Journal articles: 'New Zealand Climate Change Programme'

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Mosley. "NEW ZEALAND CLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAMME: IMPACTS WORKING GROUP." Weather and Climate 11, no. 1 (1991): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279800.

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von Dadelszen. "NEW ZEALAND CLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAMME: POLICY RESPONSE WORKING GROUP." Weather and Climate 11, no. 1 (1991): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279801.

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Shulmeister, J., D. T. Rodbell, M. K. Gagan, and G. O. Seltzer. "Inter-hemispheric linkages in climate change: paleo-perspectives for future climate change." Climate of the Past Discussions 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2006): 79–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-2-79-2006.

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Abstract. The Pole-Equator-Pole (PEP) projects of the PANASH (Paleoclimates of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere) programme have significantly advanced our understanding of past climate change on a global basis and helped to integrate paleo-science across regions and research disciplines. PANASH science allows us to constrain predictions for future climate change and to contribute to the management and mitigation of such changes. We identify three broad areas where PEP science makes key contributions. 1. The patterns of global changes: Knowing the exact timing of glacial advances (synchronous or otherwise) during the last glaciation is critical to understanding inter-hemispheric links in climate. Work in PEPI demonstrated that the tropical Andes in South America was deglaciated earlier than the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and that an extended warming began there ca. 21 000 cal years BP. The general pattern is consistent with Antarctica and has now been replicated from studies in Southern Hemisphere (SH) regions of the PEPII transect. That significant deglaciation of SH alpine systems and Antarctica led deglaciation of NH ice sheets may reflect either i) faster response times in alpine systems and Antarctica, ii) regional moisture patterns that influenced glacier mass balance, or iii) a SH temperature forcing that led changes in the NH. This highlights the limitations of current understanding and the need for further fundamental paleoclimate research. 2. Changes in modes of operation of oscillatory climate systems: Work across all the PEP transects has led to the recognition that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon has changed markedly through time. It now appears that ENSO operated during the last glacial termination and during the early Holocene, but that precipitation teleconnections even within the Pacific Basin were turned down, or off. In the modern ENSO phenomenon both inter-annual and seven year periodicities are present, with the inter-annual signal dominant. Paleo-data demonstrate that the relative importance of the two periodicities changes through time, with longer periodicities dominant in the early Holocene. 3. The recognition of climate modulation of oscillatory systems by abrupt climate events: We examine the relationship of ENSO to an abrupt SH climate event, the Antarctic cold reversal (ACR), in the New Zealand region. We demonstrate that the onset of the ACR was associated with the apparent switching on of an ENSO signal in New Zealand. We infer that this related to enhanced zonal SW winds with the amplification of the pressure fields allowing an existing but weak ENSO signal to manifest itself. Teleconnections of this nature would be difficult to predict for future abrupt change as boundary conditions cannot readily be specified. Paleo-data are critical to predicting the teleconnections of future abrupt changes.

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Shulmeister, J., D. T. Rodbell, M. K. Gagan, and G. O. Seltzer. "Inter-hemispheric linkages in climate change: paleo-perspectives for future climate change." Climate of the Past 2, no. 2 (October 26, 2006): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-2-167-2006.

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Abstract. The Pole-Equator-Pole (PEP) projects of the PANASH (Paleoclimates of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere) programme have significantly advanced our understanding of past climate change on a global basis and helped to integrate paleo-science across regions and research disciplines. PANASH science allows us to constrain predictions for future climate change and to contribute to the management of consequent environmental changes. We identify three broad areas where PEP science makes key contributions. 1. The pattern of global changes. Knowing the exact timing of glacial advances (synchronous or otherwise) during the last glaciation is critical to understanding inter-hemispheric links in climate. Work in PEPI demonstrated that the tropical Andes in South America were deglaciated earlier than the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and that an extended warming began there ca. 21 000 cal years BP. The general pattern is consistent with Antarctica and has now been replicated from studies in Southern Hemisphere (SH) regions of the PEPII transect. That significant deglaciation of SH alpine systems and Antarctica led deglaciation of NH ice sheets may reflect either i) faster response times in alpine systems and Antarctica, ii) regional moisture patterns that influenced glacier mass balance, or iii) a SH temperature forcing that led changes in the NH. This highlights the limitations of current understanding and the need for further fundamental paleoclimate research. 2. Changes in modes of operation of oscillatory climate systems. Work across all the PEP transects has led to the recognition that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon has changed markedly through time. It now appears that ENSO operated during the last glacial termination and during the early Holocene, but that precipitation teleconnections even within the Pacific Basin were turned down, or off. In the modern ENSO phenomenon both inter-annual and seven year periodicities are present, with the inter-annual signal dominant. Paleo-data demonstrate that the relative importance of the two periodicities changes through time, with longer periodicities dominant in the early Holocene. 3. The recognition of climate modulation of oscillatory systems by climate events. We examine the relationship of ENSO to a SH climate event, the Antarctic cold reversal (ACR), in the New Zealand region. We demonstrate that the onset of the ACR was associated with the apparent switching on of an ENSO signal in New Zealand. We infer that this related to enhanced zonal SW winds with the amplification of the pressure fields allowing an existing but weak ENSO signal to manifest itself. Teleconnections of this nature would be difficult to predict for future abrupt change as boundary conditions cannot readily be specified. Paleo-data are critical to predicting the teleconnections of future changes.

