Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'New radio'

Dans cette thèse, nous nous demandons comment les mouvements contreculturels ont trouvé de nouveaux lieux d’expression grâce à la plus grande accessibilité de l’audiovisuel, grâce aussi au combat des « radios libres ». Plus précisément, nous cherchons à savoir pourquoi et comment la société et l’audiovisuel français ont permis la constitution d’un média alternatif radiophonique comme Radio Ici et Maintenant (RIM) et comment cette radio a trouvé un modèle économique viable pour diffuser son idéologie. Nous verrons que l’existence et la persistance de RIM est due à la conjonction de deux phénomènes : d’une part la diminution du coût d’entrée dans la radiophonie grâce au développement et au combat des « radios libres » qui ont donné naissance aux radios associatives (avec leur modèle juridico-économique spécifique), et d’autre part la diminution du coût d’entrée dans le marché religieux avec le développement de la contreculture New Age française issue de la contreculture américaine, elle-même issue des pensées religieuses alternatives occidentales (liées à l’ésotérisme, au médiumnisme) et des religions orientales (l’hindouisme et le bouddhisme). Ainsi, le modèle juridico-économique spécifique des radios associatives a permis de faire vivre puis persister l’idéologie « radiolibriste » et New Age au sein de RIM. Mais ajoutons que ce modèle n’aurait pas été possible s’il n’avait pas été porté par des animateurs bénévoles, des invités militants et des auditeurs actifs dont nous analysons ici le profil sociologique. L’intérêt scientifique de ce sujet provient du fait qu’il s’agit principalement d’étudier RIM qui est une ancienne « radio libre ». Elle a été l’une des radios les plus importantes au sein du mouvement. C’est la plus ancienne des radios locales privées parisiennes. C’est aujourd’hui une radio associative de catégorie A. Cette catégorie correspond à un grand nombre de radios (environ 600), mais celles-ci sont peu étudiées. Enfin, c’est une radio New Age et l’un des seuls médias audiovisuels français New Age. Croisant histoire et sociologie du religieux, des médias, de la communication, de la politique, des sciences, cette thèse repose sur une écoute assidue, sur de nombreux entretiens et discussions informelles, sur l’étude de différents fonds d’archives (papier, audio, numérique) et sur de nombreuses observations de type ethnographique. Nous donnons dans une première partie les outils scientifiques pour pouvoir analyser ce phénomène. Nous verrons ensuite dans quel contexte historique, radiophonique, économique, social, juridique et politique RIM fait son apparition et continue d’exister aujourd’hui. Enfin, nous nous focalisons sur le modèle radiophonique proposé, et sur les acteurs de cette radio<br>In this thesis, we wonder how countercultural movement found new places of expression through the increased accessibility of audiovisual, thanks to "free radio" fight. Specifically, we want to know why and how society and the French media have enabled the establishment of an alternative media like Radio Ici et Maintenant (RIM) and how this radio has found a viable business model to spread its ideology. We shall see that the existence and persistence of RIM is due to the combination of two factors: firstly the reduction in the cost of entry into the radio broadcasting through the development and struggle of "free radio" that gave birth to associative radios (with their specific legal and economic model) and also the decrease in the cost of entering the religious market with the development of the French New Age counterculture issue of the American counterculture, itself the result of religious thoughts Western alternatives (related to the esoteric, the mediumship) and Eastern religions (Hinduism and Buddhism). Thus, the specific legal and economic model of associative radios allowed to live and persist "radiolibriste" and New Age ideology within RIM. But add that this model would not have been possible if it had not been worn by volunteer facilitators, invited activists and active listeners which we analyze the sociological profile. The scientific interest of this subject is the fact that it is mainly to study RIM which is an old "free radio". She was one of the most important radio stations in the movement. It is the oldest Parisian private local radio station. Today, it is a community radio (category A). This category corresponds to a large number of radio stations (about 600), but these are little studied. Finally, this is a New Age radio and one of the only French audiovisual media New Age. Crossing history and sociology of religion, media, communication, politics, science, this thesis is based on a constant listening, on numerous interviews and informal discussions on the study of different archives (paper, audio, digital) and numerous ethnographic observations. We give in the first part scientific tools to analyze this phenomenon. We will then see in which historical, radio, economic, social, legal and political context RIM appeared and continues to exist today. Finally, we focus on the proposed radio model and the actors of this radio

A methodology for the measurement of the radio frequency environment close to the radio noise floor is presented for urban, suburban and rural areas within New Zealand for the purposes of characterisation and trend monitoring by radio spectrum managers. Flux density measurements in bands within a range of frequencies from 80 MHz to 8 GHz have been made in urban, suburban and rural areas of New Zealand during 2007 and 2008. An analysis of the band occupancy is presented in summary form. These summaries are intended as a starting point for radio spectrum usage and can be used as a reference for any future measurements. A description of the computer directories and charts resulting from these measurements, using 20 MHz bandwidths have also been included. All the results for the work have been collated in a set of computer directories named “NZRFI Directories 2007 2008”, which are intended as a reference for use in the determination of local activity in particular frequency ranges. A disc with the full range measurement spectral density charts and channel occupancy charts accompanies this work. Also included on the disc are sets of 20 MHz band charts for some urban, suburban and rural location measurements.

I have been working in the field of radio art, and through creative practice have been considering how the convergence of new media technologies has redefined radio art, addressing the ways in which this has extended the boundaries of the art form. This practice-based research explores the rich history of radio as an artistic medium and the relationship between the artist and technology, emphasising the role of the artist as a mediator between broadcast institutions and a listening public. It considers how radio art might be defined in relation to sound art, music and media art, mapping its shifting parameters in the digital era and prompting a consideration of how radio appears to be moving from a dispersed „live‟ event to one consumed „on demand‟ by a segmented audience across multiple platforms. Exploring the implications of this transition through my radio practice focuses upon the productive tensions which characterise the artist‟s engagement with radio technology, specifically between the autonomous potentialities offered by the reappropriation of obsolete technology and the proliferation of new infrastructures and networks promised by the exponential development of new media. Switch Off takes as its overarching theme the possible futures for FM radio, incorporating elements from eight „trace‟ stations, produced as a series of radio actions investigating these tensions. Interviews have been conducted with case study subjects Vicki Bennett, Anna Friz, LIGNA, Hildegard Westerkamp and Gregory Whitehead, whose work was chosen as being exemplary of the five recurrent facets of radio arts practice I have identified: Appropriation, Transmission, Activism, Soundscape and Performance. These categories are derived from the genealogy of experimental radiophonic practice set out in Chapter One.

5G New Radio Vehicle-to-everything (5G-V2X) communication is the new generation technology for vehicle communication that relies on 5G architecture. 5G-V2X has been designed to support new advanced services. With the finalization of 3GPP Release 16, NR-V2X has introduced the support for flexible numerologies, agile frame structure, and new procedures for autonomous resource allocation (Mode 2). The following work summarizes the information available on 3GPP sidelink transmissions, describing the physical layer structure, the resource allocation mechanisms, resource sensing and selection procedures, the synchronization, and the newly defined 2-stage control channel (2-stage SCI). Furthermore, the procedure for the determination of the transport block size is presented, crucial for determining the amount of data that can be carried by 5G-V2X subchannels. Finally, an estimation of the throughput for 5G-V2X is obtained, for different configuration of subcarrier spacing, and is compared with the one obtained in LTE-V2X.

In ground based high frequency (HF) radio pumping experiments, absorption of ordinary (O) mode pump waves energises the ionospheric plasma, producing optical emissions and other effects. Pump-induced or natural kilometre-scale field-aligned density depletions are believed to play a role in self-focussing phenomena such as the magnetic zenith (MZ) effect, i.e., the increased plasma response observed in the direction of Earth's magnetic field. Using ray tracing, we study the propagation of ordinary (O) mode HF radio waves in an ionosphere modified by density depletions, with special attention to transmission through the radio window (RW), where O mode waves convert into the extraordinary (X, or Z) mode. The depletions are shown to shift the position of the RW, or to introduce RWs at new locations. In a simplified model neglecting absorption, we estimate the wave electric field strength perpendicular to the magnetic field at altitudes normally inaccessible. This field could excite upper hybrid waves on small scale density perturbations. We also show how transmission and focussing combine to give stronger fields in some directions, notably at angles close to the MZ, with possible implications for the MZ effect. In a separate study, we consider electromagnetic (e-m) beams with helical wavefronts (i.e., twisted beams), which are associated with orbital angular momentum (OAM). By applying geometrical optics to each plane wave component of a twisted nonparaxial e-m Bessel beam, we calculate analytically the shift of the beam's centre of gravity during propagation perpendicularly and obliquely to a weak refractive index gradient in an isotropic medium. In addition to the so-called Hall shifts expected from paraxial theory, the nonparaxial treatment reveals new shifts in both the transverse and lateral directions. In some situations, the new shifts should be significant also for nearly paraxial beams.

