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Journal articles on the topic 'New varieties of English'
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1
Hung, Tony T. N. "‘New English’ words in international English dictionaries." English Today 18, no. 4 (October 2002): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078402004042.
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How such words are–and might be–handledThe author argues that, with the development of English as a world language and the burgeoning of new varieties of English (‘New Englishes’, or NE's), and with the inclusion of more and more NE words in international English dictionaries, there is a need for systematic and principled solutions to the proper phonetic representation of these words, instead of arbitrarily imposing the same transcription conventions on them as for ‘Old’ varieties of English (‘Old Englishes’, or OE's).
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Sharma, Devyani. "Typological diversity in New Englishes." English World-Wide 30, no. 2 (June 11, 2009): 170–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.04sha.
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Recent research has aimed to integrate the investigation of vernacular universals in native English dialects with variation in postcolonial varieties of English and cross-linguistic typology (Chambers 2004; Kortmann 2004). This article assumes that any search for universals in bilingual varieties must include an assessment of the grammatical conditioning of features and a comparison with the relevant substrates. Comparing Indian English and Singapore English, I examine three proposed candidates for English universals (Kortmann and Szmrecsanyi 2004), all of which show some presence in the two varieties — past tense omission, over-extension of the progressive, and copula omission. Past tense omission is found to be genuinely similar in the two varieties and accounted for by typological parallels in the substrates, whereas progressive morphology use and copula omission are found to be divergent in the two varieties and accounted for by typological differences in the substrates. All three variable systems are explicable as substrate-superstrate interactions, tempering claims of universality in both distribution and explanation.
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D'souza, Jean. "Indian English." English World-Wide 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.18.1.05dso.
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The New Varieties of English (e.g. IndE, SingE, NigE) have been studied for the last several decades. In the course of this study several 'myths' have arisen about these varieties and these myths have increasingly been accepted as facts. The main aim of this paper is to examine some of these myths and to try to reveal the realities behind them. I argue that as long as the myths are accepted as givens there can be no real progress in the study of the New Varieties. I will explore the myths in the context of IndE but the arguments provided apply to all the New Varieties. The myths I will deal with are: 1) IndE is a "non-native" variety of English. 2) IndE has no standards. 3) IndE lacks creativity. 4) IndE is the language of a small but dominant elite. 5) English is the cause of most of the problems in India and in the world.
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McMurray, David C. "Encouraging New Varieties of English in Haiku." Asian Englishes 5, no. 1 (June 2002): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2002.10801092.
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Patil, Z. N. "New varieties of English: Issues of incomprehensibility and unintelligibility." Journal of NELTA 23, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v23i1-2.23344.
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The present article discusses new varieties of English with reference to intelligibility and comprehensibility. It has been observed that new varieties of English display deviant phonological features. Speakers of these varieties insert a sound, delete a sound, substitute a sound, and rearrange sounds when they pronounce certain words. Moreover, they use deviant word stress patterns. These things affect the intelligibility of their speech. The new varieties differ at the level of discourse as well; the content and language used to perform certain speech acts such as coaxing, responding to questions, etc., may result in miscommunication. Thus, unintelligibility is a result of mother tongue interference and incomprehensibility is a result of mother culture interference. The article illustrates unintelligibility and incomprehensibility using examples from non-native varieties of English.
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Marsden, Sharon. "Are New Zealanders “rhotic”?" English World-Wide 38, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 275–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.3.02mar.
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Abstract Rhoticity is highly variable across English varieties. Traditionally, descriptions of English have distinguished between “rhotic” and “non-rhotic” varieties. However, Harris’s (2013) recent description of three core rhotic systems (R1, R2 and R3) demonstrates that this dichotomy is overly simplistic. The literature describes New Zealand English (NZE) as “non-rhotic”, with partial rhoticity in the lower South Island. This paper reports on data collected in two semi-rural towns in the North Island where young New Zealanders employ a “mixed” distribution of rhoticity. Alongside /r/ use which is traditionally associated with “non-rhotic” varieties (Harris’s R2 and R3), speakers also exhibit /r/ use which is associated with “rhotic” varieties (Harris’s R1). The findings suggest that dynamic rhoticity in NZE, which also persists historically in Englishes world-wide, can be represented more effectively by dispensing with the notions “rhotic” and “non-rhotic”, and by treating rhoticity as a continuum of /r/ use.
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Hundt, Marianne, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. "Animacy in early New Zealand English." English World-Wide 33, no. 3 (October 29, 2012): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.33.3.01hun.
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The literature suggests that animacy effects in present-day spoken New Zealand English (NZE) differ from animacy effects in other varieties of English. We seek to determine if such differences have a history in earlier NZE writing or not. We revisit two grammatical phenomena — progressives and genitives — that are well known to be sensitive to animacy effects, and we study these phenomena in corpora sampling 19th- and early 20th-century written NZE; for reference purposes, we also study parallel samples of 19th- and early 20th-century British English and American English. We indeed find significant regional differences between early New Zealand writing and the other varieties in terms of the effect that animacy has on the frequency and probabilities of grammatical phenomena.
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Akinlotan, Mayowa, and Alex Housen. "Noun phrase complexity in Nigerian English." English Today 33, no. 3 (January 30, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078416000626.
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Structural simplicity/complexity is an important variable with which New Englishes and native varieties are identified and conceptualised, but predicting such variation in complexity has received little attention in the literature. New Englishes, especially the outer circle varieties such as Nigerian or Indian English, differ in form and function from the inner circle varieties, such as British or American English, but the extent of such variation varies greatly and merits further investigation. According to Gorlach (1998), we should expect New Englishes to demonstrate simplification at the levels of morphology, lexis, and syntax. This has indeed been shown to be the case in some varieties, but it has also been shown that this variation differs according to different linguistic and non-linguistic factors. Most recently, Schilk and Schaub (2016) have shown how noun phrase (NP) structure can reveal the underlying structural simpification predicted in the New Englishes varieties. Brunner (2014) examined NP complexity across three New Englishes (British, Singaporean, and Kenyan English), explicating how grammars of the indigeneous languages in Singapore and Kenya influence NP simplicity/complexity.