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Howard-Williams, C., D. Peterson, W. B. Lyons, R. Cattaneo-Vietti, and S. Gordon. "Measuring ecosystem response in a rapidly changing environment: the Latitudinal Gradient Project." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000514.

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In the face of climate variability and change, science in Antarctica needs to address increasingly complex questions. Individual small studies are being replaced by multinational and multidisciplinary research programmes. The Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP) is one such approach that combines a series of smaller studies under a single broad hypothesis to provide information that uses a gradient in latitude as a surrogate for environmental gradients, particularly climate. In this way latitudinal differences can be used to indicate climate change differences. The Key Questions for the LGP were developed via national workshops in Italy, New Zealand, and the USA and via two international workshops at SCAR conferences. Science and logistics are currently jointly shared by New Zealand, Italy and the USA, and cover marine and inland ecosystem studies along the Victoria Land coast from 72° to 78°S with plans for extensions to 85°S. The LGP forms part of the SCAR Programme Evolution and Biodiversity in Antarctica. This Special Issue summarizes some of the work in the first three years of the LGP (2002–2005), between McMurdo Sound and Cape Hallett, to form a basis for future comparative studies as the research shifts along the latitudinal span in the next decade.

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Rainsley, Eleanor, Chris S. M. Turney, Nicholas R. Golledge, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Matt S. McGlone, Alan G. Hogg, Bo Li, et al. "Pleistocene glacial history of the New Zealand subantarctic islands." Climate of the Past 15, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-423-2019.

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Abstract. The New Zealand subantarctic islands of Auckland and Campbell, situated between the subtropical front and the Antarctic Convergence in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, provide valuable terrestrial records from a globally important climatic region. Whilst the islands show clear evidence of past glaciation, the timing and mechanisms behind Pleistocene environmental and climate changes remain uncertain. Here we present a multidisciplinary study of the islands – including marine and terrestrial geomorphological surveys, extensive analyses of sedimentary sequences, a comprehensive dating programme, and glacier flow line modelling – to investigate multiple phases of glaciation across the islands. We find evidence that the Auckland Islands hosted a small ice cap 384 000 ± 26 000 years ago (384±26 ka), most likely during Marine Isotope Stage 10, a period when the subtropical front was reportedly north of its present-day latitude by several degrees, and consistent with hemispheric-wide glacial expansion. Flow line modelling constrained by field evidence suggests a more restricted glacial period prior to the LGM that formed substantial valley glaciers on the Campbell and Auckland Islands around 72–62 ka. Despite previous interpretations that suggest the maximum glacial extent occurred in the form of valley glaciation at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ∼21 ka), our combined approach suggests minimal LGM glaciation across the New Zealand subantarctic islands and that no glaciers were present during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR; ∼15–13 ka). Instead, modelling implies that despite a regional mean annual air temperature depression of ∼5 ∘C during the LGM, a combination of high seasonality and low precipitation left the islands incapable of sustaining significant glaciation. We suggest that northwards expansion of winter sea ice during the LGM and subsequent ACR led to precipitation starvation across the middle to high latitudes of the Southern Ocean, resulting in restricted glaciation of the subantarctic islands.

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Beresford, Rob. "New Zealand Plant Protection Medal 2016." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.225.

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This medal is awarded by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society to honour those who have made exceptional contributions to plantprotection in New Zealand in the widest sense. The medal is awarded for outstanding services to plant protection, whether through research,education, implementation or leadership. In 2016, the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal was awarded to Dr Rob Beresford who is one of New Zealand’s most experienced and versatile plant pathologists. Rob started his career in science with an MSc Hons, 1st class, in Auckland in 1978 and was appointed to DSIR Plant Diseases Division at Lincoln in 1979. He was awarded a National Research Advisory Council Postgraduate Research Fellowship to undertake PhD studies at Long Ashton Research Station in the UK from1982 to 1985, returning to Lincoln in 1986. Those studies kicked off a long career in epidemiology and today Rob is New Zealand’s pre-eminent plant disease epidemiologist. For 30 years, Rob has been New Zealand’s strongest advocate for the use of weather-based disease prediction for developing practicaldisease control strategies, particularly to reduce the economic, environmental and market residue impacts of fungicide use. By understanding and modelling relationships between pathogen biology and ecology and weather, Rob has translated complex correlations between biological and physical factorsinto simple practical tools for growers to use for disease control. To date, these have included decision support tools for apple scab, downy mildew in onions, botrytis in grapes and more recently Psa in kiwifruit. He has also developed prediction models for climatic risk of invasive pathogens (potato wart disease and myrtle rust) and for the impacts of climate change on crop diseases. Recognising the importance of climate and weather in affecting plant diseases, Rob has, for many years, championed a network of weather stations in the key horticultural districts throughout New Zealand to generate data for the decision-support tools. It has been a struggle to keep the network running against shortages of funding and the frequent need to re-assert the value of the network to New Zealand horticulture. Rob has built a team of equally committed colleagues who share this understanding and, through tenacity and persistence, have recently achieved an upgrade of the entire network to internet-based communication systems. It is through his close collaborations over many years with the software company HortPlus that his decision support tools have been delivered to the commercial arena. Rob was a member of the New Zealand team that argued the case at the World Trade Organisation for the easing of restrictions on New Zealand apples entering Australia. Rob’s superior skills in interpreting climate data, in this case Australian data, in terms of pathogen survival, establishment and spread, and his clarity in presenting the results were instrumental in the success of that case in 2010. In parallel with Rob’s epidemiological strategy to reduce fungicide use is his interest in the threat of pathogens developing resistance to fungicides. Rob leads research to identify resistance threats to fungicides and also provides liaison between grower associations and agrochemical companies to design and implement robust resistance-management strategies. His focus on resistance started in 2005 when he published updated management strategies for all nine of the then available fungicide groups for the New Zealand Plant Protection Society (NZPPS). In 2007, he re-established the New Zealand Committee on Pesticide Resistance (NZCPR) (which had been in abeyance for 10 years) and chaired the committee’s work on fungicides, insecticides and herbicides from 2007 to 2012. He stepped aside to become NZCPR Science Advisor in 2012 so he could focus on resistance research. Following devastating disease outbreaks of apple scab (Venturia ineaqualis) in the pipfruit industry in 2009, Rob initiated a research programme with Pipfruit New Zealand that showed the cause of the outbreaks to be resistance to two groups of fungicides in use at the time. He has recently coordinated resistance strategy updates for botrytis affecting the wine industry, for summer fruit diseases and is currently leading a programme to monitor resistance of grape powdery mildew to key groups of fungicides. Rob was awarded the 2014 Plant & Food Research Chairman’s Award for his work on fungicide resistance. Rob is an effective communicator at all levels from heavy science to grower forums and is always willing to share his time, skills and knowledge. He has been involved with undergraduate lecturing for many years and has successfully supervised several PhDs. NZPP Medal recipients for the previous five years:2015: Gary Barker2014: -2013: Andrew Hodson2012: Margaret Dick2011: Jim Walker

