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1
Sauer, P. J. J., M. Huisman, C. Koopman-Esseboom, D. C. Morse, A. E. Smits-van Prooije, K. J. van de Berg, L. G. M. Th Tuinstra, et al. "Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Dioxins on Growth and Development." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 12 (December 1994): 900–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401301213.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are potentially toxic compounds which occur widely in the environment. Their effects on the growth and development of infants at the levels currently found in highly industrialised western countries is not well known. This Dutch multicenter study, combining animal and human studies, tries to answer this question. Animal studies showed that PCB 169, given once during pregnancy at a dose of 1.8 g kg-1 bodyweight, has an effect on developmental parameters, dopamine regulation and fertility. Effects on thyroid hormones were also found in animals, probably due to both a competitive binding of PCB metabolites to the thyroxine binding protein and increased glucuronidation, Perhaps to compensate for this, an increased diodase activity in the brain was found. Human studies involved 400 mother-infant pairs, half of them being breast-fed, the other half were fed a formula devoid of PCBs and dioxins. PCB levels were measured in serum and dioxin and PCB levels in breastmilk. Levels were found to be as high as previously found in highly industrialised countries. Growth and development were carefully documented, but no data are as yet available. In pregnant women, a significant negative correlation was found between some dioxin and PCB congeners in milk and plasma thyroid hormones, while newborn infants showed higher thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at higher levels of dioxin exposure. In summary, data from this combined multicenter study involving animals and humans increases our insight into the potentially negative effects of PCBs and dioxins on growth and development.
2
Ágh, Tamás, Katalin Gáspár, Balázs Nagy, Matthieu Lehmann, and Zoltán Kaló. "The value of a child born in the European Union." Acta Oeconomica 68, no. 2 (June 2018): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.2.6.
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The objective of this study is to quantify the value of a child born in 27 EU countries and Switzerland. The Human Capital (HC) approach was used to estimate the social benefit arising from an additional childbirth. The value of a newborn child was calculated by summing up the discounted value of all expected future gross earnings of the individual, including an imputed value for household production. The estimation takes into account life expectancy and the probability of being employed or in household production by age-groups. Input data was obtained from Eurostat and the Human Mortality Database. In 2012, the purchasing power parity adjusted present value (PV) of a newborn child was EUR 108.4 thousand in Bulgaria and EUR 803.6 thousand in Denmark. By applying the actual exchange rates, the difference between the lowest value (EUR 48.8 thousand in Bulgaria) and the highest value (EUR 1.1 million in Switzerland) was increased. The PV was highly sensitive to the discount rate. The fertility interventions are expected to gain popularities among other health priorities as a tool to counter generation ageing. However, in order to enhance fertility among other health priorities, policy-makers must take into account the full social value based on the local estimates.
3
Marques-Pinto, André, and Davide Carvalho. "Human infertility: are endocrine disruptors to blame?" Endocrine Connections 2, no. 3 (September 2013): R15—R29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-13-0036.
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Over recent decades, epidemiological studies have been reporting worrisome trends in the incidence of human infertility rates. Extensive detection of industrial chemicals in human serum, seminal plasma and follicular fluid has led the scientific community to hypothesise that these compounds may disrupt hormonal homoeostasis, leading to a vast array of physiological impairments. Numerous synthetic and natural substances have endocrine-disruptive effects, acting through several mechanisms. The main route of exposure to these chemicals is the ingestion of contaminated food and water. They may disturb intrauterine development, resulting in irreversible effects and may also induce transgenerational effects. This review aims to summarise the major scientific developments on the topic of human infertility associated with exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs), integrating epidemiological and experimental evidence. Current data suggest that environmental levels of EDs may affect the development and functioning of the reproductive system in both sexes, particularly in foetuses, causing developmental and reproductive disorders, including infertility. EDs may be blamed for the rising incidence of human reproductive disorders. This constitutes a serious public health issue that should not be overlooked. The exposure of pregnant women and infants to EDs is of great concern. Therefore, precautionary avoidance of exposure to EDs is a prudent attitude in order to protect humans and wildlife from permanent harmful effects on fertility.
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Lassek, William D., and Steven J. C. Gaulin. "Do the Low WHRs and BMIs Judged Most Attractive Indicate Higher Fertility?" Evolutionary Psychology 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 147470491880006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704918800063.