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Kuiper, Koenraad. "Studying New Zealand English." English Today 19, no. 3 (July 2003): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078403003067.
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NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH is one of the most closely studied national varieties of English outside of the USA and UK, and a source of significance for the dialect differentiation and historical evolution of English. Most of the work has been done in the relatively short period of about 15 years compared with the longer time frame of studies in British and American English. One reason for this is that New Zealand English has, from its beginning, benefited from significant co-operative and collaborative activity among New Zealand linguists.
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Fung, Loretta, and Ronald Carter. "New varieties, new creativities: ICQ and English-Cantonese e-discourse." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 16, no. 4 (November 2007): 345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947007079112.
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Internet Relay Chat-based computer-mediated communication provides a distinct space for social interaction and cultural contact, with new and inventive forms of language generated. Research has not fully investigated the specifically creative aspects of language in online interaction, and even less in communication between bilingual and multilingual speakers of English and other languages. Based on a 20,000-word corpus of private ICQ ('I Seek You') data and as evidenced in extensive examples of online communication, this article explores the linguistic creativity of a group of bilingual English-Cantonese speaking university students from Hong Kong. The study reveals the emergence of a bimodal, 'hybrid' spoken-written variety of English embracing an essentially informal, speakerly style that is produced in intimate, collaborative and synchronic contexts. The linguistic creativities in this variety, evidenced, in particular, by code-switching, loan translation and relexicalization, as well as by acoustic and graphical wordplay, represent an e-discourse repertoire that is used to achieve both specific interactional purposes and to articulate a dual cultural identity. The article argues that this form of creative computer-mediated literacy practice has a significant impact on the ways in which interactive and expressive meanings are conveyed.
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Singhasak, Piyahathai, and Phongsakorn Methitham. "Non-native English Varieties: Thainess in English Narratives." English Language Teaching 9, no. 4 (March 20, 2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n4p128.
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<p>This study aims at examining Thainess as a writing strategy used in non-literary texts written by non-professional bilingual writers. These writers are advanced language learners who are pursuing their Master’s degree in English. Seven English narratives of their language learning experiences were analyzed based on Kachruvian’s framework of bilingual’s creativity and contact literatures. The findings showed that four out of six contextualization processes - transfer, translation, code-mixing, and reduplication - were utilized when conveying the writers’ experiences in acquiring their first and second languages. Unlike the findings in previous studies of Thainess in literary genre, lexical borrowing and shift process were not found in narratives. Although Thai English as a new variety in World Englishes has been debated for years and remains in an obscure status, it cannot be denied that the research findings in this study show the uniqueness of Thai English writing strategies.</p>
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Ouafeu, Yves Talla Sando. "Intonational marking of new and given information in Cameroon English." English World-Wide 28, no. 2 (May 11, 2007): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.28.2.05oua.
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Studies on English intonation have shown that native English speakers consistently accent new information and deaccent given information in the discourse structure (Brown 1983; Fowler and Housum 1987; etc.). On the other hand, findings on the intonation of some non-native English varieties, Nigerian English (Gut 2003, 2005) and Indian English (Gumperz 1982) for example, suggest that speakers of these varieties of English rarely deaccent given information in the discourse structure, hence making both types of information prominent. This study reports findings of the analyses of the intonational marking of the two types of information in Cameroon English (CamE). Data from two speaking styles, the Passage Reading Style (PRS) and the Conversational Style (CS), were analysed both auditorily and acoustically. Results show that, unlike speakers of some other non-native varieties of English, Cameroon English speakers make new information more prominent than given information in the discourse structure. As for how Cameroon English speakers acoustically implement the intonational marking of new and given information, the findings further reveal that they make more use of intensity and duration than of other acoustic parameters like high pitch accent (H*), findings which are somewhat dissimilar to those documented in native varieties of English whereby the most obvious acoustic correlate of new information in discourse is the high pitch accent (H*).
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Pablé, Adrian. "Who wants Swiss English?" English Today 29, no. 3 (August 15, 2013): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607841300028x.
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Recently, new varieties of English, in particular insular ones, have been discovered and described by sociolinguists: Bermuda English, Falkland Islands English, St Helena English, Tristan da Cunha English, to name but a few. Concomitantly, applied linguists have started to take an interest in ‘lingua franca English’ as used in countries where English has no official status. Euro-English and, more recently, Swiss English are examples of such English as a Lingua Franca (hereafter, ELF) varieties. Any scientific exploration into unknown territory presupposes that there is something to be found – ideally something that already has a name. Quests for new varieties of English are motivated by the same fundamental desire, namely, to find ‘X-an English’ (Groves, 2011: 35).
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Nesselhauf, Nadja. "Co-selection phenomena across New Englishes." English World-Wide 30, no. 1 (February 17, 2009): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.1.02nes.
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Similarities of the phraseology of institutionalized second language varieties and foreign learner varieties have gone almost completely unnoticed so far. In this paper, different types of co-selection phenomena are examined across ESL and EFL varieties on the basis of the ICE-corpora of Kenyan, Indian, Singaporean, and Jamaican English and of ICLE, the International Corpus of Learner English. Among the features investigated are the use of competing collocations such as play a role and play a part, the noun complementation of collocations (HAVE + INTENTION + of -ing vs. to + infinitive), and non-L1 (or “new”) prepositional verbs such as comprise of, demand for or emphasize on. The exploration shows that many co-selection phenomena do indeed recur not only across individual institutionalized L2 varieties but also across the two variety types. Certain kinds of language-internal irregularities in the phraseology of Standard English are shown to be a major reason for the observed parallels
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Komar, Smiljana. "Attitudes of Slovene L2 Speakers of English to Six Native Varieties of English." Linguistica 62, no. 1-2 (December 23, 2022): 365–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.62.1-2.365-386.
