Journal articles on the topic 'New York Times reviewed'

The article examines the issues of the non-equivalent vocabulary translation in the sphere of English political media discourse. Today, due to the processes of globalization and the expansion of the media space, the issues of translation of the non-equivalent language units in different spheres, including lexical units in the sphere of media discourse, become more and more relevant. Because of the rapid development of political relations between countries, new words appear in the media that may not have their exact equivalents in the target language, which becomes one of the most challenging tasks not only for the translator, but also for translation studies, lexicology, intercultural communication and other linguistic disciplines as a whole. The aim of this article is to consider the main problems and ways of translating the non-equivalent vocabulary of modern political topics, to analyze the linguistic and cultural characteristics of the translation of the non-equivalent vocabulary in the media discourse, and to draw conclusions about which translation techniques are the most common and adequate when translating the non-equivalent lexical units in the social and political texts of the media discourse. In order to achieve the aim in the article we have reviewed the existing classifications of the elements of the field of the non-equivalent vocabulary, provided the basic research terms, as well as analyzed the translation techniques, typical for the political texts of mass-media discourse. Having carried out a comprehensive analysis of the studied material, it is noted that if the lexical unit of a media discourse text belongs to the field of non-equivalent lexical units, the ways and the adequacy of its rendering is determined not only by lexical and grammatical transformations, but also by extralinguistic knowledge and the translator’s cultural grasp; the most difficult lexical elements for translation are political terms, jargon and emotive-evaluation vocabulary, the rendering of which is often determined by pragmatic aspect of the translation; the most common and adequate translation techniques were semantic development, compensation, descriptive translation, and contextual transposition.

Abstract The second speaker is Dr. Pamela Herd, Professor of Public Policy at Georgetown University. Dr. Herd will discuss her approach to conducting innovative and impactful policy-relevant research, as well as her experience communicating research to policymakers and the public through op-eds and other forms of media. Dr. Herd’s research focuses on inequality and how it intersects with health, aging, and policy. She also has expertise in survey methods and administration. Her most recent book, Administrative Burden, was reviewed in the New York Review of Books. She has also published editorials in venues such as the New York Times and the Washington Post, as well as podcasts, including the Weeds, produced by Vox media.

“The virus does not see race, caste, class, gender, region, religion, language, and border.” This is a ubiquitous saying, but pandemics hit the vulnerable sections of the society the hardest, which has been proved many times in history. Today, this fact is verified again. Covid-19 attacks the poor and the marginalized sections of the community severely; these groups have had more infected and lost more lives than others. Why do diseases impact the poor and marginal sections of the community more than other groups? The template answer says that this— because of their ghettoized living conditions, lack of hygienic foods, and poor health conditions and medical facilities. This article tries to assess why the poor and working-class suffers more from such pandemics from a sociological lens. Various quantitative information and qualitative understandings have been apprised in the article to assess why the poor and working-class suffers more in such pandemics. Various newspaper articles and research work were reviewed to analyze facts and situations. This article reflected the situation of minorities amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-pandemic situation. The discussion and conclusion derived in the paper may not be generalized.

Once upon a time, not so very long ago, the study of Africa in the United States was a very rare and obscure practice, engaged in almost exclusively by African-American (then called Negro) intellectuals. They published scholarly articles primarily in quite specialized journals, notably Phylon, and their books were never reviewed in the New York Times. As a matter of fact, at this time (that is, before 1945) there weren't even very many books written about African-Americans in the U.S., although the library acquisitions were not quite as rare as those for books about Africa.

✓ In contemporary American culture, the term “brain surgeon” conjures up the image of an intensely singleminded professional, who deals with terribly complex matters of life and death. These descriptors find their personification in Harvey Cushing, because they are derived directly from him. This hypothesis was tested by a complete search of the New York Times Index and the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature for the years 1919 to 1942. All entries for Harvey Cushing were reviewed in the original sources. In the New York Times, Cushing's first significant exposure was in response to his winning a Pulitzer Prize in 1925. Major editorial coverage began in 1934, and was especially prominent with the publication of From a Surgeon's Journal in 1936. The process of lionizing Cushing by creating an overdrawn caricature reached its apotheosis in Time magazine in 1939. The Time article was actually a report of Cushing's 70th birthday party. It expounded all of the descriptors that are now associated with “brain surgeon.” Thus, it was Cushing's literary skills that initially brought him recognition from editors who were arbiters of public opinion. This attention seems to have been the conduit to his mythologization by the larger public. Although unnamed, it is really Cushing's image that still persists as the prototypical “brain surgeon” in the collective American consciousness.

ABSTRACTObjective: This project evaluated New York (NY) hospitals outside of New York City (upstate) for their awareness and utilization of the NY State Department of Health Pediatric and Obstetric Emergency Preparedness Toolkit (toolkit) and presence of pediatric emergency preparedness planning elements.Methods: A survey assessing toolkit awareness and utilization was distributed to all 145 upstate NY hospitals. Quantitative survey data were analyzed using summary statistics, χ2 analysis, and odds ratios (OR) in aggregate, by hospital size, and by presence of pediatric medicine/surgery, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and/or neonatal ICU (NICU) beds (pediatric beds).Results: Of the 145 hospitals, 116 (80%) completed the survey; 86% of these had reviewed the toolkit. Most had staff clinicians with pediatric expertise, but fewer had appointed pediatric clinical (physician or nurse) coordinators. Hospitals with at least one pediatric bed were more than 2.5 times more likely to have an emergency management plan (EMP) for pediatric patients (P =. 0223) and nearly 8 times more likely to have appointed a pediatric physician coordinator (P <. 0001) than were hospitals without pediatric beds. Appointment of a pediatric clinical coordinator was significantly associated (P <. 001) with presence of various pediatric emergency plan elements (OR range: 3.06-15.13), while staff pediatric clinical expertise or toolkit review were not.Conclusions: Appointment of at least one pediatric clinical coordinator and the presence of one or more pediatric beds were significantly associated with having developed key EMP pediatric elements. Further research should examine barriers to pediatric clinical coordinator appointment and explore the awareness that pediatric patients may arrive at nonpediatric hospitals during a disaster with no option for transfer.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:138–145)

Abstract: The Beauvais Missal is a late-thirteenth-century manuscript originally created in France. After changing owners multiple times, it was finally dismembered by a New York dealer, Philip Duschnes, in the 1940s. Single leaves were then later sold by Duschnes and Otto Ege to numerous individuals and institutions. This study traces the fate of those fragments as well as the attempts at a digital reconstruction of the Missal. At the same time, using the story of the quest to virtually reunite Missal’s leaves, this essay provides us with a glimpse into the development of fragmentology-related digital tools and methodologies. The status of singular leaves’ identification is reviewed and an overview of the artistic style and writing of the manuscript is provided. This overview allows for a reflection of the nature of digital remediation.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the pace of science. Many scientific data are published on preprint repositories, prior to peer review, which raises questions about the credibility of the information not yet validated by other scientists. We analyzed 76 stories published from January to July 2020 by three newspapers (The New York Times - USA, The Guardian - UK and Folha de S. Paulo - Brazil), having as topic studies on COVID-19 published on preprint platforms. The objective was to analyze how the media covered non-peer-reviewed research, in countries marked by conflicting discourses prompted by the denialist attitude of their government leaders. The results show that the newspapers did not provide a detailed explanation of what a preprint platform is, how the process of publishing research results works, and the implications of a study that has not yet been peer reviewed. The analysis also reveals how these news outlets were guided by the anxiety from an unknown disease, focusing on research on drug trials and seroprevalence. The study leads us to reflect on the challenges and weaknesses of covering fast science and the need to broaden the public’s understanding of the methods and processes of science.

‘Who are these Fowlers?’ wrote a reviewer in the New York Times, quoted on page 56 of this much-needed biography of the more famous of the brothers, Henry Watson Fowler. The review was not of Modern English Usage or any of their other well-known books, but of an earlier work they wrote for Oxford University Press, a translation of the Syrian Greek writer Lucian of Samosata, published in 1905, the work that first brought them into contact with the strange world of academic publishing.

The review contains a quite through analysis of the book «Leadership in Turbulent Times» by Pulitzer Prize-winning Harvard historian Doris Kearns Goodwin. The book was originally published in 2018 (New York, USA, Simon & Schuster), the Ukrainian edition appeared in 2021 (Kharkiv, Ukraine, Vivat Publishing) with the support from the Public Affairs Section, the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. The reviewer highlights the core book’s idea of leadership development that unites the stories about four American presidents (Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Lyndon B. Johnson) in one research. All the main structural elements of Goodwin’s Leadership are carefully examined: Introduction, Part 1. Ambition and the recognition of leadership, Part 2. Adversity and growth, Part 3. How they led: man and the times, Epilogue: Of death and legacy The study underlines the book’s strengths and weaknesses. And in addition, the review commends the work with notes and abbreviations by the author of book translation into Ukrainian Dr Kateryna Smagliy. Summing up the analysis, the reviewer points out that the Ukrainian translation appearance of Leadership by Doris Kearns Goodwin is to be welcomed. Distribution this book to the libraries and including it to the literature lists in universities courses for students specializing in the U.S. history can be a major impetus for the development and improvement of American studies in Ukraine.

