Journal articles: 'New Zealand Institution of Engineers'

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Williams, P. John, and Jenny Mangan. "The Effectiveness of Using Young Professionals to Influence STEM Career Choices of Secondary School Students." Journal of Research in STEM Education 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51355/jstem.2016.19.

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There is a concern in many countries that secondary school student interest in careers in the STEM areas is declining. In response, a program has been developed in New Zealand for young professional technologists, engineers and scientists (known as ambassadors) to visit schools and carry out a variety of interventions to educate and encourage students to choose STEM careers. The interventions include careers talks and classroom activities, organized by regional facilitators who are employed by the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ) to co-ordinate the programme across New Zealand. The goal of this research was to ascertain whether ambassador interventions are influential on students’ attitudes to careers and curriculum choices in school. The objectives were 1) To investigate the impact of the interventions on students’ views and perceptions of STEM careers; and 2) To discover any specific factors that must also exist in a given context for an intervention to be effective. The main finding was that the ambassador interventions were influential on student career decision processes, though not all students were influenced. The facilitators work effectively in recruiting, training, organizing and supporting the ambassadors, and the ambassadors belief in the value of what they are doing helps ensure effective interventions. The research outcomes are presented as a range of recommendations.

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Brunsdon, D. R., and R. B. Shephard. "Post-earthquake response." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 31, no. 4 (December 31, 1998): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.31.4.281-287.

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The December 1996 issues paper by the Society's Working Party on Integrated Planning for Earthquake Preparedness [1] was widely circulated and received positive feedback from various sectors. As one of a number of follow up activities, the Ministry of Civil Defence asked the Society to investigate and report on the issues associated with establishing a register of engineering resources for post-earthquake response. The investigation involved looking at aspects such as maintenance of the register, training of those involved and mobilisation and co-ordination mechanisms. This process was enhanced with positive input from other interested parties including the Earthquake Commission, the Insurance Council and the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand. The project report as presented to the Ministry of Civil Defence in June 1998 is incorporated in full in this paper.

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Erturk, E., and K. Jyoti. "Perspectives on a Big Data Application: What Database Engineers and IT Students Need to Know." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 5, no. 5 (October 4, 2015): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.592.

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Cloud Computing and Big Data are important and related current trends in the world of information technology. They will have significant impact on the curricula of computer engineering and information systems at universities and higher education institutions. Learning about big data is useful for both working database professionals and students, in accordance with the increase in jobs requiring these skills. It is also important to address a broad gamut of database engineering skills, i.e. database design, installation, and operation. Therefore the authors have investigated MongoDB, a popular application, both from the perspective of industry retraining for database specialists and for teaching. This paper demonstrates some practical activities that can be done by students at the Eastern Institute of Technology New Zealand. In addition to testing and preparing new content for future students, this paper contributes to the very recent and emerging academic literature in this area. This paper concludes with general recommendations for IT educators, database engineers, and other IT professionals.

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Reissner-Roubicek, Sophie. "“The guys would like to have a lady:” The co-construction of gender and professional identity in interviews between employers and female engineering students." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.22.2.03rei.

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Gender and professional identity are intertwined particularly in professions where women are underrepresented, making gender identities and professional identities simultaneously relevant. A promising area for inquiry into identity construction (and one where the effect of actions to increase the proportion of women in professions such as engineering can potentially be observed) is graduate recruitment, a process designed to put novice professional identities to the test. This paper takes a social constructionist approach in exploring the discursive negotiation of female engineers’ professional identities and how these are co-constructed dynamically in interaction with gender identities in this important gatekeeping context. The analysis, which draws on examples from a dataset of 20 naturally occurring interviews between employers and final-year undergraduates at a university in New Zealand, focuses particularly on the interplay of gender in the necessary synthesis of personal and institutional discourses in constructing a professional identity. Ways in which gender is oriented to explicitly and/or implicitly in these gatekeeping encounters are shown to resonate with existing gender divisions (technical vs relational) in the androcentric professional context of engineering, undermining a pro-women recruitment stance. Central to the validation of professional identities by interviewers was the demonstration of “passion for engineering” but ways in which it was deemed to be demonstrated, such as through reasons for career choice and outside interests, were arguably gender-circumscribed. This further set of normative expectations, on top of the existing competency-discourse-driven requirement to fit candidates into prescribed categories, contributes invisibly to maintaining the homogeneous identity of the engineering profession. The tension between conflicting requirements for “difference” and “sameness” in the professional identities of female engineers is highlighted in a discussion of the ways gender is made relevant in the co-construction of these identities.

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Batley, Tom. "Management training of professional engineers in New Zealand." Journal of European Industrial Training 22, no. 7 (October 1998): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090599810230713.

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Al-Shamaa, Sawsan, Adam Brown, and Tamendi Pranish. "Addressing plagiarism at a New Zealand tertiary institution." ATLAANZ Journal 2, no. 2 (November 26, 2017): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26473/atlaanz.2017.2.2/002.

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Shameem, Shaista. "New Zealand: A Current Analysis of the New Zealand Serious Fraud Office." Journal of Financial Crime 6, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025885.

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The New Zealand Serious Fraud Office (NZSFO) was set up in 1989 in response to issues arising out of the 1980s financial crisis, in particular the share‐market crash of 1987. In the short period of about a year the total sum thought to be involved in corporate fraud schemes in New Zealand had increased dramatically, from NZ$10m–15m before 1988 to NZ$50m–70m in 1989. Consequently, the Department of Justice proposed setting up a specialist institution and legal mechanisms for the investigation of serious or complex fraud.

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Wilton, N. A., and William Toh. "Entrepreneurship among aviation engineers in New Zealand: drivers and sustainers." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 14, no. 4 (2011): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2011.043472.