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We examine the widely accepted view that very low waist–hip ratios and low body mass indices (BMIs) in women in well-nourished populations are judged attractive by men because these features reliably indicate superior fertility. In both subsistence and well-nourished populations, relevant studies of fertility do not support this view. Rather studies indicate lower fertility in women with anthropometric values associated with high attractiveness. Moreover, low maternal BMI predisposes to conditions that compromise infant survival. Consistent with these findings from the literature, new data from a large U.S. sample of women past reproductive age show that women with lower BMIs in the late teens had fewer live births, controlling for education, marital history, and race. They also had later menarche and earlier menopause compared with women with higher youth BMIs. In addition, data from the 2013 U.S. natality database show that mothers with lower prepregnancy BMIs have an increased risk of producing both low-birth-weight and preterm infants controlling for other relevant variables—conditions that would have adversely affected fitness over almost all of human evolution. Thus, a review of the relevant literature and three new tests fail to support the view that highly attractive women are more fertile.
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Schlatt, S. "022.Spermatogonial stem cells: from basic research to clinical applications." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs022.
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The testis contains undifferentiated spermatogonia and is therefore the only adult organ populated with proliferating germline cells. Whereas the biology of these cells is quite well understood in rodents, their modes of mitotic expansion and differentiation are poorly understood in primates. The existence of these cells offers clinically relevant options for preservation and restoration of male fertility. New approaches based on male germ cell transplantation and testicular tissue grafting can be applied to generate a limited number of sperm and could therefore be considered as important new avenues applicable to a variety of disciplines like animal conservation, genetic germline modification or restoration of fertility in oncological patients. In principle, germ cell transplantation presents a removal of the stem cell from the donor's niche and a transfer into the niche of a recipient. Grafting can be considered as a transplantation of the stem cell in conjunction with its niche. Germ cell transplantation of human spermatogonia into mouse testes revealed that the stem cells survive and expand but are not able to differentiate and complete spermatogenesis. We have developed an approach to infuse germ cells into monkey and human testes and showed that germ cell transplantation is feasible as an autologous approach in primates. Furthermore, we applied germ cell transplantation in the monkey model mimicking a gonadal protection strategy for oncological patients. Ectopic xenografting of testicular tissue was applied to generate fertile sperm from a variety of species. Newborn testicular tissue was grafted into the back skin of immunodeficient mice and developed up to qualitatively complete spermatogenesis. The rapid progress in the development of novel experimental strategies to generate sperm from cryopreserved spermatogonial stem cells or immature testicular tissue will lead to many new options for germline manipulation and fertility preservation.
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Kim, Peter S., James E. Coxworth, and Kristen Hawkes. "Increased longevity evolves from grandmothering." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1749 (October 24, 2012): 4880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1751.
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Postmenopausal longevity may have evolved in our lineage when ancestral grandmothers subsidized their daughters' fertility by provisioning grandchildren, but the verbal hypothesis has lacked mathematical support until now. Here, we present a formal simulation in which life spans similar to those of modern chimpanzees lengthen into the modern human range as a consequence of grandmother effects. Greater longevity raises the chance of living through the fertile years but is opposed by costs that differ for the sexes. Our grandmother assumptions are restrictive. Only females who are no longer fertile themselves are eligible, and female fertility extends to age 45 years. Initially, there are very few eligible grandmothers and effects are small. Grandmothers can support only one dependent at a time and do not care selectively for their daughters' offspring. They must take the oldest juveniles still relying on mothers; and infants under the age of 2 years are never eligible for subsidy. Our model includes no assumptions about brains, learning or pair bonds. Grandmother effects alone are sufficient to propel the doubling of life spans in less than sixty thousand years.
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Hunt, P. "040. ARE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AFFECTING HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs040.
