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1
Albedil, Margarita F. "People who never have widows." Asia and Africa Today, no. 10 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750016843-9.
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The research article is focused on the peculiarities of the ethnocultural identity of the Newars.This is one of the many Nepalese peoples that is practically not studied in Russian oriental studies.Newars are considered the descendants of the ancient population of the Kathmandu valley,but it is not known for certain whether their ancestors were indigenous here or came to the valley from other places. Currently, the number of Newars is about 1.5 million people, this is the 6th population of the people of Nepal. They live mainly in the cities of the Kathmandu Valley.The Newars have long been famous as the creators of a rich and original culture. Their pronounced eth-nocultural identity has deep historical roots, and among its distinctive features there are many unique ones.The Newar religion is a synthe-sis of Hinduism and Buddhism, while many of its features are enshrined in a strictly ranked caste society. The caste system originally associated with Hinduism extends among the Newars and Buddhism, although initially it was incompatible with it. A distinctive feature of the social life of the Newars is the guthi, social and religious formations that regulate and control the social and ritual life of the people and help them maintain internal unity.Unique features are also preserved in ritual practices, for example, in the ihi wedding ceremony, during which girls are symbolically married to the deities Vishnu-Narayana and Surya.When a girl later marries in the usual way and her husband dies for whatever reason, she does not become a widow.The cult of the living goddess Kumari is also unique.
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Shrestha, Anita, and Ritu Prasad Gartoulla. "Socio-cultural Causes of Gender Disparity in Nepalese Society." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 2, no. 1 (2017): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v2i1.16601.
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Gender is socially constructed idea and disparity is the problem created by the society. The study was conducted from the socio-cultural perspective so the main objective of this study was to identify the socio-cultural causes of gender disparity in five different ethnic groups: Newar, Magar, Tamang, Rai/Limbu and Brahmin/Chhetri of Kathmandu Valley. Total 390 respondents were selected randomly from the all ethnic groups. Except the role of religion, the role of culture, patriarchy system, social perception, sources of income, level of education, political awareness & involvement and gender based division of labor had significant effect to increase the gender disparity in society. Political announcement that Nepal as a secular country had effected in the perception and practices related to the religious activities of people also. The government should address the socio-cultural problem and further researcher should explore the strategies to address the problem of gender disparity.
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Giri, Himal. "An Exploration of Ethnic Dynamics in Nepal." Journal of Population and Development 1, no. 1 (2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v1i1.33106.
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This article explores manifold dynamics of demographic presence in Nepal. The polities at large are distinct in terms of culture, class and caste. The study focuses on ethnic differences in the context of the recent political development of Nepal. Demographic changes have profound effects on the society, economy, and people of a political institution. Nepal is a multi-ethnic country with a history of ethnic discrimination over the centuries because of racial differences imbibed in political and social affairs of the Nepalese. Demographic changes in Nepal have occurred under unique circumstances within a both a historical context and a contemporary and comparative perspective against other countries have encountered. The article encompasses the factors such as cultural harmony, integrity, and equity to analyze cultural differences and racial realities in the scenario of the postmodern era. The paper unfolds the pages of underrepresentation of the marginalized communities and overrepresentation of Indo-Aryan groups and Newar in the polity.
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Bajracharya, Mangesh, and Samjhana Sharma. "Nasal index among Students of People’s Dental College and Hospital." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v1i1.11.
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Introduction: Nasal anthropometry is a study that deals with the measurements of the proportion, size, and shape of the nose. The nasal index is considered as one of the major landmarks for craniofacial surgery, gender differentiation, and ethnic identity. This study is aimed to provide baseline data of the nasal index of Nepalese people and to assess the gender variation which will be of clinical, surgical interest in rhinology and craniofacial prosthetic purpose. Methods: BDS students from 17 to 25 years with various ethnicity were included in the study. A total of 160 students with an equal number of male and female students was included. Nasal parameters were measured and the nasal index was calculated for each student. Result: The mean nasal index was 78.03±7.07 suggesting Mesorrhine type of nose. The nasal width and height show statistically significant differences whereas there was no significant difference found between the nasal indices of male and female students. Hill Janajati showed the highest nasal index followed by Newar, Brahmin and Chettri; and Others. Conclusion: The study concludes the type of nose has an effect on gender when compared between the sex but the nasal index calculated to have a little contribution to sexual dimorphism. Mesorrhine nose was found to be most frequent. Among the population, Hill Janajati showed the highest nasal index. We recommend further study to compare the nasal index of various ethnical groups of the Nepalese population. Keywords: Anthropometry, Mesorrhine, Nasal Index
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Ghimire, Prabesh, Vishnu Prasad Sapkota, and Amod Kumar Poudyal. "Factors Associated with Enrolment of Households in Nepal’s National Health Insurance Program." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 11 (2019): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.54.
