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Allen, Richard G., Clarence W. Robison, Justin Huntington, James L. Wright, and Ayse Kilic. "Applying the FAO-56 Dual Kc Method for Irrigation Water Requirements over Large Areas of the Western U.S." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 2059–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13933.
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HighlightsThe FAO-56 dual crop coefficient procedure was applied over the entire agricultural areas of Idaho and Nevada to determine evapotranspiration (ET) and net irrigation water requirements (IWR).Basal crop coefficients were expressed as functions of normalized cumulative growing degree days.ET during dormant seasons was included in the estimates.The procedure was applied to a U.S. West-wide study of climate change effects on ET and IWR.Abstract. The FAO-56 dual crop coefficient procedure was used to determine evapotranspiration (ET) and net irrigation water requirements for all agricultural areas of the states of Idaho and Nevada and in a western U.S. study on effects of climate change on future irrigation water requirements. The products of the applications are for use by state governments for water rights management, irrigation system planning and design, wastewater application system design and review, hydrologic water balances, and groundwater modeling. The products have been used by the U.S. federal government for assessing impacts of current and future climate change on irrigation water demands. The procedure was applied to data from more than 200 weather station locations across the state of Idaho, 200 weather station locations across the state of Nevada, and eight major river basins in the western U.S. for available periods of weather records. Estimates were made over daily, monthly, and annual time intervals. Methods from FAO-56 were employed for calculating reference ET and crop coefficients (Kc), with ET calculations performed for all times of the calendar year including winter. Expressing Kc as a function of thermal-time units allowed application across a wide range of local climates and elevations. The ET estimates covered a wide range of agricultural crops grown in the western U.S. plus a number of native plant systems, including wetlands, rangeland, and riparian trees. Evaporation was estimated for three types of open-water surfaces ranging from deep reservoirs to small farm ponds. Keywords: Consumptive use, Dual crop coefficient, Evapotranspiration, FAO-56, Irrigation water requirements.
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Jin, Jiming, and Norman L. Miller. "Analysis of the Impact of Snow on Daily Weather Variability in Mountainous Regions Using MM5." Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm565.1.
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Abstract The impacts of snow on daily weather variability, as well as the mechanisms of snowmelt over the Sierra Nevada, California–Nevada, mountainous region, were studied using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) forced by 6-h reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The analysis of two-way nested 36–12-km MM5 simulations during the 1998 snowmelt season (April–June) shows that the snow water equivalent (SWE) is underestimated when there are conditions with higher temperature and greater precipitation than observations. An observed daily SWE dataset derived from the snow telemetry network was assimilated into the Noah land surface model within MM5. This SWE assimilation reduces the warm bias. The reduction of the warm bias results from suppressed upward sensible heat flux caused by the decreased skin temperature. This skin temperature reduction is the result of the longer assimilated snow duration than in the model run without SWE assimilation. Meanwhile, the cooled surface leads to a more stable atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the exaggerated precipitation. Additionally, the detailed analysis of the snowmelt indicates that the absence of vegetation fraction in the most sophisticated land surface model (Noah) in the MM5 package results in an overestimation of solar radiation reaching the snow surface, giving rise to heavier snowmelt. An underestimated surface albedo also weakly contributes to the stronger snowmelt. The roles of the vegetation fraction and albedo in snowmelt are further verified by an additional offline simulation from a more realistic land surface model with advanced snow and vegetation schemes forced by the MM5 output. An improvement in SWE description is clearly seen in this offline simulation over the Sierra Nevada region.
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Meyer, Frederick, Ronald Shane, and Hans Radtke. "A Systematic Approach for Identifying Planning Zones and Service Centers: A Nevada State Health Example." Community Development Society. Journal 17, no. 1 (March 1986): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575338609490051.
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Bugay, Nikolay F. "Natural triangle of best weather: Anapa (former Turkish fortress) – Temryuk (possession of the Kabardian prince Temryuk (Temroko) Idarov – Taman (ancient Tmutarakan)." Historical and social-educational ideas 12, no. 4-5 (October 29, 2020): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2020-12-4-5-25-52.
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The state of the hydrometeorological network in any state, its effective work in solving the urgent problem of creating conditions for ensuring the country's security is also a vivid evidence of the ability and capabilities of the state itself in organizing the effective work of services necessary to support comfortable living conditions for the population. Scientists studying the history of various kinds of services in the state, in relation to the weather service, pay more attention to the past periods, connected to a large extent with the history of the emergence of a particular service, the provision of trained specialists, the provision of the economic side of the services. If we turn to the weather service, then, undoubtedly, the question of the formation of labor collectives at the meteorological station and other structures of the weather service should be put in the first place. The work of teams of specialists in modern conditions should not be disregarded. It is certainly associated with the past, with the traditions that were laid down by past generations and are carefully preserved for different weather stations. In general, they continue to develop and improve the methods of work of teams, rely on the scientific base, created technologies for observing and processing the data obtained, which met the requirements of the time in the past, and the formed base of observations of atmospheric phenomena. The article focuses primarily on the organization of the work of weather service specialists in modern conditions, which makes it possible to clarify many aspects of the process of organizing the activities of the observation system both in the regions of Russia, as well as on the scale of the state as a whole.
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Achilleos, Nicholas, Patrick Guio, Nicolas André, and Arianna M. Sorba. "A magnetodisc model service for planetary space weather studies." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 9 (2019): A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019022.
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Theoretical models play an important role in the Planetary Space Weather Services (PSWS) of the European Planetary Network (“Europlanet”), due to their ability to predict the physical response of magnetospheric environments to compressions or rarefactions in the upstream solar wind flow. We illustrate this aspect by presenting examples of some calculations done with the UCL Magnetodisc Model in both “Jupiter” and “Saturn” mode. Similar model outputs can now be provided via the PSWS MAGNETODISC service. For each planet’s space environment, we present example model outputs showing the effect of compressions and rarefactions on the global magnetic field, plasma pressure and azimuthal current density. As a simple illustration of the physics underlying these reference models, we quantify solar wind effects by comparing the “compressed” and “expanded” outputs to a nominal “average-state” model, reflecting more typical solar wind dynamic pressures. We also describe the implementation of the corresponding PSWS MAGNETODISC Service, through which similar outputs may be obtained by potential users.
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Niess, Margaret L. "Forecast: Changing Mathematics Curriculum and Increasing Pressure for Higher-Level Thinking Skills." Arithmetic Teacher 41, no. 2 (October 1993): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.41.2.0129.
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There's a lot of exciting new technology that the weather service plans to incorporate in the next decade. But, to do that, positions in the weather service will have to be upgraded from technical to scientific. people with a higher level of skill in using and interpreting the new data available” (Oregon State University ews Service 1990. 3). Technology is affecting the work force. changing not only the skills that are needed but also the level of those skills. Thus, the education of those workers assuming the newly defined positions must reflect the changes.
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Carlton, J. Stuart, James R. Angel, Songlin Fei, Matthew Huber, Tomas M. Koontz, Brian J. MacGowan, Nathan D. Mullendore, Nicholas Babin, and Linda S. Prokopy. "State Service Foresters' Attitudes Toward Using Climate and Weather Information When Advising Forest Landowners." Journal of Forestry 112, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.13-054.
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Astsatryan, Hrachya, Hayk Grogoryan, Eliza Gyulgyulyan, Anush Hakobyan, Aram Kocharyan, Wahi Narsisian, Vladimir Sahakyan, et al. "Weather Data Visualization and Analytical Platform." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 19, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v19i2.1351.