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The concern that human reproductive health may be affected by chemicals in our daily environment has grown in recent years with the recognition that: (1) some countries have seen a recognizable decline in sperm counts and an increase in urogenital tract abnormalities among newborn males, (2) the incidence of some cancers has increased precipitously, and (3) the number of infertile couples has increased markedly in many countries. Our laboratory focuses on the oocyte and the factors that cause the production of chromosomally abnormal eggs. We know that the risk of a chromosomally abnormal pregnancy is strongly influenced by maternal age, but there is growing concern that environmental exposures may influence the ability of both the male and female to produce normal gametes. Our laboratory has focused on the effect of exposures to a ubiquitous chemical to which humans are exposed daily, bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is used in a wide variety of consumer products from plastics and resin coatings to eyeglasses and pressure printed receipts. Our studies in mice demonstrate that BPA exposure during fetal development adversely affects female fertility because BPA influences several significant stages of egg development. In the male mouse, we and others have found that prenatal, perinatal, and adult exposures can affect the function of the testis. In current studies we are attempting to determine if effects seen in the mouse are also a feature of BPA exposed primates. We are using a rhesus monkey model to determine how BPA is metabolized in the pregnant and nonpregnant female and how BPA exposure influences the developing fetus. Lastly, in human studies we are evaluating BPA levels in the developing fetus and assessing their effect on the developing fetal ovary.
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Alabi, Oluwatobi Joseph. "Perceptions of Surrogacy Within the Yoruba Socio-Cultural Context of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria." F1000Research 9 (February 8, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20999.3.
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Background: Surrogacy might be a reproductive process that brings joy and fulfilment to many but it also brings with it numerous ethical and legal concerns; it raises questions about the fundamental human rights, welfare and wellbeing of women and infants especially within a context where it is barely regulated. This article examines the perception of surrogacy within the Yoruba socio-cultural context in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. It brings to the fore various socio-cultural concerns that questions the influence of surrogacy as a reproductive process on womanhood, motherhood and parenthood. It discusses by analysing the narratives of participants how surrogacy process is a dereliction of the sacredness and cultural sanctity of the family system, most especially in an African context. Methods: 15 stakeholders (traditional birth attendants and gynaecologists) were engaged in an in-depth interview to unravel the challenges surrogacy might or is encountering within the socio-cultural context of Ado-Ekiti. Results: There are various social, cultural and religious beliefs that police the reproductive sphere of the Yoruba socio-cultural group, which has grave implications on fertility treatment. These socio-cultural and religious factors do not provide a fertile ground for surrogacy to thrive within the study location. Hence, it is important that the socio-cultural framing of reproduction within this cultural context become receptive to medical reproductive solutions and innovations if at all the processes are to thrive or at least become less stigmatised. Conclusions: The process of surrogacy is very complex and people’s attitude towards the practice is greatly influenced by their culture, religion and social belief systems about what is considered appropriate for procreation. Also, it is important to have clear-cut policy regulating surrogacy and all forms of ARTs in Nigeria, as this will protect women and infants, as well as, ensure that they are not to exposed abuse, commercialization and exploitation.
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Alabi, Oluwatobi Joseph. "Perceptions of Surrogacy Within the Socio-Cultural Context of Nigeria." F1000Research 9 (September 24, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20999.2.
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Background: Surrogacy might be a reproductive process that brings joy and fulfilment to many, but it also brings with it numerous ethical and legal concerns; it raises questions about the fundamental human rights, welfare and wellbeing of women and infants, especially within a context where it is barely regulated. This article examines the perception of surrogacy within the socio-cultural context of Nigeria. It brings to the fore various socio-cultural concerns that question the influence of surrogacy as a reproductive process on womanhood, motherhood and parenthood. It discusses, by analysing the narratives of the participants, how the surrogacy process is a dereliction of the sacredness and cultural sanctity of the family system, most especially in an African context. Methods: Fifteen (15) stakeholders (traditional birth attendants, medical gynaecologists and legal professionals within the social, medico-legal framework of reproductive health) in Nigeria were engaged in in-depth interviews to unravel the challenges which surrogacy might be facing or encountering as an ART in Nigeria. Results: There are various social, traditional, cultural, and religious beliefs that police the reproductive sphere of Nigeria, which have grave implications on fertility treatment. These socio-cultural and religious factors do not provide a fertile ground for surrogacy to thrive in Nigeria. Hence, it is important that the socio-cultural framing of reproducing in Nigeria become receptive to modern medical reproductive alternatives and innovations. Conclusions: For surrogacy to permeate the reproductive terrain of the country there is a need to jettison several socio-cultural and religious sentimental beliefs policing reproduction in Nigeria.
10
Simakhodsky, Anatoly S., Yulia V. Gorelik, Konstantin D. Gorelik, Sergey L. Ivanov, and Yulia V. Lukashova. "Mortality of Children Born on Early Gestational Age: is it the Impassable Barrier or the Reserve for Reducing the Infants Mortality?" Current Pediatrics 19, no. 5 (December 24, 2020): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v19i5.2209.