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Background: Nepal has made remarkable efforts towards social health protection over the past several years. In 2016, the Government of Nepal introduced a National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) with an aim to ensure equitable and universal access to healthcare by all Nepalese citizens. Following the first year of operation, the scheme has covered 5 percent of its target population. There are wider concerns regarding the capacity of NHIP to achieve adequate population coverage and remain viable. In this context, this study aimed to identify the factors associated with enrolment of households in the NHIP. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey using face to face interview was carried out in 2 Palikas (municipalities) of Ilam district. 570 households were studied by recruiting equal number of NHIP enrolled and non-enrolled households. We used Pearson’s chi-square test and binary logistic regression to identify the factors associated with household’s enrolment in NHIP. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23 software. Results: Enrolment of households in NHIP was found to be associated with ethnicity, socio-economic status, past experience of acute illness in family and presence of chronic illness. The households that belonged to higher socio-economic status were about 4 times more likely to enrol in the scheme. It was also observed that households from privileged ethnic groups such as Brahmin, Chhetri, Gurung, and Newar were 1.7 times more likely to enrol in NHIP compared to those from underprivileged ethnic groups such as janajatis (indigenous people) and dalits (the oppressed). The households with illness experience in 3 months preceding the survey were about 1.5 times more likely to enrol in NHIP compared to households that did not have such experience. Similarly, households in which at least one of the members was chronically ill were 1.8 times more likely to enrol compared to households with no chronic illness. Conclusion: Belonging to the privileged ethnic group, having a higher socio-economic status, experiencing an acute illness and presence of chronically ill member in the family are the factors associated with enrolment of households in NHIP. This study revealed gaps in enrolment between rich-poor households and privileged-underprivileged ethnic groups. Extension of health insurance coverage to poor and marginalized households is therefore needed to increase equity and accelerate the pace towards achieving universal health coverage.
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Aryal, Chandramani, Narayan Niroula, and Bina Ghimire. "Perspectives of Nepalese Youth on Ecotourism Practiced at Rara National Park, Western Nepal." Journal of Tourism & Adventure 2, no. 1 (2019): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v2i1.25931.
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Participatory conservation approach practiced in most of the protected areas of Nepal mandate the active role of people for conservation planning and implementation. Peoples’ participation in conservation is largely regulated by the benefits they receive. Ecotourism, as it envisions the improved living standard of local people, could be one of the drivers for alluring local people towards biodiversity conservation. Thus, it is essential to assess ecotourism potential of a site for planning and implementing community engagement for biodiversity conservation. The potentiality of ecotourism depends upon three major factors i.e. visitors’ satisfaction, willingness of local people to participate in ecotourism related activities, and enthusiasm of park authority. Studies on ecotourism potential in Nepal are limited in scope and time. Therefore, this study tends to recognize the perspective of youth towards ecotourism in Rara National Park, where visitors’ numbers are growing of late. Scheduled interview was used to collect the perspectives of youth. Data were explored using descriptive statistics and association between the perceptions and visitors’ general background were explored using Chi-Square test. In the study, length of stay was observed to be associated with educational background. As per the responses, ecotourism activities in the park were found to contribute in biodiversity conservation and betterment of livelihood of local people. Though, the number of tourists are increasing, they are not adequate yet with potential to increase further in near future. When optimum tourist visit the park area, ecotourism activities can create win-win situation to biodiversity and people.
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Dhakal, Devendra. "Interaction of Wildlife and People Residing near National Park Area." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 3, no. 3 (2017): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v3i3.16858.
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Interaction is the relationship between organisms for food, shelter and other needs. It may be positive or negative. There is strong interaction between wildlife and local people particularly at the national park and its adjoining area. Local people are responsible for a number of problems related to protected area management. The objective of this study was to assess the causes of interactions and find out the ways for park-people management. This study has been designed to reveal the intricate relationship among the wildlife and local people. The study applied cross-sectional design and used quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data. Research instruments namely interview, questionnaire and observation were applied for this study. In any National Park in Nepalese context relation between wildlife and local people is positive and negative. Wildlife helps in promoting and maintaining greenery. It also helps in promoting tourism in the area. Journal of Advanced Academic Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2016, Page :100-104
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Lama, Suman. "Nepalese Society in Response to TEVT Programs." Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 7 (April 12, 2017): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v7i0.17155.
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Technical education and vocational training programs in Nepalese society have been a aloud offbeat that is combating to slice through the prevalent socio-economic and contemporary social setup so that it could contribute at the very best. Despite more than a half a century’s effort to establish it as a strong element that supports the country’s economy and peoples’ living standard, it has still been straining somewhere near the beginning point. This study investigates some impeding socio-cultural factors that fade the overall development of TEVT programs. The result should help the policy makers to be more assured about the major issues that hurdle the TEVT setup in Nepalese society. Analyzing several research works and national and international reports on concerned topics it is found that the TEVT values have not been placed as one of the top national priorities due to the existing social setup and people’s perspective towards TEVT programs. Therefore the heterogeneous aspects are required to be synchronized even more tactically along with TEVT’s integration in the labor market in order to choreograph, qualitatively improved TEVT programs so that TEVT could be significantly potential element among those on which the country’s socio-economic development could depend on more reliably.Himalayan Journal of Sociology & Anthropology - Vol. VII (2016), page: 155-174
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Silwal, Keshav Raj. "Restructuring Nepalese Societies Through Residential Relocation and it's Social Effects." DMC Journal 8, no. 7 (2023): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dmcj.v8i7.62436.
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This paper focuses to voluntary relocation of residents of Nepalese society and its effects on social relationship which unfolds the restructuring and transforming old residential structure of Nepalese society. Some scholars attribute the individual factors to the residential relocation and exemplify the life-cycle changes of household heads or household composition such as the age, employment or marital status of the household head and the number of children (Rossi, 1955, p. 24). They believe that the increase of marriage rate and fertility rate are determinative conditions for the residential relocation and rapid expansion of suburban areas. Besides these arguments, many scholars have embraced various facets of social change with residential relocation and find that most residents move to significantly higher income and less racially segregated suburban neighbourhoods with access to better infrastructure, services, and amenities (Deluca et al., 2005; Diewald and Mayer, 2009). Suburban growth is propelled by transportation and technology development such as mass-produced automobiles and highways. It is interesting social phenomenon in Nepal that the residents on hilly side and remote areas are relocating slightly downward and near to market areas. This paper follows field work on Lele valley, Lalitpur district which is emerging suburban area. It finds that people prefer to relocate their residents near to market and transport facilities creating a new social relationship. . It is found that they relocate their residents because of income sent from their family members who are in foreign employment or they sell their land. They introduce a new type of nexus and relationship with new neighbors who are not among their kinship and start bounding in every occasion.