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Baker, Karl, Roger Carman, Graeme Blick, and Stuart Caie. "Mapping New Zealand 2025 – A National Perspective." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-21-2019.

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Abstract. Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) is in a unique position internationally. This Central Government organisation houses New Zealand’s national mapping agency, hydrographic authority and geodetic survey office all under one roof. This gives the organisation the opportunity to think broadly about future directions and leverage a combined centre of expertise and skills, across the three disciplines, nationwide.In 2007, LINZ launched the Geospatial Strategy to improve coordination, sharing and use of geospatial data across New Zealand’s government entities. The Strategy had four goals &ndash; good governance across the system; creating and maintaining key geospatial datasets; accessible and useable Government geospatial data; and interoperability.Since then, LINZ has begun a 10-year programme of work &ndash; Mapping New Zealand 2025 &ndash; to deliver the mapping, data and expertise needed to address some of the most significant challenges facing the country, now and in the future &ndash; firstly resilience and climate change, secondly urban growth and thirdly water. These three challenges prioritise LINZ’s work under its 2017 Outcomes Framework. The vision is seamless land and sea mapping, from the top of Aoraki/Mount Cook to the edge of the continental shelf.Mapping New Zealand 2025 brings together initiatives, leadership and investment, and builds on core LINZ expertise in mapping and charting, data partnerships with other organisations and new technologies to deliver this programme.This paper will give an outline and update on the five major components that make up the Mapping New Zealand 2025 work programme. <ol><li>Improving New Zealand’s Bathymetry Data &ndash; Decision-makers around the world are increasing their use of marine information to tackle issues such as the sustainability of ocean resources. LINZ is working with national and international organisations on projects to drive improvements in New Zealand’s depths information and to map the world’s ocean floors. Coupled with international projects, LINZ is also focusing on local initiatives such as building relationships and partnerships to ensure valuable New Zealand marine data is collected efficiently, is more accessible and reusable. The organisation is also now coordinating retrieval of data, samples and reports from international vessels undertaking marine science research in New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone, Territorial Sea and Continental Shelf.</li><li>National Elevation and Imagery Partnerships &ndash; Aerial imagery and elevation (LiDAR) are foundational data infrastructure for New Zealand, with many critical applications. LINZ operates a successful partnership model for procuring and publishing aerial imagery across New Zealand, an initiative begun after the Canterbury earthquakes, when imagery over Christchurch was in great demand, but not accessible. The initiative has made aerial imagery of the entire country available to all, under a creative commons licence. LINZ has also recently established national coordination of elevation (LiDAR) data to maximise its value to New Zealand. Coordinating procurement partnerships and publishing data for open reuse are the focus of this ambitious initiative.</li><li>Mapping the coastal zone &ndash; New Zealand’s coastal zone is of great economic, social and environmental importance, and it is where climate change processes will impact the most. Fit-for-purpose coastal mapping is essential to modelling and decision-making that help us adapt and mitigate risks to our communities, individual property and infrastructure. LINZ is undertaking a one-year pilot as an initial step towards determining the needs for, and benefits of, improved coastal mapping. The pilot is stocktaking existing datasets that map parts of the coast (or intertidal or littoral zone) and identifying a fit-for-purpose reference frame for analysing data. The work will then move on to investigate the products needed to improve coastal mapping and decision-making and develop a prototype tool for mapping and visualisation.</li><li>Joining land and sea data &ndash; Currently in New Zealand, elevation and depths datasets are captured to a range of reference surfaces and datums, limiting our ability to merge them together. The largest challenges are across the coastal zone, where LINZ is working with the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) to develop a tool for ‘seamless’ linking of land and sea data. This project is being run in tandem with improving coastal mapping mentioned above, as the definition of tidal surfaces (such as mean high-water springs) are limited by the accuracy of digital terrain models and the ability to connect tidal surfaces to the coast. This project will also deliver an improved national tidal model. New Zealand’s current model was developed between 1996 and 2000 and is built on a now obsolete platform. The updated model will be recreated on a new platform and be able to use 20 additional years of data and improvements in global modelling technologies.</li><li>Maximising the benefits of Earth observation data &ndash; 2018 saw a greatly increased awareness of the potential applications of Earth observation data and technologies in government, industries and research in New Zealand. LINZ is joining with major stakeholders such as the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s Space Agency, Venture Southland and the Centre for Space Science Technology to develop a national strategy for maximising the benefits of Earth observation. Aside from this national focus, LINZ will work on how best to utilise Earth observation in our own activities, in areas such as using remote sensing to map our built environments and understanding potential applications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), which uses radar images of Earth’s surface collected by satellites to map ground deformation.</li></ol> Each of these five projects are at different stages of maturity. The presentation will cover off what each project has accomplished to date. We will present what the future holds for the programme and how Mapping New Zealand 2025 will allow LINZ, and the wider New Zealand community, to think and work differently.

