shear in the AR that reflected in non-neutralized currents.

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Hara, Shiro. "The Schottky limit and a charge neutrality level found on metal/6H-SiC interfaces." Surface Science 494, no. 3 (December 2001): L805—L810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6028(01)01596-5.

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Das, Arkaprava, Subodh K. Gautam, G. R. Umapathy, S. Ojha, and Fouran Singh. "Virtual gap states induced modifications in charge neutrality level in cadmium oxide thin films." Materials Research Express 4, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 045901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa6767.

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Bacher, Gary E., Michael E. Chernew, Daniel P. Kessler, and Stephen M. Weiner. "Regulatory Neutrality Is Essential To Establishing A Level Playing Field For Accountable Care Organizations." Health Affairs 32, no. 8 (August 2013): 1426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0360.

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Muoz, A., and P. Rodrguez-Hernández. "Possibility of band-offset control in (110) semiconductor heterojunctions: The extrinsic charge-neutrality level." Physical Review B 45, no. 8 (February 15, 1992): 4502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.45.4502.

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HARA, Shiro. "The Schottky Limit and a Charge Neutrality Level Found on Metal/6H-SiC Interfaces." Hyomen Kagaku 21, no. 12 (2000): 791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.21.791.

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Fang, Lina Wei-Wei, Zheng Zhang, Rong Zhao, Jisheng Pan, Minghua Li, Luping Shi, Tow-Chong Chong, and Yee-Chia Yeo. "Fermi-level pinning and charge neutrality level in nitrogen-doped Ge2Sb2Te5: Characterization and application in phase change memory devices." Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 5 (September 2010): 053708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3475721.

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42

Vázquez, H., Y. J. Dappe, J. Ortega, and F. Flores. "Energy level alignment at metal/organic semiconductor interfaces: “Pillow” effect, induced density of interface states, and charge neutrality level." Journal of Chemical Physics 126, no. 14 (April 14, 2007): 144703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2717165.

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FLORES, F. "ALKALI-ATOM ADSORPTION ON SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES: METALLIZATION AND SCHOTTKY-BARRIER FORMATION." Surface Review and Letters 02, no. 04 (August 1995): 513–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x95000480.

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Alkali metals deposited on weakly ionic semiconductors are neither reactive nor form large three-dimensional islands, offering an ideal system in which Schottky junctions can be analyzed. In this paper, the alkali-metal-semiconductor interface is reviewed with a special emphasis on the formation of the Schottky barrier. Two regimes are clearly differentiated for the deposition of AMs on a semiconductor: in the high-coverage limit the Schottky barrier is shown to depend, for not very defective interfaces, on the semiconductor charge neutrality level. For low coverages, different one- and two-dimensional structures appear on the semiconductor surface presenting an insulating behavior. For depositions around a metal monolayer, a Mott metal-insulator transition appears; then, the interface Fermi energy is pinned by the metallic density of states at the position determined by the semiconductor charge neutrality level. This situation defines the Schottky barrier height of a thick-metal overlayer.

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Arlettaz, Fernando. "State Neutrality and Legal Status of Religious Groups in the European Court of Human Rights Case-law." Religion & Human Rights 11, no. 3 (November 10, 2016): 189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341305.

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From the premise of religious freedom, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case-law has established a State duty of neutrality concerning religious matters. However, the concept of neutrality is not univocal, and the ECtHR uses various different forms of it. States have a duty to allow religious groups access to legal personality, but they are not obliged to grant every religious group the same kind of legal personality. A double or multi-level system of recognition is legitimate under the European Convention on Human Rights (echr) if some conditions are fulfilled. The ECtHR has also affirmed that the most radical kind of double or multi-level system, that of an established church, is not contrary to the Convention. In a recent case, however, the ECtHR seems to have adopted a stricter approach to the legitimacy of privileges granted to some church/churches above other ones.

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Reed, Michael, Patrick O’Reilly, and Joshua Hall. "The Economics and Politics of Carbon Taxes and Regulations: Evidence from Voting on Washington State’s Initiative 732." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 3667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133667.

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In November 2016, Washington State voters were presented with a ballot initiative (Initiative 732) advancing the first carbon tax on production and use of fossil fuels in the United States. Initiative 732 promised to reduce fossil fuel consumption by taxing carbon emissions, while remaining revenue-neutral by lowering taxes on businesses, consumers, and working families. In promising revenue-neutrality, Initiative 732 sought support beyond environmentalists and similarly sympathetic voters. It failed to pass, achieving 41.2 percent of votes cast. To investigate this initiative’s failure at the ballot, we analyzed zip code-level voting patterns and demographic data. Relying on a two-step LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) + OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) procedure, our results suggest that the framing of revenue-neutrality did not sufficiently satisfy moderate right-leaning voters regarding perceived costs of the carbon tax. We also found evidence suggesting not only that some voting segments may have opposed revenue-neutrality, but that those facing higher climate change risk did not appear to see the initiative’s value net of expected costs.