Background. Hospitalization rates for childhood asthma are three times as high in Boston, Massachusetts, as in Rochester, New York; New Haven, Connecticut, rates are intermediate. We undertook this study to determine how care for children admitted for asthma varies across these communities. Methods. We performed a community-wide retrospective chart review. We reviewed a random sample of all asthma hospitalizations, from 1988 to 1990, of children 2 to 12 years old living in these communities (n = 614). Abstracted data included demographics, illness severity, and treatment before admission. Results. Compared with Rochester children, Boston children were less likely to have received maintenance preventive therapy (inhaled corticosteroids or cromolyn [odds ratio (OR), 0.4 (0.2, 0.9)]), acute "rescue" therapy (oral corticosteroids [OR, 0.2 (0.1, 0.4)]), or inhaled betaagonist therapy [OR, 0.5 (0.3, 1.0)]. A larger proportion of admitted asthmatic patients in Boston (34%) were in the least severely ill group—oxygen saturation 95% or above—compared with patients in Rochester (20%). Conclusions. The quality of ambulatory care, including choice of preventive therapies and thresholds for admission, likely plays a key role in determining community hospitalization rates for chronic conditions such as childhood asthma.

Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, edited by Kevin A. Yelvington (reviewed by Aisha Khan)Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660, by Linda M. Heywood & John K. Thornton (reviewed by James H. Sweet)An Eye for the Tropics: Tourism, Photography, and Framing the Caribbean Picturesque, by Krista A. Thompson (reviewed by Carl Thompson)Taíno Indian Myth and Practice: The Arrival of the Stranger King, by William F. Keegan (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith) Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, by David F. Marley (reviewed by Richard L. Kagan) Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, edited by Christopher Leslie Brown & Philip D. Morgan (reviewed by James Sidbury)Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados, by Russell R. Menard (reviewed by Kenneth Morgan)Jamaica in 1850 or, The Effects of Sixteen Years of Freedom on a Slave Colony, by John Bigelow (reviewed by Jean Besson) Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism, by Christopher Leslie Brown (reviewed by Cassandra Pybus) Caribbean Journeys: An Ethnography of Migration and Home in Three Family Networks, by Karen Fog Olwig (reviewed by George Gmelch) Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and the Politics of Incorporation: Ethnicity, Exception, or Exit, by Reuel R. Rogers (reviewed by Kevin Birth) Puerto Rican Arrival in New York: Narratives of the Migration, 1920-1950, edited by Juan Flores (reviewed by Wilson A. Valentín-Escobar)The Conquest of History: Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century, by Christopher Schmidt-Nowara (reviewed by Aline Helg)Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World, edited by Pamela Scully & Diana Paton (reviewed by Bernard Moitt) Gender and Democracy in Cuba, by Ilja A. Luciak (reviewed by Florence E. Babb) The “New Man” in Cuba: Culture and Identity in the Revolution, by Ana Serra (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity, by Edna M. Rodríguez-Mangual (reviewed by Brian Brazeal) Worldview, the Orichas, and Santeria: Africa to Cuba and Beyond, by Mercedes Cros Sandoval (reviewed by Elizabeth Pérez)The 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery, by Matt D. Childs (reviewed by Manuel Barcia) Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation, by Harvey R. Neptune (reviewed by Selwyn Ryan) Claims to Memory: Beyond Slavery and Emancipation in the French Caribbean, by Catherine A. Reinhardt (reviewed by Dominique Taffin) The Grand Slave Emporium, Cape Coast Castle and the British Slave Trade, by William St. Clair (reviewed by Ray A. Kea) History of the Caribbean, by Frank Moya Pons (reviewed by Olwyn M. Blouet) Out of the Crowded Vagueness: A History of the Islands of St Kitts, Nevis & Anguilla, by Brian Dyde (reviewed by Karen Fog Olwig) Scoping the Amazon: Image, Icon, Ethnography, by Stephen Nugent (reviewed by Neil L. Whitehead)

Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first paragraph. "The musical Rent made its Broadway debut on January 25, 1996, a century after the opening performance of the opera, La Boheme. This correlation was a coincidence, though Rent draws significantly on the story of La Boheme, to the extent that a New York Times reviewer deemed it a "contemporary answer to Puccini's 'Boheme."' Each of these productions presents the troubles and tragedies of the bohemian lifestyle in a specific time and place-La Boheme in Paris during the 1830s and Rent in New York City during 1989. Disease, too, is a major theme in each: tuberculosis in La Boheme, and HIV in Rent. Each of the plays illustrate the different effects of the diseases with respect to conceptions of life and death, identity, spiritual promotion, and time. The historical and medical contexts of tuberculosis and HIV manifest in different perceptions of diagnosis and contagion. The extent of influence La Boheme had on Rent calls for a comparison of the representations of these two diseases in their respective historical contexts."

Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first paragraph. "The musical Rent made its Broadway debut on January 25, 1996, a century after the opening performance of the opera, La Boheme. This correlation was a coincidence, though Rent draws significantly on the story of La Boheme, to the extent that a New York Times reviewer deemed it a "contemporary answer to Puccini's 'Boheme."' Each of these productions presents the troubles and tragedies of the bohemian lifestyle in a specific time and place-La Boheme in Paris during the 1830s and Rent in New York City during 1989. Disease, too, is a major theme in each: tuberculosis in La Boheme, and HIV in Rent. Each of the plays illustrate the different effects of the diseases with respect to conceptions of life and death, identity, spiritual promotion, and time. The historical and medical contexts of tuberculosis and HIV manifest in different perceptions of diagnosis and contagion. The extent of influence La Boheme had on Rent calls for a comparison of the representations of these two diseases in their respective historical contexts."

Abstract Background Pediatric bronchiolitis and upper respiratory infections (URI) are almost always of viral origin and thus managed without antibiotics. Inappropriate antibiotic use for such diagnoses can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. We assessed the appropriateness of pediatric bronchiolitis and URI treatment in primary, tertiary, and urgent care settings within a large private health system in Upstate New York and compared treatment appropriateness between the three settings. Method We conducted a retrospective, observational chart review of patient visits in pediatric primary, pediatric tertiary, and urgent care settings where there was a presumptive diagnosis of bronchiolitis or URI between January 1 and December 31, 2019 using ICD-10 diagnostic codes. We assessed patient treatment for each visit as “appropriate,” “possibly appropriate,” or “inappropriate” based on extracted chart data. We performed simple proportion calculations for each treatment category in each care setting, and then compared proportions for each treatment category between settings using chi-square and logistic regression models. Results Of the 450 patient visits reviewed in each care setting, 354 primary care, 375 tertiary care, and 442 urgent care visits met the inclusion criteria. Table 1 shows the proportion of appropriate, possibly appropriate, and inappropriate visits in the primary, tertiary, and urgent care settings. The tertiary care and urgent care settings had a statistically significant proportion of possibly appropriate or inappropriate encounters at 2.4% and 4.8% respectively. In comparing odds ratios for possibly appropriate or inappropriate treatment of pediatric bronchiolitis and URIs between care settings, urgent care setting treatments were 5.77 times more likely to be inappropriate or possibly appropriate than in pediatric primary care settings (95% CI [1.71, 19.5]). Differences in treatment between primary and tertiary care settings and tertiary and urgent care settings were not statistically significant. Conclusion In 2019, nearly all reviewed encounters in the pediatric primary, pediatric tertiary, and urgent care settings within a large private health system in Upstate New York adhered to clinical guidelines for bronchiolitis and URI treatment. However, the urgent care setting had a significantly greater odds of possibly appropriate or inappropriate treatment of these pediatric infections, highlighting an opportunity for further education and intervention to improve guideline adherence for bronchiolitis and URI management in that setting.

The authors of the article outline that in modern linguistics, the role of human character in language and speech is studied, new concepts such as the conceptual picture of the world, language portrait, speech portrait, the ratio of language and speech, etc. are defined. The relevance of the article is presented in the linguistic description of the speeches by politicians of the Republican party in connection with the increased international interest in political life. The language features of speeches by American politicians are reviewed. The goal-directed factor of the research is to determine the lexical features of political speeches that characterize representatives of the Republican party as well-known political figures. Methods. Accordingly, the description of the lexicon of politicians, which acts as a lexical analysis in this work, is the main method of research, which is inextricably linked with semantic analysis. The language base for the research is English-language publications, such as The Guardian, the Washington Post, and the New York Times. The results of the study are associated with the identification of words used in political speeches that show the attitude of Republicans to the needs and values of American society, special abbreviations, expressions related to political, military, and social spheres of activity. It is concluded that the lexical and semantic characteristics influence the formation of ideas about the communicative and personal qualities of politicians.