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This article aims to present a web-based interactive visualization and analytical platform for weather data in Armenia by integrating the three existing infrastructures for observational data, numerical weather prediction, and satellite image processing. The weather data used in the platform consists of near-surface atmospheric elements including air temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind and precipitation. The visualization and analytical platform has been implemented for 2-m surface temperature. The platform gives Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service analytical capabilities to analyze the in-situ observations, model and satellite image data per station and region for a given period.
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Handal, K. A. "Service Organizations in Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 3 (1985): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0006581x.
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Our belief that there is a superagency that goes to work when a disaster occurs is unfounded. What does exist is a network of integrating expertise and resources that are escalated from different routine activities to cooperatively respond to one event. This paper concerns the governmental approach in one area, New York City.In the United States, federal and state laws exist to minimize the effects of disasters, by identifying measures to prevent or mitigate them, developing mechanisms to coordinate the use of resource and manpower during disasters, and by providing recovery and redevelopment following a disaster. These functions and services are coordinated to the maximum extent with comparable activities of local state and federal governments, and many voluntary private agencies. Organizational responsibility follows a bi-directional flow from federal to state to county-, city-, town- and village level, and in the reverse (Fig. 1). The roles and responsibilities depend on the type of disaster (Fig. 2) and hence the response and activity needed. Response activities include need for clothing, crisis counseling, debris removal and disposal, disease and pest control, equipment and supplies, evacuation, food provisions, fuel provisions, housing and shelter, identification and disposition of the dead, labor pools, law and order, medical care and treatment, power provision, protective measures, search and rescue, sewage control, transportation, the need to waiver codes, water provisions, and weather forecasting.
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Bingham, Suzy, Sophie A. Murray, Antonio Guerrero, Alexi Glover, and Peter Thorn. "Summary of the plenary sessions at European Space Weather Week 15: space weather users and service providers working together now and in the future." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 9 (2019): A32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019031.
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During European Space Weather Week 15 two plenary sessions were held to review the status of operational space weather forecasting. The first session addressed the topic of working with space weather service providers now and in the future, the user perspective. The second session provided the service perspective, addressing experiences in forecasting development and operations. Presentations in both sessions provided an overview of international efforts on these topics, and panel discussion topics arising in the first session were used as a basis for panel discussion in the second session. Discussion topics included experiences during the September 2017 space weather events, cross domain impacts, timeliness of notifications, and provision of effective user education. Users highlighted that a severe space weather event did not necessarily lead to severe impacts for each individual user across the different sectors. Service providers were generally confident that timely and reliable information could be provided during severe and extreme events, although stressed that more research and funding were required in this relatively new field of operational space weather forecasting, to ensure continuation of capabilities and further development of services, in particular improved forecasting targeting user needs. Here a summary of the sessions is provided followed by a commentary on the current state-of-the-art and potential next steps towards improvement of services.
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She, Chial Yao, J. D. Vance, Takuya D. Kawahara, Bifford P. Williams, and Qian Wu. "A proposed all-solid-state transportable narrow-band sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements." Canadian Journal of Physics 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p06-089.
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An all-solid-state narrowband sodium lidar transmitter based on proven technologies is proposed. These proven technologies include: (i) the sum frequency generation of 589 nm coherent radiation with pulsed solid-state Nd:YAG lasers at 1064 and 1319 nm, developed for laser-guided star research and used in lidar measurements of mesopause-region temperatures by Shinshu University, (ii) the Doppler-free spectroscopic seed control developed by the Colorado State University and employed in a lidar system with hybrid solid-state and dye technologies for mesopause-region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, and (iii) the low-power continuous wave, tunable light around 589 nm via sum frequency generation developed by the University of Nevada. The proper combination of these mature technologies, deployed along with sodium-vapor Faraday filters, also developed by Colorado State University, will lead to a new all-solid-state sodium fluorescence lidar, capable of measuring mesopause-region temperatures and horizontal winds on a 24 h continuous basis, weather permitting. The integration of these proven solid-state technologies will make this proposed lidar transportable and suitable for remote operation in harsh environments. PACS Nos.: 42.68.Wt, 42.79.Qx, 92.60.–e, 07.20.Dt, 42.79.Qx
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Saitua, Iker. "“Flagging the Lines”: Basque immigrant sheepherders and the early US Forest Administration in Nevada, 1890-1920." Historia Agraria. Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 77 (December 3, 2018): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.077e06s.
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In the early twentieth century, the US Forest Service began to exclude itinerant sheep operations from the public-domain lands it administered: the National Forests. But beyond the National Forests, the extensive public-domain lands devoted to grazing were not regulated. To some local ranchers and stockmen, the increasing presence of itinerant sheepherders, including Basque immigrants, represented the first of a growing number of competitors on Nevada’s public-domain lands. These stockmen blamed itinerant sheepherders for all the problems affecting the water and grassland ecosystems, such as the deterioration of the ranges and the fouling of springs and streams. Their representatives requested an expansion of National Forest boundaries as a means of asserting exclusive use of the range for stockmen. Although at first the Forest Service keenly appreciated the problems of local stock raisers, it opposed the idea of expanding the National Forests in Nevada solely for the purpose of range control. This article explores how some ranchers advocated expanding the National Forest lands within the State of Nevada as a strategy to protect their economic interests and force itinerant sheepherders out of business.
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Laird, Neil, Alicia M. Bentley, Sara A. Ganetis, Andrew Stieneke, and Samantha A. Tushaus. "Climatology of Lake-Effect Precipitation Events over Lake Tahoe and Pyramid Lake." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 2 (February 2016): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0230.1.
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AbstractThe frequency, timing, and environmental conditions of lake-effect (LE) precipitation over Lake Tahoe and Pyramid Lake in northern California and western Nevada were examined for the 14 winters (September–March) from 1996/97 through 2009/10. Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data from Reno, Nevada (KRGX), were used to identify 62 LE events. LE precipitation occurred as single bands extending downwind from overlake areas, and as isolated regions of overlake precipitation with little or no extension over land. Mesoscale vortices were also identified during both Lake Tahoe and Pyramid Lake LE events. An average of 4.4 LE events occurred each winter in the Lake Tahoe and Pyramid Lake region, with events occurring most frequently in October. LE events had an average duration of 6.3 h, approximately half the duration of LE events observed over Lake Champlain, the New York State Finger Lakes, or the Great Salt Lake. The observed conditions during LE events in the Lake Tahoe and Pyramid Lake region typically had 1) mean surface air temperatures below freezing, 2) mean surface wind speeds of <2.0 m s−1 (notably weaker than during lake effect in other areas), 3) a mean lake–air temperature difference of 11.5°C, and 4) a mean lake–700-hPa temperature difference of 20.9°C.
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Włodarczyk, Renata. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ‘in service’ of Internal Security of the State." Internal Security 12, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3197.
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The study was created thanks to the author’s preferences to learn increasingly more about new technologies that are able to increase the potential of internal security of the state. Recently, interest in recording areas (difficult to access, dangerous, monitored in adverse weather conditions, monitored due to the implementation of tasks by relevant services), the development of methods enabling the transmission of various materials at a distance, and performing other complicated activities have increased. For this purpose, unmanned aerial vehicles (so-called drones, UAVs) that are versatile in many respects are used. The author noticed the need to disseminate such innovative devices on native soil, especially for using them in multidirectional strengthening of the security sphere. Polish companies producing UAVs for many foreign customers have already marked their presence in this matter. The achievements of the designers are so impressive that it makes us appreciate the development of our technical thought, and above all, the use of drones to ensure security and public order in Poland. A series of training courses is already conducted by the Police Academy in Szczytno, which is a good solution both for teachers and, above all, for the trainees themselves. Such an initiative will undoubtedly translate into increased interest in drones, and especially the incredible usefulness of these devices for uniformed services and other entities.