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Ramaiah, Angayar Kanni. "The Competition Neutrality in Malaysia: Challenges and Policy Options." Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jibe.v3i2.14432.

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Competition law (CL) prevents anti-competitive conducts but does not ensure fair competition or level playing field with respect to State-Owned enterprises (SOEs). Hence, the principle of competitive neutrality promotes that government related business activities in competition with the private sector should not have a competitive advantage or disadvantage simply by virtue of government ownership and control (UNCTAD). Therefore, specific policies and legal rules is essential for achieving competitive neutrality. The Malaysian, Competition Act 2010 (CA2010) subjectively restricts and excludes some government linked enterprises. However, the some economic or, legal policy and political reasons limits CLs applicability and dictates its scope subjectively. In these context exemptions, de facto or de jure, direct or indirect state aid and restrictive licensing requirements impairs competition to benefit the domestic economy or national champion. This practice impacts the true spirit of market competition among rivals. Although Malaysian SOEs recognised as government’s toolbox for societal and public value creation but its future should to be more actively owned and managed to avoid competing unfairly on enterprises that can deliver more efficiently and effectively the goods and services that citizens need and want. In this context, three principal questions from the international trade perspective is analysed on (1) How important is state ownership within Malaysian context (2) What types of advantages should be granted to SOEs (or disadvantages afflicting them) and (3) What policies required to enhance effective competition among all market participants? The paper reviews the state of SOE with respect to exemptions and exclusions policy with respect to governance, independent decision-making, accountability and disclosure policy to improvise the level playing scope between SOE and private sector within the competition law perspective in Malaysia.

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Chadha, Jagjit S., and Charles Nolan. "A Long View of the UK Business Cycle." National Institute Economic Review 182 (October 2002): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010218200108.

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We outline a number of ‘stylised’ facts on the UK business cycle obtained from analysis of the long-run UK annual dataset. The findings are to some extent standard. Consumption and investment are pro-cyclical, with productivity playing a dominant role in explaining business cycle fluctuations at all horizons. Money neutrality obtains over the long run but there is clear evidence of non-neutrality over the short run, particularly at the business cycle frequencies. Business cycle relationships with the external sector via the real exchange rate and current account are notable. Postwar, the price level is counter-cyclical and real wages are pro-cyclical, as are nominal interest rates. Modern general equilibrium macroeconomic models capture many of these patterns.

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Heshmati, Almas, Nils Karlson, and Marcus Box. "Generality, State Neutrality and Unemployment in the OECD." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 03n04 (December 2013): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0017.

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According to Buchanan and Congleton (1998 . Politics by Principle, Not Interest: Towards Nondiscriminatory Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), the generality principle in politics blocks special interests. Consequently, the generality principle should thereby promote economic efficiency. This study tests this hypothesis on wage formation and labor markets, by investigating whether generality defined as state neutrality could explain employment performance among OECD countries during 1970–2003. We identify three types of non-neutrality concerning unemployment. These include the level or degree of government interference in the wage bargaining process over and above legislation which facilitates mutually beneficial wage agreements, the constrained bargaining range (meaning the extent to which the state favors or blocks certain outcomes of the bargaining process), and the cost shifting (which relates to state interference shifting the direct or indirect burden of costs facing the parties on the labor market). Our overall hypothesis is that non-neutrality or non-generality increases unemployment rates. The empirical results from the general conditional model suggest that government intervention and a constrained bargaining range clearly increase unemployment, while a few of the cost shifting variables have unexpected effects. The findings thus give some, but definitely not unreserved, support for the generality principle as a method to promote economic efficiency. One implication may be that the principle should be amended by other requirements if the political process shall indeed be able to promote economic efficiency.

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Boiko, V. M., V. N. Brudnii, V. S. Ermakov, N. G. Kolin, and A. V. Korulin. "On the electronic properties of GaSb irradiated with reactor neutrons and its charge neutrality level." Semiconductors 49, no. 6 (June 2015): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782615060068.

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Kust, G. S., O. V. Andreeva, and V. A. Lobkovskiy. "Land Degradation Neutrality: the Modern Approach to Research on Arid Regions at the National Level." Arid Ecosystems 10, no. 2 (April 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079096120020092.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neutrality level'

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