Abstract Based on clinical and epidemiological evidence, COVID-19 infection can occur in people of all ages; however, the media typically focuses its attention on the vulnerability of older adults and individuals with chronic illnesses. This study aims to explore the representation of older adults during the first month of the pandemic in the U.S. by comparing the narratives of older adults and younger adults in national media sources. A systematic search identified 115 articles published in four major newspapers in the U.S. included USA Today, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post between March 11 and April 10, 2020 in which older adults and younger adults were quoted on topics related to the intersection of COVID-19 and aging. Quotes were inductively reviewed using thematic content analysis. In 115 articles, there were 265 quotes from older adults (n=104, 39%) and younger adults (n=161, 61%). When comparing patterns that were common or distinctive between older and younger individuals quoted, three key themes emerged: 1) impacts of COVID-19 on older adults and resulting vulnerability, 2) debated perspectives over the value of older adults’ lives, and 3) a counternarrative of resiliency among older adults. This study provides the opportunity to understand how the pandemic may impact representations of older adults and findings emphasize the importance of voice among older adults to combat ageist messaging and promote counternarratives to assumptions of vulnerability. Also, it suggests for policymakers and practitioners to insight into how the representation of older adults is disseminated by media.

Abstract The media has consistently described older adults as the population most vulnerable to COVID-19. Anti-ageism critics have taken issue with the oft-repeated statement that “only” older adults are at risk, a construction that dismisses and devalues the nuances within this population. The purpose of this study was to analyze instances of ageism in national media sources during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic search returned 287 articles concerning older adults and COVID-19 published in four major newspapers in the United States—USA Today, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post—between March 11 and April 10, 2020. Combining the strengths of content analysis and critical discourse analysis, we deductively and inductively reviewed the articles for patterns related to implicit and explicit forms of ageism. While ageism was rarely discussed explicitly, ageist bias was evident in implicit reporting patterns, such as frequent use of the phrase the elderly, which was often paired with statements describing older adults as vulnerable. Infection and death rates among older adults, as well as institutionalized care practices, were among the most commonly reported topics, providing a limited portrait of aging during the pandemic. While some authors utilized a survivor narrative by portraying older adults as having survived hardships, this construction implicitly places blame on those unable to do so. Older adults, when quoted directly, produced more complex and nuanced narratives of aging during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such narratives can combat societal ageism and promote self-determination and -definition.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explicate chaos theory metaphorically from a social science perspective to expand upon a relatively new theoretical framework for crisis communication in the public sector. Using the 2002 Washington, DC, area sniper shootings as a case study, the author unravel chaos theory in terms of a public safety crisis that required crisis communication by government officials. Design/methodology/approach – The author analysed front-page coverage in The Washington Post and The New York Times as well as CNN coverage during the three weeks of the sniper shootings, 2 October through 25 October. In total, 56 (69 per cent) of the newspaper stories were published in The Washington Post, and 78 news segments were used from CNN archives. Each story was reviewed for evidence of chaotic elements and crisis communication responses using a code sheet, and the resulting thematic analysis created a composite description of the case. Findings – This case exhibited the main characteristics of a chaotic system, including fractals, error of scale, bifurcation points, self-organisation, feedback, and strange attractors. The results describe how each element of chaos influenced the crisis communication efforts. Originality/value – To date, there is no known research on law enforcement's efforts in crisis communication during the DC sniper shootings. There is also limited research in chaos theory and crisis response. This research may aid in communication efforts during future public safety crises and disasters.

Purpose – This study aims to examine human-made oil–gas disasters to illustrate how a prescriptive model could be developed. Resilience to human-made disasters, such as oil or gas spills, can be improved by using prescriptive models developed by analyzing past behavior. This type of study is useful for urban planning and monitoring, as there is a higher probability of human triggered disasters in densely populated areas. Design/methodology/approach – This study examined 10 years of more than 1,000 oil–gas disasters that were caused by humans in the upstate New York area to illustrate how a prescriptive model could be developed. Findings – A statistically significant predictive model was developed that indicated humans in certain industry categories were approximately six times more likely to have an oil–gas accident resulting in environmental pollution. Research limitations/implications – A prescriptive environmental protection model based on human accident behavior would generalize to all levels of government for policy planning, and it would be relevant to environmental protection groups in any region with a large population of humans using oil and gas (that covers most countries on earth). Originality/value – The empirical risk management literature was reviewed to identify factors related to environmental accident prediction with the goal of developing an explanatory model that would fit the oil–gas human accident data.

The article analyzes the emergence of ASMR (Autonomous sensory meridian response), the growth of ASMR videos into the most significant YouTube trend, and the reasons for attracting ASMR to brands’ commercials. The objective of the article is to find out the effectiveness of the involvement of ASMR media technologies in the advertising production. We made a content analysis of the ASMR videos on YouTube channels of ASMRtivists, and a detailed review of the ASMR spots that have received the highest resonance in the media (brands «Dove», «KFC», «McDonald’s», «IKEA», «Michelob Ultra», «BMW», «Coca-Cola», «Adidas», etc.), and reviewed publications on ASMR and ASMR advertising in various online journals and leading media such as «The New York Times», «The Guardian», «The Washington Post», «The Daily Telegraph», «The New Yorker», «The Times». The study discovered that after the first ASMR commercial («Dove» chocolate) appeared in 2015, the peak of ASMR commercials was in 2019 (43 commercials). Since 2018, brands have produced 11 to 17 commercials per year with ASMR positioning. It was found that the list of commercials by C. Richard, the founder of the ASMR University, did not include commercials for the brands «BMW», «Adidas» and «Coca-Cola Russia», which were added after correspondence with Professor Richard. The main conclusions of the study are the following. First, there is a problem with both brands and media outlets that misidentify the genre of AMR, so that commercials are labeled as ASMR when, in fact, they are «oddly satisfying videos». Second, there is an emphasis on the attractiveness for brands to produce ASMR ads because of their association with the pleasurable associations of relaxation, rest, and sleep. Finally, based on the studied ratings, studies, expert opinions, and evaluations of the advertising business, we proposed the assumption that FMCG brands actively exploit ASMR. At the same time, the fast-food sector largely remains a niche trend.

Although the idea may be hard for us to imagine fifty years later, especially given the historical weight of the subject, the first of the great postwar entertainment classics to come out of the American experience of World War II took shape initially as a set of comic short stories by Thomas Heggen about the backwater Pacific Navy. Gathered into a slim 1946 novel, the stories became the basis of a hit Broadway play of 1948; and that play in turn became the basis of an extraordinarily popular 1955 movie. The classic so described, of course, was Mr. Roberts, with the titular hero eventually so thoroughly identified with the actor playing him on stage and screen that by the end of the decade in question, a New York Times Reviewer would observe of the actor, Henry Fonda, “it now appears he is Mr. Roberts.”

BACKGROUND: Although only 7–8% of US healthcare expenditures are spent on prescription drug products, the pharmaceutical industry's profitability and high cost of prescriptions to consumers make prescription drugs a visible target for reform. When compared with other products, it appears as if unfair pricing tactics are used. The pharmaceutical industry cites costs of research and development and a short patent life as justifiable grounds for high prices, but the reason why US drug prices appear to be so high has yet to be answered. OBJECTIVE: To examine identified components of the pharmaceutical industry that allow US prescription drugs to appear to be highly priced and to review the apparent factors that affect pricing policies for pharmaceuticals. DATA SOURCES: The literature was reviewed to identify current research regarding the pharmaceutical market. Sources included MEDLINE, Econolit, Business Periodical Index, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and the F-D-C Pink Sheet. SUMMARY: Key factors account for the fact that US prescription drug prices are higher and that price discrimination occurs in the pharmaceutical industry within the US and among other countries. These factors include the unique market structure of the pharmaceutical industry, asymmetry of information, research and development costs, numerous channels of distribution and the differences among them, and government laws and regulations of prescription drugs. Pricing policies of pharmaceutical companies are based on manufacturing, promotion, and distribution costs; drug characteristics; and economic goals of the parent company.

This study examines the representation of international conflicts and diplomatic tensions in International Newspapers in 2019. It x-rayed the pattern of representation of international conflicts and diplomatic tensions if they were more negative and guided by national and economic interests than humanitarian. It investigated the degree of prominence comparatively accorded the reportage of the issues in developed nations and Africa; and further ascertained the direction of reportage of the issues. The study reviewed the Agenda Setting theory which flows from the functional theories as appropriate to explain the work and adopts the Content Analysis method with an expected population consisting of 120 editions of the two selected newspapers, The Guardian of the UK and New York Times of the US from the deluge of global newspapers. The sample size was drawn from the population using the Taro Yamane formula to arrive at 24 editions. However, 22 editions of the newspaper had stories on international conflicts and diplomatic tensions, with over 31 stories. The contents were quantitatively analyzed with tables. From the findings, the study concluded that international newspapers though reported significantly international conflicts and diplomatic tensions, their representations were more guided by aligned interests of some world powers and laced around economy rather than humanitarian or global peace. The study recommended advocacy representation of international conflicts and diplomatic tensions by being responsible and fair to all people, race and nations in the international newspapers and de-emphasis economic interest.

