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1
Schmalensee, Richard. Perceptual maps and the optimal location of new products. Marketing Science Institute, 1986.
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2
Schmalensee, Richard. Perceptual maps and the optimal location of new products: An integrative essay. European Institute For Advanced Studies in Management, 1988.
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3
J, Wasylenko Michael, ed. Foreign direct investment in the United States: Issues, magnitudes, and location choice of new manufacturing plants. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1993.
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4
Beyond branding: How savvy marketers build brand equity to create products and open new markets. Probus Pub. Co., 1993.
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5
Garofalo, Giuseppe, ed. Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione. Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-605-1.
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From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.
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Hendrik N. J. Schifferstein (Editor) and Paul Hekkert (Editor), eds. Product Experience. Elsevier Science, 2007.
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7
Stein and Simunic. Product Differentiation in Auditing: Auditor Choice in the Market for Unseasoned New Issues. Canadian Certified General, 1987.
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8
Marconi, Joe. Beyond branding: How savvy marketers build brand equity to createproducts and open new markets. Probus Publishing Co., 1993.
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9
Barnhurst, Kevin G. News Traded Place for Digital Space. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses how the cultural transformation that occurred by the early twenty-first century led to a new regime that tends to put less value on concrete place than on something more abstract, space. Several thinkers identified a change in spatial conceptions. The shifts parallel those a century earlier, and both periods of change linked to an emerging mode of production. The new regime contrasts with the old because place is a product of someone's firsthand experience, but space is the product of secondhand information. Walter Lippmann called space “a good clue” for detecting stereotypes, those oversimplified rubrics so handy for picturing inaccessible places. Space also makes less meaningful the place-based distinctions between authentic and inauthentic experience. Because the mind receives physical seeing and seeing pictures in much the same way, the armchair traveler will recognize the sights when arriving as a tourist or may choose not to travel at all. Recent changes in technology allow a “locational indifference” in the manufacture of things, so that economic activity can happen anywhere.
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Masuoka, Natalie. Identity Choice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657468.003.0001.
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This chapter outlines the new theoretical approach developed in this book: identity choice or the practice of race as a form of personal identification. The book contends that identity choice is a distinct cultural shift in how Americans define race. Historically race has been defined as a product of assigned classification in which an individual is categorized into a racial group based on the social definitions of that given time. Multiracial Americans are highlighted as an important case of identity choice given that they promote race as a form of identity but reveal the continued importance of assigned classification given that multiracial individuals are often categorized into racial groups by others. This chapter offers a historical analysis contrasting the reliance on assigned classification with the development of identity choice. The final sections of the chapter offer an overview of each chapter of the book.
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Duncan, Fairgrieve, and Richard Goldberg. Product Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679232.001.0001.
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Product Liability is a recognised authority in the field and covers the product liability laws through which manufacturers, retailers, and others may be held liable to compensate persons who are injured, or who incur financial loss, when the products which they manufacture or sell are defective or not fit for their purpose. Product defects may originate in the production process, be one of design, or be grounded in a failure to issue an adequate warning or directions for safe use and practitioners advising business clients or claimants will find this book provides all the necessary information for practitioners to manage a product liability claim. This new edition has been fully updated to take account of 10 years of development in case law and regulation, and the increasing impact of cross-border and transnational sale of goods. The Court of Justice of the European Union handed down major rulings concerning the Product Liability Directive which affect the application of the Directive and national arrangements and Fairgrieve and Goldberg examines this in detail. For any legal practitioner operating in areas which require knowledge of European product liability law, an understanding of the impact of recent developments is essential and this work is an essential resource for practitioners working on product liability, sale of goods, personal injury and negligence. The work provides comprehensive coverage of the law of negligence as it applies to product liability, of the strict liability provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, and of the EU's Product Liability Directive on which the Act is based. Although the majority of cases involve pharmaceuticals and medical devices, in recent English cases the allegedly defective products have been as diverse as a child's buggy, an All Terrain Vehicle, and even a coffee cup. Many cases are brought as group actions, and the book examines the rights of those who are injured by defective products. As well as considering the perspective of the law as it has developed in the UK, this edition contains detailed discussion of case law from other jurisdictions including the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and Germany. The coverage in the work is complemented by a full analysis of issues which arise in transnational litigation involving problems of jurisdiction and the choice of laws.
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Dowding, Keith. Rational Choice and Political Power. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529206333.001.0001.
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Rational Choice and Political Power is a classic text republished with two new chapters. It critiques the three dimensions of power showing that we can explain everything the dimensions are designed to highlight using the tools of rational choice theory. It argues power is best seen as a property of agents, and can be measured by looking at their relative resources. Breaking down power resources into five abstract categories we can see why groups of individuals can fail to secure their best interests due to the collective action problem. We can also define objective interests in through the lens of collective action. Despite power being seen as a property of agents rational choice models of power provide structural Explanation. The power and luck structure is the relationship in agential resource-holding given agents preferences. The book explains the difference between power and systematic luck – the latter is where groups, including powerful ones – can get what they want without doing anything simply because of their social location in the power and luck structure. The book engages with some feminist critiques of seeing power in rational choice terms and includes some methodological discussion of the relationship of methodological individualism and structuralism and then that the concept of power is essentially contested. This book’s unique interaction with both classical and contemporary debates makes it an essential resource for anyone teaching or studying power in the disciplines of sociology, philosophy, politics or international relations.