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Maharjan, Sami, Niranjan Devkota, Udaya Raj Poudel, and Monika Klímová. "Newari Community’s Attitude to Promote Cultural Tourism Development: Evidence from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Journal of Tourism and Services 13, no. 24 (2022): 164–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v13i24.349.
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Cultural tourism is critical to the growth of destinations all over the world. Cultural activities and events, as well as existing local historical and cultural assets or cultural capital, shopping, and event attractions, are all believed to play a key role in the nations' cultural and economic development. In the Nepalese context, cultural tourism is widely discussed for the potential development of local and indegenous communities. Thus, the research aims to identify Newari Community’s attitude toward promoting cultural tourism development in Kathmandu Valley. Newari community people from Kathmandu valley were taken as a population, a total of 280 individuals were taken as a sample, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The attitude level of Newari people was measured using the attitude index. The Ordered Logistic Model was used to test the factors determining the Newari community's attitude towards promoting cultural tourism development. The result revealed that the Newari community is highly aware of cultural tourism development. Further, regression result shows that monthly income, employment opportunities, a wide variety of cultural activities, developed partnership, pride of local residents, sufficient information, cost of living, a problem with parking or traffic, and household employed in art and cultural activities statistically influence attitude level of Newari community to promote cultural tourism development. Hence, the Newari community should focus on promoting cultural tourism development through conservation, protection, and development of cultural management.
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Pfaff-Czarnecka, Joanna. "No end to Nepal's Maoist rebellion." Focaal 2005, no. 46 (2005): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/092012906780786780.
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Since 1996, Nepal has increasingly been drawn into a violent conflict between Maoist rebels and the state, leading to a severe crisis. Thousands of civilians have been killed, and most people in the countryside live in constant fear. Economic hardship has seriously increased. Despite repeated efforts to bring the parties together for peace talks, there is little hope that the violent situation will be resolved in the near future. This article analyzes the complex causes of the emergence of the Maoist insurrection and its success, and sketches the problems impeding a democratic solution to the current situation.
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Thapa, Arjun Kumar, and Shiva Raj Adhikari. "Characteristics of Morbidity and Choice of Health Care Facilities in Nepal." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 2, no. 2 (2017): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v2i2.16605.
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In aftermath of People’s Movement 2008, the Government of Nepal promulgated health as a component of basic human rights. But Nepalese health consumers can seek health care services in government primary health facilities, hospitals, private clinics or do self–medication. The study intends to describe the characteristics of morbidity and factors associated in choosing particular type of health facility. For data, the study depends on a nationally representative rich cross sectional household survey data (Nepal Living Standard Survey, 2010/11) of Nepal. The findings of the study show that around one fifth of the total population reported acute illness while near about 10 percent is facing chronic illness. Around 30 percent of people reporting acute illness do not seek any health care services. Most of the rural people and poor population seek health care services in government primary health care facilities and private pharmacies. People belonging to low income quintiles are likely to seek health care services in government primary facilities. Similarly people residing in mountain & hill are likely to utilize services of government primary facilities. The study shows that urbanites are more likely to seek services in hospitals and private clinics. Therefore a homogeneous health care service production and delivery cannot address the country wide demand of health care services.
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Parajuli, Raghu Ram. "Study on Local Uses of Medicinal Plants in Nayabazar, Pyang and Jamuna VDCs of Ilam District." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 1 (2013): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8923.
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This paper had documented the indigenous knowledge of local people on the utilization of medicinal plants in Nayabazar, Pyang and Jamuna VDCs of Ilam Distict in Eastern Nepal. People of different castes, Rai, Brahmin, Chhetri, Gurung, Tamang, Limbu, Sherpa, Sunar, Kami, Magar and Newar live in the study area. The study was carried by collecting the information through interaction with people, questionnaire and field observation. Eighty four plant species were found belonging to 43 families and 76 genera from the study. Four species of Pteridophytes, one species of Gymnosperm and 79 species of Angiosperms were recorded . Botanical names, families, local names, life forms, useful parts, concerned ailments and mode of application of plants used as medicine have been listed in tabular form. Herbaceous plants were found dominant over shrubs and trees as the medicinal sources. Cough, asthma, fever, urinary and gastro-intestinal disorders were most common diseases among the people. Plants belonging to the families Asteraceae, Rutaceae and Rosaceae were found more frequently used. Most of the local people are familiar with medicinal plants and they have started cultivation of some the medicinal plants like Swertia chirayita, Lilium nepalense, Berginia ciliata, Taxus wallichiana , Asparagus racemosus and Valeriana jatamansi. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 57-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8923
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Sharma, Hari P., Jerrold L. Belant, and Pei-Jen L. Shaner. "Attitudes towards conservation of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens in Nepal: a case study in protected and non-protected areas." Oryx 53, no. 3 (2017): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000990.