Create Dangerously: The Immigrant Artist at Work, by Edwidge Danticat (reviewed by Colin Dayan) Gordon K. Lewis on Race, Class and Ideology in the Caribbean, edited by Anthony P. Maingot (reviewed by Bridget Brereton) Freedom and Constraint in Caribbean Migration and Diaspora, edited by Elizabeth Thomas-Hope (reviewed by Mary Chamberlain) Black Europe and the African Diaspora, edited by Darlene Clark Hine, Trica Danielle Keaton & Stephen Small (reviewed by Gert Oostindie) Caribbean Middlebrow: Leisure Culture and the Middle Class, by Belinda E dmondson (reviewed by Karla Slocum) Global Change and Caribbean Vulnerability: Environment, Economy and Society at Risk, edited by Duncan McGregor, David Dodman & David Barker (reviewed by Bonham C. Richardson) Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic, by Ashli White (reviewed by Matt Clavin) Red and Black in Haiti: Radicalism, Conflict, and Political Change, 1934-1957, by Matthew J. Smith (reviewed by Robert Fatton Jr.) Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos, by Louis A. Pérez Jr. (reviewed by Camillia Cowling) Seeds of Insurrection: Domination and Resistance on Western Cuban Plantations, 1808-1848, by Manuel Barcia (reviewed by Matt D. Childs) Epidemic Invasions: Yellow Fever and the Limits of Cuban Independence, 1878-1930, by Mariola Espinosa (reviewed by Cruz Maria Nazario) The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking, Smuggling, and Gambling in Cuba from the 1920s to the Revolution, by Eduardo Sáenz Rovner (reviewed by IvelawLloyd Griffith) Before Fidel: The Cuba I Remember, by Francisco José Moreno, and The Boys from Dolores: Fidel Castro’s Schoolmates from Revolution to Exile, by Patrick Symmes (reviewed by Pedro Pérez Sarduy) Lam, by Jacques Leenhardt & Jean-Louis Paudrat (reviewed by Sally Price) Healing Dramas: Divination and Magic in Modern Puerto Rico, by Raquel Romberg (reviewed by Grant Jewell Rich) Puerto Rican Citizen: History and Political Identity in Twentieth-Century New York City, by Lorrin Thomas (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Livestock, Sugar and Slavery: Contested Terrain in Colonial Jamaica, by Verene A. Shepherd (reviewed by Justin Roberts) Daddy Sharpe: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Samuel Sharpe, a West Indian Slave Written by Himself, 1832, by Fred W. Kennedy (reviewed by Gad Heuman) Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica, by Charles Price (reviewed by Jahlani A. Niaah) Reggaeton, edited by Raquel Z. Rivera, Wayne Marshall & Deborah Pacini Hernandez (reviewed by Alexandrine Boudreault-Fournier) Carriacou String Band Serenade: Performing Identity in the Eastern Caribbean, by Rebecca S. Miller (reviewed by Nanette de Jong) Caribbean Visionary: A.R.F. Webber and the Making of the Guyanese Nation, by Selwyn R. Cudjoe (reviewed by Clem Seecharan) Guyana Diaries: Women’s Lives Across Difference, by Kimberely D. Nettles (reviewed by D. Alissa Trotz) Writers of the Caribbean Diaspora: Shifting Homelands, Travelling Identities, edited by Jasbir Jain & Supriya Agarwal (reviewed by Joy Mahabir) Queen of the Virgins: Pageantry and Black Womanhood in the Caribbean, by M. Cynthia Oliver (reviewed by Tami Navarro) Notions of Identity, Diaspora, and Gender in Caribbean Women’s Writing, by Brinda Mehta (reviewed by Marie-Hélène Laforest) Authority and Authorship in V.S. Naipaul, by Imraan Coovadia (reviewed by A shley Tellis) Typo/Topo/Poéthique sur Frankétienne, by Jean Jonassaint (reviewed by Martin Munro) Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects, edited by Bettina Migge, Isabelle Léglise & Angela Bartens (reviewed by Jeff Siegel) Material Culture in Anglo-America: Regional Identity and Urbanity in the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean, edited by David S. Shields (reviewed by Susan Kern) Tibes: People, Power, and Ritual at the Center of the Cosmos, edited by L. Antonio Curet & Lisa M. Stringer (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith)

Abstract Context.—Current standards for laboratory accreditation from the College of American Pathologists state that when high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used as a screening test, all non-A, non-S abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) variants must be confirmed by an alternative method, including alkaline and acid electrophoresis. Objective.—To determine whether confirmation of Hb C and Hb O-Arab variants by an alternative method is required when using the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC system. Design.—We reviewed 48 478 consecutive hemoglobin identification test results performed on the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC system during the period November 15, 2000 to January 15, 2003. Setting.—Special Hematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY. Main Outcome Measures.—The chromatogram patterns and retention times (RTs) for specimens containing Hb C and Hb O-Arab were analyzed. We compared the results by the HPLC method with those by the confirmatory tests (alkaline and acid electrophoresis) for both variants. Results.—We identified 3668 cases of abnormal hemoglobin variants, including 660 cases of Hb C trait (17%), 5 cases of Hb O-Arab trait (0.1%), and 1 case of Hb SO-Arab (0.03%). A unique pattern of separation on the chromatogram for Hb O-Arab was revealed, presenting as 2 distinct peaks in 2 different manufacturer-defined RT windows, namely, D and C. The chromatogram for Hb C did not show the D window in any of the reviewed cases. The RT in the C window (C-RT) revealed a statistically significant difference for Hb C and Hb O-Arab (5.18 ± 0.01 minutes and 4.91 ± 0.01 minutes, respectively; P &lt; .001). Conclusion.—According to our review, the identification of Hb C and Hb O-Arab is accurate using HPLC methodology, as performed by the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC system. This method can be both confirmatory and diagnostic at the same time.

Objective The novel virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a terrifying pandemic. The range of illness severity among children is variable. This study aims to assess the characteristics of newborns born to SARS-CoV-2-positive women compared with those mothers who tested negative. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study performed at Brookdale Hospital Medical Center in New York City from March to May 2020. Electronic medical records of mother–baby dyads were reviewed. Results Seventy-nine mothers tested for SARS-CoV-2 were included, out of which 18.98% of mothers tested SARS-CoV-2 positive. We found a significant association between symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 status. We observed a significant association between newborns of SARS-CoV-2 positive and SARS-CoV-2 negative mothers regarding skin-to-skin contact (p < 0.001). Both groups showed significant differences regarding isolation (p < 0.001). Interestingly, regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns, only one newborn tested SARS-CoV-2 positive and was unstable in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). With the multivariable logistic regression model, babies of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers were three times as likely to have desaturations in comparison to newborns from negative mothers. Also, newborns of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers were four times more likely to have poor feeding, compared with newborns of SARS-CoV-2-negative mothers. Finally, babies of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers were ten times more likely to be symptomatic at the 2-week follow-up. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 has caused major morbidity and mortality worldwide. Neonates born to mothers with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 are most of the time asymptomatic. However, neonatal critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 is still a possibility; thus, isolation precautions (such as avoiding skin-to-skin contact and direct breastfeeding) and vertical transmission should be studied thoroughly. In addition, testing these newborns by nasopharyngeal swab at least at 24 hours after birth and monitoring them for the development of symptoms for 14 days after birth is needed. Key Points

Objective.This study was performed to explore the clinical manifestations and longterm prognosis in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA) with pulmonary artery involvement (PAI).Methods.The medical records of 194 patients with TA who underwent traditional catheter angiography or computed tomography of pulmonary artery from 2009 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical manifestations, angiographic features, and mortality of 128 patients with TA with PAI were further analyzed.Results.Patients with TA with PAI had a higher risk of pulmonary hypertension (PH) than patients with TA alone (61.7% vs 7.6%, p < 0.001). Patients with PAI and PH more frequently developed dyspnea, hemoptysis, and lower limbs edema (all p < 0.05) than those without PH. Patients with PH also had a higher incidence of bilateral PAI (84.8% vs 34.7%, p < 0.001) and a higher pulmonary artery obstruction index [23 (interquartile range 20–27) vs 10 (6–15), p < 0.001]. Left heart disease was presented in 39 (30.5%) patients with TA with PAI. During the median followup of 38 (21–58) months, 19 and 2 deaths occurred among patients with and without PH, respectively. Among patients with PAI, the mortality rate was 7 times higher in patients with than without PH (p = 0.009). Independent predictors of mortality were the disease duration (p = 0.047), New York Heart Association class III/IV (p = 0.019), right ventricular systolic dysfunction (p = 0.019), and respiratory failure (p = 0.007).Conclusion.Patients with TA with PAI have a higher risk of developing PH than patients with TA alone. The presence of PH in patients with PAI increases the risk of early mortality.