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DEANS, J. "The Educational Needs of Graduate Mechanical Engineers in New Zealand." European Journal of Engineering Education 24, no. 2 (June 1999): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043799908923550.

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Brunsdon, Dave, Jitendra Bothara, Mike Stannard, Dick Beetham, Roger Brown, Clark Hyland, Warren Lewis, Scott Miller, Rebecca Sanders, and Yakso Sulistio. "Building safety evaluation following the 30 September 2009 Padang earthquake, Indonesia." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.3.174-181.

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A ten-member team of engineers was deployed by NZAID and the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering to assist Indonesian local and provincial agencies with rapid structural assessments of earthquake-affected buildings in and around Padang. This was the first time that a team of New Zealand engineers had been operationally deployed outside the Pacific region following a major earthquake. An accompanying paper describes the earthquake and its impacts, and the general observations of the team. This paper outlines the experiences of a team of 10 New Zealand structural engineers deployed on a volunteer basis for two weeks to undertake the deployment process, the arrangements that the team operated under in Padang, the tasks undertaken and the outputs and outcomes achieved. The lessons for building safety evaluation processes in New Zealand are also presented, along with the resulting enhancements to arrangements.

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Brunsdon, Dave, John Hare, Mike Stannard, Kelvin Berryman, Graeme Beattie, and Nick Traylen. "The impact of the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence on the earthquake engineering profession in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.1.56-67.

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Professional engineers have provided a range of inputs into the responses to the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence and the recovery process that has followed. This earthquake sequence has been unique in many respects, including the intensity of shaking produced in the Christchurch CBD by each of the major aftershocks in February, June and December 2011. For engineers, the heavy workload has been continuous from the response to the original 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake, and will extend for several years to come. There have been many post-earthquake challenges for seismologists and geotechnical and structural engineers, commencing with urban search and rescue responses and rapid building evaluations, and extending through the more detailed assessments and repair specifications during the recovery phase. Engineers are required to interface with owners, regulatory authorities and insurers, and face many challenges in meeting the objectives of these different sectors, which are rarely aligned. Adding to the technical demands has been the requirement for many scientists and engineers to provide input into the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission of Inquiry and other investigations. The Royal Commission was set up to investigate the failure of buildings that led to the loss of 185 lives in the 22 February 2011 aftershock, and has placed close scrutiny on many aspects of engineering activities, particularly those undertaken following the 4 September 2010 earthquake. The prominent public reporting of the Royal Commission hearings has placed additional pressure on many engineers, including those who volunteered their services following the original earthquake into a role for which they had received only limited prior training. Interpreting and communicating ‘safety’ in relation to the re-occupancy (or continued occupancy) of commercial buildings continues to be a challenge in the face of liability concerns. A more comprehensive understanding of the technical and process guidance required by engineers and authorities has resulted from the work undertaken in response to this earthquake sequence. Much of this guidance has now been produced, and will be of considerable benefit for future major earthquake events. This paper reflects on the range of work undertaken by scientists and engineers during the response and recovery stages. The scope and implications of the various official inquiries are summarised, and the potential impacts on engineers involved in the response to and recovery from future major earthquakes are briefly discussed.

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Hare, John. "The state of earthquake engineering in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.2.69-78.

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The Canterbury earthquakes have afforded the author a unique opportunity to view the state of engineering from a different perspective. The development of the Detailed Engineering Evaluation (DEE) procedure and the related activities of the Engineering Advisory Group have required thorough consideration of structural engineering practice. This has extended to an overview of the outputs from the DEEs completed by a wide range of engineers, over a wide range of buildings. From these and more general observations of engineering practice in contrast with that of other countries, a view on the state of earthquake engineering in New Zealand is offered with some thoughts on future direction and development needs.

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Dowrick, David J. "Earthquake risk reduction actions for New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 36, no. 4 (December 31, 2003): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.36.4.249-259.

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This paper discusses what we already do and what extra should be done lo reduce earthquake risk in New Zealand. Some of the needed actions have been learned from the consequences, good as well as bad, of earthquakes that have occurred both in New Zealand and in other parts of the world. A list of 26 weaknesses are identified in New Zealand's systems of earthquake risk reduction. Remedial actions to overcome these weaknesses in a balanced way involve at least nine parties. Fifteen of the weaknesses have five or more parties who could or should take some remedial action over them. Engineers have technical actions to address 20 of the weaknesses, while earthquake-related professions have an advocacy role to play in all of them. The potential exists for reducing earthquake losses by about an order of magnitude, i.e. worth billions of dollars and thousands of casualties in future earthquakes.

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Carpenter, John. "Lessons learned for civil engineers from the earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 166, no. 2 (May 2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.2013.166.2.53.

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Leitch, Shirley, and Juliet Roper. "AD Wars: Adversarial Advertising by Interest Groups in a New Zealand General Election." Media International Australia 92, no. 1 (August 1999): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909200112.

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During New Zealand's 1996 general election, neo-liberal employment law became the subject of two opposing advertising campaigns. Although the campaigns confined themselves to a single piece of legislation, the Employment Contracts Act, they reflected a deep division within New Zealand society. This article examines the two campaigns which were run by the Engineers' Union and the Employers' Federation. At its core, the Engineers' campaign was a defence of collectivism both in terms of the values underlying trade unionism and, more broadly, of Keynesian social democracy, whereas the Employers' Federation campaign championed the ethic of individualism within a free-market economy. Such a clear ideological positioning was absent from the campaigns of the major political parties who fought for the middle ground during New Zealand's first proportional representation election. This article, then, examines how interest groups used network television to confront voters with a stark choice between an unasked-for neo-liberal present and an apparently discredited Keynesian past.