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AbstractThe red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as livestock grazing. We surveyed people living in or near protected areas and people living away from protected areas in Nepal, to understand human attitudes towards red panda conservation. Given Nepal's participatory approach to managing protected areas, we hypothesized that local people living in or near protected areas would have more positive attitudes towards red panda conservation than those in non-protected areas. Ninety percent of the 142 respondents had positive attitudes, with people living in or near protected areas expressing less positive attitudes than those in non-protected areas. Despite this difference between protected and non-protected areas, people were generally positive towards red panda conservation. However, positive attitudes did not necessarily translate to sustainable resource-use behaviour. We found there was a high prevalence of both livestock grazing and livestock disease in red panda habitat. We suggest that alternative farming practices (e.g. stall-feeding of livestock) and awareness programmes (e.g. education on the conservation status and legal protection of red pandas, and livestock–wildlife disease transmission) could be important tools to improve conservation attitudes and protect red pandas in Nepal.
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Bhatt, Deepak Chandra. "Embarking on a Journey: A Comparative Study of Selecting Ideal Migration Destination among Nepalese and Indian Labor Migrants." Journal of Engineering Technology and Planning 4, no. 1 (2023): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joetp.v4i1.58442.
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Indian labour migrants come to Nepal in search of better opportunities and at the same time, larger size of Nepali labour migrants migrate to different cities of India. The objective of this study is focused to describe and compare the migration process of labour migrants between Nepal and India. With pragmatism paradigm of post-positivism, mixed methodology (QUAN-qual) has been implemented to explain the research questions, where quantitative is predominant methodology. Quantitative method included survey with a sample of 650 households and qualitative method included one focus group discussion with both migrants group and two key Informant Interviews (KII) having long experience and knowledge in Nepal-India migration. For this research, Bhimdatt Municipality of Kanchanpur district is selected for the study area. The study showed that about 30 percent people from Bhimdatt Municipality migrate to the capital city Delhi. Similarly, 16 percent to Karnataka, 11.4 percent to Punjab, 10.6 percent to Maharashtra, 7.2 percent to Uttarakhand, 6 percent to Haryana and others move to Gujarat, Himanchal Pradesh, Goa, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. This finding challenges Revenstein's theory of migration in which the distance between the origins determines the volume of migration between place of origin and destination i.e., higher the distance, lower the volume of migration and vice versa. The main source of information seems to be generated with relatives and friends (50.9%) for both the migrants. The movement of Nepali labour migrants is found to different big Indian cities with longer distance however Indian labour migrants to Nepal choose near distance as their destination. Near distance, open border and social relationship (network) are the main causes of selection of their particular destinations.
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Piya, Madan Kumar. "Epidemiological profile of lung cancer in a Nepalese population: A single-institution review." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (2019): e13087-e13087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e13087.
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e13087 Background: Lung cancer is one of the common cancers worldwide, and is the commonest cancer in Nepal, with an incidence of 16%. There is a high incidence of smoking in Nepal, being highest in the mountain region in the north and lowest in the tarai region in the south. Smoking kills around 15,000 people per year. The prevalence of smoking in the urban population of Kathmandu over the age of 15 has been estimated at 64.6% in men and 14.2% in women. Nepal has diverse population with various ethnicities and different cultures. The aim of this study was to determine the relation of smoking, epidemiology of lung cancer and distribution of lung cancer in various ethnicities of Nepal. Methods: All patients attending National Hospital and Cancer Research Center in Kathmandu who were diagnosed with lung cancer between January 2012 and December 2018 were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was taken before enrollment and data was collected by the nursing staffs prospectively using a preset questionnaire for interviewing patients. Results: Data was collected from 250 patients over the seven years with histologically proven lung cancer. About 85.6 % of patients were male and 80% of them were smokers. 50% of men and 30 % of the women were smokers. Most common age to start smoking was in 11-20 years group (60%). 58% of patients were from Kathmandu valley, and 42% of patients from outside the valley. 38% of male were literate and 16% were illiterate where as 13.6% of female were literate and 32.4% were illiterate. Among the various ethnic groups, 44% were Newars, 20% Mongols, 18% in Chhetris and 18% Brahmins. The incidence of lung cancer was highest (57.6%) in the age 61-80 years age group. 14.4% of the patients had family history of cancer M = 8.6% and F = 6.0%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the highest (51.2%) followed by small cell carcinoma (22%) and adenocarcinoma (26.8%). Carcinoma of right lung was frequent (62%) compared to the left lung (38%). Local cigarette were used by 82.5% of the smokers and 54.5% of them used filtered cigarettes. 40% practiced relighting the butt ends. Conclusions: The study shows that smoking is a single major contributing factor observed in lung cancer in Nepal across various age groups as well as diverse ethnic groups. Given the high incidence of smoking starting before the age of 20, there is an urgent need for organized mass anti-smoking campaigns, especially in schools targeting the younger age group. Need of awareness against the smoking and the cause of lung cancer needs to emphasized to reduce the burden of the lung cancer.
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Sharma, Uday R., and William W. Shaw. "Role of Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park in Meeting the Grazing and Fodder Needs of Local People." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 2 (1993): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900037632.