Introduction The word couvade originated from the French verb couver, meaning to hatch, nest, or brood. Custom of Couvade or Couvade Syndrome (CS) is a poorly understood phenomenon observed since ancient times, in which the expectant father experiences somatic and psychological symptoms of pregnancy. Objectives Defining what is CS. Identifying possible origin. Hypothesizing causes. Identifying CS frequency. Methods PubMed database search, with “Couvade syndrome” keyword expression. Seven articles were selected among the best matches. Reference lists of articles were reviewed to identify additional articles. Results Currently, there are several views on this phenomenon, including religious, cultural, medical, psychoanalytic, and psychological. CS is used in Psychiatry to describe somatic symptoms resembling pregnancy and/or childbirth in expecting fathers, such as weight gain, diarrhea or constipation, toothache, and headache. Lipkin and Lamb (1982) studied 300 couples from New York: they diagnosed Couvade Syndrome in 22,5% of fathers. Nevertheless, Brennan et al. (2007) found different incidence rates of CS diagnose in different areas of the world: 20% in Sweden; 25–97% in United States; 61% in Thailand; 68% in China; 35% in Russia. Conclusions Whether CS constitutes a disease entity, or it should be considered a ritual or custom remains a matter of debate. Different rates of CS around the globe may indicate that culture plays an important role. It may be a way for fathers-to-be to cope with changes imposed by pregnancy in the mother and in the couple. Overall, it is a fascinating intersection between the physiological and psychological realms. Disclosure No significant relationships.

The successful return of African artefacts was absolutely echoed by the later Zairian President, Kukugbedu Zambanga Seseseko Mobuto, at the United Nations in New York. The parliaments' legislation, enactment of the national laws, and mutual agreement treaties in the joint International Council of Museums (ICOM) were implemented at a slow pace across Africa. The paper reviews discourse on "Africa with a Strong Cultural Identity Common Heritage, Values and Ethics" since unveiling the African Union (AU) Vision 2063 in the year 2021. It aims to unravel some issues that affect the return of African artefacts and its way forward. The paper has employed qualitative research design and historical methodologies. It has explored the desktop research framework by reviewing related literature on the restitution or return of African artefacts and formulation of the Africa Union's Vision 2063. The paper has analysed the experts' voices, reviewed relayed literature, and formulated government policies on the return of African art. It has randomly looked at some of the few African countries, such as the Federal Government of Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of Kenya, among others, as examples. The paper is cognisant that the artefacts that were returned and preserved at various local sites of Kenya and African Heritage Houses such as the Murumbi Collection, Koitalel Arap Samoei Museum, and Alan Donovan House of Heritage. It applauds the candid documentation done by the African governments through social media on African culture, arts, and heritage in modern times. The paper concludes by alluding that African leaders should champion the bringing back of remaining African artefacts still held in other countries

<p><em>I begin by sharing a bit about my past. Before I became a professor, I spent 13 years as a lawyer representing persons with mental disabilities, including three years in which my focus was primarily on such individuals charged with crime. In this role, when I was Deputy Public Defender in Mercer County (Trenton) NJ, I represented several hundred individuals at the maximum security hospital for the criminally insane in New Jersey, both in individual cases, and in a class action that implemented the then-recent US Supreme Court case of Jackson v Indiana, that had declared unconstitutional state policy that allowed for the indefinite commitment of pre-trial detainees in maximum security forensic facilities if it were unlikely he would regain his capacity to stand trial in the ‘foreseeable future.’</em></p><p><em>I continued to represent this population for a decade in my later positions as Director of the NJ Division of Mental Health Advocacy and Special Counsel to the NJ Public Advocate. Also, as a Public Defender, I represented at trial many defendants who were incompetent to stand trial, and others who, although competent, pled not guilty by reason of insanity. Finally, during the time that I directed the Federal Litigation Clinic at New York Law School, I filed a brief on behalf of appellant in Ake v Oklahoma, on the right of an indigent defendant to an independent psychiatrist to aid in the presentation of an insanity defence. I have appeared in courts at every level from police court to the US Supreme Court, in the latter ‘second-seating’ Strickland v Washington. I raise all this not to offer a short form of my biography, but to underscore that this article draws on my experiences of years in trial courts and appellate courts as well as from decades of teaching and of writing books and articles about the relationship between mental disability and the criminal trial process. And it was those experiences that have formed my opinions and my thoughts about how society’s views of mental disability have poisoned the criminal justice system, all leading directly to this paper, that will mostly be about what I call ‘sanism’ and what I call ‘pretextuality’. The paper will also consider how these factors drive the behaviour of judges, jurors, prosecutors, witnesses, and defence lawyers, whenever a person with a mental disability is charged with crime, and about a potential remedy that might help eradicate this poison.</em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is essential that lawyers representing criminal defendants with mental disabilities understand the meanings and contexts of sanism </span><span style="font-size: medium;">and </span><span style="font-size: medium;">pretextuality </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">and to show how these two factors infect all aspects of the criminal process, and offer some thoughts as to how they may be remediated. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">I believe – and I have been doing this work for over 40 years – that an understanding of these two factors is absolutely essential to any understanding of how our criminal justice system works in the context of this population, and how it is essential that criminal defence lawyers be in the front lines of those seeking to eradicate the contamination of these poisons from our system.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></em></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">*Please note this is an invited paper - ie. not peer reviewed*</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></em></p><p> </p>

139 Background: The germline I1307K mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is a well-known alteration identified in approximately 6% of the Ashkenazi Jewish population. This mutation confers an increased risk of developing colorectal and other cancers. We previously reported high prevalence of aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC) in patients with the germline APC (I1307K) mutation. Herein, we report a larger case control analysis evaluating the hypothesis that AVPC is enriched in these patients. Methods: We reviewed records from New York University, Johns Hopkins University and Sheba Medical Center to identify patients with the APC (I1307K) mutation. Eligibility criteria included the identification of the mutation either on germline or somatic tissue testing (when germline testing was not available). AVPC was defined using previously established criteria. Combined somatic alterations in two or more of following genes were assessed: RB1, TP53, PTEN. These somatic alterations have been previously associated with AVPC. We compared cases with 21 controls with APC frameshift mutations. For categorical variables, the odds ratios (OR) for cases compared to controls are provided with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Continuous variables were summarized with descriptive statistics and compared between the case and control groups using 2-sided nonparametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests. Results: From 2016-2022, 18 patients at 3 institutions with the germline APC (I1307K) mutation and 21 controls at NYU with frameshift APC mutations were identified. Median ages did not differ between cases (73.5 years) and controls (71 years). At the time of analysis 13 cases (72%) and 18 (86%) controls were alive (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.09, 1.24). The odds of metastatic disease among cases is 2.03 times that of controls (95% CI: 0.56, 7.32). Median PSA at diagnosis was 8 ng/mL (0.4-780) in cases and 12 ng/mL (4.7-1500) in controls. The odds of small cell histology (either on initial or subsequent biopsy) was 18 times greater than in controls (5 cases; 28% and 1 control; 5%). The odds of clinically-defined AVPC was 9.5 times greater in cases than in controls (9 cases; 50% and 2 controls; 10%, 95% CI: 1.69-53.3). In patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis 7/10 cases (70%) vs 0/9 controls had AVPC. The odds of combined somatic alterations in two or more of RB1, TP53 or PTEN was 5.1 times greater in cases than in controls (4 cases; 22% and 1 control; 5%, 95% CI: 0.58, 56.73). Conclusions: Prostate cancers that develop in the presence of the germline APC (I1307K) mutation appear to be enriched for clinically-defined and molecularly-defined AVPC compared to patients with frameshift APC mutations. The odds of combined somatic alterations in two or more of RB1, TP53 and PTEN were more common in cases than in the controls. Larger studies to identify the impact of germline APC (I1307K) mutation in the somatic genomic and epigenomic landscape of prostate cancer are ongoing.

IntroductionThe successful integration of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) into a traditional pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme has previously been reported. Our aim was to reconfigure both our cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and PR services to enable us to deliver a symptom-based programme—breathlessness rehabilitation (BR), for patients with a primary symptom of breathlessness irrespective of the index diagnosis, or comorbid disease.MethodsAfter a service redesign process, patients attended a two times per week, group-based, tailored exercise and education programme for 6 weeks, delivered by CR and PR staff. The classes included both aerobic and resistance exercises and an overarching generic education programme alongside disease-specific components. Home programmes were reviewed at each session to facilitate progress and influence changes in exercise behaviour beyond the supervised programme. Generic clinical outcome measures were performed pre and post BR.Staff focus groups were conducted to identify barriers and facilitators and explore staff perceptions.Results272 patients (n=193 chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and n=79 CHF) were assessed and enrolled into BR (153 men, mean (SD) age 68.8 (12.7) years, body mass index 28.8 (7.3), Medical Research Council 3 (IQR 2–4), New York Heart Association 2 (IQR 2–3)). 164 patients completed the programme. Statistically significant improvements were seen in both exercise capacity (incremental shuttle walking test: mean change 47.4 m; endurance shuttle walking test: mean change 310.7 s) and quadriceps strength (quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction: mean change 3.7 kg) (p≤0.0001) alongside a statistically significant reduction in dyspnoea (chronic respiratory questionnaire/chronic heart questionnaire - self reported - dyspnoea: mean change 0.4) and anxiety and depression scores (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) - anxiety: −1.6; HADS - depression: −1.3) (p≤0.0001).Qualitative staff focus groups identified three subthemes: collaboration and integration, service quality and future challenges.DiscussionOverall the service redesign indicates the feasibility for staff and individuals with CRD and CHF to integrate into a breathlessness programme. Early data suggests clinical effectiveness. Given the significance of comorbid disease it is an approach that warrants further consideration.