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Warring, Susan. "Word‐of‐mouth amongst students at a New Zealand tertiary institution." International Journal of Educational Management 27, no. 4 (May 10, 2013): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513541311316287.

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Maydell, Elena. "‘We need engineers, not Russian brides’: Cultural stereotypes in New Zealand print media and what the engineers have to say." Communication Research and Practice 3, no. 4 (September 8, 2016): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1228995.

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Tee, G. J. "Relics of Davy and Faraday in New Zealand." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 52, no. 1 (January 22, 1998): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1998.0037.

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In April 1997 Sir John Meurig Thomas, F.R.S., toured New Zealand, as the 1997 Rutherford Lecturer of the Royal Society of London. He delivered his Rutherford Lecture on Sir Humphry Davy, P.R.S. (1778–1829), and Michael Faraday, F.R.S. (1791–1867), the first and second Directors of the Royal Institution. Many place–names in New Zealand commemorate scientists. There is Mount Davy (1012 m) at 42°23'S, 171°23'E, between Greymouth and Blackball. Mount Faraday, at 42°03'S, 171°30'E, is the highest peak (1485 m) in the Paparoa Range (south of Westport), whose successive peaks from south to north are named Mounts Lodge, Ramsay, Dewar, Priestly, Faraday, Curie, Einstein, Euclid and Kelvin. And Mount Copernicus and Mount Galileo are 10 km east of the Paparoa Range.

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Kelly, Clare. "The Vanishing Acheron House of Refuge. A Case of "Frontier Chaos"?" Architectural History Aotearoa 7 (October 30, 2010): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v7i.6788.

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The Acheron House of Refuge built between 1863 and 1864 near the junction of the Guide River with the Acheron River in the South Island high country was one of a chain of accommodation houses on the Inland Stock Route between Nelson and Canterbury. In 1865 the Nelson Provincial Engineer John Blackett wrote to the Nelson Provincial Government that he feared "the entire destruction of the house without the possibility of it being prevented" and blamed "the character of some of the travellers who pass this road." By the end of 1865, it was destroyed without trace. This paper considers incidents of lawlessness at the accommodation houses in the mid 1860s and the brief existence of the Acheron House of Refuge. It questions whether its demise was the result of "frontier chaos," a term which was first used by historian Miles Fairburn in 1989 to describe how rapid frontier expansion in New Zealand had scattered settlers and engendered transience, loneliness and lawlessness. Using settler diaries, letters and manuscripts this paper considers Fairburn's "frontier chaos" theory. It examines his assertions that in the New Zealand settler world prior to 1890 "seldom ... were goods and services exchanged," and that an atomised New Zealand settler society had "no institutions ... to facilitate mixing and meeting" (Fairburn "Local Community or Atomised Society?" pp 169-170,192,195,206,217). This paper concludes that incidents of lawlessness at the accommodation houses were linked to the South Island gold rushes, were short term and often the result of ill-prepared men desperate to survive in an unforgiving climate. At the accommodation houses on the Nelson to Canterbury Inland Stock Route travellers, keepers and neighbours shared an unwritten code of reciprocity. These accommodation houses formed the unofficial nuclei of small, loose-knit high country communities.

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Ferner, Helen, Rob Jury, Andrew King, Martin Wemyss, and Andrew Baird. "Performance objectives for non-structural elements." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.1.79-85.

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The recent earthquakes in New Zealand have raised awareness of the seismic vulnerability of non-structural elements and the costly consequences when non-structural elements perform poorly. Impacts on business continuity due to the damage of non-structural elements has been identified as a major cost and disruption issue in recent earthquakes in New Zealand, as well as worldwide. Clearly improvements in performance of non-structural elements under earthquake loads will yield benefits to society. This paper explores the intended and expected performance objectives for non-structural elements. Possible historic differences in performance objective expectations for non-structural elements between building services engineers, fire engineers and structural engineers are discussed. Wider construction industry expectations are explored along with our experience of client and regulatory authority views. The paper discusses the application and interpretation of the New Zealand earthquake loadings Standard NZS1170.5:2004 for the design of non-structural elements including possible differences in interpretation between building services, structural and fire engineers leading to confusion around the expected performance of non-structural elements under different limit states. It is based on the experience of several of the authors as members of the Standards committee for NZS1170.5:2004. The paper concludes by discussing changes to NZS1170.5:2004 the authors have proposed as members of the NZS1170.5 Standards committee to clarify and address the identified issues. These changes clarify the classification of parts, requirements for consideration earthquake imposed deformations, parts supported on ledges, potential falling of parts, the combination of fire and earthquake loads, and the requirement for parts to be designed for both serviceability and ultimate limit states along with the effective introduction of a serviceability limit state for parts for occupational continuity.

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Batley, T. W. "Mechanical Handling Engineers—A Case for Engineering Management with Style." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Management and engineering manufacture 202, no. 3 (August 1988): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_065_02.

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This case study concerns a mechanical engineer who has strong views on business management. He purchased a small engineering company in Dunedin, New Zealand, and put into practice his managerial philosophies of worker participation in decision-making and profit-sharing. The paper reviews the progress of the company during its first three years and then discusses the options for its future development.

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Hawse, Sally, and Leigh Norma Wood. "Designing workplace induction programs to support the transition of new-career engineers to practice." Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 9, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-02-2018-0014.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on transition of engineering graduates to work. It asks: “What approaches and enabling activities can organisational induction programs use to support successful transition to practice for new-career engineers?” Design/methodology/approach The paper is grounded in literature review; it discusses central themes in the literature relating to transition to the workplace for Science Technology Engineering Mathematics (STEM) graduates. These include: skills required for the workplace; challenging factors in the transition to workplace; and, disciplinary socialisation. Findings There is a lack of literature that explores the design of workplace induction programs to assist novice engineers transition to professional work. An emerging topic in the literature is educational institution and employing organisation co-production of induction and transition to work programs. Originality/value Much of the literature relating to transition to work programs is from higher education rather than from the viewpoint of the workplace. This review contributes to knowledge of transition to work for early-career engineers from the perspective of workplace development programs.