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It has been increasingly accepted that park management policies in some countries should allow for limited access to park resources by the local people to meet their subsistence and cultural needs. However, too much access to the natural resources of a park may simply cause people to rely on the park resource and manage their own lands less intensively than hitherto.The issue of illegal livestock-grazing and fodder-cutting in Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) by local people is examined. The study area was comprised of 16 village units having an estimated population of 148, 404 people in 21, 621 households. Despite the presence of a large number of armed guards, the data from interviews with farmers indicated that illegal livestock-grazing and fodder-cutting in RCNP were prevalent. In the spring season, grazing intensity on the Park was higher than in other seasons, whereas cutting of fodder was intense in both winter and spring seasons.The actual monitoring of 11 patches (totalling 365 ha) of grasslands or savanna for a calendar year inside the Park but near its boundary, indicated that illegal grazing averaged 4.1 head per ha (3.0 cattle, 0.9 buffalo, and 0.2 sheep/goats). In addition, the livestock biomass was found to be increasing by 2.36% per annum in Park-adjoining villages. There is some evidence that villagers adapt their livestock practices in response to the availability (illegal) of grazing in, and fodder-removal from, the Park.The pressures for illegal access to park resources will continue to grow and eventually will exceed the capacity of the resource to recover from harvest. The best approach to resolve this illegal livestock grazing issue is neither strict protection nor widely-expanded access. The Park should consistently work to induce a gradual behavioural change, on the part of the farmers, to stall-feed livestock from fodder originating from their own farms and/or from community plantation.
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Kunwar, Nawaraj Bikram. "Safeguarding Nepal: National Security Landscape & Challenges." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 7, no. 1 (2024): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v7i1.67002.
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This article explores the complex notion of security in Nepal, covering its history, current challenges, and future prospects. It compares the traditional view of national security focused on protecting borders with newer threats that include social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical factors. Political instability, bureaucratic politics, economic crises, ethnic and religious tensions, occasional acts of violence, refugee problems and ecological destruction are ongoing challenges to the Nepal’s internal security. The state also has external issues such as its geographic position as well as socio-cultural pressure, which are immense and aggravated by the geopolitical complexities that stem from being landlocked and surrounded by powerful neighbors, India and China. The researchers used qualitative and analytical methods that involved collecting secondary data from various sources like books, journals, websites, dissertations, and reports, as well as the researcher’s academic and professional proficiency. The comprehensive national security policy and strategy is essential to bolster defensive capabilities contribute to resilience building and socio-economic growth. The government required adopting adept statecraft to maintain the equilibrium between national interests and threats; domestic and international. Further, preserving Nepal’s sovereignty and ensuring the welfare of her people necessitate joint efforts and unity among all stakeholders along with a deep comprehension of evolving security dynamics.
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Duwal, Sunil, Yogesh Bhattarai, Rabina Milapati, and Rocky Talchabhadel. "Charting the Course to Resilience: Hydrodynamic Modeling for Socio-economic Insights for Flood Risk Management in Nepal’s Ungauged Roshi River Catchment." Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 11, no. 1 (2023): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v11i1.59666.
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Nepal, a Himalayan country with diverse topography, faces significant flood risks yearly. This study focuses on flood hazard mapping and vulnerability assessments for the Roshi River catchment (RRC), situated in the mid-hills of Nepal, by using hydrodynamic modeling and scenario-based approaches. The results obtained from probability distribution methods revealed varying flood magnitudes from 100 m3 /s to 1100 m3 /s. Inundation’s analysis showed plains near the Araniko Highway (AH42) and Panauti Municipality to be high-risk flood-prone areas. Croplands are the most susceptible, while the estimated number of people and buildings at risk varies from 4,000 to 7000 people in 1200 to 2600 buildings. Socio-economic analysis shows that a major portion of the population is from Tamang ethnicity, with relatively lower economic and educational status. Similarly, women in economically and socially disadvantaged communities are particularly at risk, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and support. Proactive flood disaster management strategies are crucial, especially for marginalized and agriculture-dependent communities. The strategically important RRC’s link to key cities, including Kathmandu, demands effective flood control measures. Hydrodynamic modeling with possible scenarios relating to socio-economic aspects can aid decision-making processes from local to central government levels to create a more resilient and disaster-resistant future for Nepal.
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Adhikari, Kanshi Prasad. "Women's Socio-Cultural Status in the Tharu Community: A Case of Janaki Rural Municipality, Kailali." Academia Research Journal 3, no. 2 (2024): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/academia.v3i2.67374.
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Nepal, characterized by its multi-ethnic composition, hosts a diverse population of approximately 125 castes and ethnic groups, each with distinct cultural practices and beliefs. Among these groups, the Tharu people constitute a significant indigenous community, comprising about 6.6% of Nepal's total population. Historically settled in the Terai region, near forested areas and the Inner Terai, Tharus are culturally and linguistically diverse, with distinct sub-groups dispersed across various regions of Nepal.Tharu society traditionally embodies a rich cultural heritage, marked by unique customs and attire. Despite their agricultural prowess and reliance on forest resources for livelihoods, Tharu women face significant socio-economic challenges. They are often relegated to domestic and subsistence roles, with limited access to education and economic resources compared to men. While some sub-groups within the Tharu community exhibit exceptions to these norms, such as the Rana Tharus with their female-dominant societal structure, broader societal and economic barriers persist. This study focuses on Janaki Rural Municipality of Kailali district, aiming to explore the socio-cultural status of Tharu women. Through structured questionnaires, interviews, and observations, the research investigates household decision-making dynamics, educational disparities, and barriers hindering women from achieving higher social standing. The findings underscore the complex interplay of cultural norms, gender roles, and socio-economic factors influencing the status of Tharu women within their community. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of gender dynamics and social inequalities among Nepal's Tharu population, offering insights for targeted interventions to improve their socio-cultural and economic conditions.
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Thapa, Arjun K. "An Assessment of Household’s Out of Pocket Healthcare Payment and Impoverishment in Nepal: Evidence from Nepal Living Standard Survey III." Journal of Development and Social Engineering 3, no. 1 (2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jdse.v3i1.27956.