IntroductionPatients with chronic heart failure (CHF) can benefit from exercise rehabilitation (ER) with significant improvements in exercise capacity, quality of life and reduction in hospitalisations. Despite its reported benefits, only a small number of patients with CHF attend ER due to poor adherence, and improper exercise may even lead to adverse events. Remote ECG monitoring system (REMS) has the potential to overcome these obstacles. We hypothesise that home-based cardiac ER using REMS in CHF patients is effective compared with conventional ER without monitoring.Methods and analysisThis study is a prospective, randomised, parallel controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of home-based phase-II ER with REMS in the treatment of CHF with a target enrolment of 120 patients (left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes I to III). Patients are randomised to either REMS rehabilitation group or conventional rehabilitation group in a 1:1 ratio. All patients start an exercise training in a supervised setting and then transition to a home-based regimen. The supervised training phase consists of 12 supervised training sessions, three sessions per week for 4 weeks. During the home exercise phase, patients exercise five times per week for 8 weeks. In the REMS group, patients wear monitors during exercise to ensure that exercise intensity is within the set ranges. REMS will also detect risky arrhythmia and alert the patients and their doctors on time. The training intensity is not monitored in the conventional rehabilitation group. The primary outcome is exercise capacity improvement measured by peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) (baseline vs 3 m). Secondary outcomes include 6-min walk test, NYHA classes, echocardiographic parameters, cardiac biomarkers, major adverse cardiovascular events, quality of life, psychological well-being and patients’ adherence to the rehabilitation programme.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by Ethics Committee of China-Japan Friendship Hospital for Clinical Research (No. 2018–55 K39). The results of this study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at conferences.Trial registration numberChiCTR-RNR-17012446; Pre-results.

Sometimes teachers develop favorite assignments that they use regularly in any number of their courses. 1 I have used and still use "The New York Times Assignment" in every history class I have taught since graduate school, whether at the college or high school level. This is probably the assignment I have changed the least, and it is certainly the most consistent assignment in my collection, because it continues both to be effective in accomplishing the three main objectives that I have for it, and because student feedback on the assignment, at all levels, has been consistently positive. "The New York Times Assignment" is a simple yet powerful tool that I use to help students accomplish the three major goals that I have set for all of my history courses: to help students make sense of what they are learning, to realize the importance of historical study, and to develop the critical thinking skills of the historian. The assignment is as follows: Find a current news article that is connected to something we have discussed in class. Cut out or print the article, write a one-paragraph summary of the article, and write a one-paragraph explanation of how the subject matter illustrates one of the topics or ideas we have discussed in our class. For some classes, I'll add a third paragraph, explaining how the article illustrates as well one of the major themes of our course. As will become clear-or less clear-below, what J mean by "something we have discussed in class" is open to interpretation. Naturally, depending on the nature of the course and of the students, I modify the assignment to be more or less specific as needed. Otherwise, you now have the gist of it.

O presente artigo consiste na análise da doutrina da actual malice criada no caso New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, bem como suas implicações sobre a jurisprudência da Suprema Corte americana, tais como a ampliação de críticas voltadas contra o Governo e as pessoas que possuem maior visibilidade em sociedade. Ademais, é efetuada uma averiguação dos efeitos positivos e negativos da adoção da doutrina da actual malice pela Corte, não restando dúvidas de que foi um avanço em termos de liberdade de imprensa e de liberdade de expressão.

Abstract Six works from the artist Mira Schor's open-ended series of handwritten defacements of the New York Times— most often of its front page—which she irregularly posts on Instagram. Varying in intensity, all have the same target: the way the language of the paper, aping “objectivity,” often tends toward obfuscation, which the artist regards as a dereliction of duty, a variety of Orwellian doublespeak that is much more subtle than what one might find on Fox News, making the debunking of its rhetoric all the more urgent.

Current superovulatory treatment combines progesterone as well as oestradiol injection at the moment of CIDR insertion to improve synchronization of follicular wave emergence [reviewed by Bo et al. 2002 Theriogenology 57, 53–172; and Mapletoft et al. 2003 J. Anim. Sci. 81 (E. Suppl.), E28–E36] The aim of the present work was to study if delaying oestradiol benzoate (EB) injection 24 or 48 h from CIDR insertion would have the same outcome on embryo production after superovulatory treatment as additional progesterone administered at CIDR insertion. One hundred and eleven superovulatory treatments conducted during the same period (5 consecutive collection days) at random stages of the oestrus cycle at the same location were retrospectively evaluated. Holstein cycling heifers of 18 months of age (body condition score 3.2 ± 0.28, 1–5 range; weighing 357 ± 28 kg) were divided according to the following treatments: control group (n = 24): Day 0: CIDR insertion (Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY, USA), 50 mg of progesterone, and 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate (Benzadiol, Universal Laboratory, Montevideo, Uruguay); Group BE24 (n = 47): Day –1: CIDR insertion and Day 0: 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate; Group BE48 (n = 40): Day –2: CIDR insertion and Day 0: 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate. All heifers were superstimulated on Day 3.5 (Day 0 = EB injection) with 290 NIH units of FSH (Folltropin, BionicheAnimal Health, Belleville, ON, Canada) in twice-daily decreasing doses over 4.5 days. On Day 6, all cows received 2 doses (a.m. and p.m.) of a prostaglandin F2α analogue (800 µg, Delprostenate, Glandinex, Universal Laboratory), and CIDR were removed on the morning of Day 7. Cows were injected with 10 µg of GnRH (Receptal, Intervet, Boxmeer, the Netherlands) on Day 8 a.m. and were inseminated 12 and 24 h later with semen of 3 bulls of proven fertility. On Day 15, ova/embryos were collected nonsurgically and evaluated in accordance with IETS guidelines. Data were analysed with a negative binomial regression model (Table 1). Administration of EB 24 or 48 h after CIDR insertion produced similar numbers of transferable and freezable embryos as well as total ova/embryos compared with addition of progesterone and EB at the moment of CIDR insertion. According to these results, EB could be administrated without progesterone injection either 24 or 48 h after CIDR insertion without compromising embryo production. Table 1.Embryo production of heifers superstimulated after additional progesterone (P4) and different times (24 or 48 h after CIDR insertion) of oestradiol benzoate administration (results are mean ± SE)

James Cronin, George Ross, and James Shock, eds. What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011)Reviewed by Willy JouJames Bohman, Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2007)Reviewed by by Conrad KingRitter, Gerhard, The Price of German Unity. Reunification and the Crisis of the Welfare State, translated by Richard Deveson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)Reviewed by Joyce M. MushabenMichaela Hoenicke Moore, Know Your Enemy. The American Debate on Nazism, 1933-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)Reviewed by John BendixElena Mancini, Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).Reviewed by Leila J. RuppPaul Betts, Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)Reviewed by Charles S. Maier