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The paper presents the results of an experiment whose purpose was to study the attitudes towards six L1 varieties of English by Slovene students of English. Using the verbal guise test, the participants were exposed to audio clips of Received Pronunciation (RP), General American (GA), Scottish English (ScE), Irish English (IrE), Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE). They were required to complete a two-part questionnaire. In part one, they were asked to rate, on four-point Likert scale, statements about the cognitive, affective and aesthetic traits of the speakers, as well as the linguistic traits which they believed contributed most to their attitudes to a particular variety. In part two, they had to rank the six tested varieties indicating their general order of preference, their relative familiarity with the varieties and the appropriateness of the varieties for teaching to Slovene learners of English. The results of the study confirm the findings of numerous other similar studies in giving preference to the two best-known global standard varieties (RP and GA) over the other varieties.
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Güldenring, Barbara Ann. "Emotion metaphors in new Englishes." Metaphor Variation in Englishes around the World 4, no. 1 (September 22, 2017): 82–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.4.1.05gul.
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Abstract Research into emotion concepts has become an established part of the cognitive-linguistic research agenda and has often revolved around the competing notions of universality (from the perspective of embodied cognition) and (cross- and within-cultural) variation (see Kövecses 2005). At the same time, a relatively recent approach to socio-variational aspects of language in the form of Cognitive Sociolinguistics has created an ideal platform for the study of variation in institutionalized second-language varieties of English, often referred to as new Englishes (see Kristiansen & Dirven 2008; Wolf & Polzenhagen 2009). This paper aims at bringing together these two research strands in a study devoted to variation on the level of metaphor in new Englishes, specifically involved in the conceptualization of emotion. While metaphor is theoretically understood within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980), this study will make use of a corpus-based method of metaphor retrieval and identification informed by Stefanowitsch’s (2004, 2006) Metaphorical Pattern Analysis (MPA) and Steen et al.’s (2010) method for linguistic metaphor identification (MIPVU). anger metaphors will be examined for four second-language varieties of English, namely those spoken in Nigeria, Kenya, India, and Singapore, which are represented in the Global Web-based English corpus (GloWbE; Davies 2013).With the assumption that metaphor variation emerges in a variety’s preference for certain source domains in emotion-based mappings vis-à-vis other varieties, the main questions at the core of the analysis are: (1) Which source domains are employed in a respective variety to conceptualize anger? and (2) To what extent are the source domain preferences of new Englishes similar to a norm-providing variety, namely British English? Although initial results reveal much similarity, some differences in the data are highlighted at a deeper level of analysis. Thus, a discussion of the results provides a basis for inter-variety comparison of anger metaphors and, thus, contribute to the universality / variation debate.
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Sudbury, Andrea. "Falkland Islands English." English World-Wide 22, no. 1 (June 27, 2001): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.22.1.04sud.
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In addition to the major English varieties spoken in New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, the dialect of the Falkland Islands is one of the few native-speaker Englishes in the southern hemisphere. The Falkland variety is relatively unknown in the rest of the English-speaking world and when heard it is often wrongly identified as one of the other southern hemisphere varieties. This article considers whether the Falkland variety is linguistically typical of southern hemisphere Englishes. A description of Falkland Islands English is given, based on a large corpus of conversational data, and direct comparisons are drawn between the Falkland dialect and the three main southern hemisphere varieties. Although many similarities between these Englishes do exist, the Falkland dialect is shown to diverge for several of the diagnostic southern hemisphere variables. Explanations for this are suggested, using the notions of identity and default.
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Gries, Stefan Th, and Joybrato Mukherjee. "Lexical gravity across varieties of English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 4 (October 29, 2010): 520–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.4.04gri.
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In our earlier work on three Asian Englishes and British English, we showed how lexico-syntactic co-occurrence preferences for three argument structure constructions revealed differences between varieties that correlated well with Schneider’s (2003, 2007) model of evolutionary stages. Here, we turn to lexical co-occurrence preferences and investigate if and to what degree n-grams distinguish between different modes and varieties in the same components of the International Corpus of English. Our approach to n-grams differs from previous work in that we neither use raw frequencies nor (problematic) MI-values but the newly proposed measure of lexical gravity (cf. Daudaravičius & Marcinkevičienė 2004), which takes type frequencies into consideration. We show how lexical gravity can be extended to handle n-grams with n ≥ 3 and apply this method to our n-gram data; in addition, we suggest a new concept for describing the tendency of a word to occur in significant n-grams: lexical stickiness.
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Chan, Ka Long Roy. "Teachers’ Feedback on a New Variety of English: The Case of Hong Kong English." Language Teaching 1, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): p36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/lt.v1n1p36.
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The present short report reveals how teachers of English in Hong Kong (HKTEs) react to Hong Kong English (HKE). By employing a mixed method approach consisting of 100 survey responses and 28 interviews, types of feedback and activities teachers use when they encounter HKE in classroom were recorded and reported. The results showed that the two types of teachers of English – Native and Non-native English speakers – provided different kinds of responses because of the differences in attitude they held toward new varieties of English. The current study potentially sheds light on how different varieties of English could fit in traditional ESL curricula. Further research is warranted on how the feedback may affect English acquisition among Hong Kong students and whether the feedback brings positive or negative effects to the students.
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Gibson, Andy, and Allan Bell. "Performing Pasifika English in New Zealand." English World-Wide 31, no. 3 (October 11, 2010): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.3.01gib.