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Poulin, R., and K. N. Mouritsen. "Climate change, parasitism and the structure of intertidal ecosystems." Journal of Helminthology 80, no. 2 (June 2006): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2006341.

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AbstractEvidence is accumulating rapidly showing that temperature and other climatic variables are driving many ecological processes. At the same time, recent research has highlighted the role of parasitism in the dynamics of animal populations and the structure of animal communities. Here, the likely interactions between climate change and parasitism are discussed in the context of intertidal ecosystems. Firstly, using the soft-sediment intertidal communities of Otago Harbour, New Zealand, as a case study, parasites are shown to be ubiquitous components of intertidal communities, found in practically all major animal species in the system. With the help of specific examples from Otago Harbour, it is demonstrated that parasites can regulate host population density, influence the diversity of the entire benthic community, and affect the structure of the intertidal food web. Secondly, we document the extreme sensitivity of cercarial production in parasitic trematodes to increases in temperature, and discuss how global warming could lead to enhanced trematode infections. Thirdly, the results of a simulation model are used to argue that parasite-mediated local extinctions of intertidal animals are a likely outcome of global warming. Specifically, the model predicts that following a temperature increase of less than 4°C, populations of the amphipod Corophium volutator, a hugely abundant tube-building amphipod on the mudflats of the Danish Wadden Sea, are likely to crash repeatedly due to mortality induced by microphallid trematodes. The available evidence indicates that climate-mediated changes in local parasite abundance will have significant repercussions for intertidal ecosystems. On the bright side, the marked effects of even slight increases in temperature on cercarial production in trematodes could form the basis for monitoring programmes, with these sensitive parasites providing early warning signals of the environmental impacts of global warming.

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Nelson, T. L., and S. D. Young. "A treasure trove of insect pathogens and other beneficial microbes." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5774.

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AgResearch Lincoln maintains two large collections of beneficial microbes which include insectpathogenic bacteria and fungi and plant growthpromoting microorganisms The collections serve as a repository for indigenous microbes of potential value as biocontrol agents and plant growth stimulants as well as reference isolates from overseas collections Over 3500 bacterial and 680 fungal isolates have been accessioned over a 22year period from most regions in New Zealand including the Chatham Islands Preservation of these vital genetic resources is essential for current and future bioprotection programmes providing a source of beneficial microbes for regulation of pest threats arising through biosecurity failure new crop management priorities and climate change The microbes are made available for research trials/commercialisation through collaborative programmes with research organisations such as Plant Food Research (fungi and bacteria for control of chorus cicada Fullers rose weevil bronze beetle) Landcare Research (fungi for control of social wasps) Auckland University (effect of endophytic insectpathogenic fungi on plant growth) and industry partners In the last decade the collections have also played a role in confirming the presence in New Zealand of microorganisms formerly considered to be new under the HSNO Act

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Cleaver, Julie. "Corruption in the Pacific - a threat to cultural identity." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 23, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i2.331.

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This is an edited transcript of a panel discussion at a Pacific preconference of the World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC) congress in Auckland in July 2016 that relates to fundamentally crucial issues about development in the region. As the world comes more intensely interested in what is going on in the Pacific. Numerous international treaties have been signed with interest in the Pacific from the European Union, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank in partnership with the South Pacific Forum as well as massive interest from foreign donors. How these resources are being deployed is actually crucial to successful development and many news media are trying to trace where the money goes. This is probably one of the biggest challenges, aside from global climate change and the depleting fishery resources, facing the Pacific and is a threat to cultural identity. ‘Corruption is much like cancer: it’s got to be treated early, otherwise there’s going to be massive expensive interventions, as we see in Africa, as we see in Asia, and as we see in South America,’ says panel convenor Fuimaono Tuiasau of Transparency International New Zealand. Panellists were: Dr Shailendra Singh, coordinator of the University of the South Pacific journalism programme, Alexander Rheeney, editor-in-chief of the PNG Post-Courier, and Kalafi Moala, owner, publisher and editor of Taimi ‘o Tonga.