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Despite Government of Nepal’s effort of universalizing basic free health care services and other demand side financing health schemes, there is an ongoing debate regarding equity in health service coverage, availability and high out of pocket payment. So this study intends to assess out of pocket payment and its associated factors and its implication on impoverishment. A cross sectional descriptive study was designed which is based on Nepal Living Standard Survey III 2010/11, a rich and well representative secondary data of Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission Nepal. The information about individuals who reported out of pocket healthcare payment was extracted from 28,747 individuals (or 7,020 households) of the survey. An individual from a household is considered as the unit of study. The major findings of the study show that age, caste ethnicity, place of residence, ecological belt and development region have statistically significant association with OOP payment. Due to OOP expenditure near about 3 percent of people are falling below the poverty line. The impoverishment rate is high among people residing in rural areas (3.4%), Terai belt (3.4%) and Eastern development region (3.7%). Higher impoverishment level in Terai and Eastern development region where health facilities are fairly available in comparison to remote Mountain belt, low developed Far west and Mid-west only signifies low availability and utilization of health services. So there is a need to address lacunae in fair coverage and utilization of health services across the country along with impoverishment.
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Jha, R. K., and J. N. Yadav. "Economic potential and marketing trend of bamboo in Nepal: A case study from Rautahat District." Banko Janakari 25, no. 1 (2015): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v25i1.13476.
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Bamboo is a versatile gift of nature. It has direct link to the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the Nepalese people. The aim of the study was to assess the status of bamboo production in private land, its contribution to socio-economic condition and marketing trend of bamboo culms and bamboo products. This study was conducted in 10 Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Rautahat District during July to October, 2010. Data were collected through household (HH) survey using semi-structured questionnaires, key-informant survey through interviews, focus group discussion, market survey, and bamboo stock measurement. Two wards in each VDC were selected purposively based on availability of bamboo. The HHs in the selected wards were categorized into three well-being classes (rich, middle and poor) through participatory approach. The average number of bamboo clumps per HH was found to be 3.4 in the three categories of HHs within the study area; 5.7 (highest) in the rich-class HHs followed by 3.9 in the middle-class HHs and 0.5 (lowest) in the poor-class HHs; there were, on an average, 80 culms per bamboo clump in the study area. On the contrary, the income from the bamboo sector was found to be just opposite- 73.85% in the poor-class HHs followed by 2.37% in the middle-class HHs and 0.85% in the rich-class HHs. The prices of bamboo culms, basket and Nanglo winnow were found to have increased by 51.6%, 41.0% and 36.4% respectively during the last 4 years- from 2006/07 to 2010. No fixed market, no fixed price and no guarantee in sealing the products were found to be the major problems for market development of the bamboo products in the district. Awareness-raising through trainings and study-tours on plantation techniques to the bamboo-growers as well as the craft-makers and production of high-prized products are essential for increasing bamboo plantations and for the development of bamboo market in the district so as to make bamboo-culm supplier in the near future. The findings of this study will help the concerned agencies to inform about the status and future prospects of bamboo sector in the district.Banko Janakari; A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 25, No. 1Page: 63-75
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Karki, Bir Bahadur. "Practices of Micro Enterprises in Nepal." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 10, no. 1 (2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v10i1.19130.
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Entrepreneurship is perceived as an effective way to escape from poverty and paternalism. In developing countries, the informal sector is an important source of employment. Micro-enterprise is a tiny industry usually of 1-10 people that is profit-oriented and may be owned by a man or a woman. Micro Enterprise Development Programme (MEDEP) is launched in the country with technical and financial support of United Nations development Programme (UNDP) since 1998. Parbat and Baglung districts are selected for the purpose of fieldwork. Objectives of the study are to identify practices of business registration, nature and types of enterprises, location of business, conducted of main business and entrepreneurs manage their business premises. The study is based on survey research approach. Data are collected through primary sources. Both qualitative and quantitative data have been used in this study. The result shows that out of total respondents 78.6 percent respondents did not register their firm in concern authority. Main reasons for not registered their business in concerned authorities is as follows: respondents have no knowledge, lengthy procedures; registration office is too far, costly, difficult to fill in the forms, and other reasons for not being registered. The result of study shows that out of total micro enterprises, 83.9 percent enterprise belongs to sole proprietorship and 10.8 percent belongs to partnership. To identify nature of business, there were given seven options. It is found that out of total respondents, near about fifty percent entrepreneurs have agro-based enterprises, 15.8 percent and 15.2 percent entrepreneurs have forest –based enterprise, and skilled-based enterprises respectively. The result shows that most of the entrepreneurs conducted their business in rural area i.e. 90.6 percent. An attempt has been made to identify conducted main business through questionnaire and it is found that out of total entrepreneurs, more than two third entrepreneurs conducted their business in their own land and building. Another survey result showed that 80.6 percent entrepreneurs arrange their business premises in without rent. It seems that most of the entrepreneurs conduct their business in rent free premises.The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. X No. 1 December 2017, Page: 20-27
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Bhatta, Kishor Prasad, Anisha Aryal, Himlal Baral, et al. "Forest Structure and Composition under Contrasting Precipitation Regimes in the High Mountains, Western Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137510.