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bro’Town is a popular animated comedy whose language is that of stylized performance. It deals with the adventures of a group of five teenage Pasifika boys growing up in Auckland, New Zealand, and showcases performances of the Englishes spoken by Polynesian immigrants and their descendants. A range of varieties are performed on the show by a handful of actors. We analyzed several linguistic variables in the speech of three of the main characters — the 14-year-old twins Vale and Valea, and their father Pepelo. Pepelo produces high levels of the vernacular features of DH-stopping and TH-fronting, consistent with his biography as a second-language speaker whose pronunciation is influenced by his native language, Samoan. His sons, as second-generation speakers, have these features too but at lower frequencies. The twins also differ from each other, with the streetwise Valea, who is more aligned with Pasifika youth culture, producing higher levels of the variables than the studious Vale. Pepelo produces unaspirated initial /p/s, again a Pasifika language feature, while his sons do not. Linking-/r/, however, appears to index a youth identity but not adult immigrant status. We conclude that performed varieties can reflect the linguistic production of a community in their selection of specific features. The quantitative patterns can be quite variable, but here succeed in indexing salient identities for their audiences.
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Fang, Fan (Gabriel). "World Englishes or English as a Lingua Franca: Where does English in China stand?" English Today 33, no. 1 (February 4, 2016): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078415000668.
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As the English language spreads and functions as an international language, scholars have been investigating some of the ideological issues behind the function and use of English in various contexts, and have pondered the future status of this global language. From early research of World Englishes (WE) the legitimacy of post-colonial Englishes, or ‘New Englishes’, as they have been termed, has emerged in scholars’ discussions (Platt, Weber & Ho, 1984; Kachru, 1985, 1992). Some have argued that the research on WE envisages the varieties of English in the outer circle contexts, such as the varieties of English spoken in Singapore, Nigeria, and India, and that people have used those varieties of English to exhibit their own identities (Kachru, 1992; Kachru & Nelson, 2006). Therefore, WE has created ‘new paradigms and perspectives for linguistic and pedagogical research and for understanding the linguistic creativity in multilingual situations across cultures’ (Kachru, 1985: 30).
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Lowenberg, Peter H. "Non-Native Varieties of English: Nativization, Norms, and Implications." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8, no. 1 (February 1986): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100005805.
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Institutionalized “non-native” varieties of English have developed in countries such as Nigeria and India, where English is widely used as a second, often official, language in a broad range of intranational domains. These varieties are characterized by “nativization” (Kachru, 1981a): systematic changes in their formal features at all linguistic levels, which result from the use of English in new sociocultural settings, in contact with other languages, and in the absence of native speakers of English. This paper demonstrates how non-native varieties are distinct from interlanguages or approximative systems of “established” (Platt & Weber, 1980) varieties of English (e.g., British or American). Crucial differences are illustrated in strategies common to both nativization and second language acquisition—generalization of rules in the established varieties of English and transfer of linguistic features from other languages—in terms of linguistic contexts in which they apply and motivations underlying their application. A survey of positive attitudes toward non-native varieties among their users indicates that certain nativized features are becoming new norms for English usage in many countries. These strategies of and attitudes toward nativization are shown to have important implications for the teaching of English as a second language and for linguistic theory.
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Scheuer, Sylwia. "Making English a New Latin." Research in Language 8 (October 19, 2010): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-010-0009-2.
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The paper looks at various aspects of the so-called Latin-English analogy and particularly at the ways in which English may share the fate of Latin in ultimately becoming a victim of its own success. A critical factor in the history of Latin was a conceptual split between its native and non-native varieties, which eventually proved instrumental in establishing its reputation as a dead language. The author wishes to argue that current proposals for a codification of English as a Lingua Franca, aimed at providing vast numbers of L2 learners with a pedagogical alternative that does not emulate L1 standards, may be regarded as major steps towards making English a new Latin: creating a similar split between native versus foreigners' English.
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Zhang, Xinlu, and Jingxiang Cao. "A Corpus-Based Study on Construction of “Anger Adjectives + Prepositions” in World Englishes." English Language and Literature Studies 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v11n3p55.
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Anger as one of the basic emotions has attracted much attention. In the construction of “Anger adjectives + prepositions”, the temporal duration of the Anger adjectives is closely related to their prepositional collocates. Differences in the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates might be captured in the world English varieties. The corpora used in this study cover eight varieties of English. The five varieties of English used in Canada, Philippines, Singapore, India and Nigeria are from the International Corpus of English (ICE). The China English corpus (ChiE) consists of news texts crawled from six Chinese English media. American English is taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and British English is taken from British National Corpus (BNC). By investigating the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates in the eight varieties of English, this paper finds that, on the continuums of the temporal duration of Anger adjectives, most varieties of English are closer to American English, whereas only Singapore English is close to British English. The distribution of Anger adjectives in the English varieties is largely in accordance with the Concentric Circles of world Englishes whereas the continuums of the temporal duration of emotions present a new insight into their relations.
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Suárez-Gómez, Cristina. "Transparency and language contact in the nativization of relative clauses in New Englishes." English World-Wide 38, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.2.05sua.
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Abstract The present paper explores structural nativization in relative clauses in three varieties of English (India, Hong Kong, and Singapore Englishes). All three of these emerged as the consequence of British colonization, developed as varieties through educational systems, and are now consolidating as independent, linguistically different (local) prestige varieties. An analysis of comparable samples from the spoken component of the International Corpus of English (ICE) is carried out; in addition to the varieties mentioned above, data from ICE-GB are included for comparison. The analysis shows that certain features and structures predominate in specific varieties, and also illustrates constructions which are specific to the Asian varieties under investigation. These nativized relative clauses can be explained as cross-linguistic tendencies that go beyond the influence of the local language(s), and hence they are further analyzed in light of cognitive determinants of learning, which favor isomorphism and aim at maximizing transparency.
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Ansaldo, Umberto. "The Asian typology of English." English World-Wide 30, no. 2 (June 11, 2009): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.02ans.