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Huggel, C., N. Salzmann, S. Allen, J. Caplan-Auerbach, L. Fischer, W. Haeberli, C. Larsen, D. Schneider, and R. Wessels. "Recent and future warm extreme events and high-mountain slope stability." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1919 (May 28, 2010): 2435–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0078.

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The number of large slope failures in some high-mountain regions such as the European Alps has increased during the past two to three decades. There is concern that recent climate change is driving this increase in slope failures, thus possibly further exacerbating the hazard in the future. Although the effects of a gradual temperature rise on glaciers and permafrost have been extensively studied, the impacts of short-term, unusually warm temperature increases on slope stability in high mountains remain largely unexplored. We describe several large slope failures in rock and ice in recent years in Alaska, New Zealand and the European Alps, and analyse weather patterns in the days and weeks before the failures. Although we did not find one general temperature pattern, all the failures were preceded by unusually warm periods; some happened immediately after temperatures suddenly dropped to freezing. We assessed the frequency of warm extremes in the future by analysing eight regional climate models from the recently completed European Union programme ENSEMBLES for the central Swiss Alps. The models show an increase in the higher frequency of high-temperature events for the period 2001–2050 compared with a 1951–2000 reference period. Warm events lasting 5, 10 and 30 days are projected to increase by about 1.5–4 times by 2050 and in some models by up to 10 times. Warm extremes can trigger large landslides in temperature-sensitive high mountains by enhancing the production of water by melt of snow and ice, and by rapid thaw. Although these processes reduce slope strength, they must be considered within the local geological, glaciological and topographic context of a slope.

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Hopkins, Debbie, Colin Campbell-Hunt, Lynette Carter, James E. S. Higham, and Chris Rosin. "Climate change and Aotearoa New Zealand." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6, no. 6 (September 15, 2015): 559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.355.

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Eames, Chris. "Climate change education in New Zealand." Curriculum Perspectives 37, no. 1 (April 2017): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41297-017-0017-7.

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Sansom, John, and James A. Renwick. "Climate Change Scenarios for New Zealand Rainfall." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2491.1.

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Abstract In terms of the effects of future climate change upon society, some of the most important parameters to estimate are associated with changing risks of extreme rainfall events, both floods and droughts. However, such aspects of the climate system are hard to estimate well using general circulation models (GCMs)—in particular, for a small mountainous landmass such as New Zealand. This paper describes a downscaling technique using broad-scale changes simulated by GCMs to select past analogs of future climate. The analog samples are assumed to represent an unbiased sample of future rainfall and are used to develop detailed descriptions of rainfall statistics using hidden semi-Markov models of rainfall breakpoint information. Such models are used to simulate long synthetic rainfall time series for comparison with the historical record. Results for three New Zealand sites show overall increases in rainfall with climate change, brought about largely by an increased frequency of rainfall events rather than an increase in rainfall intensity. There was little evidence for significant increases in high-intensity short-duration rainfalls at any site. Such results suggest that, although regional increases of rainfall are consistent with expected future climate changes, it may be that circulation changes, rather than temperature (and vapor pressure) changes, will be the more important determinant of future rainfall distributions, at least for the coming few decades.

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McLachlan, Robert I. "Sea change: climate politics and New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 49, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2018.1476389.

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Nolan, Terry, and Peter Crowe. "Evaluating Climate Change Discourse in New Zealand." Systemic Practice and Action Research 23, no. 5 (February 4, 2010): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11213-010-9166-4.

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Cullen, Nicolas J. "Confronting climate change: Critical issues for New Zealand." New Zealand Geographer 63, no. 3 (December 2007): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2007.00111.x.

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Sherring, Phill. "Declare or dispose: protecting New Zealand’s border with behaviour change." Journal of Social Marketing 10, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-09-2018-0103.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the case study of the Ministry for Primary Industries’ (MPI) Border Compliance Social Marketing programme. This programme aims to change the behaviour of international visitors to New Zealand. This is to protect New Zealand’s important horticultural and agricultural industries and environment from harmful pests and diseases. The programme encourages travellers to leave potential biosecurity risk items at home, or at least declare them to border staff or dispose of in special amnesty bins at New Zealand’s airports on arrival. It also influences local communities to advocate to friends and family overseas on MPI’s behalf. Design/methodology/approach Aimed at visitors with the highest identified risk, the programme uses a range of interventions in the pre-travel, in-journey and upon-arrival stages of travel. It is underpinned by social marketing theory and models, qualitative and ethnographic research and an understanding of the passenger journey. Findings The programme has delivered a significant reduction in the number of passengers being caught with prohibited items and has influenced behaviours in packing bags before travel and declaring items for inspection on arrival in New Zealand. Originality/value The programme contributes to the New Zealand biosecurity system, which protects the country’s key horticultural and agricultural industries. For example, the horticultural industry contributes $5.6bn annually to the New Zealand economy. It also protects native flora and fauna, which is a large attraction to overseas visitors, and contributes to the $12.9bn tourism industry.

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Rouse, Helen, Paula Blackett, Terry Hume, Rob Bell, Robin Britton, and Jim Dahm. "Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: A New Zealand story." Journal of Coastal Research 165 (January 3, 2013): 1957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si65-331.1.