A basket weaving technique for making radio continuum maps has been developed at the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO). This data reduction technique significantly reduces scanning effects by using independent maps scanned in orthogonal directions. The observation and data analysis procedures that were developed are presented. The technique was used to map the supernova remnant MSH 15-52 at frequencies of 5000 MHz and 8500 MHz. The flux spectral index for this supernova remnant was found to be 0.83 ± 0.02 in this frequency range. Two regions (A and B) of the Galactic plane were observed at 8500 MHz with a resolution of 6'. Region A covered the 5°x5° area 47.5°< k 52.5°, Ibl < 2.5°, and region B was the 4.2°x3° area 320.4°< I <334.6°, Ibl < 1.5°. Far infrared observations at 60 !lm were used in conjunction with the radio maps to separate the thermal and non-thermal components of the radio emission. The technique can be used to map the Galactic plane at 8500 MHz using dual polarisation once the receiver at HartRAO has been upgraded. This would fulfil a need for a medium resolution, high frequency survey of the southern Galactic plane.<br>Adobe Acrobat Pro 9.4.6<br>Adobe Acrobat 9.46 Paper Capture Plug-in

This report is the result of multiple positions I held during a period of time with WWNO 89.9 FM, New Orleans Public Radio. The bulk of the information that lent to the analysis of this organization was gathered during a six month long internship, from January 2013 until June of the same year, totaling 480 hours. Before beginning this internship, however, I was hired by the station to be a student worker, and since the completion of the internship, have continued my work as a contracted development and membership assistant. Thus, the scope of this report spans more than two years. The station underwent important changes during these years, which warrants including information acquired outside the capacity of just the internship.

With the advent of new 5G networks, the interest in connecting house-hold to the Internet via mobile networks has increased. One such way toconnect users is using completely stationary antennas. This use-case iscalled Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) and is seen as promising, cost-efficient means of expanding internet connectivity. Stationary users connected at high frequencies, such as 28 GHz, leads to a special use-case and environment for 5G New Radio (NR). This thesis investigates the characteristics of these FWA deployments and the control signaling on the physical layer of NR. The overhead and feasibility of eachsignal is considered. A FWA deployment in the 28 GHz band with 64 users is simulated with different line-of-sight settings and receiver placements. It is concluded that direct line-of-sight to the base station is vital for high user and cell throughput and that there are significant drawbacks of placing the receiver indoors. New algorithms for Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) transmission for both beam management and link adaptation are proposed and evaluated. The beam management algorithms do not displayany significant performance gains over the default sweeping algorithm. Closer investigation of simulation results shows that several beams can have almost equal signal strength with the chosen antenna set up, minimizing potential gains of quickly adapting to environmental changes. Results show there are clear benefits of using an aperiodic and adaptive transmission scheme for CSI-RS transmissions over a fixed-rate transmission scheme, yielding a 7% increase in user goodput at similar levels of overhead.

One can use unlicensed and often very inexpensive radios for unconventional communication (underwater- and underground) links. However, one can go further, and use these radios as sensors rather than communication links. Such communication links and sensors can have important application in hydroscience. While the attenuation of RF signals is high in these mediums, by using the wireless sensor network (WSN) paradigm of multi-hop and retransmission, reliable networks can be formed underwater and underground. One no longer needs to think of RF modules as only a source of data transmission. This revelation lends itself to thinking of these modules as inexpensive RF wave generators at prescribed unlicensed frequencies. Analyzing the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of a link over time, one can infer changes in the medium from the changes in RSSI. In this thesis, I develop a simple mathematical model to relate changes in RSSI to changes in the medium. Additionally, five experimentally validated examples demonstrate the possibility of non-traditional uses for RF modules. Demonstrated sensor possibilities include soil moisture estimation, leaf wetness measurement, and vegetation water content estimation. This thesis served to validate the use of inexpensive unlicensed RF modules as more than just communication links through air, but as links in unconventional media, and more importantly as measurement instruments.

This study examines the production and consumption of a BBC World Service soap opera called New Home, New Life that is produced for the radio listening public of Afghanistan. Ethnographic fieldwork was undertaken at the BBC's radio production unit in northern Pakistan and in Pashtun communities within rural and urban areas in south-east and central Afghanistan. Critically informed by a material culture perspective, this thesis promotes a relational approach to the study of mass media production and consumption, this being perceived to represent an advance on studies that ignore spheres of production in favour of audience consumption. The choices and resources that listeners invest in radio services is addressed from the standpoint of the structuring of relations of trust, which in turn is related to issues of popularity, conflict and domestic radio use. The structures and prosaic daily patterns of radio soap opera production are addressed, with analysis being deepened to examine the production definition and audience appropriation of the soap opera's fictive context and characters. Here, issues of episodic and melodramatic structure also come to the fore. The representation of politics and religion represents a critical aspect of production, consumption and BBC impartiality, yet beneath policy it is shown that a far more social and negotiated form of production occurs. Following this analysis, the issues of localisation, romance and producer-consumer articulations are considered. Finally, the sociality of the soap opera is traced through audience gossip and the impact that emotive storylines have upon male and female listeners. Here, the issues of gender and space emerge in analytical focus.

This report documents the internship of LaWanda J. Smith with Jamalar Agency. Jamalar is a booking agency which specializes in selling the music and culture of New Orleans to the world. LaWanda’s main task was radio promotion for the 2015 spring release of We’ve Got a River to Cross, a CD by the gospel group Joyful. LaWanda was also exposed to record label management by working with Jamalar’s sister company, Rampart Street Music. This report provides an overview of Jamalar Agency, analysis of the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, an examination of best practices in music promotions performed by a similar record company and recommendations for the company based on LaWanda’s observations.

This dissertation presents new concepts in front end design for receivers with large, multiband tuning ranges. Such receivers are required to support large bandwidths (up to 10's of MHz) over very large tuning ranges (30:1 and beyond) with antennas that are usually narrowband, or which at best support multiple narrow bandwidths. Traditional techniques to integrate a single antenna with such receivers are limited in their ability to handle simultaneous channels distributed over very large tuning ranges, which is important for frequency-agile cognitive radio, surveillance, and other applications requiring wideband or multiband monitoring. Direct conversion architecture is gaining popularity due to the recent advancements in CMOS--based RFIC technology. The possibility of multiple parallel transceivers in RF CMOS suggests an approach to antenna--receiver integration using multiplexers. This dissertation describes an improved use of multiplexers to integrate antennas to receivers. First, the notion of sensitivity--constrained design is considered. In this approach, the goal is first to achieve sensitivity which is nominally dominated by external (environmental) noise, and then secondly to improve bandwidth to the maximum possible consistent with this goal. Next, a procedure is developed for designing antenna-multiplexer-preamplifier assemblies using this philosophy. It is shown that the approach can significantly increase the usable bandwidth and number of bands that can be supported by a single, traditional antenna. This performance is verified through field experiments. A prototype multiband multimode radio for public safety applications using these concepts is designed and demonstrated.<br>Ph. D.

In the last decade, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in industries for controlling and monitoring purposes but has limited application in supply chain management. Passive tags are used in commercial offices for access control, while a more active and powerful tag is deployed in highways for electronic road toll collections. Other non-contact, close range methods are popular in subways and other public transport systems. The use of RFID in supply chain management is an emerging technological trend that has attracted a lot of attention in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. This is largely driven by the potential benefits that RFID technology is perceived to deliver in the supply chain, particularly, supply chain visibility. Major retailers and leading corporations around the globe are already testing and implementing RFID, and claiming to have achieved competitive advantages and return on their investments. It is, therefore, important to understand the adoption of RFID in New Zealand supply chains, so that appropriate actions can be taken to ensure that New Zealand companies are not lagging behind. This research study explores and explains the adoption of RFID in supply chains using exploratory survey and case study. The research questions are: 1. What specific benefits can be achieved in organisations by using RFID? 2. What are the barriers to realising these benefits? 3. How and why do organisations adopt or not adopt RFID in supply chains? Three factors were found to be important in the adoption of RFID in New Zealand supply chains. They are the compatibility of RFID with existing organisation's systems and values, the availability of supports to facilitate RFID adoption, and the readiness of the internal and external organisation's environment. It was also found that complexity of the technology and the relative advantage of using RFID were to a certain extent influencing users' perception of RFID compatibility. Dependency on trading partners was found to have some effects on RFID adoption. A theoretical framework of RFID adoption in supply chains is proposed. This framework helps to bring out the important factors in the adoption of RFID in supply chains. While most IS research is focused on individual technology adoption or on intra-organisational technology adoption, this research is focused on technology adoption that involves or has impacts on trading partners, that is, at supply chain level. It provides a three-dimensional evaluation framework which includes technological, organisational, and environmental aspects of inter-organisational technology adoption.<br>Whole document restricted until September 2011, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.

Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2007.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Kragh, Frank. "September 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 25, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67). Also available in print.

This research was aimed at examining the readiness of a prototype implantable tag of dimensions 39 mm x 24 mm x 4.1 mm designed to operate at 915 MHz for monitoring the movement of young sea lions and seals. Several issues had to be resolved, and they include developing and testing a suitable communication protocol between the base station and tag, and way of providing power to the tag. Engineering issues related to longevity of the implantable tag, and power radiated by the loop antenna of the implantable tag in its alumina enclosure, under skin and under the fat underlying the skin, also, had to be addressed. Finally issues related to how data from the tag could be best recorded at haul outs and rookeries were examined. A working prototype of an implantable tag was obtained by reducing the height of the loop antenna by 2 mm and changing the capacitor values in the matching network to 0.2 pF. Field tests using a base station that accepted signal strengths up to -60 dBm indicated that the tag’s range was a maximum of 500 m when it was operated out of a body at a data rate of 1 kbps and the height of the base station antenna was more than 5 m. When the prototype was implanted within its alumina housing under the skin of cavernous tissue, the range of the device fell to an acceptable 180 m. A lifetime model indicated that the longevity of the tag would meet the three year target if it were to be operated using a data rate of 1 kbps, transmission interval of 15 min, packet size of 104 bits and battery capacity of 72 mAh. The lifetime model was verified at the same temperature as a sea lion. A link budget model was developed for the prototype tag, and was used to estimate the performance of the implantable in the sea lion’s environment.

Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- Worcester Polytechnic Institute.<br>Keywords: random-field interactions; radio frequency field heating; modulation calorimetry technique; heat capacity; aerosil; nematic; isotropic; phase transitions Includes bibliographical references.

Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures of the Universe, formed from density fluctuations and grown hierarchically through the extreme process of merging and mass accretion. They represent very interesting tools to study the cosmology and the evolution of large scale structures. Synchrotron non-thermal emission detected in the forms of radio halos, relics and minihalos according to their morphology, size and location is linked to the different dynamical state of the hosting clusters. Halos and relics are detected in clusters characterized by a strong merger activity and a dynamical disturbed state, while minihalos are present only in relaxed cool-core clusters. In spite of many encouraging results obtained up to now, the occurrence and the luminosity function of diffuse radio sources with the redshift are still unknown: present data are strongly limited to nearby clusters (z < 0.2 − 0.3). The aim of this PhD thesis is mainly to investigate the evolutionary history of non-thermal properties of galaxy clusters and to determine whether the correlations observed at low redshift evolve with time. To attempt this ambitious goal we selected an homogeneous sample of 44 massive and high X-ray luminous galaxy clusters in the redshift range 0.3 ≤ z < 0.7, extracted from the Ebeling MAssive Cluster Survey (MACS). We have undertaken an observational campaign on this sample with the JVLA in L-band, C and D configurations.

Community radio is often described as a medium that celebrates the small community life and where local community members plan, produce and present their own programmes. However, many believe that the radio management policies are now increasingly sidelining this aspect of the radio. This is ironic given the fact that the radio stations are supposed to be community platforms where members converge to celebrate their community life and discuss issues of mutual interest. In this case study, I have studied three community radio stations- RS in Nepal, KCR in Sri Lanka and SCR in New Zealand- investigating how the radio management policies are positively or negatively, affecting community access and participation. The study shows that in their effort to stay economically sustainable, the three stations are gradually evolving as a 'hybrid'; something that sits in-between community and commercial radio. Consequently, programmes that are produced by the local community are often replaced by programmes that are produced by full-time paid staff; and they are more entertaining in nature and accommodate more advertisements. The radio stations also actively seek the sale of airtime to well-funded NGOs, giving agency-driven programmes priority over local community programmes. This means the stations have become vehicles that help agency objectives. Hence, although 'hybrid' initiatives have merits financially, while depicting as local community representatives, they are marginalising the voices and interests of the very people that gave the radio stations their community characteristics and identity. Hence, in the interest of earning more revenue to secure market survival, the 'hybrid' initiatives are in fact, settling for a lesser community role. This study also shows that although management policy decisions aimed at greater financial sustainability have impacted on local community access and participation in the way they used to be, by readjusting to the new realities of modern-day communications, the three stations are also providing a second 'hybrid' pathway, a new interactive radio environment enabling stronger community access and participation. As this new platform facilitates unhindered local community access and participation in the radio, it is also viewed as a solution that will help them to utilise more of their on-air time for revenue-generating programmes. The new platform is also seen as the answer to reach the new generation youth and increase their participation, thereby, in fact, further strengthening community participation in the radio.

La presente Tesis pretende provocar y ampliar el debate sobre el tema de las radios comunitarias en Brasil. Aunque sea un tema muy comentado en nuestra actualidad, todavía es poco estudiado dentro de su debida importancia en la comunicación científica. Esta investigación intentará demostrar como los indicadores económicos, sociales y políticos de Brasil interfirieron para que el pueblo llevase a cabo fuertes movilizaciones por la democratización de la distribución de las emisoras de radio en este País, alentando a que el gobierno crease una ley para regularizar las radios comunitarias en Brasil. El estudio irá discutir el gran interés de los políticos y empresarios en obtener una licencia para emitir basado en la posibilidad de la radio en ejercer influencia sobre la sociedad, transformando este medio de comunicación de masa, al final, en un medio vertical, cuestionado por muchos y principalmente por el pueblo. Hablaremos y haremos un breve repaso de los principales artículos de la Ley de las Radios Comunitarias, creada, sobre presión popular, por el Gobierno brasileño para regularizar la comunicación comunitaria en este gran País. Aunque hayan significado un importante paso para la reivindicación de políticas menos monopolistas de comunicación, despertando en las comunidades la urgencia de legislaciones más democráticas, con el trabajo de campo realizado en esta investigación, se ha descubierto que las radios comunitarias carecen de una movilización social más intensa. Se restringen demasiado a la aventura de romper con el monopolio estatal o con la postura comercial que nortea a los medios de comunicación, pero, sin embargo, a veces acaban repitiendo los mismos modelos que tanto critican.<br>This work seeks to provoke and enlarge the discussion about the community radios in Brazil. Even though this is a hot topic nowadays, it has not been properly investigated in the context of scientific communication. The objective of the paper was to demonstrate how the economic, social, and political indicators of Brazil influenced the organization of a strong popular movement aimed at the democratization and distribution of radio stations in this country. The paper will discuss the interest of politicians and entrepreneurs in obtaining the license to broadcast, given the potentiality of the radio to exert influence upon the society, transforming this mass communication medium into a vertical medium, questioned by many, mainly by the people. We will speak and make a brief discussion of the main articles of the Law of the Community Radios, created under popular pressure by the Brazilian Government to regulate the community communication.

When a radio signal traverses the atmosphere it will be delayed by not only thedistance between transmitter and receiver, but also the atmosphere. Given knowl-edge of the characteristics of the sent signal the effect of the atmosphere can beobtained from the received signal. This concept is called radio occultation. Radiooccultation can provide high accuracy profiles of temperature, pressure and watervapour troughout the atmosphere.This report aims to present the work and results from a thesis performed atRUAG Space in Göteborg. The purpose of the thesis was to implement a simulatorwhich with high accuracy could generate a signal as it would have been receivedhad it propagated through the atmosphere.We will show that the generated signal passes the requirements that have beenset.<br>När en radiovåg passerar genom atmosfären kommer den att fördröjas, inte bara avavståndet mellan sändare och mottagare utan också av atmosfären. Givet kunskapom karaktäristiken hos den sända signalen kan atmosfärens effekt erhållas från denmottagna signalen. Detta koncept kallas för radio-ockultation. Radio-ockultationkan med hög noggrannhet ge profiler för temperatur, tryck och vattenånga genomatmosfären.Denna rapport ämnar presentera det jobb och de resultat som uppnåtts genomett examensarbete genomfört på RUAG Space i Göteborg. Examensarbetets syftevar att implementera en simulator som med hög noggrannhet kan generera ensignal så som den hade sett ut då den propagerat genom atmosfären.Vi kommer att visa att den genererade signalen uppnår de krav som ställts.