Introduction With a deluge of mouthwatering pre-publicity, the opening of The Spotted Pig, the USA’s first self-identified British-styled gastropub, in Manhattan in February 2004 was much anticipated. The late Australian chef, food writer and restauranteur Mietta O’Donnell has noted how “taking over a building or business which has a long established reputation can be a mixed blessing” because of the way that memories “can enrich the experience of being in a place or they can just make people nostalgic”. Bistro Le Zoo, the previous eatery on the site, had been very popular when it opened almost a decade earlier, and its closure was mourned by some diners (Young; Kaminsky “Feeding Time”; Steinhauer & McGinty). This regret did not, however, appear to affect The Spotted Pig’s success. As esteemed New York Times reviewer Frank Bruni noted in his 2006 review: “Almost immediately after it opened […] the throngs started to descend, and they have never stopped”. The following year, The Spotted Pig was awarded a Michelin star—the first year that Michelin ranked New York—and has kept this star in the subsequent annual rankings. Writing Restaurant Biography Detailed studies have been published of almost every type of contemporary organisation including public institutions such as schools, hospitals, museums and universities, as well as non-profit organisations such as charities and professional associations. These are often written to mark a major milestone, or some significant change, development or the demise of the organisation under consideration (Brien). Detailed studies have also recently been published of businesses as diverse as general stores (Woody), art galleries (Fossi), fashion labels (Koda et al.), record stores (Southern & Branson), airlines (Byrnes; Jones), confectionary companies (Chinn) and builders (Garden). In terms of attracting mainstream readerships, however, few such studies seem able to capture popular reader interest as those about eating establishments including restaurants and cafés. This form of restaurant life history is, moreover, not restricted to ‘quality’ establishments. Fast food restaurant chains have attracted their share of studies (see, for example Love; Jakle & Sculle), ranging from business-economic analyses (Liu), socio-cultural political analyses (Watson), and memoirs (Kroc & Anderson), to criticism around their conduct and effects (Striffler). Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal is the most well-known published critique of the fast food industry and its effects with, famously, the Rolling Stone article on which it was based generating more reader mail than any other piece run in the 1990s. The book itself (researched narrative creative nonfiction), moreover, made a fascinating transition to the screen, transformed into a fictionalised drama (co-written by Schlosser) that narrates the content of the book from the point of view of a series of fictional/composite characters involved in the industry, rather than in a documentary format. Akin to the range of studies of fast food restaurants, there are also a variety of studies of eateries in US motels, caravan parks, diners and service station restaurants (see, for example, Baeder). Although there has been little study of this sub-genre of food and drink publishing, their popularity can be explained, at least in part, because such volumes cater to the significant readership for writing about food related topics of all kinds, with food writing recently identified as mainstream literary fare in the USA and UK (Hughes) and an entire “publishing subculture” in Australia (Dunstan & Chaitman). Although no exact tally exists, an informed estimate by the founder of the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards and president of the Paris Cookbook Fair, Edouard Cointreau, has more than 26,000 volumes on food and wine related topics currently published around the world annually (ctd. in Andriani “Gourmand Awards”). The readership for publications about restaurants can also perhaps be attributed to the wide range of information that can be included a single study. My study of a selection of these texts from the UK, USA and Australia indicates that this can include narratives of place and architecture dealing with the restaurant’s location, locale and design; narratives of directly food-related subject matter such as menus, recipes and dining trends; and narratives of people, in the stories of its proprietors, staff and patrons. Detailed studies of contemporary individual establishments commonly take the form of authorised narratives either written by the owners, chefs or other staff with the help of a food journalist, historian or other professional writer, or produced largely by that writer with the assistance of the premise’s staff. These studies are often extensively illustrated with photographs and, sometimes, drawings or reproductions of other artworks, and almost always include recipes. Two examples of these from my own collection include a centennial history of a famous New Orleans eatery that survived Hurricane Katrina, Galatoire’s Cookbook. Written by employees—the chief operating officer/general manager (Melvin Rodrigue) and publicist (Jyl Benson)—this incorporates reminiscences from both other staff and patrons. The second is another study of a New Orleans’ restaurant, this one by the late broadcaster and celebrity local historian Mel Leavitt. The Court of Two Sisters Cookbook: With a History of the French Quarter and the Restaurant, compiled with the assistance of the Two Sisters’ proprietor, Joseph Fein Joseph III, was first published in 1992 and has been so enduringly popular that it is in its eighth printing. These texts, in common with many others of this type, trace a triumph-over-adversity company history that incorporates a series of mildly scintillating anecdotes, lists of famous chefs and diners, and signature recipes. Although obviously focused on an external readership, they can also be characterised as an instance of what David M. Boje calls an organisation’s “story performance” (106) as the process of creating these narratives mobilises an organisation’s (in these cases, a commercial enterprise’s) internal information processing and narrative building activities. Studies of contemporary restaurants are much more rarely written without any involvement from the eatery’s personnel. When these are, the results tend to have much in common with more critical studies such as Fast Food Nation, as well as so-called architectural ‘building biographies’ which attempt to narrate the historical and social forces that “explain the shapes and uses” (Ellis, Chao & Parrish 70) of the physical structures we create. Examples of this would include Harding’s study of the importance of the Boeuf sur le Toit in Parisian life in the 1920s and Middlebrook’s social history of London’s Strand Corner House. Such work agrees with Kopytoff’s assertion—following Appadurai’s proposal that objects possess their own ‘biographies’ which need to be researched and expressed—that such inquiry can reveal not only information about the objects under consideration, but also about readers as we examine our “cultural […] aesthetic, historical, and even political” responses to these narratives (67). The life story of a restaurant will necessarily be entangled with those of the figures who have been involved in its establishment and development, as well as the narratives they create around the business. This following brief study of The Spotted Pig, however, written without the assistance of the establishment’s personnel, aims to outline a life story for this eatery in order to reflect upon the pig’s place in contemporary dining practice in New York as raw foodstuff, fashionable comestible, product, brand, symbol and marketing tool, as well as, at times, purely as an animal identity. The Spotted Pig Widely profiled before it even opened, The Spotted Pig is reportedly one of the city’s “most popular” restaurants (Michelin 349). It is profiled in all the city guidebooks I could locate in print and online, featuring in some of these as a key stop on recommended itineraries (see, for instance, Otis 39). A number of these proclaim it to be the USA’s first ‘gastropub’—the term first used in 1991 in the UK to describe a casual hotel/bar with good food and reasonable prices (Farley). The Spotted Pig is thus styled on a shabby-chic version of a traditional British hotel, featuring a cluttered-but-well arranged use of pig-themed objects and illustrations that is described by latest Michelin Green Guide of New York City as “a country-cute décor that still manages to be hip” (Michelin 349). From the three-dimensional carved pig hanging above the entrance in a homage to the shingles of traditional British hotels, to the use of its image on the menu, website and souvenir tee-shirts, the pig as motif proceeds its use as a foodstuff menu item. So much so, that the restaurant is often (affectionately) referred to by patrons and reviewers simply as ‘The Pig’. The restaurant has become so well known in New York in the relatively brief time it has been operating that it has not only featured in a number of novels and memoirs, but, moreover, little or no explanation has been deemed necessary as the signifier of “The Spotted Pig” appears to convey everything that needs to be said about an eatery of quality and fashion. In the thriller Lethal Experiment: A Donovan Creed Novel, when John Locke’s hero has to leave the restaurant and becomes involved in a series of dangerous escapades, he wants nothing more but to get back to his dinner (107, 115). The restaurant is also mentioned a number of times in Sex and the City author Candace Bushnell’s Lipstick Jungle in relation to a (fictional) new movie of the same name. The joke in the book is that the character doesn’t know of the restaurant (26). In David Goodwillie’s American Subversive, the story of a journalist-turned-blogger and a homegrown terrorist set in New York, the narrator refers to “Scarlett Johansson, for instance, and the hostess at the Spotted Pig” (203-4) as the epitome of attractiveness. The Spotted Pig is also mentioned in Suzanne Guillette’s memoir, Much to Your Chagrin, when the narrator is on a dinner date but fears running into her ex-boyfriend: ‘Jack lives somewhere in this vicinity […] Vaguely, you recall him telling you he was not too far from the Spotted Pig on Greenwich—now, was it Greenwich Avenue or Greenwich Street?’ (361). The author presumes readers know the right answer in order to build tension in this scene. Although this success is usually credited to the joint efforts of backer, music executive turned restaurateur Ken Friedman, his partner, well-known chef, restaurateur, author and television personality Mario Batali, and their UK-born and trained chef, April Bloomfield (see, for instance, Batali), a significant part has been built on Bloomfield’s pork cookery. The very idea of a “spotted pig” itself raises a central tenet of Bloomfield’s pork/food philosophy which is sustainable and organic. That is, not the mass produced, industrially farmed pig which produces a leaner meat, but the fatty, tastier varieties of pig such as the heritage six-spotted Berkshire which is “darker, more heavily marbled with fat, juicier and richer-tasting than most pork” (Fabricant). Bloomfield has, indeed, made pig’s ears—long a Chinese restaurant staple in the city and a key ingredient of Southern US soul food as well as some traditional Japanese and Spanish dishes—fashionable fare in the city, and her current incarnation, a crispy pig’s ear salad with lemon caper dressing (TSP 2010) is much acclaimed by reviewers. This approach to ingredients—using the ‘whole beast’, local whenever possible, and the concentration on pork—has been underlined and enhanced by a continuing relationship with UK chef Fergus Henderson. In his series of London restaurants under the banner of “St. John”, Henderson is famed for the approach to pork cookery outlined in his two books Nose to Tail Eating: A Kind of British Cooking, published in 1999 (re-published both in the UK and the US as The Whole Beast: Nose to Tail Eating), and Beyond Nose to Tail: A Kind of British Cooking: Part II (coauthored with Justin Piers Gellatly in 2007). Henderson has indeed been identified as starting a trend in dining and food publishing, focusing on sustainably using as food the entirety of any animal killed for this purpose, but which mostly focuses on using all parts of pigs. In publishing, this includes Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall’s The River Cottage Meat Book, Peter Kaminsky’s Pig Perfect, subtitled Encounters with Some Remarkable Swine and Some Great Ways to Cook Them, John Barlow’s Everything but the Squeal: Eating the Whole Hog in Northern Spain and Jennifer McLagan’s Fat: An Appreciation of a Misunderstood Ingredient, with Recipes (2008). In restaurants, it certainly includes The Spotted Pig. So pervasive has embrace of whole beast pork consumption been in New York that, by 2007, Bruni could write that these are: “porky times, fatty times, which is to say very good times indeed. Any new logo for the city could justifiably place the Big Apple in the mouth of a spit-roasted pig” (Bruni). This demand set the stage perfectly for, in October 2007, Henderson to travel to New York to cook pork-rich menus at The Spotted Pig in tandem with Bloomfield (Royer). He followed this again in 2008 and, by 2009, this annual event had become known as “FergusStock” and was covered by local as well as UK media, and a range of US food weblogs. By 2009, it had grown to become a dinner at the Spotted Pig with half the dishes on the menu by Henderson and half by Bloomfield, and a dinner the next night at David Chang’s acclaimed Michelin-starred Momofuku Noodle Bar, which is famed for its Cantonese-style steamed pork belly buns. A third dinner (and then breakfast/brunch) followed at Friedman/Bloomfield’s Breslin Bar and Dining Room (discussed below) (Rose). The Spotted Pig dinners have become famed for Henderson’s pig’s head and pork trotter dishes with the chef himself recognising that although his wasn’t “the most obvious food to cook for America”, it was the case that “at St John, if a couple share a pig’s head, they tend to be American” (qtd. in Rose). In 2009, the pigs’ head were presented in pies which Henderson has described as “puff pastry casing, with layers of chopped, cooked pig’s head and potato, so all the lovely, bubbly pig’s head juices go into the potato” (qtd. in Rose). Bloomfield was aged only 28 when, in 2003, with a recommendation from Jamie Oliver, she interviewed for, and won, the position of executive chef of The Spotted Pig (Fabricant; Q&A). Following this introduction to the US, her reputation as a chef has grown based on the strength of her pork expertise. Among a host of awards, she was named one of US Food & Wine magazine’s ten annual Best New Chefs in 2007. In 2009, she was a featured solo session titled “Pig, Pig, Pig” at the fourth Annual International Chefs Congress, a prestigious New York City based event where “the world’s most influential and innovative chefs, pastry chefs, mixologists, and sommeliers present the latest techniques and culinary concepts to their peers” (Starchefs.com). Bloomfield demonstrated breaking down a whole suckling St. Canut milk raised piglet, after which she butterflied, rolled and slow-poached the belly, and fried the ears. As well as such demonstrations of expertise, she is also often called upon to provide expert comment on pork-related news stories, with The Spotted Pig regularly the subject of that food news. For example, when a rare, heritage Hungarian pig was profiled as a “new” New York pork source in 2009, this story arose because Bloomfield had served a Mangalitsa/Berkshire crossbreed pig belly and trotter dish with Agen prunes (Sanders) at The Spotted Pig. Bloomfield was quoted as the authority on the breed’s flavour and heritage authenticity: “it took me back to my grandmother’s kitchen on a Sunday afternoon, windows steaming from the roasting pork in the oven […] This pork has that same authentic taste” (qtd. in Sanders). Bloomfield has also used this expert profile to support a series of pork-related causes. These include the Thanksgiving Farm in the Catskill area, which produces free range pork for its resident special needs children and adults, and helps them gain meaningful work-related skills in working with these pigs. Bloomfield not only cooks for the project’s fundraisers, but also purchases any excess pigs for The Spotted Pig (Estrine 103). This strong focus on pork is not, however, exclusive. The Spotted Pig is also one of a number of American restaurants involved in the Meatless Monday campaign, whereby at least one vegetarian option is included on menus in order to draw attention to the benefits of a plant-based diet. When, in 2008, Bloomfield beat the Iron Chef in the sixth season of the US version of the eponymous television program, the central ingredient was nothing to do with pork—it was olives. Diversifying from this focus on ‘pig’ can, however, be dangerous. Friedman and Bloomfield’s next enterprise after The Spotted Pig was The John Dory seafood restaurant at the corner of 10th Avenue and 16th Street. This opened in November 2008 to reviews that its food was “uncomplicated and nearly perfect” (Andrews 22), won Bloomfield Time Out New York’s 2009 “Best New Hand at Seafood” award, but was not a success. The John Dory was a more formal, but smaller, restaurant that was more expensive at a time when the financial crisis was just biting, and was closed the following August. Friedman blamed the layout, size and neighbourhood (Stein) and its reservation system, which limited walk-in diners (ctd. in Vallis), but did not mention its non-pork, seafood orientation. When, almost immediately, another Friedman/Bloomfield project was announced, the Breslin Bar & Dining Room (which opened in October 2009 in the Ace Hotel at 20 West 29th Street and Broadway), the enterprise was closely modeled on the The Spotted Pig. In preparation, its senior management—Bloomfield, Friedman and sous-chefs, Nate Smith and Peter Cho (who was to become the Breslin’s head chef)—undertook a tasting tour of the UK that included Henderson’s St. John Bread & Wine Bar (Leventhal). Following this, the Breslin’s menu highlighted a series of pork dishes such as terrines, sausages, ham and potted styles (Rosenberg & McCarthy), with even Bloomfield’s pork scratchings (crispy pork rinds) bar snacks garnering glowing reviews (see, for example, Severson; Ghorbani). Reviewers, moreover, waxed lyrically about the menu’s pig-based dishes, the New York Times reviewer identifying this focus as catering to New York diners’ “fetish for pork fat” (Sifton). This representative review details not only “an entree of gently smoked pork belly that’s been roasted to tender goo, for instance, over a drift of buttery mashed potatoes, with cabbage and bacon on the side” but also a pig’s foot “in gravy made of reduced braising liquid, thick with pillowy shallots and green flecks of deconstructed brussels sprouts” (Sifton). Sifton concluded with the proclamation that this style of pork was “very good: meat that is fat; fat that is meat”. Concluding remarks Bloomfield has listed Michael Ruhlman’s Charcuterie as among her favourite food books. Publishers Weekly reviewer called Ruhlman “a food poet, and the pig is his muse” (Q&A). In August 2009, it was reported that Bloomfield had always wanted to write a cookbook (Marx) and, in July 2010, HarperCollins imprint Ecco publisher and foodbook editor Dan Halpern announced that he was planning a book with her, tentatively titled, A Girl and Her Pig (Andriani “Ecco Expands”). As a “cookbook with memoir running throughout” (Maurer), this will discuss the influence of the pig on her life as well as how to cook pork. This text will obviously also add to the data known about The Spotted Pig, but until then, this brief gastrobiography has attempted to outline some of the human, and in this case, animal, stories that lie behind all businesses. References Andrews, Colman. “Its Up To You, New York, New York.” Gourmet Apr. (2009): 18-22, 111. Andriani, Lynn. “Ecco Expands Cookbook Program: HC Imprint Signs Up Seven New Titles.” Publishers Weekly 12 Jul. (2010) 3 Sep. 2010 http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/cooking/article/43803-ecco-expands-cookbook-program.html Andriani, Lynn. “Gourmand Awards Receive Record Number of Cookbook Entries.” Publishers Weekly 27 Sep. 2010 http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/cooking/article/44573-gourmand-awards-receive-record-number-of-cookbook-entries.html Appadurai, Arjun. 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TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER ITS FIRST RELEASE in New York on 20th December 1971, Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange, adapted from the 1962 novel by Anthony Burgess, has acquired a prominent place in the history of cinema. However, at the time of its release, it generated much controversy and was heavily criticised in its artistic, political and social dimensions. A New York Times reviewer called it "a marvelously executed, sensationalist, confused and finally corrupt piece of pop trivia, signifying nothing."(1) Next, Fred M. Hechinger, an American liberal, accused the film of promoting fascist ideology.(2) In March 1972, the Detroit News refused to give advertising and publicity space to X-rated films, judging them to be of "pornographic nature" and instituted its policy with A Clockwork Orange.(3) On the other hand, the film was also nominated for four 1971 Academy Awards and it received the 1971 New York Film...