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Kelly, G. D. "Climate Change Policy: Actions and Barriers in New Zealand." International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses 2, no. 1 (2010): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/cgp/v02i01/37292.

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Bolstad, Rachel. "How can New Zealand schools respond to climate change?" Set: Research Information for Teachers, no. 3 (December 20, 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18296/set.0184.

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International climate agreements say education can play a key role in responding to the global challenge of climate change. My team and I are currently carrying out research to help build a national picture of educational responses to climate change. Our research suggests that New Zealand’s educational policies and strategies currently provide a diffuse framework for responding to climate change, and there is a lack of coherent messaging “from the top” about what could or should be expected of schools. Yet some innovative practices and approaches are visible across the school network. This article describes what we currently know about climate and sustainability thinking and practice across English-medium schools, and what further actions and supports may be needed across the system.

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Smart and Jordan. "CLIMATE CHANGE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NEW ZEALAND WINE INDUSTRY." Weather and Climate 11, no. 2 (1991): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279820.

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Rouse, HL, RG Bell, CJ Lundquist, PE Blackett, DM Hicks, and D.-N. King. "Coastal adaptation to climate change in Aotearoa-New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 2 (July 13, 2016): 183–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2016.1185736.

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Plume, R. W. "The Greenhouse Effect and the Resource Management Act, as Related to Oil and Gas Exploration and Production." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-311.

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The release of CO2 into the atmosphere - and more specifically its consequential effect on global temperature – is now more-or-less universally acknowledged as a significant international environmental problem. Known colloquially as the Greenhouse Effect, it is the subject of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. That convention commits its signatories to specific actions directed at stabilising emissions of greenhouse gases (including CO2) at 1990 levels. It was signed at the UN Conference on Environment & Development (the “Earth Summit” which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992) by 153 countries including New Zealand. New Zealand has now officially ratified the Convention and has thus effectively committed itself to participate in international programmes of CO2 emission reduction. The Resource Management Act 1991 requires regulatory authorities to consider the environmental effects of activities in their jurisdiction. Carbon dioxide is now considered to be a “contaminant” as defined in the Act and it therefore becomes contingent upon local authorities to determine a suitable response to the problem of CO2 emissions. Regional and district policy statements and plans are required to be consistent with the national policy statement. Although a national policy statement on CO2 emissions does not yet exist it can be expected that eventually the approval of resource consents for oil and gas exploration and production activities typically will require specific actions relating to the release of CO2. The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is almost entirely the direct result of two fundamental and worldwide activities: the combustion of fossil fuels and the removal of forest cover. When burned, hydrocarbons add large quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere. The removal of forest cover reduces the ability of the ecosystem to extract CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. The oil and gas industry is, of course, the source of a large proportion of the hydrocarbons used for energy and other purposes. It can therefore be expected that governments (including New Zealand) will focus on various aspects of the industry in their efforts to meet the reduction goal. Until recently the central Government approach to CO2 emission reduction was to implement the so-called no regrets policies which are desirable goals (e.g. increased energy efficiency) which have the positive spin-off effect of reducing CO2 emissions. By themselves such policies are likely to be inadequate to meet the internationally accepted reduction target. The Government must therefore implement more stringent measures. As the matter now stands the Government is investigating a diverse range of methods for reducing CO2 emissions. Because CO2 emissions and energy use are inextricably linked, reducing CO2 emissions can clearly have a detrimental effect on economic development. The 'holy grail' of policy development in this area is to reduce CO2 emissions without producing harmful effects on the economy. Several options (and myriad variations on the theme) have been put forward including, for example, carbon taxes and tradeable quotas. These options and others are now being assessed by Government officials. The industry should be alert to the distinct possibility that policy will focus directly on oil and gas production. From a regulatory point of view such an approach has an enticing simplicity but the effect on the oil and gas industry may prove to be less than desirable.

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Srokosz, M. A. "Rapid climate change: scientific challenges and the new NERC programme." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 361, no. 1810 (July 22, 2003): 2061–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2003.1243.

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27

Lundquist, Carolyn J., Doug Ramsay, Rob Bell, Andrew Swales, and Suzi Kerr. "Predicted impacts of climate change on New Zealand’s biodiversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 3 (2011): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110179.

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In New Zealand, climate change impacts have already been observed, and will increase in future decades. Average air temperature is predicted to warm by 2.1°C by 2090 for a mid-range IPCC scenario (A1B), with larger increases possible for some IPCC scenarios with higher rates of future emissions. Sea-level rise projections range between 0.18 – 0.59 m by 2100, based on six IPCC future emission scenarios excluding future rapid dynamical changes in polar ice-sheet flow. Global surface ocean pH is predicted to decrease by an additional 0.14 – 0.35 units by 2100, with a similar decrease expected in New Zealand waters. Rainfall is predicted to change significantly, with increased precipitation in the west, and reduced precipitation in the east, and more intense rainfall events. Increasing temperature is likely to result in species’ range shifts southward and upward, and mortality during extreme heat events. Ocean acidification is expected to cause declines in carbonate communities, with cold water communities predicted to decline first due to a lower aragonite saturation horizon in cold waters. Sea-level rise is likely to impact on coastal biota, reducing coastal habitats, changing inundation patterns, and increasing vulnerability to storm surges and tides. Changes in storm and rainfall intensity are predicted to increase disturbance to terrestrial and aquatic communities. Areas with increased precipitation will amplify rates of disturbance, erosion and sedimentation into aquatic, estuarine and coastal ecosystems, while areas with low precipitation will experience increased fire risk. In New Zealand, climate change projections are being integrated into management, including increasing protection and improving management of coastal habitats. Contributing to a global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, New Zealand is the first country to include forestry in their Emissions Trading Scheme, already positively affecting biodiversity by reducing deforestation.