Although RF switch-mode power amplifiers (SMPAs) are theoretically attractive with the potential to achieve very high power efficiencies, experimental realizations at high frequencies have yet to yield significantly better efficiency than conventional analog technology. Most SMPA designs are based on class D or class S circuits, and in these circuits, power efficiency is significantly reduced when the switching signal is changed from periodic to non-periodic. In this work, a new SMPA architecture is proposed. Instead of employing reflective out-of-band matching conditions used in class D/S circuits, the switch is matched to a broadband load which creates dissipative out-of-band impedances. The broadband load significantly improves switching conditions especially for non-periodic signals. The broadband load is implemented as a complementary diplexer which separates in-band and out-of-band signal power at the output of the SMPA. An energy recovery loop using out-of-band signal power is proposed to significantly reduce the sensitivity of the overall power efficiency to changes in the peak to average power ratio of the source signal. Experimental and simulation results are shown for the new SMPA architecture.

Providing mobile broadband (MBB) coverage to passengers in planes (and other yingobjects) has been one of the very important requirements by airline industry for sometime. With the emergence of high-capacity wireless network concepts, there is a renewedeort in dening systems based on 5G (also dened as NR, new radio) for air-to-ground(A2G) communication. When passenger planes have been taken into consideration, a fewhundreds of passengers may need to be supported, thus requiring a high-capacity backhaullink. When 5G is used for such A2G link, beamforming and other advanced physicallayer techniques can be used between the ground stations and ying objects to obtainhigh-data rate and reliable new radio link. This masters thesis work includes link andsystem level evaluations of such NR systems when beamforming, large bandwidth, higherantenna gains, coordination between ground stations, etc., are deployed. The evaluationswere carried out in Ericsson's internal state-of-the-art simulators. The study providesbaseline for system design principles for future A2G system based on NR. Also a properpropagation model for A2G communication has been identied and beamforming solutionwith other related techniques that could be used in A2G scenario have been investigated.<br>Att tillhandahålla mobil bredbandstäckning till passagerare i flygplan (samt andraluftburna föremål) har varit ett viktigt krav från flygsindustrin på senare tid. Medframväxten av trådlösa nätverkskoncept med hög kapacitet har en förnyad insats uppståttför att definiera system baserade på 5G (också kallat New Radio (NR)) för Airplane-to-Ground (A2G) kommunikation. För passagerarplan så kan hundratals passagerare behövatäckning, vilket kräver en backhaul-länk med hög kapacitet. När 5G används för en sådanA2G-länk så kan såkallad lobformning och andra avancerade tekniker användas mellanmarkstationerna och flygande objekt för att erhålla hög datahastighet och tillförlitlig radiolänk. I denna uppsats ingår länk- och systemnivåutvärderningar av sådana NR-systemnär lobformning, stor bandbredd, antenn-amplifikation, koordinering mellan markstationeretc utplaceras. Utvärderingarna genomfördes i Ericssons interna simulatorer. Studienger vägledning för principer inom systemdesign för framtida A2G-system baserat på NR.En lämplig utbredningsmodell för radiovågor för A2G-kommunikation har identifieratsoch en metod för lobformning och andra relaterade tekniker som kan användas i A2Gscenariothar också undersökts.

Les réseaux 5G émergents et au-delà promettent de prendre en charge de nouveaux cas d'utilisation tels que la communication holographique immersive, l'internet des compétences et la cartographie interactive 4D [1]. Ces cas d'usage ont des exigences strictes en termes de Quality de Service (Quality of Service), telles qu'une faible latence, un débit descendant et ascendant (Downlink (DL)/Uplink (UL)) élevé, ainsi qu'une faible consommation d'énergie. Les spécifications du groupe de normalisation 3GPP ont introduit de nombreuses fonctionnalités aux système radio 5G (5G NR), dans le but d'améliorer l'efficacité spectrale de la 5G et de répondre aux exigences strictes et hétérogènes des services de la 5G et au-delà. Parmi les principales fonctionnalités de la 5G NR, on peut citer l'introduction du concept de numérologie et BandWidth Part (BWP), le multiplexage temporel (TDD) dynamique et Connected-mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX). Toutefois, les spécifications 3GPP n'indiquent pas comment configurer la next gNode B (gNB)/User Equipment (UE) pour optimiser l'utilisation des fonctionnalités 5G NR. Afin de combler ce manque, nous proposons de nouvelles solutions qui mettent en œuvre des fonctionnalités 5G NR en appliquant les techniques de l'apprentissage automatique ou Machine Learning (ML), en particulier l'apprentissage profond par renforcement ou Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). En effet, les outils de l'intelligence artificielle jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'optimisation des systèmes de communication et des réseaux [2] grâce à leurs capacités à rendre le réseau capable de s'auto-configurer et s'auto-optimiser.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons plusieurs solutions pour permettre une configuration intelligente du réseau d'accès radio (RAN). Nous avons divisé les solutions en trois parties distinctes.Dans la première partie, nous proposons deux contributions. Tout d'abord, nous présentons NRflex, une solution de découpage du RAN en tranches (ou slicing), aligné sur l'architecture Open RAN (O-RAN). Par la suite, nous modélisons le problème de découpage du RAN en tranches comme un problème Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Après avoir montré que la résolution du problème prend un temps exponentiel, nous avons introduit une nouvelle approche pour le résoudre en un temps polynomial, ce qui est très important pour la fonction de l'ordonnancement (scheduling) des ressources radio. La nouvelle approche consiste à formaliser et résoudre ce problème par le biais l'apprentissage par renforcement profond (DRL).Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous proposons une solution basée sur le DRL pour permettre un TDD dynamique dans une seule cellule 5G NR. La solution a été implémentée dans la plateforme OpenAirInterface (OAI) et testée avec UEs réels. Nous avons ensuite étendu la solution, en tirant parti de Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL), pour prendre en charge plusieurs cellules en tenant compte de l'interférence radio entre les liaisons transversales entre les cellules.Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous avons proposé trois solutions pour optimiser le RAN afin de prendre en charge les services URLLC. Tout d'abord, nous avons proposé une solution en deux étapes basées sur l'apprentissage automatique pour prédire les coupures du lien radio ou Radio Link Failure (RLF). Le modèle de prédiction RLF a été entraîné avec des données réelles obtenues à partir d'un banc d'essai 5G. Dans la deuxième contribution, nous avons proposé une solution basée sur le DRL pour réduire la latence UL. Notre solution alloue (prédit) dynamiquement les futurs besoins en ressource radio du UL en apprenant du modèle de trafic. Dans la dernière contribution, nous introduisons une solution basée sur le DRL afin d'équilibrer la latence et la consommation d'énergie en calculant conjointement les paramètres C-DRX et la configuration BWP<br>The emerging 5G networks and beyond promise to support novel use cases such as immersive holographic communication, Internet of Skills, and 4D Interactive mapping [usecases]. These use cases require stringent requirements in terms of Quality of Service (QoS), such as low latency, high Downlink (DL)/Uplink (UL) throughput and low energy consumption. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications introduced many features in 5G New Radio (NR) to improve the physical efficiency of 5G to meet the stringent and heterogeneous requirements of beyond 5G services. Among the key 5G NR features, we can mention the numerology, BandWidth Part (BWP), dynamic Time Duplex Division (TDD) and Connected-mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX). However, the specifications do not provide how to configure the next Generation Node B (gNB)/User Equipment (UE) in order to optimize the usage of the 5G NR features. We enforce the 5G NR features by applying Machine Learning (ML), particularly Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), to fill this gap. Indeed, Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ML is playing a vital role in communications and networking [1] thanks to its ability to provide a self-configuring and self-optimizing network.In this thesis, different solutions are proposed to enable intelligent configuration of the Radio Access Network (RAN). We divided the solutions into three different parts. The first part concerns RAN slicing leveraging numerology and BWPs. In contrast, the second part tackles dynamic TDD, and the last part goes through different RAN optimizations to support Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services.In the first part, we propose two contributions. First, we introduce NRflex, a RAN slicing framework aligned with Open RAN (O-RAN) architecture. NRflex dynamically assigns BWPs to the running slices and their associated User Equipment (UE) to fulfill the slices' required QoS. Then, we model the RAN slicing problem as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem. To our best knowledge, this is the first MILP modeling of the radio resource management featuring network slicing, taking into account (i) Mixed-numerology, (ii) both latency and throughput requirements (iii) multiple slices attach per UE (iv) Inter-Numerology Interference (INI). After showing that solving the problem takes an exponential time, we consider a new approach in a polynomial time, which is highly required when scheduling radio resources. The new approach consists of formalizing this problem using a DRL-based solver.In the second part of this thesis, we propose a DRL-based solution to enable dynamic TDD in a single 5G NR cell. The solution is implemented in OAI and tested using real UEs. Then, we extend the solution by leveraging Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) to support multiple cells, considering cross-link interference between cells.In the last part, we propose three solutions to optimize the RAN to support URLLC services. First, we propose a two-step ML-based solution to predict Radio Link Failure (RLF). We combine Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to find the correlation between radio measurements and RLF. The RLF prediction model was trained with real data obtained from a 5G testbed. In the second contribution, we propose a DRL-based solution to reduce UL latency. Our solution dynamically allocates the future UL grant by learning from the dynamic traffic pattern. In the last contribution, we introduce a DRL-based solution to balance latency and energy consumption by jointly deriving the C-DRX parameters and the BWP configuration