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de Luca, Katie E., Jordan A. Gliedt, Matthew Fernandez, Greg Kawchuk, and Michael S. Swain. "The identity, role, setting, and future of chiropractic practice: a survey of Australian and New Zealand chiropractic students." Journal of Chiropractic Education 32, no. 2 (March 6, 2018): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7899/jce-17-24.

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Objective: To evaluate Australian and New Zealand chiropractic students' opinions regarding the identity, role setting, and future of chiropractic practice. Methods: An online, cross-sectional survey was administered to chiropractic students in all chiropractic programs in Australia and New Zealand. The survey explored student viewpoints about the identity, role/scope, setting, and future of chiropractic practice as it relates to chiropractic education and health promotion. Associations between the number of years in the program, highest degree preceding chiropractic education, institution, and opinion summary scores were evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance tests. Results: A total of 347 chiropractic students participated in the study. For identity, most students (51.3%) hold strongly to the traditional chiropractic theory but also agree (94.5%) it is important that chiropractors are educated in evidence-based practice. The main predictor of student viewpoints was a student's chiropractic institution (Pillai's trace =.638, F[16, 1368] = 16.237, p < .001). Chiropractic institution explained over 50% of the variance around student opinions about role/scope of practice and approximately 25% for identity and future practice. Conclusions: Chiropractic students in Australia and New Zealand seem to hold both traditional and mainstream viewpoints toward chiropractic practice. However, students from different chiropractic institutions have divergent opinions about the identity, role, setting, and future of chiropractic practice, which is most strongly predicted by the institution. Chiropractic education may be a potential determinant of chiropractic professional identity, raising concerns about heterogeneity between chiropractic schools.

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Stirling, M. W., and C. J. N. Wilson. "Development of a volcanic hazard model for New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2002): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.35.4.266-277.

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We commence development of a volcanic hazard model for New Zealand by applying the well- established methods of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to volcanoes. As part of this work we use seismologically-based methods to develop eruption volume - frequency distributions for the Okataina and Taupo volcanoes of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Our procedure is to use the geologic and historical record of large eruptions (erupted magma volumes ≥ 0.01 cubic km for Taupo and ≥ 0.5 cubic km for Okataina) to construct eruption volume-frequency distributions for the two volcanoes. The two volcanoes show log-log distributions of decreasing frequency as a function of eruption volume, analogous to the shape of earthquake magnitude-frequency distributions constructed from seismicity catalogues. On the basis of these eruption volume-frequency distributions we estimate the maximum eruption volumes that Taupo and Okataina are capable of producing at probability levels of relevance to engineers and planners. We find that a maximum eruption volume of 0.1 cubic km is expected from Taupo with a 10% probability in 50 years, while Okataina may not produce a large eruption at this probability level. However, at the more conservative 2% probability in 50 years, both volcanoes are expected to produce large eruptions (0.5 cubic km for Okataina and 1 cubic km for Taupo). Our study therefore shows significant differences in eruption probabilities for volcanoes in the same physiographic region, and therefore highlights the importance of establishing unique eruption databases for all volcanoes in a hazard analysis.

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Palmer, Geoffrey. "The Judiciary as an Institution." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 46, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v46i2.4925.

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his issue of the Victoria University of Wellington Law Review contains a symposium of student work on the judiciary. This introductory article sets out the circumstances surrounding the preparation of the articles and the course of instruction that preceded them. It also sets out the constitutional background relating to the New Zealand judiciary and introduces the articles themselves. It refers to some changes contained in the Judicature Modernisation Bill that was nearing the end of its parliamentary passage when editing of the symposium was completed.

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Spicer, Barry, Wendell Dunn, and Geoff Whitcher. "Transforming Knowledge into Wealth in a New Zealand Research University." Industry and Higher Education 20, no. 4 (August 2006): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006778175856.

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This paper describes how New Zealand's leading research university, the University of Auckland, dealt with the issue of transforming knowledge into wealth using a ‘whole of institution’ approach. The context of New Zealand's growth and innovation initiatives is outlined and the University of Auckland's engagement with and institutional response to these initiatives are discussed. The initiatives include the joint government–private-sector funding of a ‘partnership for excellence’ programme; programmes to create a culture of enterprise, innovation and entrepreneurship; the use of entrepreneurs-in-residence; the development of new boundary-spanning structures and organizations; the melding of new approaches with existing technology transfer structures; and the creation of new networks. Key lessons learned throughout the process are described.

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Alamri, Yassar, Erik Monasterio, and Tim J. Wilkinson. "Factors Predictive of Medical Student Involvement in Research: Results from a New Zealand Institution." Advances in Medical Education and Practice Volume 12 (February 2021): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/amep.s284117.

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Fenwick, Richard, and Gregory MacRae. "Comparison of New Zealand standards used for seismic design of concrete buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 42, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.42.3.187-203.