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Carley, Eoin P., Carla Baldovin, Pieter Benthem, Mario M. Bisi, Richard A. Fallows, Peter T. Gallagher, Michael Olberg, et al. "Radio observatories and instrumentation used in space weather science and operations." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 10 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020007.
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The low frequency array (LOFAR) is a phased array interferometer currently consisting of 13 international stations across Europe and 38 stations surrounding a central hub in the Netherlands. The instrument operates in the frequency range of ~10–240 MHz and is used for a variety of astrophysical science cases. While it is not heliophysics or space weather dedicated, a new project entitled “LOFAR for Space Weather” (LOFAR4SW) aims at designing a system upgrade to allow the entire array to observe the Sun, heliosphere, Earth’s ionosphere, and Jupiter throughout its observing window. This will allow the instrument to operate as a space weather observing platform, facilitating both space weather science and operations. Part of this design study aims to survey the existing space weather infrastructure operating at radio frequencies and show how LOFAR4SW can advance the current state-of-the-art in this field. In this paper, we survey radio instrumentation and facilities that currently operate in space weather science and/or operations, including instruments involved in solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric studies. We furthermore include an overview of the major space weather service providers in operation today and the current state-of-the-art in the radio data they use and provide routinely. The aim is to compare LOFAR4SW to the existing radio research infrastructure in space weather and show how it may advance both space weather science and operations in the radio domain in the near future.
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Tahir, Muhammad Naeem, and Marcos Katz. "Heterogeneous (ITS-G5 and 5G) Vehicular Pilot Road Weather Service Platform in a Realistic Operational Environment." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051676.
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VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) operating in conjunction with road-side infrastructure connecting road-side infrastructure are an emerging field of wireless communication technology in the vehicular communication’s domain. For VANETs, the IEEE 802.11p-based ITS-G5 is one of the key standards for communication globally. This research work integrates the ITS-G5 with a cellular-based 5G Test Network (5GTN). The resulting advanced heterogeneous Vehicular Network (VN) test-bed works as an effective platform for traffic safety between vehicles and road-side-infrastructure. This test-bed network provides a flexible framework to exploit vehicle-based weather data and road observation information, creating a service architecture for VANETs that supports real-time intelligent traffic services. The network studied in this paper aims to deliver improved road safety by providing real-time weather forecast, road friction information and road traffic related services. This article presents the implementation of a realistic test-bed in Northern Finland and the field measurement results of the heterogeneous VANETs considering the speed of vehicle, latency, good-put time and throughput. The field measurement results have been obtained in a state-of-the-art hybrid VANET system supporting special road weather services. Based on field measurement results, we suggest an efficient solution for a comprehensive hybrid vehicular networking infrastructure exploiting road weather information.
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Joshi, Priyanka D., Stowe Shoemaker, Corrin C. Sullivan, and Neelesh R. Soman. "A Patient Experience Course Syllabus: Integrating Service Sciences Research to Enhance Health-Care Delivery." Journal of Patient Experience 7, no. 4 (August 21, 2019): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373519870008.
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We present here a syllabus for teaching patient experience that draws on service sciences to address the current state of patient experience. The syllabus was the result of an ongoing collaboration between educators at the Hotel College and the School of Medicine at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas. The syllabus was developed after a thorough literature review in the field of services marketing, patient experience, hospitality marketing, management and leadership, health-care administration, and health-care communication and after consultation with subject matter experts. We believe that the syllabus provides an action plan for universities and hospitals to introduce and teach the topic of hospitality and patient experience as part of the medical and nursing school curriculum. The syllabus can also be adapted for teaching in executive education programs.
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Uccellini, Louis W., and John E. Ten Hoeve. "Evolving the National Weather Service to Build a Weather-Ready Nation: Connecting Observations, Forecasts, and Warnings to Decision-Makers through Impact-Based Decision Support Services." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 10 (October 2019): 1923–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0159.1.
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AbstractAs the cost and societal impacts of extreme weather, water, and climate events continue to rise across the United States, the National Weather Service (NWS) has adopted a strategic vision of a Weather-Ready Nation that aims to help all citizens be ready, responsive, and resilient to extreme weather, water, and climate events. To achieve this vision and to meet the NWS mission of saving lives and property and enhancing the national economy, the NWS must improve the accuracy and timeliness of forecasts and warnings, and must directly connect these forecasts and warnings to critical life- and property-saving decisions through the provision of impact-based decision support services (IDSS). While the NWS has been moving in this direction for years, the shift to delivering IDSS holistically requires an agency-wide transformation. This article discusses the elements driving the need for change at the NWS to build a Weather-Ready Nation; the foundational basis for IDSS; ongoing challenges to provide IDSS across federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial levels of government; the path toward evolving the NWS to deliver more effective IDSS; the importance of partnerships within the weather, water, and climate enterprise and with those responsible for public safety to achieve the Weather-Ready Nation vision; and initial supporting evidence and lessons learned from early efforts.
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Yatsenko, Hanna. "The Impact of Weather Conditions on Economic Activity in Ukraine." Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, no. 249 (June 30, 2020): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26531/vnbu2020.249.03.
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This article explores the impact of weather conditions on core sectors of the Ukrainian economy and the composite index of economic activity in Ukraine. We build autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models using statistical data provided by the Central Geophysical Observatory named after Boris Sreznevsky (CGO) and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2004-2019. The obtained outcomes show that fluctuations in the air temperature and precipitation are significant determinants of output in different sectors (specifically agriculture, construction, manufacturing, and energy). Therefore, the inclusion of weather conditions into models may potentially improve the modeling properties and forecasting of economic activity.
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Zhao, Donghao, Yu Lu, Xiaoguang Liu, Wenxin Qiao, Zhiwei Li, and Yicen Liu. "Design of emergency UAV network identity authentication protocol based on Beidou." MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133604004.
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In view of the bad environment and intermittent communication of UAV network, based on the short message communication function of Beidou satellite navigation system, which can provide all-weather and no blind area communication service, a UAV network identity authentication protocol under emergency state when conventional means cannot communicate is designed.
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Pomaga, Raluca, Marius-Victor Birsan, Ghennadii Rosca, and Tatiana Dabija. "TOWARDS AN AUTOMATIC METEOROLOGICAL FORECAST VERIFICATION SYSTEM FOR THE STATE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2019132003.
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This paper presents a user-friendly application developed for assessing the quality of the meteorological forecasts issued by the Moldavian State Hydrometeorological Service (SHS). The scores are calculated using a method developed at Meteo Romania (National Meteorological Administration), which has been running operationally since 1996. The meteorological elements evaluated in this verification system are cloud cover, wind speed, fog, glazed frost, hail, frost, minimum and maximum air temperature, as well as the appearance, shape, distribution and intensity of precipitation. The automatic weather forecasting verification system is based on two graphical interfaces, both of them having a specific role in simplifying the user interaction with the database where the information is stored. This work was realized within the World Bank project "Development of a standardized verification mechanism and QMS for the Moldova SHS".