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This paper looks at the emergence of Asian English varieties in terms of the evolution of new grammatical features. I propose that, in order to reach a thorough understanding of how the unique combination of grammatical features that define specific Asian Englishes come about, we must approach these features from a typological and evolutionary perspective which allows us to contrast them not only with Standard English varieties but also with the Asian languages with which these come into contact. As restructured vernaculars, Asian English varieties are de facto contact languages, and, as such, evolve as a consequence of selection of features from a multilingual pool. In this pool, features of Asian varieties play a significant role in determining the output grammar and must therefore be appreciated in their own right. In order to illustrate these points, I introduce an evolutionary view of contact language formation, and I present a set of features typical of Singlish, which are all instances of replication of Asian, not English, features
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Calle-Martín, Javier, and Juan Lorente-Sánchez. "On the Rise and Diffusion of New Intensifiers: This and That in Some Asian Varieties of English." Atlantis. Journal of the Spanish Association for Anglo-American Studies 43, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2021-43.2.03.
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The intensifiers this and that acquired their intensifying function as a result of a grammaticalization process by means of which deictic demonstratives became degree adverbs with the meaning “to this or that extent, so much, so.” The phenomenon spread in the early nineteenth century as a typical resource of spoken English, and since then these intensifiers have found a niche in the written domain by imposing a scalar construal on adjectives for which scale is not the default. Even though these intensifiers are observed in practically all the varieties of English around the world, they predominate in American English, with its use in all the other inner circle varieties lagging well behind. In the outer circle varieties, the construction is also subject to some geographical preferences. The present article has two objectives: to evaluate the role and distribution of this and that as intensifiers in selected Asian varieties of English and to analyze the lexicosemantic structure of their right-hand collocates in terms of word class and mode of construal. The study demonstrates, firstly, the existence of different stages of grammaticalization of this and that, the latter having a wider repertoire of collocates; and secondly, an ongoing process of colloquialization and Americanization of the phenomenon, which is contributing to its growing diffusion in the outer circle varieties of English. The evidence comes from the Indian, Hong Kong, Singaporean and Philippines components of the Corpus of Global Web-based English.
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Mukherjee, Joybrato, and Stefan Th Gries. "Collostructional nativisation in New Englishes." English World-Wide 30, no. 1 (February 17, 2009): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.1.03muk.
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The present paper investigates the strength of verb-construction associations across various New Englishes on the basis of comparable corpora. In contrast to previous studies into verb complementation in New Englishes, we start off from three basic constructions in English — the intransitive, the monotransitive and the ditransitive construction — and analyse the co-occurrences of the three constructions and a wide range of verbs. The present study is based on the Hong Kong, the Indian, and the Singapore components of the International Corpus of English (ICE) because the three varieties represent markedly different stages in the process of the evolution of New Englishes with British English as the historical input variety. Our quantitative analysis includes multiple distinctive collexeme analyses for the different varieties. The results show, inter alia, that, firstly, processes of structural nativisation of New Englishes can also be observed at the level of verb-construction associations, which can be subsumed under the notion of “collostructional nativisation”, and that, secondly, there are identifiable intervarietal differences between British English and New Englishes as well as between individual New Englishes. In general, there is a correlation between the evolutionary stage of a New English variety and its collostructional nativisation: The more advanced a New English variety is in the developmental cycle, the more dissimilar its collostructional preferences are to British English.
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Moody, Simanique. "New Perspectives on African American English: The Role of Black-to-Black Contact." English Today 31, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078415000401.
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One of the most widely researched language varieties in the field of sociolinguistics is African American English (AAE), a term used to describe a range of English dialects, from standard to vernacular, spoken by many (but not all) African Americans as well as by certain members of other ethnic groups who have had extensive contact with AAE speakers. Most linguists agree that AAE developed from contact between enslaved Africans and predominantly English-speaking Europeans (who spoke a range of English vernaculars) during the early to middle period of colonization of what is now known as the United States of America. Consequently, research on the development of AAE is traditionally framed in terms of the degree of contact with white English vernaculars, both during and after AAE genesis, with white vernaculars playing a primary, if not exclusive, role (McDavid & McDavid, 1951; Mufwene, 1996; Poplack, 2000; Poplack & Tagliamonte, 2001). Though some analyses of AAE allow for substrate influence from creole and/or African languages in its development (cf. Winford, 1997, 1998; Rickford, 1998, 2006; Wolfram & Thomas, 2002; Holm, 2004), many studies place a particular focus on Earlier African American varieties or Diaspora varieties, such as the Ex-Slave Recordings, Samaná English, and Liberian Settler English rather than contemporary AAE varieties spoken within U.S. borders (cf. Rickford, 1977, 1997, 2006; DeBose, 1988; Schneider 1989; Bailey, Maynor, & Cukor-Avila, 1991; Hannah, 1997; Singler, 1998, 2007a, 2007b; Kautzsch 2002). This research has helped further linguists’ understanding of AAE yet does not reflect its full history in the United States.
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Nadezda, Ljubojev, and Varga Sinisa. "The legal protection of new plant varieties." African Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 16 (May 2, 2013): 1333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar11.460.
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Reffell, Hayley. "Varieties of English: an examination of an Irish English speaker." TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics 22 (July 17, 2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35903/teanga.v22i0.155.
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The aim of this paper is to compare a southern Irish English speaker who lives in New Zealand with what literature in the field portrays as typical speech for the Irish variety of English. This paper does not discuss the historical or contemporary reasons for why Irish English is as it is today. This paper has limited its analysis to the reasons why the native Irish speaker of English differs from other norms, and comments only on differences. The southern Irish English variety has unique phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactical features, as well as a distinguishing intonation and stress pattern. Only phonological differences are examined here. Four main aspects of Irish English are investigated; the /w/ ~ /hw/ contrast; the contrast of /t/ with /θ/; the STRUT /ʌ / and FOOT /ʊ/ vowels (the GOOSE vowel will only be looked at in the context of a variable with STRUT and FOOT; and the PRICE / ai / and CHOICE / Ɔɪ / diphthongs. The analysis of these sounds shows evidence that there are competing influences on an individual’s conscious or subconscious phonological choices; pride in one’s language and heritage might compete with one’s aspiring social status and professional ambitions. Together these could be further influenced by the linguistic environments one has been in or in which one currently finds oneself. These competing forces lead to some expected but also some unexpected departures from other norms.