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Major changes have occurred over the last six decades in New Zealand design codes for seismic resistance of structures. This paper describes the changes in the required design strengths, stiffness levels and capacity design provisions with particular reference to buildings where the lateral force resistance is provided by reinforced concrete moment resisting frames. It is shown that simple comparisons of response spectra and limiting inter-storey drifts can give misleading conclusions regarding relative strength and stiffness requirements unless allowance is made for many other interacting factors. To illustrate this, minimum design requirements defined in codes (or standards) over the last six decades are compared with the corresponding 2009 design requirements for regular buildings in which the lateral force resistance is provided by moment resisting frames. The approach that is described can be applied to other forms of structure. The paper is intended to provide background information for engineers planning to assess the need for seismic retrofit of existing buildings and to show the different factors which should to be considered in assessing existing structures against current design criteria.

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Momtahan, A., R. P. Dhakal, and A. Rieder. "Effects of strain-ageing on New Zealand reinforcing steel bars." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 42, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.42.3.179-186.

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Modern seismic design codes, which are based on capacity design concepts, allow formation of plastic hinges in specified locations of a structure. This requires reliable estimation of strength of different components so that the desired hierarchy of strength of the structural components can be ensured to guarantee the formation of plastic hinges in the ductile elements. As strength of longitudinal reinforcing bars governs the strength of reinforced concrete members, strain-ageing, which has significant effect on the strength of reinforcing bars, should be given due consideration in capacity design. Strain-ageing can increase the yield strength of reinforcing steel bars and hence the strength of previously formed plastic hinges, thereby likely to force an unfavourable mechanism (such as strong beam-weak column leading to column hinging) to take place in subsequent earthquakes. In this paper, the strain-ageing effect of commonly used New Zealand reinforcing steel bars is experimentally investigated. Common New Zealand steel reinforcing bars are tested for different levels of pre-strain and different time intervals up to 50 days, and the results are discussed focussing on the extent of strain-ageing and its possible implications on seismic design provisions. The results indicate that designers need to use a higher flexural strength (in addition to overstrength) for the weaker member in checking the strength hierarchy in capacity design of reinforced concrete frames. Similarly, in designing retrofit measures to restore a damaged reinforced concrete member engineers need to take into account an increase of yield strength of the reinforcing steel bars employed in the member due to the strain-ageing phenomenon and the extent of increase in the yield strength depends on the level of damage.

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Ćwikliński, Konrad. "Społeczeństwo obywatelskie w Nowej Zelandii według: International Comparative non-profit research programme." Cywilizacja i Polityka 14, no. 14 (October 30, 2016): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0243.

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Basic information about history of shaping civil society institution in New Zealand based on International Comparative non-profit research programme, Center for Civil Society Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. New Zealand during the colonial period was formed by regulating the social, legal and political from the British legislation,and signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, which gave basis for shaping the social and institutional order.

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Butt, Zulfiqar Haider. "Greenhouse gas inventory at an institution level: a case study of Massey University, New Zealand." Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management 2, no. 4 (December 2012): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.760157.

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Li, Mingsheng, and Jacqui Campbell. "Asian students’ perceptions of group work and group assignments in a New Zealand tertiary institution." Intercultural Education 19, no. 3 (June 2008): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14675980802078525.

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McGregor, Judy, Sharyn Graham Davies, Lynne S. Giddings, and Judith Pringle. "Pursuing equal pay: The perspectives of female engineers and potential policy interventions." Journal of Industrial Relations 59, no. 1 (August 11, 2016): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185616659677.

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The gender pay gap of higher paid women working in traditionally male-dominated sectors has received less analysis in equal pay research than low paid, female-dominated and undervalued women’s work. This article explores equal pay from the perspectives of female engineers, well paid women working in a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) sector in New Zealand, who perform work of the same or like nature to male engineers but who are paid less for doing so. It explores the gender pay gap against the complex intersections of labour market de-regulation, family demands, work and the ‘cost of being female’ that women in engineering must constantly navigate. The research uses quantitative pay data in the sector disaggregated by gender, and new qualitative data from focus groups and interviews with 22 female engineers. It finds a surprising lack of transparency around pay and remuneration in the sector at the individual level which negatively impacts on women. The article concludes by recommending new public policy initiatives for equal pay in sectors like engineering, where individualised negotiation and bargaining is embedded in neo-liberalism.

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Wiles, Lilliana, Jonathan Pethybridge, and Timothy John Sullivan. "Accounting for the Flexibility of Beam-Column Joints within New Zealand Steel Moment-Resisting Frame Structures." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.182.

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In New Zealand there currently appears to be no simplified, effective method of analysing the rotational stiffness of beam-column joints in steel moment resisting frame structures. Many practicing engineers use simplified design tables to detail beam-column joints for strength requirements, without accounting for the flexibility of joints. This tends to underestimate the flexibility of structures and hence the drifts they undergo in wind and earthquake events. To permit improved consideration of beam-column joint stiffness in a simplified manner, this work adapts the European component method to develop a series of tables that practitioners could look up to quickly identify beam-column joint stiffness values. The potential use for such stiffness values is highlighted by examining the impact of joint flexibility on the drifts expected in a 4-storey steel MRF subject to 1 in 500 year return period earthquake loading.

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Arndt, Theresa S. "Doctoral Students in New Zealand Have Low Awareness of Institutional Repository Existence, but Positive Attitudes Toward Open Access Publication of Their Work." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 7, no. 4 (December 11, 2012): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8qw4r.