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Hill Cummings, Krista, and Jennifer A. Yule. "Tailoring service recovery messages to consumers’ affective states." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 7 (May 18, 2020): 1675–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-02-2019-0122.
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Purpose This study aims to propose that providers should tailor recovery responses to consumers’ emotional states to improve evaluations and behavioral intentions. Design/methodology/approach A multi-study approach comprising field and lab data was used. The field study, conducted on the Boston public transport network during a weather crisis, sought to determine how a provider should deliver their recovery response to match the consumer’s affective state. In the lab studies, the importance of tailoring a recovery message to the consumer’s state is experimentally demonstrated while controlling for factors such as consumer brand involvement. Findings This study finds that an emotion-focused recovery emphasizing empathy should be given to those in an avoidance affective state (i.e. focused on the avoidance of negative outcomes) such as worry. A problem-focused recovery, in which the focus is on the process that led to the failure and the steps that will be taken to correct it, should be provided to those in an approach state (i.e. concerned with advancement and accomplishment) such as anger. This study also finds this effect is more salient under low involvement conditions. Research limitations/implications Future research should examine how nonverbal behavior during recovery can be tailored to a consumer’s state. Practical implications Service providers are encouraged to tailor recovery messages to consumers’ affective states. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine matching recovery messages to affective states, an important contribution as service failures can elicit a wide variety of affective states that influence how consumers react to recovery messages.
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Merhaut, Donald J., and Dennis Pittenger. "Marketing Trends and Business Management Practices for the Wholesale Nursery Industry in California." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (January 2005): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0381.
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A survey of wholesale nurseries in the United States was conducted in 1999, with 169 of the 806 nurseries surveyed responding from the state of California. The survey, consisting of 29 questions related to production practices, products, sales, and marketing, was sent to a random group of nurseries. Based on these results, over 50% of the new nursery businesses in California have been established within the last two decades. While most of the nurseries have computerized business practices, only 21% have implemented the use of computers or other automation in their production practices. Horticulturally, containerized plant production (80% of the industry) is still the primary method of growing and shipping plants in California, and most (90%) of these products are sold within the state. Nevada, Arizona, Oregon, Washington, and Texas are the primary destinations for plant material that is exported out of state. The factors that nursery owners feel influence sales the most include market demand, weather unpredictability, and water supply, while governmental and environmental regulations are perceived to have the least impact. The factors that influence product price include cost of production, market demand, and product uniqueness.
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Horel, John D., Robert Ziel, Chris Galli, Judith Pechmann, and Xia Dong. "An evaluation of fire danger and behaviour indices in the Great Lakes Region calculated from station and gridded weather information." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 2 (2014): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12186.
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A web-based set of tools has been developed to integrate weather, fire danger and fire behaviour information for the Great Lakes region of the United States. Weather parameters obtained from selected observational networks are combined with operational high-resolution gridded analyses and forecast products from the United States National Weather Service. Fuel moisture codes and fire behaviour indices in the Fire Weather Index subsystem of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System are computed from these sources for current and forecast conditions. Applications of this Great Lakes Fire and Fuels System are demonstrated for the 2012 fire season. Fuel moisture codes and fire behaviour indices computed from gridded analyses differ from those derived from observations in a manner similar to the analysis errors typical for the underlying weather parameters. Indices that are particularly sensitive to seasonally accumulating precipitation, such as the Drought Code, exhibit the largest differences. The gridded analyses and forecasts provide considerable additional information for fire weather professionals to evaluate weather and fuel state in the region. The potential utility of these gridded analyses and forecasts throughout the continental United States is highlighted.
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Carlson, J. D., Robert E. Burgan, David M. Engle, and Justin R. Greenfield. "The Oklahoma Fire Danger Model: An operational tool for mesoscale fire danger rating in Oklahoma." International Journal of Wildland Fire 11, no. 4 (2002): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02003.
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This paper describes the Oklahoma Fire Danger Model, an operational fire danger rating system for the state of Oklahoma (USA) developed through joint efforts of Oklahoma State University, the University of Oklahoma, and the Fire Sciences Laboratory of the USDA Forest Service in Missoula, Montana. The model is an adaptation of the National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) to Oklahoma, but more importantly, represents the first time anywhere that NFDRS has been implemented operationally using hourly weather data from a spatially dense automated weather station network (the Oklahoma Mesonet). Weekly AVHRR satellite imagery is also utilized for live fuel moisture and fuel load calculations. The result is a near-real-time mesoscale fire danger rating system to 1-km resolution whose output is readily available on the World Wide Web (http://agweather.mesonet.ou.edu/models/fire). Examples of output from 25 February 1998 are presented.The Oklahoma Fire Danger Model, in conjunction with other fire-related operational tools, has proven useful to the wildland fire management community in Oklahoma, for both wildfire anticipation and suppression and for prescribed fire activities. Instead of once-per-day NFDRS information at two to three sites, the fire manager now has statewide fire danger information available at 1-km resolution at up to hourly intervals, enabling a quicker response to changing fire weather conditions across the entire state.
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Han, Fei, and Su Zhang. "Evaluation of Spatial Resilience of Highway Networks in Response to Adverse Weather Conditions." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080480.
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Adverse weather poses a significant threat to the serviceability of highway infrastructure, as it causes more frequent and severe crash incidents. This study focuses on evaluating the resilience of highway networks by examining the crash-induced safety impact in response to extreme weather events. Unlike traditional service drop-based methods for resilience evaluation, this study endeavors to evaluate highway resilience in a spatial context. Three spatial metrics, including K-nearest neighbors, proximity to highways, and Kernel density hot spot, are introduced and employed to compare and analyze the spatial patterns (magnitude and distribution) of crashes in pre- and post-weather conditions. An illustrative example is also provided to showcase the applications of the proposed spatial resilience metrics for two study areas in the State of Illinois, U.S. The contribution of this study is to provide transportation practitioners with a tool to evaluate highway spatial resilience both visually and quantitatively, and ultimately improve highway safety and operation.
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Tóth, Boglárka, and István Ihász. "Validation of subgrid scale ensemble precipitation forecasts based on the ECMWF’s ecPoint Rainfall project." Időjárás 125, no. 3 (2021): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.28974/idojaras.2021.3.2.
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Nowadays, state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction models successfully predict the general weather characteristics several days ahead, but forecasting extreme precipitation is quite challenging even in the short time range. In the framework of the ecPoint Project, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) developed a new innovative probabilistic post-processing tool which produces 4-day precipitation forecast as accurate as the raw ensemble forecast at day 1. In the framework of the scientific co-operation between ECMWF and the Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ), we were invited to participate in the validation of the experimental products. Quasi operational post-processed products have been available since July 1, 2018. During our work, besides using different verification technics, a new ensemble meteogram was also developed which can support operational forecasters during extreme precipitation events. As a result of our work, products of the ecPoint Project have been included in the operational forecasting activity.
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Eli-Chukwu, N. C., and G. N. Onoh. "Experimental Study on the Impact of Weather Conditions on Wide Code Division Multiple Access Signals in Nigeria." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 3998–4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2630.
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In cellular network activities, before a site is integrated it is expected that each cell of the site meets the Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) standard of ≥98% for both service accessibility and call completion rate which in turn depicts a ≤2% in both blocked call rate (BCR) and dropped call rate (DCR). It is suggested that weather conditions have a very strong negative effect on the performance of wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) network as it could lead to signal attenuation or change the polarization. In this paper, we study the impact of weather conditions on WCDMA network in Nigeria. To achieve this, network samples (log-files) were collected weekly during a driving test in Enugu State Nigeria for a period of five years for both rainy and dry seasons, in which blocked and dropped calls were extracted. Results show that during adverse weather conditions, BCR and DCR rise greater than 8% and 4% respectively. Although with a slight relationship between the weather conditions, the weather condition during the dry season has a better-blocked call rate of 8.76% in comparison with the rainy season with 12.89%. Calls tend to drop more during the dry season. From the outcome of the experiment, a model was developed for predicting an unknown network call statistics variables.