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Aceto, Michael, and Manfred Gorlach. "More Englishes: New Studies in Varieties of English 1988-1994." Language 74, no. 1 (March 1998): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417587.
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Robb, Michael, Yang Chen, and Margaret Maclagan. "Speaking rates of American and New Zealand varieties of English." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110, no. 5 (November 2001): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777494.
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Holmes, Janet, Meredith Marra, and Bernadette Vine. "Politeness and impoliteness in ethnic varieties of New Zealand English." Journal of Pragmatics 44, no. 9 (July 2012): 1063–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.11.006.
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Robb, Michael P., Margaret A. Maclagan, and Yang Chen. "Speaking rates of American and New Zealand varieties of English." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 18, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269920031000105336.
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Barata, Paga Tri. "American English and British English: Vocabulary and Grammar Differences." Journal of Language Intelligence and Culture 1, no. 03 (December 28, 2020): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/jlic.v1i03.26.
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American English and British English are the famous English varieties in the world, although there are lots of varieties in English, but AmE and BrE are the most famous, they have lots of differences each other and sometimes those differences make the new learner confused. This research examines about Grammar and Vocabulary differences between American and British English. The researcher uses Qualitative Approach in this research because the researcher explains the results of research in words form, while Library Research is type of research that researcher used, because the sources of this research are several books, articles and others. The findings of this research indicated that are many differences between American English and British English including in the aspects and grammar and vocabulary. The differences are not a big deal for native speakers, but they may confuse non-native speakers of English.
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Barata, Paga Tri. "American English and British English: Vocabulary and Grammar Differences." Journal of Language Intelligence and Culture 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/jlic.v2i2.26.
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American English and British English are the famous English varieties in the world, although there are lots of varieties in English, but AmE and BrE are the most famous, they have lots of differences each other and sometimes those differences make the new learner confused. This research examines about Grammar and Vocabulary differences between American and British English. The researcher uses Qualitative Approach in this research because the researcher explains the results of research in words form, while Library Research is type of research that researcher used, because the sources of this research are several books, articles and others. The findings of this research indicated that are many differences between American English and British English including in the aspects and grammar and vocabulary. The differences are not a big deal for native speakers, but they may confuse non-native speakers of English.
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Budohoska, Natalia. "Characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya: a corpus study (ice)." Lingua Posnaniensis 54, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-012-0004-2.
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Abstract Natalia Budohoska. Characteristic Morphological and Syntactic Features of English inKenya: A Corpus Study (ICE). Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 45-56. This study discusses characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya on the basis of the International Corpus of English (ICE) for Kenya. It contains a list of typical traits compiled following the universal criteria for describing varieties of English set up by Kortmann (2008: xxv-xxix). The features found were confronted with the Szmrecsanyi & Kortmann (2009: 68) concept of the inherent simplification of the new varieties of English. Finally, the amount of variation found in the ICE was placed into a wider context of other postcolonial varieties of English. The results of this analysis add to the discussion of recognizing English in Kenya as an emancipated variety of English (Budohoska 2011a, b). This study presents a high degree of characteristic features of English in Kenya, many of them shared with other recognized varieties of English. It also reveals tendencies of simplification common to New Englishes. The estimated frequencies of these features, however, are too low to reveal stigmatized forms of Kenyan English.
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Ferguson, Gibson. "Contacts and encounters in English as a Lingua Franca." English Today 29, no. 4 (November 21, 2013): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078413000382.
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This wide-ranging book, focused on the use of English as a lingua franca in intranational and international contexts, explores the ecologies in which interactions in English occur and the phonological, grammatical, lexical and pragmatic processes that take place when speakers of different varieties of L2 English come into contact. For Meierkord, a key difference between intranational and international contexts is that in the former interactions tend to take place in relatively stable communities, circumstances which are more propitious for the adoption of new features and the eventual emergence of new L2 varieties; for example, the nativised varieties of post–colonial societies. In international contexts, by contrast, lingua franca encounters tend to be more short-term, and there is therefore less opportunity for the emergence, adoption and stabilisation of new features. Accommodation, rather, is one of the more common pragmatic responses. These, however, are rough generalisations, for throughout the book an important motif is heterogeneity: heterogeneity in the varieties of English entering into contact, heterogeneity in speaker characteristics such as their level of English proficiency, and heterogeneity in the purposes and contexts of the encounters.
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Lim, Lisa. "Revisiting English prosody." English World-Wide 30, no. 2 (June 11, 2009): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.06lim.
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Many New Englishes are spoken in what can often be considered multilingual contexts in which typologically diverse languages come into contact. In several Asian contexts, one typological feature that is prominent in the multilingual contact situation (the “ecology”) is tone. Given that tone is recognized as an areal feature and is acquired easily by languages in contact, the question that arises is how this is manifested in the prosody of these New Englishes. Recent work has shown that contact languages, including English varieties, evolving in an ecology where tone languages are present do indeed combine aspects of tone languages. This paper attempts to go a step further, in suggesting not only that such varieties should not be viewed as aberrant in comparison to “standard” English but recognized as having their own prosodic system partly due to substrate typology, but also that in the consideration of New Englishes — here, Asian (but also African) Englishes — the traditional view of English as a stress / intonation language need to be revisited and revised, to consider some New Englishes as tone languages. Singapore English (SgE) is presented as a case in point, with the presence of tone demonstrated in the set of SgE particles acquired from Cantonese, at the level of the word, as well as in the intonation contour which moves in a series of level steps. A comparison is then made with Hong Kong English, another New English in a tone-language-dominant ecology, with a consideration of typological comparability as well as difference due to the dynamic nature of SgE’s ecology.