<p>As communication becomes more and more vital in defending a country’s borders, better radios are needed. When the Swedish armed forces saw that their existing radios took too much bandwidth in their net, they knew that something had to be done.</p><p>The existing radio, called Ra 180 RAP, was modified so that it could send X.25 messages into a network. This significantly reduced the use of bandwidth, as a packet switched network only uses the bandwidth when sending info.</p><p>This final thesis has been aimed to create a system that can test the X.25 function in the upgraded, so called CI-RAP, radio. This system will come in handy both when upgrading and later when performing service on the radios.</p>

The aim of this study is to understand how leaders in the Canadian radio industry perceive the nascent personalized music streaming service industry, and how those perceptions inform their current business decisions. Over the last few years, Internet-based music services like Deezer and Rdio have launched in Canada, providing listeners with the opportunity of an alternative music experience to conventional broadcast radio. Through five interviews with experts representing terrestrial radio, on-demand services and regulation, three scenarios are presented for the future of conventional radio. In addition, a conceptualized listener profile is created using Grounded Theory Method. This profile buttresses the central finding of this research: should key political, economic and social factors remain in place, conventional radio is likely to continue to dominate as the leading commercial audio platform for Canadians in the years to come.

Historically, the New River may have contained a genetically unique, river-spawning population of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Additionally, a number of genetically different walleye stocks have been stocked in Claytor Lake, Virginia. The increasing importance of the walleye fishery led to interest in clarifying key unknowns regarding the biology of the New River walleye stock. A radio telemetry study and genetic evaluation of present-day stocks led to identification of three spawning areas and the characterization of the genetic stock structure of walleye in Claytor Lake and the upper New River. Using radio telemetry to track movements of walleye, I determined that two resident walleye populations co-exist: one within Claytor Lake and the other in the New River above the lake. These populations establish spatially disjunct home ranges, remaining spatially separated throughout most of the year. Although there is no blockage to movement or migration, walleye within Claytor Lake generally spawn at Allisonia, while walleye within the upper New River spawn at Buck Dam. Some walleye from both populations spawn in other areas, such as Fosters Falls. Using allozymes, microsatellite DNA, and mitochondrial DNA marker techniques to examine population structure of walleye, I determined that the walleye within Claytor Lake are a panmictic population. This is the result of years of stocking walleye from different genetic stocks and interbreeding among individuals. The genetic structure of walleye from the New River also shows the presence of more than one genetic stock. Within the New River population, there exists a genetic stock of walleye that is characterized by three mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (43, 44, and 45) that previously have not been seen. This may be indicative of a unique walleye stock that is native to the New River and which has remained spatially or temporally segregated by spawning habits. The co-existence of two different walleye populations in the Claytor Lake / upper New River system justifies different management strategies. I recommend that management of the walleye population in Claytor Lake focus on increasing the exploitation of this non-indigenous stock. Management of the upper New River walleye population should focus on conservation of the unique native stock through supportive breeding and/or strict harvest regulations.<br>Master of Science

This thesis is a case study analysis of the dream one radio station had about creating something new and unique on the Internet. RadioSonderGrense (RSG), an Afrikaans South African radio station, saw opportunities for themselves as a radio station on the Internet and put enormous resources and man-power into their venture. Their vision of what the Internet could bring to their radio station, and what they could bring to a website set the ground for creative and innovative thought. This dissertation is an examination of whether the Internet lived up to the expectations RSG had for it, and whether they were able to use their resources (in terms of their audience, their advertisers and the uniqueness of radio) to create something new and never seen before. The foremost aim of this dissertation is to shed some light onto the up-to-now under researched area of why radio stations have begun to develop on the Internet. Through the analysis of RSG, their comes to this subject some new thoughts and ideas about the convergence of these two mediums. RSG, and radio in general, are examined historically, practically and in comparison to the Internet. This is done in order to fully grasp the project that RSG had set for themselves and to realize where they had come from and where they hoped to go. It is argued that although RSG had hoped for great things, their innovative thought was not enough to guarantee them their dreams. They were not able to fully utilize the resources available to them in combination with what the Internet could offer them to fulfill the expectations they had for themselves. The foremost conclusion is that although RSG were able to envisage what the Internet could add to the radio station, they fell short of giving their listeners, users and advertisers a tool which could make the RSG website truly unique. Their website gives the user some interesting and useful applications, but it does not make full use of what the Internet and radio together could create.

I Nuclei Galattici Attivi (AGN) sono sorgenti luminose e compatte alimentate dall'accrescimento di materia sul buco nero supermassiccio al centro di una galassia. Una frazione di AGN, detta "radio-loud", emette fortemente nel radio grazie a getti relativistici accelerati dal buco nero. I Misaligned AGN (MAGN) sono sorgenti radio-loud il cui getto non è allineato con la nostra linea di vista (radiogalassie e SSRQ). La grande maggioranza delle sorgenti extragalattiche osservate in banda gamma sono blazar, mentre, in particolare in banda TeV, abbiamo solo 4 MAGN osservati. Lo scopo di questa tesi è valutare l'impatto del Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), il nuovo strumento TeV, sugli studi di MAGN. Dopo aver studiato le proprietà dei 4 MAGN TeV usando dati MeV-GeV dal telescopio Fermi e dati TeV dalla letteratura, abbiamo assunto come candidati TeV i MAGN osservati da Fermi. Abbiamo quindi simulato 50 ore di osservazioni CTA per ogni sorgente e calcolato la loro significatività. Assumendo una estrapolazione diretta dello spettro Fermi, prevediamo la scoperta di 9 nuovi MAGN TeV con il CTA, tutte sorgenti locali di tipo FR I. Applicando un cutoff esponenziale a 100 GeV, come forma spettrale più realistica secondo i dati osservativi, prevediamo la scoperta di 2-3 nuovi MAGN TeV. Per quanto riguarda l'analisi spettrale con il CTA, secondo i nostri studi sarà possibile ottenere uno spettro per 5 nuove sorgenti con tempi osservativi dell'ordine di 250 ore. In entrambi i casi, i candidati migliori risultano essere sempre sorgenti locali (z<0.1) e con spettro Fermi piatto (Gamma<2.2). La migliore strategia osservativa per ottenere questi risultati non corrisponde con i piani attuali per il CTA che prevedono una survey non puntata, in quanto queste sorgenti sono deboli, e necessitano di lunghe osservazioni puntate per essere rilevate (almeno 50 ore per studi di flusso integrato e 250 per studi spettrali).

Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2000.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Gates, William R. ; Jansen, Erik. "December 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-48). Also available in print.