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Ashley, Walker S., Stephen Strader, Douglas C. Dziubla, and Alex Haberlie. "Driving Blind: Weather-Related Vision Hazards and Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00026.1.
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Abstract Visibility-related weather hazards have significant impacts on motor vehicle operators because of decreased driver vision, reduced roadway speed, amplified speed variability, and elevated crash risk. This research presents a national analysis of fog-, smoke-, and dust storm–associated vehicular fatalities in the United States. Initially, a database of weather-related motor vehicle crash fatalities from 1994 to 2011 is constructed from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data. Thereafter, spatiotemporal analyses of visibility-related (crashes where a vision hazard was reported at time of event) and vision-obscured (driver’s vision was recorded as obscured by weather, and a weather-related vision hazard was reported) fatal vehicular crashes are presented. Results reveal that the annual number of fatalities associated with weather-related, vision-obscured vehicular crashes is comparable to those of more notable and captivating hazards such as tornadoes, floods, tropical cyclones, and lightning. The majority of these vision-obscured crash fatalities occurred in fog, on state and U.S. numbered highways, during the cool season and during the morning commuting hours of 0500 to 0800 local time. Areas that experience the greatest frequencies of vision-obscured fatal crashes are located in the Central Valley of California, Appalachian Mountain and mid-Atlantic region, the Midwest, and along the Gulf Coast. From 2007 to 2011, 72% of all vision-obscured fatal crashes occurred when there was no National Weather Service weather-related visibility advisory in effect. The deadliest weather-related visibility hazard crashes during the period are exhibited, revealing a spectrum of environmental and geographical settings that can trigger these high-end events.
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Suess, Elizabeth J., Cinzia Cervato, William A. Gallus, and Jonathon M. Hobbs. "Weather Forecasting as a Learning Tool in a Large Service Course: Does Practice Make Perfect?" Weather and Forecasting 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-12-00105.1.
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Abstract Each spring roughly 200 students, mostly nonmajors, enroll in the Introduction to Meteorology course at Iowa State University and are required to make at least 25 forecasts throughout the semester. The Dynamic Weather Forecaster (DWF) forecasting platform requires students to forecast more than just simple “numeric” forecasts and includes questions on advection, cloudiness, and precipitation factors that are not included in forecast contests often used in meteorology courses. The present study examines the evolution of forecasting skill for students enrolled in the class in spring 2010 and 2011 and compares student performance with that of an “expert forecaster.” The expert forecasters were chosen from meteorology students in an advanced forecasting course who showed exemplary forecasting skill throughout the previous semester. It is shown that these introductory students improve in forecast skill over only the first 10–15 days that they forecast, a number smaller than the 25 days found in an earlier study examining meteorology majors in an upper-level course. The skill of both groups plateaus after that time. An analysis of two types of questions in the DWF reveals that students do have skill slightly better than that of a persistence forecast when predicting parameters traditionally used in forecasting contests, but fail to outperform persistence when predicting more complex atmospheric processes like temperature advection and factors influencing precipitation such as moisture content and instability. The introduction of a contest “with prizes” halfway through the semester in 2011 was found to have at best mixed impacts on forecast skill.
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Cohen, Ariel E., Richard L. Thompson, Steven M. Cavallo, Roger Edwards, Steven J. Weiss, John A. Hart, Israel L. Jirak, et al. "Bridging Operational Meteorology and Academia through Experiential Education: The Storm Prediction Center in the University of Oklahoma Classroom." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0307.1.
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Abstract During the 2014–15 academic year, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center (SPC) and the University of Oklahoma (OU) School of Meteorology jointly created the first SPC-led course at OU focused on connecting traditional theory taught in the academic curriculum with operational meteorology. This class, “Applications of Meteorological Theory to Severe-Thunderstorm Forecasting,” began in 2015. From 2015 through 2017, this spring–semester course has engaged 56 students in theoretical skills and related hands-on weather analysis and forecasting applications, taught by over a dozen meteorologists from the SPC, the NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the NOAA National Weather Service Forecast Offices. Following introductory material, which addresses many theoretical principles relevant to operational meteorology, numerous presentations and hands-on activities focused on instructors’ areas of expertise are provided to students. Topics include the following: storm-induced perturbation pressure gradients and their enhancement to supercells, tornadogenesis, tropical cyclone tornadoes, severe wind forecasting, surface and upper-air analyses and their interpretation, and forecast decision-making. This collaborative approach has strengthened bonds between meteorologists in operations, research, and academia, while introducing OU meteorology students to the vast array of severe thunderstorm forecast challenges, state-of-the-art operational and research tools, communication of high-impact weather information, and teamwork skills. The methods of collaborative instruction and experiential education have been found to strengthen both operational–academic relationships and students’ appreciation of the intricacies of severe thunderstorm forecasting, as detailed in this article.
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Wang, Chun Lei, Bai Lian Chen, Li Bing Zheng, Hua Chao Fang, and Li Han. "A New Wire Icing Automatic Monitoring System Based on Wireless Communication Platform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 527 (February 2014): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.527.301.
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In view of the wire icing field monitoring in the process of the field data acquisition is difficult in the southwest mountainous area in Guizhou, the first generation of the present situation of the system operation reliability is not high, a new generation of automatic field wire icing monitoring system has been developed. The new generation of the system adopts ARM/Linux platform, Ice data can be sent via wireless transmission. With the digital acquisition mode of the System sensor, new system can monitor wire icing state stably, continuously. Data collected by GPS can be sent to the remote server of meteorological department which can provide data support for wire icing forecast. From November 2010 to March 2013, the new generation of wire icing monitoring system was carried out three times field test in Meihuashan,Weining field site test points, Kaiyang weather service stations and Wanshan SAR weather service stations in Guizhou. Results show that the system meets requirement of field site test and have further promotion value in the wire icing test requirements area.
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Warner, Thomas T., and Nelson L. Seaman. "A Real-Time, Mesoscale Numerical Weather-Prediction System Used for Research, Teaching, and Public Service at The Pennsylvania State University." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 71, no. 6 (June 1990): 792–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1990)071<0792:artmnw>2.0.co;2.
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Drüe, Clemens. "Reconstruction of Aircraft Trajectories from AMDAR Weather Reports." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jtecha1499.1.
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Abstract It is well known that aircraft-based meteorological measurements exhibit systematic errors depending on various flight dynamic parameters. It is also widely assumed that operational Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) weather reports by commercial aircraft are affected in a similar way. However, so far, it is not possible to study such systematic errors, because datasets that contain both AMDAR reports and flight dynamic variables are not available. To overcome this deficiency, a method was developed to reconstruct the flight trajectories of aircraft using just the aircraft type and operational AMDAR reports. Because AMDAR reports do not contain information on the flight plan, origin, destination, or the motion vector of the airplane, it is not possible to employ a trajectory solver as used by air traffic control. Instead, the method uses groups of trajectory templates that are fitted to AMDAR data taken during approach or departure. This algorithm allows estimation of the heading, true airspeed, aircraft mass, roll state, pitch angle, and angle of attack of the reporting aircraft for each AMDAR report. For verification, the algorithm was applied to navigation data gathered from two Airbus-manufactured aircraft, of which one is in commercial service and one is used for aviation research. From a total of 48 profiles, a very good agreement of reconstructed and measured values was found.