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Collins, Daniel B. G. "New Zealand River Hydrology under Late 21st Century Climate Change." Water 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082175.

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Climate change is increasingly affecting the water cycle and as freshwater plays a vital role in countries’ societal and environmental well-being it is important to develop national assessments of potential climate change impacts. Focussing on New Zealand, a climate-hydrology model cascade is used to project hydrological impacts of late 21st century climate change at 43,862 river locations across the country for seven hydrological metrics. Mean annual and seasonal river flows validate well across the whole model cascade, and the mean annual floods to a lesser extent, while low flows exhibit a large positive bias. Model projections show large swathes of non-significant effects across the country due to interannual variability and climate model uncertainty. Where changes are significant, mean annual, autumn, and spring flows increase along the west and south and decrease in the north and east. The largest and most extensive increases occur during winter, while during summer decreasing flows outnumber increasing. The mean annual flood increases more in the south, while mean annual low flows show both increases and decreases. These hydrological changes are likely to have important long-term implications for New Zealand’s societal, cultural, economic, and environmental well-being.

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29

Richardson, Jane. "Climate Change and Holocene Fluvial Activity in Northland, New Zealand." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1274.

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30

Watson and Pottinger. "IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INVERTEBRATE PESTS IN NEW ZEALAND." Weather and Climate 10, no. 2 (1990): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279579.

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31

Renwick, Katzfey, McGregor, and Nguyen. "ON REGIONAL MODEL SIMULATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER NEW ZEALAND." Weather and Climate 19 (1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279923.

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32

Camilleri, Michael, Roman Jaques, and Nigel Isaacs. "Impacts of climate change on building performance in New Zealand." Building Research & Information 29, no. 6 (November 2001): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210110083636.

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33

Law, Cliff S., Graham J. Rickard, Sara E. Mikaloff-Fletcher, Matt H. Pinkerton, Erik Behrens, Steve M. Chiswell, and Kim Currie. "Climate change projections for the surface ocean around New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 3 (November 8, 2017): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2017.1390772.

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34

Anderson, Brian, Andrew Mackintosh, Dorothea Stumm, Laurel George, Tim Kerr, Alexandra Winter-Billington, and Sean Fitzsimons. "Climate sensitivity of a high-precipitation glacier in New Zealand." Journal of Glaciology 56, no. 195 (2010): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214310791190929.

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AbstractThe sensitivity of glaciers to climatic change is key information in assessing the response and sea-level implications of projected future warming. New Zealand glaciers are important globally as an example of how maritime glaciers will contribute to sea-level rise. A spatially distributed energy-balance model is applied to Brewster Glacier, New Zealand, in order to calculate glacier mass balance, run-off and sensitivity to climate change. The model successfully simulates four annual mass-balance cycles. Close to half (52%) of the energy available for melt on the glacier is supplied by turbulent heat fluxes, with radiation less important, except during the winter. Model sensitivity to temperature change is one of the largest reported on Earth, at −2.0 m w.e. a−1 °C−1. In contrast, a 50% change in precipitation is required to offset the mass-balance change resulting from a 1 °C temperature change. Meltwater runoff sensitivity is also very high, increasing 60% with a 1°C warming. The extreme sensitivity of mass balance to temperature change suggests that significant ice loss will occur with even moderate climate warming.

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35

Harrison, Sarah, Alexandra Macmillan, and Chris Rudd. "Framing climate change and health: New Zealand’s online news media." Health Promotion International 35, no. 6 (January 31, 2020): 1320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz130.

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Abstract Climate change is a major threat to public health worldwide. Conversely, well-designed action to mitigate climate change offers numerous opportunities to improve health and equity. Despite this, comprehensive climate action has not been forthcoming within New Zealand. The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and support for policy change. Previous literature has suggested that certain types of framing may be more effective than others at encouraging support for climate action and policy. This includes positive, personally relevant framing, as well as key journalistic tools which appear counter-intuitive, such as an increase in human interest stories and ‘sensationalist’ framing. We undertook a qualitative thematic analysis of climate change and health media coverage in two online New Zealand news outlets to understand how the issue was framed, and how it may be framed more effectively to encourage climate action. We compared the framing used by journalists in mainstream media outlet the New Zealand Herald Online (NZHO) with that of contributors to independent news repository site Scoop. Content in both outlets emphasized the threat unchecked climate change poses to health, which overshadowed the positive health opportunities of climate action. The NZHO was more prone to negative framing, and more likely to favour stories which could be sensationalized and were international in scope. We considered the possible effectiveness of the framing we found for attracting greater media attention and encouraging support for climate action and policy.

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36

Fitzharris, Blair. "How vulnerable is New Zealand to the impacts of climate change?" New Zealand Geographer 63, no. 3 (December 2007): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2007.00119.x.

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37

Scott, D., and M. Poynter. "Upper temperature limits for trout in New Zealand and climate change." Hydrobiologia 222, no. 2 (September 1991): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00006102.