This thesis outlines the design and implementation of a single channel, dual polarization pulsar timing instrument for the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO). The new timer is designed to be an improved, temporary replacement for the existing device which has been in operation for over 20 years. The existing device is no longer reliable and is di±cult to maintain. The new pulsar timer is designed to provide improved functional- ity, higher sampling speed, greater pulse resolution, more °exibility and easier maintenance over the existing device. The new device is also designed to keeping changes to the observation system to a minimum until a full de-dispersion timer can be implemented at theobservatory. The design makes use of an 8-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) micro-processor with external Random Access Memory (RAM). The instrument includes an IEEE-488 subsystem for interfacing the pulsar timer to the observation computer system. The microcontroller software is written in assembler code to ensure optimal loop execution speed and deterministic code execution for the system. The design path is discussed and problems encountered during the design process are highlighted. Final testing of the new instrument indicates an improvement in the sam- pling rate of 13.6 times and a significant reduction in 60Hz interference over the existing instrument.

The fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) systems are expected to support a wide range of emerging applications with diverse Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. New application scenarios in 5G NR include enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). New wireless architectures, such as full-dimension (FD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and mobile edge computing (MEC) system, and new coding scheme, such as short block-length channel coding, are envisioned as enablers of QoS requirements for 5G NR applications. Resource management in these new wireless architectures is crucial in guaranteeing the QoS requirements of 5G NR systems. The traditional optimization problems, such as subcarriers and user association, are usually non-convex or Non-deterministic Polynomial-time (NP)-hard. It is time-consuming and computing-expensive to find the optimal solution, especially in a large-scale network. To solve these problems, one approach is to design a low-complexity algorithm with near optimal performance. In some cases, the low complexity algorithms are hard to obtain, deep learning can be used as an accurate approximator that maps environment parameters, such as the channel state information and traffic state, to the optimal solutions. In this thesis, we design low-complexity optimization algorithms, and deep learning frameworks in different architectures of 5G NR to resolve optimization problems subject to QoS requirements. First, we propose a low-complexity algorithm for a joint cooperative beamforming and user association problem for eMBB in 5G NR to maximize the network capacity. Next, we propose a deep learning (DL) framework to optimize user association, resource allocation, and offloading probabilities for delay-tolerant services and URLLC in 5G NR. Finally, we address the issue of time-varying traffic and network conditions on resource management in 5G NR.

Abstract. The objective of this thesis is to study and evaluate physical layer signals and channels to achieve the user equipment (UE) power saving in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) new radio (NR). The fifth generation (5G) mobile network has strict objectives regarding power consumption and performance. The UE power consumption also has a big impact on the end user’s quality of experience (QoE) and future deployment of NR devices. Therefore, it is very important to study ways to reduce UE power consumption. One feasible power saving technique is the usage of so-called power saving signal or channel, which triggers the UE to transition to the active mode from the power saving mode. The first part of this work provides an overview of general properties of the NR and its physical downlink signals and channels, as well as the UE operation and power consumption in the connected mode. Then, examples of existing power saving techniques are discussed and a new scheme of the wake-up mechanism and the UE power saving signal/wake-up signal (WUS) is described. Lastly, different design options for the power saving signal are described and their detection performance is studied. The power saving signal options of this thesis can be divided into physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) based and sequence-based signals/channels. In the PDCCH based option, the power saving indication is carried as a payload of the PDCCH. Studied sequence-based options are the secondary synchronization signal (SSS), the PDCCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS), the channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) and a UE-specific sequence that is mapped to all radio resources allocated for the PDCCH. The detection of the latter is done in time domain, and the detection of the other sequences is done in frequency domain. The detection performance of these signals/channels is compared based on link-level simulation results. Simulations were done with a Matlab-based simulator. They show the impact of the frequency- and time-selectivity and implementation impairments. Based on the numerical results, the impact of the UE speed up to 120 km/h and the carrier frequency offset (CFO) up to 400 Hz can be neglected with all the options except CSI-RS. It was shown that the sequence-based WUS options tend to suffer from the frequency-selective radio channel. By making decisions within the channel’s coherence bandwidth and using precoder cycling, the negative impact of the channel can be reduced. With these techniques, PDCCH DMRS outperforms all the other sequence-based options. However, in terms of detection performance, the PDCCH based power saving signal/channel is the most robust option of this set of candidates.Päätelaitteen virransäästösignaalin soveltuvuus 5G:n uuteen radiorajapintaan. Tiivistelmä. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on tutkia ja verrata fyysisen kerroksen signaaleja, päätelaitteen (user equipment, UE) virransäästön toteuttamiseksi 3GPP:n uudessa radiorajapinnassa (New Radio, NR). Viidennen sukupolven (5th generation, 5G) mobiiliverkolla on tiukat tavoitteet virransäästön ja suorituskyvyn osalta. Päätelaitteen virrankulutuksella on myös suuri vaikutus loppukäyttäjän kokemukseen ja tulevien NR-laitteiden käyttöönottoon. Siksi onkin erittäin tärkeää tutkia mahdollisia tapoja vähentää päätelaitteen virrankulutusta. Yksi mahdollinen virransäästötekniikka on niin sanottu virransäästösignaali, joka herättää päätelaitteen virransäästötilasta verkkoyhteyteen. Työn ensimmäinen osa käsittelee NR:n yleisiä ominaisuuksia, alalinkin fyysisiä signaaleja ja kanavia, sekä päätelaitteen virrankulutusta verkkoyhteydessä. Seuraavaksi käsitellään olemassa olevia virransäästötekniikoita, sekä käydään läpi uutta herätys-tyyppistä mekanismia ja päätelaitteen virransäästösignaalin/herätyssignaalin (wake-up signal, WUS) toimintaa. Lopuksi kuvataan erilaisia virransäästösignaalivaihtoehtoja ja tutkitaan niiden havaitsemisen suorituskykyä. Työn virransäästösignaalivaihtoehdot voidaan jakaa alalinkin kontrollikanava- (physical downlink control channel, PDCCH) ja sekvenssipohjaisiin signaaleihin/kanaviin. PDCCH-pohjaisessa vaihtoehdossa virransäästösignaali siirretään PDCCH:n hyötykuormana. Tutkitut sekvenssipohjaiset vaihtoehdot ovat toissijainen synkronointisignaali (secondary synchronization signal, SSS), PDCCH-demodulaatio-referenssisignaali (demodulation reference signal, DMRS), kanavan tilatieto-referenssisignaali (channel-state information reference signal, CSI-RS), sekä UE-spesifinen sekvenssi, joka asetetaan PDCCH:n jokaiseen alikantoaaltoon. Jälkimmäisen havaitseminen tehdään aikatasossa ja muiden sekvenssien havaitseminen tehdään taajuustasossa. Näiden signaalien/kanavien havaitsemisen suorituskykyä vertaillaan linkkitason simulointitulosten perusteella. Simulaatiot tehtiin Matlab-pohjaisella simulaattorilla. Ne esittävät aika- ja taajuusselektiivisyyden, sekä toteutuksen epäideaalisuuksien vaikutusta. Numeeristen tulosten perusteella, UE:n nopeus arvoon 120 km/h ja kantoaaltotaajuussiirto (carrier frequency offset, CFO) 400 Hz:iin asti voidaan jättää huomioimatta, kaikkien muiden paitsi CSI-RS:n tapauksessa. Työssä osoitettiin, että sekvenssipohjaiset WUS-vaihtoehdot kärsivät taajuusselektiivisestä radiokanavasta. Kanavan negatiivista vaikutusta voidaan pienentää tekemällä päätöksiä kanavan koherenssikaistanleveyttä pienemmissä osissa, sekä käyttämällä syklistä esikooderia. Näillä tekniikoilla PDCCH DMRS suoriutuu kaikkia muita sekvenssipohjaisia vaihtoehtoja paremmin. Kuitenkin, havaitsemisen suorituskyvyn perusteella PDCCH-pohjainen virransäästösignaali/kanava on vahvin ehdokas näistä vaihtoehdoista.