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Grafmiller, Jason, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. "Mapping out particle placement in Englishes around the world: A study in comparative sociolinguistic analysis." Language Variation and Change 30, no. 3 (October 2018): 385–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394518000170.
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AbstractThis study explores variability in particle placement across nine varieties of English around the globe, utilizing data from the International Corpus of English and the Global Corpus of Web-based English. We introduce a quantitative approach for comparative sociolinguistics that integrates linguistic distance metrics and predictive modeling, and use these methods to examine the development of regional patterns in grammatical constraints on particle placement in World Englishes. We find a high degree of uniformity among the conditioning factors influencing particle placement in native varieties (e.g., British, Canadian, and New Zealand English), while English as a second language varieties (e.g., Indian and Singaporean English) exhibit a high degree of dissimilarity with the native varieties and with each other. We attribute the greater heterogeneity among second language varieties to the interaction between general L2 acquisition processes and the varying sociolinguistic contexts of the individual regions. We argue that the similarities in constraint effects represent compelling evidence for the existence of a shared variable grammar and variation among grammatical systems is more appropriately analyzed and interpreted as a continuum rather than multiple distinct grammars.
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Akinlotan, Mayowa. "A corpus-driven description of when-adverbial in Nigerian and British Englishes." Glottotheory 12, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2021-2003.
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Abstract Syntactic alternation allows us to understand how structural variation, including crucial factors relevant to their meaning and interpretation, operates linguistic varieties. Empirical evidence from such syntactic alternation study can provide insights into how new varieties differ from the established ones. The present study aims at increasing contributions that show the nature of syntactic alternation from new Englishes such as Nigerian English, and how they differ from established varieties such as British English. Taking when adverbial construction in Nigerian English as a reference point (When Trump realised his reelection loss, he changed his political expectations versus Trump changed his political expectations when he realised his reelection loss), the study shows the extent to which previously tested factors influence the ordering of the construction and how they differ from findings reported in British English. Relying on corpus data, together with descriptive distributional analysis, the study shows that, unlike British English in which functional and cognitive factors strongly influence structural patterning, functional factors outweigh cognitive factors in Nigerian English.
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Thirusanku, Jantmary, and Melor Md Yunus. "The Many Faces of Malaysian English." ISRN Education 2012 (March 14, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/138928.
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This paper provides a brief description on the aspect of Malaysian English lexis. It starts off with the developmental cycles of new varieties of English based on three main models by three main scholars, namely, Kachru’s three concentric circles of Englishes (1994), Moag’s life-cycle model (1982), and Schneider’s dynamic model (2007). It discusses the emergence and development of Malaysian English, the nonnative variety. It also explains Baskaran’s three levels of the lectal continuum; acrolect, mesolect, and basilect. The nonnative features involved in the Malaysian English lexis are also discussed briefly; the acrolect: borrowing, the mesolect, and basilect mixing, with examples. Generally, it discusses the emergence of the new varieties, the indigenisation of English in Malaysia, and the current status of English in Malaysia.
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Hansen Edwards, Jette G. "Sociolinguistic variation in Asian Englishes." English World-Wide 37, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 138–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.37.2.02han.
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This paper examines coronal stop deletion (CSD), the deletion of word-final /-t, -d/ in consonant clusters, in three new varieties of Asian English: China English, Hong Kong English, and Viet Nam English. The study seeks to determine to which extent the linguistic and extralinguistic constraints found to govern CSD in other varieties of English also impact CSD in emerging Englishes such as those examined in the current study. A total of 60 tertiary students, 20 from each variety of English, participated in the study. Results indicate that, while new Englishes such as China English, Hong Kong English, and Viet Nam English are affected by constraints such as linguistic environment and morphological conditioning, the proficiency level of speakers impacts CSD rates and the effects of the various constraints.
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Barron, Anne. "Contrastivity and comparability: pragmatic variation across pluricentric varieties." Sociolinguistica 35, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soci-2021-0010.
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Abstract The recent pragmatic turn in the study of pluricentric varieties marks a shift in analytical focus, with increasingly more research contrasting the conventions of language use and interaction across pluricentric varieties. This turn demands new data types and new methods of analysis which uphold the principles of contrastivity and comparability. Addressing this basic requirement for the case of cross-varietal speech act analyses, the present article examines the contextual factors to be considered in the choice of data types and the potential definition and usability of a pragmatic variable in speech act analyses across data types. These considerations are applied to a cross-varietal analysis of responses to thanks in direction-giving exchanges across English in Canada, England and Ireland. The study highlights the frequent necessity of a multi-faceted definition of the pragmatic variable. In addition, challenges of contextual equivalence which emerge in the course of the analysis highlight a basic need for research to regularly re-examine the linguistic context and the definition of the pragmatic variable and to potentially redefine the variable during the analytical process. The contrastive analysis reveals a more extensive use of routinised responses to thanks in the Canadian English data relative to the Irish English and English English data. A more complex closing, with more continuations and confirmation checks, is shown to characterise the Irish English data, a finding which is suggested to potentially relate to a strong orientation towards hospitality in the Irish context.
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Xie, Jianping. "Challenges and opportunities for the pluricentric approach in ESL/EFL teaching." English Today 30, no. 2 (May 8, 2014): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000121.