Virtual reality has attracted the attention of industry and researchers. Its applications for entertainment and audiovisual content creation are endless. Filmmakers are experimenting with different techniques to create immersive stories. Also, subtitle creators and researchers are finding new ways to implement (sub)titles in this new medium. In this article, the state-of-the-art of cinematic virtual reality content is presented and the current challenges faced by filmmakers when dealing with this medium and the impact of immersive content on subtitling practices are discussed. Moreover, the different studies on subtitles in 360º videos carried out so far and the obtained results are reviewed. Finally, the results of a corpus analysis are presented in order to illustrate the current subtitle practices by The New York Times and the BBC. The results have shed some light on issues such as position, innovative graphic strategies or the different functions, challenging current subtitling standard practices in 2D content.

Albert Fishlow of Columbia University reviews “The Life and Times of Raul Prebisch, 1901-1986” by Edgar J. Dosman,. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins “Explores the historical and political contexts of Raul Prebisch’s life and career. Discusses childhood--the dreams of Tucuman; university in Buenos Aires; apprenticeship; a taste of power; being a central banker; opening to Washington; the aftermath of Pearl Harbor and World War II in Argentina; the dismissal of Prebisch from the Central Bank under the new Argentine government; discovery of Latin America; a solitary scholar; triumph in Havana; claiming the Economic Commission for Latin America; the creation of Latin America; Prebisch’s return to Buenos Aires after the overthrow of Juan Peron; return to Santiago; the Kennedy offensive; Prebisch’s involvement with UNCTAD; the gospel of Don Raul; trials in Washington; Prebisch’s role as a prophet; and the final years of Prebisch’s life. Dosman is Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for International and Security Studies at York University. Bibliography; index.”