This thesis describes the developments of new models and toolkits for the orbit determination codes to support and improve the precise radio tracking experiments of the Cassini-Huygens mission, an interplanetary mission to study the Saturn system. The core of the orbit determination process is the comparison between observed observables and computed observables. Disturbances in either the observed or computed observables degrades the orbit determination process. Chapter 2 describes a detailed study of the numerical errors in the Doppler observables computed by NASA's ODP and MONTE, and ESA's AMFIN. A mathematical model of the numerical noise was developed and successfully validated analyzing against the Doppler observables computed by the ODP and MONTE, with typical relative errors smaller than 10%. The numerical noise proved to be, in general, an important source of noise in the orbit determination process and, in some conditions, it may becomes the dominant noise source. Three different approaches to reduce the numerical noise were proposed. Chapter 3 describes the development of the multiarc library, which allows to perform a multi-arc orbit determination with MONTE. The library was developed during the analysis of the Cassini radio science gravity experiments of the Saturn's satellite Rhea. Chapter 4 presents the estimation of the Rhea's gravity field obtained from a joint multi-arc analysis of Cassini R1 and R4 fly-bys, describing in details the spacecraft dynamical model used, the data selection and calibration procedure, and the analysis method followed. In particular, the approach of estimating the full unconstrained quadrupole gravity field was followed, obtaining a solution statistically not compatible with the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium. The solution proved to be stable and reliable. The normalized moment of inertia is in the range 0.37-0.4 indicating that Rhea's may be almost homogeneous, or at least characterized by a small degree of differentiation.

This thesis describes the developments of new models and toolkits for the orbit determination codes to support and improve the precise radio tracking experiments of the Cassini-Huygens mission, an interplanetary mission to study the Saturn system. The core of the orbit determination process is the comparison between observed observables and computed observables. Disturbances in either the observed or computed observables degrades the orbit determination process. Chapter 2 describes a detailed study of the numerical errors in the Doppler observables computed by NASA's ODP and MONTE, and ESA's AMFIN. A mathematical model of the numerical noise was developed and successfully validated analyzing against the Doppler observables computed by the ODP and MONTE, with typical relative errors smaller than 10%. The numerical noise proved to be, in general, an important source of noise in the orbit determination process and, in some conditions, it may becomes the dominant noise source. Three different approaches to reduce the numerical noise were proposed. Chapter 3 describes the development of the multiarc library, which allows to perform a multi-arc orbit determination with MONTE. The library was developed during the analysis of the Cassini radio science gravity experiments of the Saturn's satellite Rhea. Chapter 4 presents the estimation of the Rhea's gravity field obtained from a joint multi-arc analysis of Cassini R1 and R4 fly-bys, describing in details the spacecraft dynamical model used, the data selection and calibration procedure, and the analysis method followed. In particular, the approach of estimating the full unconstrained quadrupole gravity field was followed, obtaining a solution statistically not compatible with the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium. The solution proved to be stable and reliable. The normalized moment of inertia is in the range 0.37-0.4 indicating that Rhea's may be almost homogeneous, or at least characterized by a small degree of differentiation.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic spectrum consists of non-ionizing radiations in the frequency range of 3kHz-300GHz. The 5th generation is planned to use much higher frequencies to accommodate the exponential increase in the demand of data traffic. The research thesis performs predictive analyses of radiations that will be emitted by 5G for different frequencies allocated for its utilization and their compliance with existing radiation limitation standards. Numerical results show that the radiations to be generated through 5G new radio to be marginal contributor and acceptable according to the limits set by national and international organizations.

This thesis is a study of the origins and development of Community Radio in the United Kingdom under New Labour, focusing on the decade that saw Tony Blair serving as Prime Minister between 1997 and 2007. The research contributes to an enhanced understanding of Community Radio in Britain during this period, in two ways. First, it provides a factual contribution – namely, it places into the public domain hidden testimonies and evidence about how Community Radio developed. On the basis of a sample of stations, it uses case studies to examine how, if at all, New Labour policies affected actual practice on the ground. Second, it attempts to provide an intellectual argument – namely, that Community Radio in Britain today can be understood fully only in the wider context of New Labour’s period in office. While Part I of the thesis focuses on the ideals of community radio advocacy, community media theories, British local radio practice and New Labour’s social and cultural policies, Part II discusses the realities and how the community radio sector developed its policy proposals and practices after 1997. The evolution of Community Radio is studied using a mix of qualitative methods, including the review of a consistent body of ‘grey literature’, informal data gathering, oral history interviews, and a period of observational research in a selection of three case-studies: ALL FM (Manchester), Forest FM (Verwood), and Canterbury Student Radio-CSR FM (Canterbury). The original contribution to knowledge that this thesis makes, is to demonstrate how the most important factor facilitating community radio lobbying in this period was the presence of a discourse within which the arguments of community media activists could make sense, and that led to the introduction of Community Radio as a third sector of full-time radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom.

The extreme AGN known as blazars can be classified based on their spectral properties into X-ray and radio selected objects, known as XBLs and RBLs, respectively. In this work, the results of new multiwavelength campaigns are presented for two XBLs and two RBLs. Each campaign contains simultaneous observations in the radio, optical, and X-ray regimes. A campaign on a third RBL was completed using near-simultaneous archival radio, optical/IR, and gamma-ray data. The simultaneous multiwavelength behavior exhibited in each campaign was analyzed by examining the multiwavelength variability and using spectral analysis. Observations of prominent optical microvariability were quantitatively analyzed. Previously published results for other blazars were compared to the new and archival results. Many interesting results emerged from these investigations. PG 1553+11, a radio-weak blazar, was found to be an extreme XBL. During three campaigns performed for the XBL PKS 2155-304, different variability behavior was observed each time. In a high flux state, the X-ray behavior was strongly correlated with the optical behavior. In a weak state, the X-ray and optical behaviors were not correlated. In an intermediate state, the X-ray behavior was somewhat correlated with the optical behavior. CTA 102, an RBL, exhibited some of the most extreme optical microvariability ever observed, including a brightening of about 0.07 magnitudes in less than 15 minutes. Surprisingly, the optical spectra of RBLs CTA 102, PKS 1622-297, and 3C 345 were found to become redder when in a brighter flux state. The RBLs all exhibited large amplitude optical microvariability. The campaigns on PG 1553+11, CTA 102, and PKS 1622-297 were the first simultaneous multiwavelength campaigns performed for these objects. For objects in which the results of at least two campaigns were available, including PKS 2155-304, correlations that appeared to be present at one epoch seemed to vanish at other times. The SSC model represented many of the observations well. Color studies of the selected BL Lac objects found them to be bluer when brighter, while the selected FSRQs were found to be redder when brighter. These results provide strong motivation for future multiwavelength campaigns that provide broader wavelength and more extensive temporal coverage.