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The high mountains stretch over 20.4% of Nepal’s land surface with diverse climatic conditions and associated vegetation types. An understanding of tree species and forest structural pattern variations across different climatic regions is crucial for mountain ecology. This study strived to carry out a comparative evaluation of species diversity, main stand variables, and canopy cover of forests with contrasting precipitation conditions in the Annapurna range. Firstly, climate data provided by CHELSA version 1.2, were used to identify distinct precipitation regimes. Lamjung and Mustang were selected as two contrasting precipitation regions, and have average annual precipitation of 2965 mm and 723 mm, respectively. Stratified random sampling was used to study 16 plots, each measuring 500 m2 and near the tree line at an elevation range of 3000 to 4000 m across different precipitation conditions. In total, 870 trees were identified and measured. Five hemispherical photos using a fisheye lens were taken in each plot for recording and analyzing canopy cover. Margalef’s index was used to measure species richness, while two diversity indices: the Shannon–Wiener Index and Simpson Index were used for species diversity. Dominant tree species in both study regions were identified through the Important Value Index (IVI). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was employed to determine the differences in forest structure and composition variables between the two precipitation regimes. In total, 13 species were recorded with broadleaved species predominating in the high precipitation region and coniferous species in the low precipitation region. Higher species richness and species diversity were recorded in the low precipitation region, whereas the main stand variables: basal area and stem density were found to be higher in the high precipitation region. Overall, an inverse J-shaped diameter distribution was found in both precipitation regions signifying uneven-aged forest. A higher proportion of leaning and buttressed trees were recorded in the high precipitation region. However, similar forest canopy cover conditions (>90%) were observed in both study regions. The findings of this research provide a comprehensive narrative of tree species and forest structure across distinct precipitation regimes, which can be crucial to administrators and local people for the sustainable management of resources in this complex region.
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Muniba Nafees, Muhammad Zubair, and Abdullah. "Joint Forest Management Rules: Law and Practice in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." sjesr 4, no. 1 (2021): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss1-2021(268-277).
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The study’s main aim was to provide an in-depth insight into the Community Participation (also called Joint Forest Management or JFM) Rules enforced by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) in 2004 to reform the KP Environment Department from a “policing model” to a participatory one. It sought to find out; whether the JFM rules are followed in letter and spirit or the environment department of the province is still using age-old policies without involving the local communities in the management of forests. The study has uncovered the departmental and bureaucratic constraints towards the JFM Rules that stop the department from embarking on a journey towards a more participatory, inclusive, transparent, accountable, and sustainable management as well as development of forest resources. A qualitative research design was selected for this study and data was collected from a sample assembled on quota sampling technique with the quotas of respondents: 10 forest owners (people who have ownership rights in forests. 5 were taken from Malakand Division and 5 from Hazara Division of KP), 10 forest users (people who occasionally or permanently live in or near forests and use its resources in an arrangement with the forest owners. 5 were taken from Malakand and 5 from Hazara again), 10 government officials (5 from the environment department and 5 from the legal fraternity) and finally 10 environmental activists (including 5 female activists). Themes were developed after carrying out semi-structured in-depth interviews using interview guides. One of the major findings of the research were the sweeping and discretionary powers of the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) which hinders the progress of JFM as DFO is not only the final authority on registration of a JFM Committee but can influence various other aspects of community participation and JFM like planning, funding and termination. It was also found that the territorial or protection staff (like Ranger, Forester & Guard) were still calling the shots in a top-down approach instead of a bottom-to-top approach by the mobilization and developmental staff (like Community Development Officer or CDO & Female Forest Extensionist or FFE) despite the JFM Rules. It was revealed that there is a great lack of funds and financial independence of the Directorate of CDEGAD (Community Development, Extension, Gender and Development) which is responsible for implementing community participation and JFM. The directorate staff is mostly financially dependent upon the discretion of the DFO. Even after 16 years, the environment department has not internalized JFM Rules. There was a lack of concern by government top management towards addressing this huge environmental problem of the lack of implementation of JFM despite the recent Billion and 10 Billion Trees "Tsunami" Afforestation Projects with the help of the UN under the Bonn Challenge. A very small number of community members reported that they are participating in the forestry and wildlife activities with the environment department. "Rubber stamp" and "token" participation were reported just to give legal cover to the departmental activities and a photo session for the social media instead of truly real incentive participation to achieve sustainable management and development of forest resources. There is a great if not an organized resistance of the majority of forestry staff to JFM Rules and keep these rules hidden under the carpet to carry on the traditional approach which is harmful for the communities, the department, the forests, and the wildlife in the long run. Lack of implementation of JFM Rules also facilitates corruption. Without local support and knowledge, the poverty in the forest-dependent communities cannot be eradicated. Lessons from Nepal's social forestry should be learned and utilized for KP's JFM. Nevertheless, the recent projects by the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf led KP and Federal governments have given environmental activists a great glimmer of hope but the long-term positive results of it will depend upon its continuity by the future governments. The positions of CDOs, Female CDOs, and SOs (Social Organizers) need to be strengthened with legal powers regarding JFM. Several environmental policy and regulation needs were also identified in this study, followed by several recommendations for the environment department, provincial government, and civil society for bold and ambitious community-led forestry and wildlife conservation projects.
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Vaidya, Abhinav, Umesh R. Aryal, and Alexandra Krettek. "Abstract P313: Poor Cardiovascular Health Knowledge despite the Rising Epidemic of Cardiovascular Diseases: findings from a peri-urban Nepalese community." Circulation 129, suppl_1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p313.