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Objective – To investigate doctoral students' knowledge of and attitudes toward open access models of scholarly communication and institutional repositories, and to examine their willingness to comply with a mandatory institutional repository (IR) submission policy. Design – Mixed method, sequential exploratory design. Setting – A large, multi-campus New Zealand university that mandates IR deposit of doctoral theses. Subjects – Two doctoral students from each of four university colleges were interviewed. All 901 doctoral students were subsequently sent a survey, with 251 responding. Methods – Semi-structured interviews with eight subjects selected by purposive sampling, followed by a survey sent to all doctoral students. The authors used NVivo 8 for analysis of interview data, along with a two-phase approach to coding. First, they analyzed transcripts from semi-structured interviews line-by-line to identify themes. In the second phase, authors employed focused coding to analyze the most common themes and to merge or drop peripheral themes. Themes were mapped against Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory and social exchange theory constructs to aid interpretation. The results were used to develop a survey with a fixed set of response choices. Authors then analyzed survey results using Excel and SurveyMonkey, first as a single data set and then by discipline. Main Results – The authors found that general awareness of open access was high (62%), and overall support for open access publication was 86.3%. Awareness of IRs as a general concept was much lower at 48%. Those subject to a mandatory IR deposit policy for doctoral theses overwhelmingly indicated willingness to comply (92.6%), as did those matriculating prior to the policy (83.3%), although only 77.3% of all respondents agreed that deposit should be mandatory. Only 17.6% of respondents had deposited their own work in an IR, while 31.7% reported directly accessing a repository for research. The greatest perceived benefits of IR participation were removal of cost for readers, ease of sharing research, increased exposure and citing of one's work, and professional networking. The greatest perceived risks were plagiarism, loss of ability to publish elsewhere, and less prestige relative to traditional publication. The reason most given for selecting a specific publication outlet was recommendation of a doctoral supervisor. Disciplinary differences in responses were not sizable. For additional interpretation, the authors applied Rogers’s diffusion of innovations theory to determine the extent to which IRs are effective innovations. The authors posit that repositories will become a more widely adopted innovations as awareness of IRs in general increases, and through increased awareness that IR content is discoverable through major search engines such as Google Scholar, thus improving usability and increasing dissemination of research. Using the social exchange theory framework, the authors found that respondents’ expressed willingness to deposit their work in IRs demonstrated altruistic motives for sharing their research freely with others, appreciation for the reciprocity of gaining access to others’ research, and awareness of the potential direct reward of having their work cited more often. Conclusion – Authors identified that lack of awareness, rather than resistance to deposit, as the main barrier to IR depository participation. Major benefits perceived for participating included the public good of knowledge sharing and increased exposure for one’s work. Concerns included copyright and plagiarism issues. These findings have implications for communication and marketing campaigns to promote doctoral students' deposit of their work in institutional repositories. While respondents reported low direct use of IRs for conducting research, the vast majority reported using Google Scholar, and so may have unknowingly accessed open access repository content. This finding suggests that attention be given to enhanced metadata for optimizing discoverability of IR content through general search engines.

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Brunsdon, D. R. "The December 28, 1989 Newcastle, Australia earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 23, no. 2 (June 30, 1990): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.23.2.102-120.

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The December 28, 1989 Newcastle earthquake resulted in the loss of twelve lives and caused significant damage to many masonry buildings. Although Australia has previously experienced earthquakes of greater magnitude and intensity, this was the first such event to occur near a highly populated area in that country. While this earthquake is a relatively moderate event in international terms, it is nevertheless of particular interest to New Zealand earthquake engineers and researchers and the insurance industry because of the social and organisational similarities between Newcastle and a number of large New Zealand cities. The nature of the damage to buildings and services is summarised, along with insurance aspects and the response of local authorities.

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Hopkins, D. C., W. D. Clark, T. Matuschka, and J. C. Sinclair. "The Philippines earthquake of July 16, 1990." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 31, 1991): 3–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.24.1.3-95.

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On July 16 1990, an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 caused widespread damage, disruption and loss of life in Central Luzon, north of Manila. This report presents the observations of a four person reconnaissance team (three engineers and an architect) sent to the Philippines two weeks after the earthquake, by the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering. A summary and conclusions are presented first, with more detailed information following.

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Wild, Susan. "Accounting for Heritage, Cultural and Community Assets – Alternative Metrics from a New Zealand Māori Educational Institution." Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal 7, no. 1 (2013): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v7i1.2.

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Rajeh, Mohammed, John E. Tookey, and James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi. "Estimating transaction costs in the New Zealand construction procurement." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 22, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-10-2014-0130.

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Purpose – Within construction procurement, transaction cost economics offers a mechanism to understand “unseen” costs associated with the pre- and post-contract work. Pre-contract, these include costs related to information gathering and procurement. Post-contract they include activities of contract administration and enforcement. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the magnitude of transaction costs (TCs) for different procurement systems used in construction projects in New Zealand. Specifically estimating the relative values of TCs for Traditional and Design-Build delivery systems for the purpose of comparison. Design/methodology/approach – This study develops a conceptual model for the relationship between procurement systems and TC. The model was operationalized and developed into a questionnaire. A cross-sectional sample approach was deployed, involving pilot and survey questionnaires, and results verification through “real world” cases. Data were sought from construction professionals in management, design and operations (i.e. project managers, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, and procurement officers). TCs were measured using time-spent conducting procurement-related activities as a surrogate for cost. Professionals evaluate their time-spent in procurement activities using a Likert scale 1-5, comparing the Traditional and Design-Build delivery systems. Data were triangulated with “real world” cases to test and explain the developed model. The test included validity and reliability, path analysis, regression analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modelling (SEM). The primary analytical technique used was SEM to yield information on goodness-of-fit, model development and comparison, and confirmatory strategies. SPSS Amos 21 statistical software was used for data analysis and model development. Findings – The results suggest that procurement systems have indirect impact on TCs. The relationship between procurement system and TCs is fully mediated by costs of information, procurement, administration, and enforcement. Applying the developed models (the Traditional and Design-Build) to “real world” cases, it was found that TCs in the Traditional system amounts to 18.5 percent of the annual salary cost of a project manager (as an indicator quantum), while in the Design-Build system, it amounts to 14.5 percent of the annual salary cost of a project manager. TCs were calculated using regression equations based on factor loadings in the Traditional and Design-Build models. Practical implications – This study applies new theoretical model for the link between procurement system and TCs, investigating and empirically demonstrating the influence of procurement system on TCs in construction. It also offers a new plausible explanation for the factors influencing TCs in procurement. The study emphasizes “in-house” TCs from the perspective of the professionals. The findings have practical implications on construction business practice due to their robust empirical nature and theoretical framework, which might enhance the performance of the construction industry. Originality/value – This study contributes to the procurement selection in construction, by introducing a new conceptual model for the link between procurement system and TCs. It has extended the current practices for procurement selection by estimating TCs for the Traditional and Design-Build systems for comparison.