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World Englishes (henceforth WEs) theory recognizes that English today is an international language that comprises ‘a unique cultural pluralism, and a linguistic heterogeneity and diversity’ (Kachru, 1985: 14). That is, WEs theory recognizes and appreciates an emerging group of English varieties worldwide (such as Australian English, Indian English, Singaporean English, etc.), seeing each as being of equal validity and legitimacy. This appreciation of the pluricentricity of English has aroused particular interest in the field of ESL/EFL teaching (e.g., Kachru, 1992; Jenkins, 2006; Kirkpatrick, 2008). It is well known that ESL/EFL teaching has long been dominated by the Inner Circle model (Kachru, 1985), also known as the native speaker (NS) model. The Inner Circle model of English teaching focuses on so-called ‘Standard English’ education and aims to develop ‘native-like proficiency’ among ESL/EFL learners. Such a monocentric approach posits the superiority of Anglo-American norms and cultures at the expense of other English varieties and cultures. However, criticisms of such an ‘exonormative native speaker model’ (Kirkpatrick, 2008: 184) have been frequently raised in the past decade, and a growing number of researchers (e.g., Kachru, 1986, 1992; Canagarajah, 1999; Jenkins, 2000, 2006; Seidlhofer, 2001; McKay, 2002; Kirkpatrick, 2006, 2008) have called for a paradigm shift to replace the monocentric Inner Circle model in ESL/EFL teaching. New models have also been proposed; for instance, Phillipson (1992a) argued for models in various specific English varieties that maintain international intelligibility; Kramsch (1998) proposed an intercultural speaker model, and Kirkpatrick (2008) advocated a lingua franca approach to replace the NS model; finally, Jenkins (2006) put forward the pluricentric approach to replace the monocentric approach in English teaching. Though different in some respects, these proposed new models all share the same aims for ESL/EFL teaching, that is, to promote pluralism in different cultures and English varieties, to raise ESL/EFL learners' awareness of the various English varieties, and to enhance ESL/EFL learners' confidence in their own English varieties. In this study, the term pluricentric approach is adopted because this term vividly catches the essence of the pluricentricity of English today.
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Maguire, Warren. "Quantifying Dialect Similarity by Comparison of the Lexical Distribution of Phonemes." International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 2, no. 1-2 (October 2008): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1753854809000421.
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This paper describes a new method for quantifying the similarity of the lexical distribution of phonemes in different varieties of a language (in this case English). In addition to introducing the method, it discusses phonological problems which must be addressed if any comparison of this sort is to be attempted, and applies the method to a limited data set of varieties of English. Since the method assesses their structural similarity, it will be useful for analysing the historical development of varieties of English and the relationships (either as a result of common origin or of contact) that hold between them.
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Smith, Jennifer. "Negative concord in the Old and New World: Evidence from Scotland." Language Variation and Change 13, no. 2 (July 2001): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394501132011.
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In this article, I conduct a quantitative analysis of negative concord in Buckie, a relic dialect from the northeast of Scotland, and compare these findings with transported varieties of English in North America. Two major results arise from the analysis. First, Buckie has high rates of use of negative concord to indeterminates within the same clause, as do all the dialects included in the study. Second, negative concord in other environments is found in certain varieties in the New World that have no counterparts in the Old World. I suggest that the quantitative similarities can be explained in terms of the primitive status of negative concord in vernacular varieties of English, in combination with a shared linguistic heritage during the colonial period. The qualitative differences demonstrate that contexts of linguistic heterogeneity in North America during the early colonization period led to an extension and restructuring of the original rules.
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Britain, David, and John Newman. "High Rising Terminals in New Zealand English." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300004540.
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The use of High Rising Terminal intonation contours (HRTs) in statements is a particularly salient and often stigmatized feature of a number of varieties of English. In recent years a number of linguists have investigated the feature from pragmatic (ching 1982, Meyerhoff 1991) and sociolinguistic (Guy, Horvath, Vonwiller, Diasley and Rogers 1986, Allen 1990, Britain 1992) perspectives and its use has also stimulated long running debates in the press (New York Times, Fall 1991; Sydney Morning Herald, June 1992) about its origins, functions and appropriateness. In this paper, we combine a brief discussion of its use and dunction with a F0-plot analysis of a number of HRT contours from recordings made in Wellington, New Zealand in 1989.
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Ozyumenko, Vladimir Ivanovich. "Addressing a Judge in National Varieties of English." Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-1-137-157.
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Despite the fact that legal discourse is intended to be clear, precise and unambiguous, in legal terminology there are obvious signs of cultural variability that can be observed not only in different languages, but also in varieties of the same language. Ignorance of cultural differences in legal terminology and legal discourse can lead to serious complications in an intercultural context. This study is limited to terms of reference and forms of address to judges of different levels in the British, Irish, American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand varieties of English in a courtroom setting. The goal of the study is to analyze the terms of references and forms of address to judges in these varieties of English, identify their similarities and culture specific features and try to find the reasons for the differences. The data were obtained from various sources: dictionaries, legal documents, newspapers, as well as some secondary sources (Brown & Rice 2007, Hickey 2008, McPeake 2010) and Internet resources. They were analysed drawing on studies of pluricentric languages (Clyne 1992, Kloss 1967, Leitner 1992, Muhr & Marley 2015), World Englishes Paradigm (Bolton 2006, 2017; Crystal 2003, Domashnev 2000, Kachru 1985, 1986, 1988, 2008; Low & Pakir 2017, Proshina 2012, 2017, 2019); implementing comparative, semantic, pragmatic, discursive and cultural analysis. To explain some of the results, the legal and political systems of the countries that speak the national varieties of English were analysed. Preliminary results of the study revealed both similarities and differences in the terms of reference and forms of address to judges of various ranks, caused by a nexus of historical, political and social reasons that require further study. Among these, one can note the degree of openness of society to the democratization of its legal system, the country's desire to either follow the traditions established in British judicial discourse, or to demonstrate their uniqueness and independence from the former colonial power. Despite its limited nature, the study provides some new data showing that the lexical and discursive variability observed in the legal sphere contributes to the formation of varieties of pluricentric languages. The results can contribute to the study of pluricentric languages, find application in lexicographic practice, as well as in the teaching of legal English to law students.