[ES] La llegada de la próxima generación del estándar de comunicaciones móviles, la llamada quinta generación (5G), es prácticamente una realidad. Las primeras redes comerciales han comenzado a ser desplegadas, centrándose en ofrecer altas velocidades de transferencia de datos. Sin embargo, el estándar 5G va mucho más allá y prevé dar soporte a nuevos servicios que pretenden revolucionar la sociedad. Estos nuevos servicios imponen un nivel alto de requisitos en no solo en cuanto a velocidad del tráfico de datos, sino en cuanto a latencia o número de dispositivos conectados simultáneamente. La amplia variedad de requisitos no puede ser soportada por las redes de cuarta generación (4G), por lo que se hizo necesario plantear un nuevo paradigma para las redes inalámbricas. Con la promesa de grandes cantidades de ancho de banda sin utilizar, el estándar 5G contempla utilizar frecuencias en la comúnmente conocida como banda de milimétricas (mmWave). Esta banda presenta grandes pérdidas de propagación, que se acentúan si existen bloqueos de señal. Actividades regulatorias del uso de las bandas de milimétricas atrajo el interés tanto de la industria como de la academia en plantear soluciones para dar servicio en estas bandas. En los últimos años se han presentado infinidad de trabajos basados en sistemas con múltiples antenas o MIMO, para conformar las señales transmitidas o recibidas en haces apuntando en determinadas direcciones. La ganancia que aportan los sistemas MIMO pueden compensar las altas pérdidas de propagación, asegurando la viabilidad de las comunicaciones mmWave. Se ha detectado una evidente falta de estudios sobre la viabilidad de sistemas MIMO en entornos móviles y dinámicos con bloqueos que hagan necesario que el sistema se reconfigure. Esta Tesis pretende cubrir este espacio desde un enfoque práctico y propone mecanismos de gestión de los haces para hacerles un seguimiento utilizando los recursos y mecanismos del nuevo estándar 5G. Las soluciones aportadas se basan en el uso eficiente de los reportes de medidas de las señales de referencia estandarizadas en enlace descendente. En primer lugar, esta Tesis recoge un análisis minucioso del estado del arte, donde se corrobora la necesidad de aportar soluciones de seguimiento de haces en sistemas de comunicaciones en la banda de milimétricas. Además, se estudian los diferentes mecanismos definidos en el estándar 5G y que posibilitan el seguimiento. Cabe destacar que el estándar no define un mecanismo único a seguir, permitiendo presentar propuestas. Una vez conocidas las tecnologías, se centra el estudio en el impacto del seguimiento sobre las prestaciones a nivel de red y de enlace. Dicho estudio se realiza sobre un sistema punto a punto, donde el terminal móvil se desplaza por un entorno urbano. En base a simulaciones de red, se cuantifica el índice de seguimiento de haz y de cómo dicho seguimiento afecta a la relación señal a ruido más interferencia (SINR) y la tasa de transmisión del usuario. Las soluciones de seguimiento propuestas en esta Tesis se pueden clasificar en dos categorías. En una primera categoría, se realiza el seguimiento en base a reportes de medidas de las señales de referencia. Independientemente de la velocidad, se alcanza un seguimiento del 91% con poca penalización en la tasa de transmisión si se monitorizan los haces de interés con una periodicidad menor de 20 ms. En la segunda categoría caben mecanismos de seguimiento que hacen uso de fuentes externas de información. Dentro de esta categoría, se propone un fingerprinting que relacione haces con la localización reportada y un modelo de machine learning (ML) que prediga los haces a utilizar. El fingerprinting proporciona los mismos niveles de rendimiento. Sin embargo, esta solución es muy sensible a errores y requiere considerar todos los casos posibles, lo que la hace tecnológicamente inviable. En cambio, el modelo de ML, que hace p<br>[CAT] L'arribada de la següent generació de l'estàndard de comunicacions mòbils, l'anomenada cinquena generació (5G), es pràcticament una realitat. Les primeres xarxes comercials han començat a desplegar-se i s'han centrat en oferir altes velocitats de transferència de dades. No obstant, l'estàndard 5G va molt mes allà y preveu donar suport a nous serveis que pretenen revolucionar la societat. Estos nous serveis imposen un alt nivell de requisits no sols en quant a velocitat de tràfic de dades, si no també en quant a latència o número de connexions simultànies. L'ampla varietat de requisits no es suportada per les xarxes de quarta generació (4G) actuals, per el qual es va fer necessari un nou paradigma de xarxes sense fil. Amb la promesa de amplies quantitats d'ample de banda, l'estàndard 5G contempla utilitzar freqüències a la banda de mil·limètriques. Esta banda presenta l'inconvenient d'experimentar grans pèrdues de propagació, que s'accentuen en cas de bloqueigs. L'apertura de les bandes de mil·limètriques va atraure l'interès tant de l'industria com de l'acadèmia en plantejar solucions per a donar servei en estes bandes. En els últims anys s'han presentat infinitat de treballs basats en sistemes amb múltiples antenes o MIMO, per a conformar els senyals transmesos o rebuts en feixos apuntant en determinades direccions d'interès. El guany de feix es pot utilitzar per a compensar les pèrdues de propagació, assegurant la viabilitat de les comunicacions en la banda de mil·limètriques. No obstant això, s'ha detectat una preocupant manca d'estudis sobre la viabilitat d'estos sistemes en entorns mòbils i dinàmics, amb obstacles que bloquejen els feixos i facen necessari que el sistema es reconfigure. El present treball de Tesi pretén cobrir este espai buit i des d'un punt de vista pràctic, es proposen mecanismes de gestió dels feixos per a ser el seguiment utilitzant els recursos i mecanismes dels que disposa l'estàndard 5G. D'esta manera, les solucions aportades es basen en la utilització eficient dels reports de mesures dels senyals de referència del enllaç descendent. En primer lloc, esta Tesi recull una anàlisi minuciosa de l'estat de l'art on es corrobora la necessitat de aportar solucions de seguiment de feixos per a comunicacions en la banda de freqüències mil·limètriques. A més a més, s'estudien els diferents mecanismes definits a l'estàndard 5G i que possibiliten el seguiment. Cap destacar que l'estàndard no defineix un mecanisme únic, si no que deixa la porta oberta a presentar propostes. Una vegada conegudes les tecnologies, l'estudi es centra en l'impacte del seguiment sobre les prestacions a nivell de xarxa i d'enllaç. Este estudi es realitza sobre un sistema MIMO punt a punt, en una única estació base i un terminal mòbil desplaçant-se en un entorn urbà. En base a simulacions d'extrem a extrem, es quantifica l'índex de seguiment de feix i com l'anomenat seguiment afecta a la relació senyal a soroll més interferència (SINR) i a la taxa instantània de transmissió de l'usuari. Les solucions de seguiment de feixos propostes a la Tesi es poden classificar en dos categories. A la primera categoria, el seguiment de feixos es realitza en base als reports de mesures dels senyals de referència. Independentment de la velocitat, s'arriba a una taxa de seguiment del 91% amb poca penalització de taxa de transmissió si els feixos d'interès es mesuren amb una periodicitat menor a 20 ms. A la segona categoria pertanyen els algoritmes que utilitzen fonts d'informació externes. Dins d'aquesta categoria es proposa un fingerprinting que relaciona un parell de feixos amb la ubicació de l'usuari, i a banda un model d'intel·ligència artificial (IA) que preveu el feix a utilitzar. El fingerprinting ofereix el mateix rendiment. Però, esta solució es molt sensible a errors i requereix considerar tots els casos possibles, fent-la tecnològicament inviable. En canvi, el<br>[EN] The arrival of the next generation of mobile communication standards, the so-called Fifth Generation (5G), is already a reality. The first commercial networks have begun to be deployed, and they focus on providing higher data rates. However, the 5G standard goes much further from that and aims at providing support to new services which will revolutionise the society. These new services impose a high level of requirements not only in terms of the data traffic speed, but also in terms of very low latency or incredibly large number of simultaneous connections. This wide variety of requirements cannot be technologically supported by the current Fourth Generation (4G) networks, so it became necessary to move forward with a new paradigm for wireless networks. With the promise of large amounts of bandwidth, in the order of GHz, the 5G standard contemplates the use of frequencies in the commonly known Millimetre Wave (mmWave) band. The mmWave band experiences large propagation losses, which are accentuated in blockage events. Regulatory activities worldwide in the mmWave bands attracted the interest of both the industry and the academia. In the last few years, a tremendous number of contributions on mmWave propagation studies and networks have appeared, most of them based on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) solutions. MIMO architectures allow to beamform, which focuses the radiated energy on certain directions of interest called beams. The additional beam gain compensates the high propagation losses, ensuring the viability of the communications in the mmWave band. There is an evident lack of viability studies of mmWave MIMO systems in mobile and highly-dynamic environments, where obstacles may block beams and forcing frequent re-configurations. This Thesis work aims to fill this gap from a practical approach. This Thesis proposes beam management mechanisms utilising the mechanisms and resources offered by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G radio access standard: 5G New Radio (NR). The practical solutions are based on the efficient use of measurement reports of standardised downlink Reference Signals (RS). In first place, this Thesis provides a thorough state-of-the-art analysis and corroborates the need of adopting beam tracking solutions for mmWave networks. Then, a complete overview of the 5G standard mechanisms that enable beam tracking is given. The NR standard does not define a standardised mechanism for beam tracking, leaving the door open to proposals to carry out such monitoring. Once the technologies have been identified, the Thesis continues with assessing the impact of the beam tracking strategies on the network and link-level performance. The study is focused on individual point-to-point mmWave links in a realistic urban environment. Based on end-to-end network simulations, the Thesis is interested in assessing the beam tracking success ratio and how beam misalignment affects the perceived Signal to Noise plus Interference Ratio (SINR) and user throughput at pedestrian and vehicular speeds. The beam tracking solutions proposed in this Thesis fall into two categories. The first category monitors beams based on measuring and reporting beamformed RS. Regardless of the speed, this beam tracking category provides up to 91 % tracking performance, with little throughput reduction if the beams of interest are measured with a periodicity below 20 ms. Beam tracking in the second category relies on external information sources. Within this category, this Thesis proposes a fingerprinting database relating beams to the user position and a machine learning (ML) model. Fingerprinting beam tracking is technologically viable and provides similar performance levels. However, this solution is very sensitive to errors and requires considering all possible situations. The ML beam tracking, which makes predictions with a 16 % of estimation error for the reference data set.<br>I want to thank the Spanish Ministry of Education and Professional Formation for funding this Thesis work with an official pre-doctoral contract grant.<br>Herranz Claveras, C. (2019). Beam Tracking Strategies for 5G New Radio Networks Operating in the Millimetre Wave Bands [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/130845<br>TESIS