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38

Chinn, T. J. "New Zealand glacier responses to climate change of the past century." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 39, no. 3 (September 1996): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1996.9514723.

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39

Hopkins, Debbie. "The perceived risks of local climate change in Queenstown, New Zealand." Current Issues in Tourism 18, no. 10 (March 28, 2013): 947–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.776022.

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40

McAdam, J. "The emerging New Zealand jurisprudence on climate change, disasters and displacement." Migration Studies 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu055.

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41

Hadley, Chris. "The sustainability of New Zealand climate change policy: an ethical overview." Environment, Development and Sustainability 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2014): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9555-4.

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42

Wakelin, Steven A., Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Eirian Jones, Simeon Smaill, Gavin Lear, and Suzanne Lambie. "Climate change induced drought impacts on plant diseases in New Zealand." Australasian Plant Pathology 47, no. 1 (January 2018): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0541-4.

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43

Douglas, Julie, and Peter McGhee. "Towards an understanding of New Zealand Union responses to climate change." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 31, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2021.1895483.

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44

Barnsley, Jonathan E., Chanjief Chandrakumar, Carlos Gonzalez-Fischer, Paul E. Eme, Bridget E. P. Bourke, Nick W. Smith, Lakshmi A. Dave, et al. "Lifetime Climate Impacts of Diet Transitions: A Novel Climate Change Accounting Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105568.

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Dietary transitions, such as eliminating meat consumption, have been proposed as one way to reduce the climate impact of the global and regional food systems. However, it should be ensured that replacement diets are, indeed, nutritious and that climate benefits are accurately accounted for. This study uses New Zealand food consumption as a case study for exploring the cumulative climate impact of adopting the national dietary guidelines and the substitution of meat from hypothetical diets. The new GWP* metric is used as it was designed to better reflect the climate impacts of the release of methane than the de facto standard 100-year Global Warming Potential metric (GWP100). A transition at age 25 to the hypothetical dietary guideline diet reduces cumulative warming associated with diet by 7 to 9% at the 100th year compared with consuming the average New Zealand diet. The reduction in diet-related cumulative warming from the transition to a hypothetical meat-substituted diet varied between 12% and 15%. This is equivalent to reducing an average individual’s lifetime warming contribution by 2 to 4%. General improvements are achieved for nutrient intakes by adopting the dietary guidelines compared with the average New Zealand diet; however, the substitution of meat items results in characteristic nutrient differences, and these differences must be considered alongside changes in emission profiles.

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Grae, Nikki, Sally Roberts, Arthur Morris, Gabrielle Nicholson, and Andrea Flynn. "The New Zealand surgical site infection improvement programme: A quality improvement programme supporting systems-based practice change." Infection, Disease & Health 21, no. 3 (November 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2016.09.113.

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46

Cradock-Henry, Nicholas A. "New Zealand kiwifruit growers’ vulnerability to climate and other stressors." Regional Environmental Change 17, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1000-9.

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Russill, Chris. "The Billion-Dollar Kyoto Botch-up: Climate Change Communication in New Zealand." Media International Australia 127, no. 1 (May 2008): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812700117.

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New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly since 1990. This article examines how the fact of increasing emissions is discussed and given significance in New Zealand's national public discourse on climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions became a serious public concern on 17 June 2005, when the New Zealand government estimated a $307 million Kyoto Protocol liability in its 2005 financial statements. Conservative media coverage of this report emphasised governmental miscalculation, the financial liabilities generated by Kyoto Protocol regulations and a struggle between Climate Change Minister Peter Hodgson and industry voices over how to define the problem. This article links the arguments and discursive strategies used in the 17 June 2005 newspaper coverage of increasing greenhouse gas emissions to the institutional actors shaping New Zealand climate change policy. The increased effectiveness of industry challenges to government climate change policy is noted and discussed.

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Oosterman, Jonathan. "Communicating for Systemic Change." Counterfutures 5 (June 1, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v5i0.6397.

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The climate crisis significantly magnifies the urgency of implementing systemic change. Globally, we have little time remaining in which to bring about the social, political, and economic transformation needed to avoid triggering amplifying feedbacks and runaway climate chaos. In this context, a core challenge is how to mobilise people and inspire widespread action to create this transformation. Understanding current approaches to climate communication is crucial for ensuring that our communication practices play the vital role they will need to in the coming decades. In this article, I do not aim to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines that define effective climate communication. My primary aim is to understand current communication practices. To achieve this, I take a movement-centred activist-scholarship approach to research on climate communication decision-making via in-depth semi-structured interviews with 14 members of the New Zealand climate movement. My intent is to synthesise the perspectives and experiences of New Zealand climate movement participants. Through this, I hope to offer a useful analysis of significant dynamics in climate communication and shed light on dynamics in systemic change communication more broadly.

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Chinn, T. J. "New Zealand glacier response to climate change of the past 2 decades." Global and Planetary Change 22, no. 1-4 (October 1999): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(99)00033-8.

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Harker, Julia, Prue Taylor, and Stephen Knight-Lenihan. "Multi-level governance and climate change mitigation in New Zealand: lost opportunities." Climate Policy 17, no. 4 (January 20, 2016): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1122567.

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Journal articles on the topic 'New Zealand Climate Change Programme'

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