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Nepal, a low-income South Asian country, is facing a growing epidemic of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Information on how well its population knows about the underlying risk factors and possible prevention and control strategies is an important determinant in tackling the epidemic. Studies indicate Nepalese people have poor knowledge regarding cardiovascular health, for example, about symptoms of heart attack or diabetes. We conducted a study on cardiovascular health literacy in a peri-urban area near Kathmandu and tested the hypothesis that better cardiovascular health knowledge is associated with superior cardiovascular health behaviour. For this cross-sectional study, we conducted face-to-face interviews with 777 consenting adults aged 25-59 years from six randomly sampled clusters of Duwakot and Jhaukhel communities between September and November 2011. We used WHO-STEPs questionnaire to gather information on demographic, behavioural and anthropometric variables. Additionally, we did a thorough literature search to construct questions on cardiovascular health knowledge and attitude. Scores were given to knowledge, attitude and behaviour/practice components which were then aggregated to calculate composite median percent scores. Five categories from highest to lowest quintiles of median percent scores were then generated. Seventy percent of the respondents were females- out of which two-thirds were housewives, and a third was without formal education. A fifth of the 229 male respondents were doing agriculture-based work. When asked to spontaneously name the risk factors, respondents showed low overall knowledge- ranging from 1% for diabetes and 29% for smoking. Sixty percent of them did not know any heart attack symptom. Chest pain as a heart attack sign was known only to 14% of the respondents. Nonetheless, 86% of them thought heart diseases could be prevented by improving lifestyles. However, 65% of men and 54% of women did not want to change their lifestyle as they did not consider themselves to be at risk. Further, among those with highest knowledge quintile score, only 14.7% had highest attitude quintile score, and only 13.4% had highest behaviour quintile score. Likewise, among those with lowest knowledge quintile score, 26% had lowest attitude quintile score, and 16.4% had lowest behaviour quintile score. In conclusion, despite the rising burden of cardiovascular epidemic in Nepal, population-level knowledge on cardiovascular health is still poor. Further, better knowledge did not necessarily translate into superior cardiovascular health behaviour. Therefore, community-based interventions that improve all the three components should be promoted rather than those which influence only the knowledge aspect.
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Wang, Jin, Xiaoyong Ding, Chang-An Guo, et al. "An ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants used by the Tibetan in the Rongjia River Valley, Tibet, China." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 19, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00621-4.
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Abstract Background Wild edible plants (WEPs) play a crucial role in communities with limited communication with the outside world, where unstable factors, such as poor food supply and insufficient access to timely nutritional supplementation, are common, as in the Himalayan region. To document the traditional knowledge of WEPs and explore their significance for communities with minimal global economic exchange, an ethnobotanical study was conducted in the town of Rongjia, which lies in a narrow valley near Mount Everest, Tibet, China. Methods This ethnobotanical study was conducted in three villages in the Rongjia River Valley between August 2021 and June 2023. Semi-structured interviews and participatory observations were used to collect information on WEPs. The fieldwork was performed with the assistance of local guides. Voucher specimens were collected from each documented plant species for taxonomic identification. We used the use report (UR) and relative frequency of citations (RFC) to evaluate the comprehensive utilization value of WEPs. Results We interviewed 161 informants who provided us with 2499 use reports. We collected 50 WEPs belonging to 28 families and 42 genera used by the Tibetan people in the Rongjia River Valley. WEPs are used in vegetables, fruits, seasonings, healthcare foods, substitute grains, and beverages. Wild vegetables were the most commonly used, followed by wild fruits. Leaves were the most commonly consumed part of the plant. The three most important WEPs ordered by RFC values were Rosa sericea var. glandulosa Osmaston (RFC = 0.76), Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. (RFC = 0.75), and Urtica hyperborea Jacquem. ex Wedd. (RFC = 0.71). Other than that, we also document some of WEPs used in the past. Arisaema erubescens Schott, Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, and Satyrium nepalense var. ciliatum (Lindl.) Hook. f. used to serve as important substitute grains, are no longer in use, however, they remain vivid in the memories of older people. Conclusions WEPs included wild vegetables, fruits, seasonings, healthcare food, and substitute grains for Tibetan people in the Rongjia River Valley. Some WEPs have become important cultural symbols for older people, which can help in understanding the relationship between plants and local people in the past. In addition, WEPs can increase the resilience of local people living in remote areas when facing sudden destabilizing events in future. This is the significance of WEPs for communities with minimal global economic exchange. Therefore, we suggest that future studies focus more on WEPs in communities with limited communication with the world to improve their resilience.
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Geschewski, Hanna, and Mine Islar. "A political ecology of aviation and development: an analysis of relations of power and justice in the (de)construction of Nepal's Second International Airport." Journal of Political Ecology 29, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/jpe.2304.
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In this article, we investigate socio-ecological conflicts surrounding the proposed Second International Airport project near Nijgadh, a town in the southern Terai region of Nepal. Praised by the Nepali government as a gamechanger for Nepal's economy, it has come under scrutiny by environmental activists after plans emerged for extensive clearing of the densely forested project site. While public and political debates have focused on the environmental impacts of the project, the area is also home to nearly 8,000 people, most of whom have no formal land rights and belong to Janajati groups, who face displacement. The apparent lack of attention to the project's consequences for local communities raises questions about the safeguarding of their interests. Drawing on justice theories and political ecology, we conducted a case study to investigate the residents' struggle for justice, recognition, and visibility amidst a strong dichotomy of mainstream developmentalist and conservationist discourses. During two months of fieldwork in Nepal, we gathered empirical evidence, including observations, interviews, and project documentation. Our findings suggest that the misrecognition of local communities, particularly in Tangiya Basti, began long before the airport project, and is intertwined with distributive and procedural injustices, reinforced by power asymmetries of various kinds. Overall, we argue that while the airport project is often framed as an environmental conflict, it is also a conflict over claims to social justice and livelihood security.