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Ralph, F. Martin, Janet Intrieri, David Andra, Robert Atlas, Sid Boukabara, David Bright, Paula Davidson, et al. "The Emergence of Weather-Related Test Beds Linking Research and Forecasting Operations." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00080.1.
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Test beds have emerged as a critical mechanism linking weather research with forecasting operations. The U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) was formed in the 1990s to help identify key gaps in research related to major weather prediction problems and the role of observations and numerical models. This planning effort ultimately revealed the need for greater capacity and new approaches to improve the connectivity between the research and forecasting enterprise. Out of this developed the seeds for what is now termed “test beds.” While many individual projects, and even more broadly the NOAA/National Weather Service (NWS) Modernization, were successful in advancing weather prediction services, it was recognized that specific forecast problems warranted a more focused and elevated level of effort. The USWRP helped develop these concepts with science teams and provided seed funding for several of the test beds described. Based on the varying NOAA mission requirements for forecasting, differences in the organizational structure and methods used to provide those services, and differences in the state of the science related to those forecast challenges, test beds have taken on differing characteristics, strategies, and priorities. Current test bed efforts described have all emerged between 2000 and 2011 and focus on hurricanes (Joint Hurricane Testbed), precipitation (Hydrometeorology Testbed), satellite data assimilation (Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation), severe weather (Hazardous Weather Testbed), satellite data support for severe weather prediction (Short-Term Prediction Research and Transition Center), mesoscale modeling (Developmental Testbed Center), climate forecast products (Climate Testbed), testing and evaluation of satellite capabilities [Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R) Proving Ground], aviation applications (Aviation Weather Testbed), and observing system experiments (OSSE Testbed).
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Juras, Peter, and Daniela Jurasova. "Outdoor Climate Change Analysis in University Campus: Case Study with Heat-Air-Moisture Simulation." Civil and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2020-0037.
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AbstractThe standard weather station network, belonging to the national weather forecast service, cannot satisfy the requirements of advanced simulation tools because of the network density, time interval of recording, collections of measured values or availability of measured data and its price. Due to the outdoor climate change, urban heat islands and advance in research it is vital to obtain precise data sets for the measured location. Since 2014, also the experimental weather station, which continuously records the wind flow, air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, rain and atmospheric air pressure, is a part of University of Zilina campus.In this paper, measured values of selected climate parameters are analyzed in terms of raw data and also in the case study of two wall types – traditional masonry brick wall and lightweight wooden-frame wall. Behavior of these walls is simulated by the impact of a non-steady state with use of WUFI Pro software. The impact on the hygrothermal regime of walls – water content, simulated under various boundary conditions, is analyzed and the differences between measured years are quantified.
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Tan, Jianguo, Limin Yang, C. S. B. Grimmond, Jianping Shi, Wen Gu, Yuanyong Chang, Ping Hu, Juan Sun, Xiangyu Ao, and Zhihui Han. "Urban Integrated Meteorological Observations: Practice and Experience in Shanghai, China." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00216.1.
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Abstract Observations of atmospheric conditions and processes in cities are fundamental to understanding the interactions between the urban surface and weather/climate, improving the performance of urban weather, air quality, and climate models, and providing key information for city end users (e.g., decision makers, stakeholders, public). In this paper, Shanghai’s Urban Integrated Meteorological Observation Network (SUIMON) and some examples of intended applications are introduced. Its characteristics include being multipurpose (e.g., forecast, research, service), multifunction (e.g., high-impact weather, city climate, special end users), multiscale (e.g., macro/meso, urban, neighborhood, street canyon), multivariable (e.g., thermal, dynamic, chemical, biometeorological, ecological), and multiplatform (e.g., radar, wind profiler, ground based, satellite based, in situ observation/sampling). Underlying SUIMON is a data management system to facilitate exchange of data and information. The overall aim of the network is to improve coordination strategies and instruments, to identify data gaps based on science- and user-driven requirements, and to intelligently combine observations from a variety of platforms by using a data assimilation system that is tuned to produce the best estimate of the current state of the urban atmosphere.
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Moon, John T., Patrick E. Guinan, David J. Snider, and Anthony R. Lupo. "CoCoRaHs in Missouri: Four Years Later, the Importance of Observations." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 43, no. 2009 (January 1, 2009): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/0544-540x-43.2009.8.
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On 1 March 2006, Missouri became the 11th state to join the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS). CoCoRaHS is a national volunteer network of individuals who have agreed to measure and report precipitation observations daily. This program was established in 1998 by the Colorado State Climate Office. On 12 March, 2006 CoCoRaHs quickly demonstrated its usefulness during the severe weather events of that day when there were several reports of large hail. Since then, Missouri CoCoRaHS network receives about 250 reports per day. This data can be used to study severe weather events such as the passage of Tropical Depression Gustav and Tropical Storm Ike through Missouri over a 10 day period bookended by 4 and 14 September 2008. Here we will compare the CoCoRaHS volunteer rainfall totals to RADAR derived estimates taken from the National Weather Service (NWS) as well as the Cooperative Site measurements. CoCoRaHS data was even incorporated by the local NWS to summarize these events. CoCoRaHS data is currently used by all six NWS offices and the four River Forecast Centers that serve the state of Missouri as well as by other state and federal agencies and several television stations. The data have been used to dispatch flash flood information to the NWS and to make flood and drought assessments for the Missouri departments of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Public works departments, insurance companies, contractors and farmers have also used the data for documentation and management decisions. The Missouri CoCoRaHS network has proven to be a very valuable tool for precipitation measurement, and here we demonstrate this by comparing the CoCoRaHS data to different types of precipitation graphics provided by the NWS.
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Keeley, Jon E., and Alexandra D. Syphard. "Different fire–climate relationships on forested and non-forested landscapes in the Sierra Nevada ecoregion." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 1 (2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14102.
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In the California Sierra Nevada region, increased fire activity over the last 50 years has only occurred in the higher-elevation forests on US Forest Service (USFS) lands, and is not characteristic of the lower-elevation grasslands, woodlands and shrublands on state responsibility lands (Cal Fire). Increased fire activity on USFS lands was correlated with warmer and drier springs. Although this is consistent with recent global warming, we found an equally strong relationship between fire activity and climate in the first half of the 20th century. At lower elevations, warmer and drier conditions were not strongly tied to fire activity over the last 90 years, although prior-year precipitation was significant. It is hypothesised that the fire–climate relationship in forests is determined by climatic effects on spring and summer fuel moisture, with hotter and drier springs leading to a longer fire season and more extensive burning. In contrast, future fire activity in the foothills may be more dependent on rainfall patterns and their effect on the herbaceous fuel load. We predict spring and summer warming will have a significant impact on future fire regimes, primarily in higher-elevation forests. Lower elevation ecosystems are likely to be affected as much by global changes that directly involve land-use patterns as by climate change.
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Oakley, N. S., J. T. Lancaster, B. J. Hatchett, J. Stock, F. M. Ralph, S. Roj, and S. Lukashov. "A 22-Year Climatology of Cool Season Hourly Precipitation Thresholds Conducive to Shallow Landslides in California." Earth Interactions 22, no. 14 (July 1, 2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-17-0029.1.