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Bennett, Jana Marguerite. Choice: Never Married and Paul. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190462628.003.0002.
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Being never-married is culturally presented as a choice a person makes—especially a consumer-driven choice—in which one chooses to be married, or not. One result is that people (especially women) and sexual relationships become objects for consumption, driven by desire. Sexual desire becomes a consumer desire that can be gotten at will, like a product in a store. Consumer desire in turn shows up in the descriptions people have about wanting to get married. At the same time, remaining unmarried continues to be seen as a mistaken consumer “choice,” especially among Christians. The Apostle Paul, a never-married man, offers new possibilities for thinking about choices. His focus is not on whether to remain single or get married, but rather to choose to engage each relationship (whether romantic or not) with the care and love it deserves.
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Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. Capacity Creation, Pricing, and the Promotion of Product Innovations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0006.
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This chapter analyses market suppliers’ decisions relating to the pricing, promotion, and creation of capacity to manufacture goods that embody product innovations. The discussion encompasses durable and non-durable products; monopoly and oligopoly; horizontal and vertical differentiation; and original, new-to-market, and new-to-firm products. Firms may have incentives to further innovate after the launch of the original product; this will lead to lower prices and to greater demand and output. This may also imply greater capacity creation (in some location). It is found, however, that the incentives of the originator and those of potential new entrants may differ and will tend to lead to lower prices when there are many suppliers as opposed to when there are fewer. This means that, if there are more innovators, the quantity supplied will be higher; creation of capacity may also be greater, but findings on promotional expenditures are not conclusive.
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Rosenfeld, Sophia. Of Revolutions and the Problem of Choice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674793.003.0008.
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In the cities of Western Europe and its colonies, the so-called calico-craze of the early eighteenth century helped spawn a new social practice and form of entertainment that came to be known as “going shopping.” This activity, in turn, produced a new attachment to preference determination and choice-making that several prominent historians—in an effort to reconnect the history of capitalism with that of the American and French Revolutions—have seen as fundamental to the turn to the political choice-making that they associate with the birth of modern democracy. This article argues instead for disentangling these developments. On the contrary, the article demonstrates that the individuated, privitized, and indeed commercialized form of choice-making we now typically take as an essential marker of democracy was a product of the late nineteenth century and had little connection to the conception of politics that developed in the Age of Revolutions.
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Dezzani, Raymond J., and Christopher Chase-Dunn. The Geography of World Cities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.423.
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World cities are a product of the globalization of economic activity that has characterized post-World War II capitalism, and exhibit characteristics previously found in primate cities but with influence extending far beyond the range of the metropolitan state. They are the culmination of postwar urbanization mechanisms coupled with the rise of transnational corporations that have served to concentrate unprecedented population and economic power/potential. The potential for both human development advantage and disadvantage is historically unprecedented in these new and highly interconnected urban amalgams. In general, human settlement systems are usually understood to include the systemic (regularized) ways in which settlements (hamlets, villages, towns, cities) are linked with one another by trade and other kinds of human interaction. Geographers, historians, and economists have developed models of urban structure and patterning incorporating population location/movement and the location of economic activity to be able to rationally explain and predict urban growth and allocate resources so as to implement equitable distributions. The resulting models served to illustrate the importance of the interactions between specific geographic location, population concentrations, and economic activity. But given the development of world cities, there is the relationship between the size of settlements and political power in intergroup relations to consider. The spatial aspect of population density is, after all, one of the most fundamental variables for understanding the constraints and possibilities of human social organization.
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Burden, Michael. Dibdin at the Royal Circus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812425.003.0003.
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In 1782, Dibdin entered into a partnership with Charles Hughes to set up a new entertainment venue, the Royal Circus. Its unique feature was the combination of an equestrian ring with allegorical and musical entertainments on a proscenium-arch stage, an innovative hybrid that drew upon the respective talents of Hughes and Dibdin. This chapter analyses how the Circus sought to compete with its rivals through its architecture and location, spectacle, music, novelties (including performances by children), and the mixing of genres and forms. Ultimately, however, Dibdin’s time at the Circus ended in ignominious disputes, a product of licensing problems, but also a failure to collaborate successfully in the manner demanded by this form of entertainment. Dibdin’s spell as a theatre-manager at the Circus thus reveals the wider driving forces—competition, innovation, miscellany, and collaboration—that lay behind the flourishing of London’s minor theatres in the late eighteenth century.