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Kingsbury, Peter A., Jarg R. Pettinga, and Russ J. Van Dissen. "Earthquake hazard and risk assessment study for the Canterbury region, South Island, New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2001): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.34.4.276-281.

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In recognition of the earthquake threat to Canterbury, and its statutory responsibilities, Environment Canterbury initiated a comprehensive, staged multi-year earthquake hazard and risk assessment study programme in 1997. In this paper the general framework and philosophy behind Environment Canterbury's Earthquake Hazard and Risk Assessment Programme is outlined. The results of the stage 1A earthquake source characterisation, and stage 1B probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the Canterbury region are presented in companion papers in this volume. The programme participants have ongoing earthquake hazard research projects, and also are involved as practitioners in land-use planning and development of relevance to the Canterbury region. The coordinated programme is primarily designed to facilitate the integration of a diverse range of independent studies, so making relevant earthquake hazard and risk information readily available to a wide range of end-users, including other professionals (engineers and scientists), planners, civil defence and emergency management staff, utility operators, and developers. In addition the programme provides up to date, relevant information for public education and awareness purposes. The first stage of the programme has been completed, and includes identification and characterisation of earthquake sources, probabilistic hazard assessment, and formulation of earthquake scenarios. The long-term staged study programme will address the earthquake hazard, the risks posed, possible mitigation options and mitigation implementation methods available.

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Court-Patience, Dan, and Mark Garnich. "Evidence collected for peer review of buckling-restrained braced frames in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.54.3.197-210.

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Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) form a bracing system that provides lateral strength and stiffness to a building. These systems have been shown to provide larger energy dissipation in severe earthquake events compared to concentrically and eccentrically braced frames (CBFs and EBFs). However, unlike CBFs and EBFs there is no guidance document or specific instructions in regulatory standards for the design of buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) in New Zealand. This makes it difficult for structural engineers to be aware of all the strength and stability considerations required for the safe design of BRBFs. Currently, structural designs that include BRBFs require a peer-review to gain building compliance. The American standard ANSI/AISC 341-16 is the adopted document used in New Zealand for guidance in how to collect evidence showing a BRBF system will perform as intended. However, as ANSI/AISC 341-16 is not a governing document in New Zealand, instructions within the document are not enforced and can be made to fit within the constraints of a building project. By way of example, this paper presents the experimental test process and results acquired from pre-qualification testing of three different commercially available BRB architypes. Of the three BRB designs investigated, one failed prematurely due to global buckling. A manufacturing error was the likely cause of this premature failure. This failure highlights the need for strict quality control during fabrication. All remaining BRBs performed well, meeting the acceptance criteria set out in ANSI/AISC 341-16. Positive pre-qualification results meant the BRBs were installed in medium to high-rise buildings throughout New Zealand. The importance of sub-assemblage testing to assess the performance of a BRB and its frame components is also discussed. Finally, the capability of high fidelity modelling to supplemental physical testing is also presented.

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Cameron, Caitriona. "Tertiary Learning Advisors in Aotearoa/New Zealand (Part 2): Acknowledging our contribution." ATLAANZ Journal 3, Special Issue (October 4, 2018): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26473/atlaanz.2018.1/002.

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Defining and re-defining identity is important for any profession, particularly so for tertiary learning advisors (TLAs) in the increasingly uncertain tertiary education environment in Aotearoa New Zealand. In the past ten years, two national surveys of learning centres in tertiary institutions sketched the professional status of TLAs, based on data from managers; there has been little research, however, on individual TLAs’ perspectives of their professional status. This special issue, ‘Identity and Opportunity’, reports on a project designed to address that gap, in three parts: building a professional profile, acknowledging learning advisors’ contribution, and rewards and challenges of the role. The findings indicate that TLAs are highly qualified and experienced but – for many – their skills and experience are not adequately recognised by institutions. There are significant barriers to progression within their institution, stemming mainly from organisational policies. Despite that lack of clear career opportunities, and other frustrations, overall satisfaction with the TLA role is high. Underpinning the findings, however, are issues of identity and recognition that should be addressed to ensure a resilient profession. Keywords: professional identity, tertiary learning advisor, higher education, career, job satisfaction

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Hay, Kathryn. ""There is competition": Facing the reality of field education in New Zealand." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 30, no. 2 (August 26, 2018): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol30iss2id507.

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INTRODUCTION: Anecdotal evidence of increasing competition for field education placements has raised concerns about the availability of quality learning opportunities for students and so it was considered timely to examine stakeholder perspectives.METHOD: In late 2014, 15 tertiary educators from 11 tertiary institutions and 31 social work students from three Aotearoa New Zealand tertiary institutions engaged with the researcher in individual or focus group interviews on aspects of quality field education.FINDINGS: Overall, the tertiary educators revealed considerable pressure on them to secure quality student placements due to competition with other tertiary providers, limited placement opportunities in some locations, high workloads and inadequate funding. Students recognised these pressures but questioned whether the educators are adequately supported by the tertiary institution. Placement availability was also affected by organisations experiencing funding pressures, placement fatigue, limited space and physical resources, and high workloads.CONCLUSIONS: These qualitative findings raise questions for all the key stakeholders in field education: tertiary institutions, educators, social service organisations, the professional associations, the regulatory body and students. The findings from this study signal the need for a comprehensive, sector-wide examination of the social work field education context in Aotearoa New Zealand.