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Abstract California’s winter storms produce intense rainfall capable of triggering shallow landslides, threatening lives and infrastructure. This study explores where hourly rainfall in the state meets or exceeds published values thought to trigger landslides after crossing a seasonal antecedent precipitation threshold. We answer the following questions: 1) Where in California are overthreshold events most common? 2) How are events distributed within the cool season (October–May) and interannually? 3) Are these events related to atmospheric rivers? To do this, we compile and quality control hourly precipitation data over a 22-yr period for 147 Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS). Stations in the Transverse and Coast Ranges and portions of the northwestern Sierra Nevada have the greatest number of rainfall events exceeding thresholds. Atmospheric rivers coincide with 60%–90% of these events. Overthreshold events tend to occur in the climatological wettest month of the year, and they commonly occur multiple times within a storm. These statewide maps depict where to expect intense rainfalls that have historically triggered shallow landslides. They predict that some areas of California are less susceptible to storm-driven landslides solely because high-intensity rainfall is unlikely.
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Barjenbruch, Kevin, Carol M. Werner, Randall Graham, Cody Oppermann, Glenn Blackwelder, Jeff Williams, Glen Merrill, Scott Jensen, and Justin Connolly. "Drivers’ Awareness of and Response to Two Significant Winter Storms Impacting a Metropolitan Area in the Intermountain West: Implications for Improving Traffic Flow in Inclement Weather." Weather, Climate, and Society 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 475–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0017.1.
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Abstract Over the past several decades, Utah has experienced rapid population growth, resulting in increased demand on Utah’s existing interstate and arterial infrastructure. In the Salt Lake City, Utah, metropolitan area, recurring traffic congestion (i.e., peak commute times) and nonrecurring congestion (weather related) result in an estimated average annual cost of $449 million. Recent Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) studies have confirmed that inclement weather plays a significant role in nonrecurring congestion and associated negative impacts. In an effort to measure and potentially mitigate weather-related traffic congestion, a cooperative research study between academic (University of Utah), state [Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT)], federal (National Weather Service), and private sector (Weathernet) entities was undertaken. Driver awareness surveys were conducted for two significant winter storms along the Wasatch Front urban corridor. Participants typically used media and personal sources for gathering weather and road information, with government sources (UDOT and NWS) used less frequently. Use of government and personal sources were significant predictors of behavior change. Satisfaction with all information sources was high. The most frequent commuting changes reported were route changes and shifts in travel schedule, especially leaving early to avoid the storm. Self-reported actions from interviewees were supported by measured changes in speed, flow, and travel time from the Performance Measurement System (PeMS) utilized by UDOT. The long-term goal is to use these results to provide insight into how the weather enterprise might more effectively communicate hazard information to the public in a manner that leads to improved response (change travel times, modes, etc.).
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Krajewski, Witold F., Daniel Ceynar, Ibrahim Demir, Radoslaw Goska, Anton Kruger, Carmen Langel, Ricardo Mantilla, et al. "Real-Time Flood Forecasting and Information System for the State of Iowa." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00243.1.
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Abstract The Iowa Flood Center (IFC), established following the 2008 record floods, has developed a real-time flood forecasting and information dissemination system for use by all Iowans. The system complements the operational forecasting issued by the National Weather Service, is based on sound scientific principles of flood genesis and spatial organization, and includes many technological advances. At its core is a continuous rainfall–runoff model based on landscape decomposition into hillslopes and channel links. Rainfall conversion to runoff is modeled through soil moisture accounting at hillslopes. Channel routing is based on a nonlinear representation of water velocity that considers the discharge amount as well as the upstream drainage area. Mathematically, the model represents a large system of ordinary differential equations organized to follow river network topology. The IFC also developed an efficient numerical solver suitable for high-performance computing architecture. The solver allows the IFC to update forecasts every 15 min for over 1,000 Iowa communities. The input to the system comes from a radar-rainfall algorithm, developed in-house, that maps rainfall every 5 min with high spatial resolution. The algorithm uses Level II radar reflectivity and other polarimetric data from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Dual-Polarimetric (WSR-88DP) radar network. A large library of flood inundation maps and real-time river stage data from over 200 IFC “stream-stage sensors” complement the IFC information system. The system communicates all this information to the general public through a comprehensive browser-based and interactive platform. Streamflow forecasts and observations from Iowa can provide support for a similar system being developed at the National Water Center through model intercomparisons, diagnostic analyses, and product evaluations.
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Wang, Endong, and Zhigang Shen. "LIFECYCLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION PREDICTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS BY INCORPORATING LONGITUDINAL UNCERTAINTIES." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, Supplement_1 (January 9, 2014): S161—S171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.802744.
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Accurate prediction of buildings’ lifecycle energy consumption is a critical part in lifecycle assessment of residential buildings. Longitudinal variations in building conditions, weather conditions and building's service life can cause significant deviation of the prediction from the real lifecycle energy consumption. The objective is to improve the accuracy of lifecycle energy consumption prediction by properly modelling the longitudinal variations in residential energy consumption model using Markov chain based stochastic approach. A stochastic Markov model considering longitudinal uncertainties in building condition, degree days, and service life is developed: 1) Building's service life is estimated through Markov deterioration curve derived from actual building condition data; 2) Neural Network is used to project periodic energy consumption distribution for each joint energy state of building condition and temperature state; 3) Lifecycle energy consumption is aggregated based on Markov process and the state probability. A case study on predicting lifecycle energy consumption of a residential building is presented using the proposed model and the result is compared to that of a traditional deterministic model and three years’ measured annual energy consumptions. It shows that the former model generates much narrower distribution than the latter model when compared to the measured data, which indicates improved result.
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Moretti, Laura, and Giuseppe Loprencipe. "Climate Change and Transport Infrastructures: State of the Art." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114098.
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Transport infrastructures are lifelines: They provide transportation of people and goods, in ordinary and emergency conditions, thus they should be resilient to increasing natural disasters and hazards. This work presents several technologies adopted around the world to adapt and defend transport infrastructures against effects of climate change. Three main climate change challenges have been examined: Air temperatures variability and extremization, water bombs, and sea level rise. For each type of the examined phenomena the paper presents engineered, and architectural solutions adopted to prevent disasters and protect citizens. In all cases, the countermeasures require deeper prediction of weather and climate conditions during the service life of the infrastructure. The experience gained supports the fact that strategies adopted or designed to contrast the effects of climate change on transport infrastructures pursue three main goals: To prevent the damages, protect the structures, and monitor and communicate to users the current conditions. Indeed, the analyses show that the ongoing climate change will increase its impact on transport infrastructures, exposing people to unacceptable risks. Therefore, prevention and protection measures shall be adopted more frequently in the interest of collective safety.
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First, Jennifer M., Kelsey Ellis, Mary Lehman Held, and Florence Glass. "Identifying Risk and Resilience Factors Impacting Mental Health among Black and Latinx Adults following Nocturnal Tornadoes in the U.S. Southeast." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 8609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168609.
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Prior research has found that Black and Latinx communities in the U.S. face significant disparities that impact both preparedness for severe weather events and the support received after a disaster has occurred. In the current study, we examined key risk and protective factors that impacted mental health among 221 Black and Latinx adult respondents exposed to the 2–3 March 2020 nocturnal tornado outbreak in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Key factors that adversely affected mental health among participants were encountering barriers for receiving tornado warning alerts and tornado-related exposure. Key factors that served a protective mechanism against adverse mental health included having access to physical resources, supportive relationships, and adaptive coping skills. These findings may assist National Weather Service (NWS) personnel, emergency managers, and mental health providers with the development of policies and practices to address barriers and promote protective strategies for future nocturnal tornado events.