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Brunsson, Nils, Ingrid Gustafsson, and Kristina Tamm Hallström. Markets, Trust, and the Construction of Macro-Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0009.
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How can buyers know what they are buying? In many markets this is no trivial problem, particularly for ambitious, contemporary consumers who care about the way a product has been produced and its effects on health or the physical environment. Buyers have little choice but to trust sellers’ descriptions of the origins and effects of the product, which, in turn, evokes the question of how the buyers can trust the sellers. We describe how the problem of trust has justified the production of new formal organizations, such as certification organizations, accreditation organizations, meta-organizations for the accreditation organizations, and meta-meta-organizations for these meta-organizations. In order to create trust in organizations at one level, a new level of organizations has been created for monitoring the lower level. We argue that such a ‘macro-organization’ is unlikely to represent a stable solution, but has inherent tendencies for further growth.
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Ryholt, Kim, and Gojko Barjamovic, eds. Libraries before Alexandria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655359.001.0001.
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The creation of the Library of Alexandria is widely regarded as one of the great achievements in the history of humankind—a giant endeavour to amass all known literature and scholarly texts in one central location, so as to preserve it and make it available for the public. In turn, this event has been viewed as a historical turning point that separates the ancient world from classical antiquity. Standard works on the library continue to present the idea behind the institution as novel and, at least implicitly, as a product of Greek thought. Yet, although the scale of the collection in Alexandria seems to have been unprecedented, the notion of creating central repositories of knowledge, while perhaps new to Greek tradition, was age-old in the Near East where the building was erected. Here the existence of libraries can be traced back another two millennia, from the twenty-seventh century BCE to the third century CE, and so the creation of the Library in Alexandria was not as much the beginning of an intellectual adventure as the impressive culmination of a very long tradition. This volume presents the first comprehensive study of these ancient libraries across the ‘cradle of civilization’ and traces their institutional and scholarly roots back to the early cities and states and the advent of writing itself. Leading specialists in the intellectual history of each individual period and region covered in the volume present and discuss the enormous textual and archaeological material available on the early collections, offering a uniquely readable account intended for a broad audience on the libraries in Egypt and Western Asia as centres of knowledge prior to the famous Library of Alexandria.
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Schuett, Robert. Hans Kelsen's Political Realism. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474481687.001.0001.
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What does it mean to be a foreign-policy realist? Why is it important to get Hans Kelsen right? How can open society ideals be reconciled with the tragedies of world politics? It is widely acknowledged that the rules-based international order is under assault by visions of illiberal democracy at home and powerful autocracies abroad. The Schmittians old and new are making a comeback, and neorealists in particular continue to pit realism against liberalism: where there is only power or nothing, all else is scorned as naïve, including Kelsen. The book challenges the neorealist myth of power politics and conventional views of the Austrian-American jurist in international relations theory. Revisiting Kelsen’s life and thought through the prism of classical realism, the supposed Kantian idealist is presented as a calm yet bold, progressive political realist who has continued analytical and normative relevance in the study of politics and world order. The case is made that a synthesis of political realism and progressive policies is possible. No matter what the Schmittians say or do, what is in a liberal democracy’s so-called national interest is not a function of causality, necessity, or any other natural laws of impersonal forces or anarchical structures. Rather, what is willed, or not willed, on any given day in politics and international relations is the product of political imputation, moral choice, and individual and collective human agency.
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Steinberg, Paul F. Who Rules the Earth? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896615.001.0001.
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Worldwide, half a million people die from air pollution each year-more than perish in all wars combined. One in every five mammal species on the planet is threatened with extinction. Our climate is warming, our forests are in decline, and every day we hear news of the latest ecological crisis. What will it really take to move society onto a more sustainable path? Many of us are already doing the "little things" to help the earth, like recycling or buying organic produce. These are important steps-but they're not enough. In Who Rules the Earth?, Paul Steinberg, a leading scholar of environmental politics, shows that the shift toward a sustainable world requires modifying the very rules that guide human behavior and shape the ways we interact with the earth. We know these rules by familiar names like city codes, product design standards, business contracts, public policies, cultural norms, and national constitutions. Though these rules are largely invisible, their impact across the planet has been dramatic. By changing the rules, Ontario, Canada has cut the levels of pesticides in its waterways in half. The city of Copenhagen has adopted new planning codes that will reduce its carbon footprint to zero by 2025. In the United States, a handful of industry mavericks designed new rules to promote greener buildings, and transformed the world's largest industry into a more sustainable enterprise. Steinberg takes the reader on a series of journeys, from a familiar walk on the beach to a remote village deep in the jungles of Peru, helping the reader to "see" the social rules that pattern our physical reality and showing why these are the big levers that will ultimately determine the health of our planet. By unveiling the influence of social rules at all levels of society-from private property to government policy, and from the rules governing our oceans to the dynamics of innovation and change within corporations and communities-Who Rules the Earth? is essential reading for anyone who understands that sustainability is not just a personal choice, but a political struggle.