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Smyth, Roger, and Rob Strathdee. "The effects of type of institution attended on graduate earnings in New Zealand: a cross‐field comparison." British Journal of Sociology of Education 31, no. 4 (July 2010): 489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2010.484924.

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Oosterman, Allison. "Truth: An institution that refused to be institutionalised." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 17, no. 1 (May 31, 2011): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v17i1.382.

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Reviewed book by: Redmer Yska Publication date: May, 2011 For this research Yska won a National Library Research Fellowship and he spendt 2008 reading microfiches and mouldy old hard copies of weekly in the basement of the library. He must have gnashed his teeth when a year later the library digitised early copies of the paper for PapersPost. Yska's introduction to his work is a skillfully written and doughty defence of his old paper which acknowledges his personal interest in Truth, but convincingly encourages the reader to accept that the weekly dserves to be recognised for its impact on both journalism and New Zealand society as a whole.

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Ashwell, Douglas. "Turbulent Times at MoneyInc: Effects of Change in the New Zealand Public Sector." Asian Case Research Journal 09, no. 01 (June 2005): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927505000599.

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The late 1980's saw the New Zealand Government implement a number of radical economic reforms. As part of these reforms, a number of formerly public organisations were transformed into profit-making enterprises. These reforms resulted in large scale redundancies in a number of industries. During this time Rob joined MoneyInc a former publicly owned and operated financial institution, undergoing restructuring to become a State Owned Enterprise. The branch where Rob was employed was suffering from a number of redundancies and staff changes. Although a newcomer to the organisation and its culture, Rob quickly indicated his aspirations to be involved in the sales area of MoneyInc and was offered the job of Sales Officer by the branch management. At the time, this job was held by Mary a well respected and long-time employee of the branch. The manner in which this staff change was made led to a serious interpersonal conflict between Mary and Rob which affected the whole branch. This case can be used to examine issues related to staff job changes, such as trust, organisational culture and conflict management.

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Young, J. D., Harold. "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: The Persistence of a British Colonial Institution." Economics, Politics and Regional Development 1, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): p42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eprd.v1n1p42.

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Following the British decolonization process, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) continued as the final appellate court for many new states. Originally designed as a colonial court, the JCPC, therefore, continues to influence independent states. This testifies to the persistence of British colonial influence in the jurisprudence of former colonies. This research on the JCPC provides evidence colonial influences persist beyond the ceremonial and examines the Gambia and New Zealand as cases illustrating different paths to shedding this colonial institutional.

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Davis, Andrew R., Katherine Walls, and Andrew Jeffs. "Biotic consequences of a shift in invertebrate ecosystem engineers: Invasion of New Zealand rocky shores by a zone-forming ascidian." Marine Ecology 39, no. 3 (June 2018): e12502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maec.12502.

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Wood, Nicholas Stuart. "Protecting Creativity: Why Moral Rights Should be Extended to Sound Recordings under New Zealand Copyright Law." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 32, no. 1 (March 5, 2001): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v32i1.5899.

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Traditionally, moral rights have not extended to the creators of sound recordings under either common law or civil law systems. The somewhat outdated rationale of this exclusion of sound recordings from the ambit of moral rights protection was generally that sound recordings were merely mechanical reproductions of already existing musical works, and hence the recordings lacked sufficient creativity to make them worthy of moral rights protection. In 1996, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty sought to remedy this anomaly in copyright law by extending the moral rights of paternity and of integrity to performers whose performances are fixed in sound recordings.This paper argues that New Zealand should follow WIPO's lead and extend the moral rights provisions of the Copyright Act 1994 to sound recordings. The author argues that sound recordings are imbued with sufficient creativity to merit moral rights protection and that this protection should be granted not only to performers but to sound engineers and producers, who also contribute creatively to the recording. This paper examines how moral rights in relation to sound recordings might work in practice and what remedies should be available for breach of these rights. The author concludes that the extension of moral rights to sound recordings need not impact detrimentally on the music industry, as some commentators fear.

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McLeod, Ian M., Darren M. Parsons, Mark A. Morrison, Agnès Le Port, and Richard B. Taylor. "Factors affecting the recovery of soft-sediment mussel reefs in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 1 (2012): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11083.

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Bivalve reefs are vital ecosystem engineers but have declined or disappeared in many regions. In the Firth of Thames (FOT), north-east New Zealand, overfishing, sedimentation or both led to the virtual extinction of extensive reefs of green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus). The mussel reefs have not recovered since commercial fishing ceased in 1968, possibly because the muddy sediments that replaced the reefs are an unsuitable habitat for adult mussels. To test this hypothesis, we transplanted mussels into cages on the seafloor for 500 days at three sites along a turbidity gradient (average visibility 0.8–4.7 m) within the mussel reefs’ former range for 500 days. Results showed that 68% of individuals survived the experiment and grew an average of 19 mm in length. Survivorship and growth did not differ between sites. However, at the completion of the experiment, mussels from the least turbid site were in better condition (condition index = 15) than those from the most turbid site (condition index = 10). Our results suggest that the current lack of recovery of mussel reefs in the FOT is attributable to low recruitment and survivorship of juvenile mussels. Restoration of mussel reefs and the ecosystem services that they provide may therefore be possible.

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Journal articles on the topic 'New Zealand Institution of Engineers'

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