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Hosterman, MEM, Heather R., Jeffrey K. Lazo, PhD, Jennifer M. Sprague-Hilderbrand, JD, and Jeffery E. Adkins, MS. "Using the National Weather Service’s impact-based decision support services to prepare for extreme winter storms." Journal of Emergency Management 17, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2019.0439.
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In recent years, the National Weather Service (NWS) increased its focus on providing decision support services to the emergency management community and other core partners to help them understand its forecasts and take appropriate actions in the face of upcoming extreme events. In 2011, the Weather-Ready Nation Strategic Plan began to formalize the NWS approach to impact-based decision support services (IDSS). NWS recognizes IDSS as a primary service and is working to fully and more effectively provide it to federal, state, local, and tribal decision-makers. To do so, it is important that NWS understands how users are benefiting from existing IDSS, even as they look to improve it. This article aims to provide emergency managers (EMs) with an understanding of the efficacy of IDSS. The authors define IDSS and describe the IDSS products and services available during each stage of the emergency-management cycle: preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery. To demonstrate the role of IDSS for the emergency management community, the authors use a case study analysis to compare two winter storms in the New York City area with similar characteristics but differing in their implementation of IDSS: the December 2010 winter storm (no formal IDSS) and the January 2016 winter storm (formal IDSS). In comparing the winter storm case studies, the authors find that formal IDSS provides EMs and other core partners with accurate, actionable, and consistent weather information and support that allows them to respond to winter storms in a way that reduces impacts to lives and livelihoods.
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Alves, Jose-Henrique G. M., Scott Stripling, Arun Chawla, Hendrik Tolman, and Andre van der Westhuysen. "Operational Wave Guidance at the U.S. National Weather Service during Tropical/Post–Tropical Storm Sandy, October 2012*." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 1687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00143.1.
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Abstract Waves generated during Hurricane Sandy (October 2012) contributed significantly to life and property losses along the eastern U.S. seaboard. Extreme waves generated by Sandy propagated inland riding high water levels, causing direct destruction of property and infrastructure. High waves also contributed to the observed record-breaking storm surges. Operational wave-model guidance provided by the U.S. National Weather Service, via numerical model predictions made at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), gave decision makers accurate information that helped mitigate the severity of this historical event. The present study provides a comprehensive performance assessment of operational models used by NCEP during Hurricane Sandy, and makes a brief review of reports issued by government agencies, private industry, and universities, indicating the importance of the interplay of waves and surges during the hurricane. Performance of wave models is assessed through validation made relative to western Atlantic NOAA/NDBC buoys that recorded significant wave heights exceeding 6 m (19.7 ft). Bulk validation statistics indicate a high skill of operational wave forecasts up to and beyond the 3-day range. Event-based validation reveals a remarkably high skill of NCEP’s wave ensemble system, with significant added value in its data for longer forecasts beyond the 72-h range. The study concludes with considerations about the extent of severe sea-state footprints during Sandy, the dissemination of real-time wave forecasts, and its impacts to emergency management response, as well as recent upgrades and future developments at NCEP that will improve the skill of its current wave forecasting systems, resulting in more reliable wave forecasts during life-threatening severe storm events in the future.
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Herrero, J., and M. J. Polo. "Parameterization of atmospheric long-wave emissivity in a mountainous site for all sky conditions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2012): 3789–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-3789-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Long-wave radiation is an important component of the energy balance of the Earth's surface. The downward component, emitted by the clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere, is rarely measured, and is still not well understood. In mountainous areas, the models existing for its estimation through the emissivity of the atmosphere do not give good results, and worse still in the presence of clouds. In order to estimate this emissivity for any atmospheric state and in a mountainous site, we related it to the screen-level values of temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. This permitted the obtaining of: (1) a new set of parametric equations and (2) the modification of the Brutsaert's equation for cloudy skies through the calibration of C factor to 0.34 and the parameterization of the cloud index N. Both fitted to the surface data measured at a weather station at a height of 2500 m a.s.l. in Sierra Nevada, Spain. This study analyzes separately three significant atmospheric states related to cloud cover, which were also deduced from the screen-level meteorological data. Clear and totally overcast skies are accurately represented by the new parametric expressions, while the intermediate situations corresponding to partly clouded skies, concentrate most of the dispersion in the measurements and, hence, the error in the simulation. Thus, the modeling of atmospheric emissivity is greatly improved thanks to the use of different equations for each atmospheric state.
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Abayomi-Alli, A., P. I. Ezomo, D. J. Etuk, I. Oghogho, and F. Izilein. "Performance Evaluation of GSM Service Providers around Igbinedion University Campuses." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.177.
Full textAbstract:
A performance evaluation of GSM service providers (Globacom, MTN and Zain) was conducted in Okada, Edo State; home of Igbinedion University. The main research objective was ascertaining the Quality of Service (QoS) provision level and fulfillment of minimum industry QoS standards of GSM operators. The GSM Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and technical parameters measured included: percentages of call set-up success rate, call set-up failure rate, post dialing delay (intra/inter-network), call drop rate, call retention rate and call completion rate; credit balance inquiry success and failure; SMS delivery failures, incorrect feedback and multiple billing; recharge cards loading success, loading error and loading incorrect feedback. The measurements were carried out at different geographical positions of the town at varying time intervals. Observations were also made on some other performance issues like network availability, voice quality, call setup phase, post dialing delay-elongation, weather influence and signaling/ feedback. The study revealed several levels of KPI achievements by the different networks with Globacom performing best, coming tops in twenty-three (23) indicators out of the thirty-seven (37) considered followed by Zain and then MTN. It also revealed that the networks achieved some NCC QoS benchmarks and failed in some other notable ones.
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Oswald, Evan M., Richard B. Rood, Kai Zhang, Carina J. Gronlund, Marie S. O’Neill, Jalonne L. White-Newsome, Shannon J. Brines, and Daniel G. Brown. "An Investigation into the Spatial Variability of Near-Surface Air Temperatures in the Detroit, Michigan, Metropolitan Region." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 7 (July 2012): 1290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0127.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOn an annual basis, heat is the chief cause of weather-related deaths in the United States. Therefore, understanding the temperature structure where people live is important for reducing the health burden imposed by hot weather. This study focused on the air temperatures in the Detroit, Michigan, metropolitan region during the summer of 2009. An observational network was established that included 1) monitors sited in the backyards of residential participants, 2) National Weather Service standard observations, and 3) a network of monitors operated by the State of Michigan. Daily high and low temperatures were analyzed for spatial pattern, magnitude of spatial variability, and relationships with weather conditions. The existence of spatial variability was confirmed specifically during weather that was considered to be dangerous to public health. The relationships between temperature observations and distance to water, distance to city center, and local percent of impervious surface were investigated. The spatial variability during the daily low was typically stronger in magnitude and the spatial pattern was more consistent than were those during the daily high. The largest correlation with land-cover and location attributes was between values of percent of impervious surface and daily low temperatures. Daily high temperatures were most correlated with distance to water. Consistent with previous studies on spatial variability in urban environments, the results suggest a need for sensitivity to the spatially variable nature of exposure to heat events in both public health and urban planning. For example, these results showed that the downtown area experienced elevated temperatures during nights and that the eastern portions of Detroit experienced decreased temperatures during afternoons.