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The problem of premature infants is well recognized in Russia and all over the world. The article discusses the mortality level and structure of extremely premature infant during 2015–2019. The aim of the study was to identify significant cause-effect relations for high mortality of premature infants and infants with extremely low body weight (ELBW) according to reports from obstetric departments, pediatric outpatient clinics, children's hospitals, statistical agencies, queries results from Territorial Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (TCMIF) in Saint Petersburg and Russian Association of Human Reproduction (RAHR). The main demographic indices are presented by the Petrostat association. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) forms provided by the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Maternal and Child Health of the Saint Petersburg Health care Committee (No. 32 “Information on medical care for pregnant women, women in labour and new mothers” (approved by order of Rosstat No. 591 of 27.11.2015); No. 19 “Information on children with disabilities” registered in children's clinics (approved by order of Rosstat No. 866 of 27.12.2016); No. 14 “Information on the activities of medical facilities units providing inpatient medical care” (approved by order of Rosstat No. 723 of 05.12.2014); No. 30 “Information on the medical facility” (approved by order of Rosstat No. 483 of 03.08.2018 “On the approval of statistical tools for the organization of federal statistical observation in the field of healthcare by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation”) presented by Saint Petersburg Medical Informational and Analytical Center (MIAC)), and answers from TCMIF in Saint Petersburg and RARCH have been investigated. The authors have analyzed the fertility and mortality rates of premature infants, the group of children with ELBW has been established. High mortality levels have been revealed in the first weeks of life (22–23), they were mainly associated with infectious processes. The authors associate the premature delivery increase with the widespread implementation of assisted reproductive technology (ART). ART can be performed either via compulsory medical insurance funds, or other non-government sources. The assumption was proposed that there are possible violations of ART indications, contraindications, and the number of procedures. The ART efficacy is difficult to estimate as well due to insufficient information provided by Rosstat report form No. 32. The need of implementation of the new statistical form that will cover the data on the of ART administration, the possibility of efficacy estimation of modern invasive methods for infertility treatment and mandatory submission of reports about the use of these methods by medical facilities is discussed.
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Ganefati, Sri Puji, Adi Heru Sutomo, and Iswanto Iswanto. "Urinoir Model as A Liquid Organic Fertilizer Producer of Nitrogen, Phospate and Potassium." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v3i1.4671.
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<p>Environment plays role as transmission media for various kinds of environmental based diseases such as Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Diarrhoea, Poliomyelitis, Measles, Hepatitis, Thypus and Herpes. This kind of disease stills a health problem for Indonesia. The mortality survey conducted in ten provinces by Sub-Directorate of ARI of the MoH of Indonesia in 2005 found that Pneumoniae as a type of ARI diseases was the greatest cause of death among infants (22.3 %) and under-five children (23.6 %), and based on Surkesnas report in 2010, the number of Thypus cases in Indonesia increased by 20.73 %. Meanwhile, among those diseases, Thypus, Hepatitis and Herpes can be transmitted by human urine, as well. On the other hand, urine can be processed becoming organic fertilizer because it consists of essential substances for plants growth, i.e. 80 % Nitrogen and Phospate and Potassium in the rest 20 %. 75 – 90 % of the Nitrogen is in form of Urea and only the small percentage of Ammonium and Creatinine. Meanwhile, 90 – 100 % of Phosphate and Sulphur are in dissolved inorganic form and can be directly absorbed by plants. The use of liquid organic fertilizer is able for improving soil fertility which is depraved due to the continuing use of chemical fertilizer. The aim of the research was to understand the influence of the use of urinoir model in various urine detention times, on the concentration of the yielded Nitrogen, Phospate and Potassium (K) by conducting an experiment which employed post-test design. The results showed that the various urinoir models (I, II dan III) had effect on the concentration of those three substances of the liquid fertilizer (p < 0,001), and Model I (i.e. 5 day detention time) is found as the most appropriate urinoir model in producing the N, P an K subtances in the fertilizer.</p>
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Ganefati, Sri Puji, Adi Heru Sutomo, and Iswanto Iswanto. "Urinoir Model as A Liquid Organic Fertilizer Producer of Nitrogen, Phospate and Potassium." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v3i1.4671.
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<p>Environment plays role as transmission media for various kinds of environmental based diseases such as Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Diarrhoea, Poliomyelitis, Measles, Hepatitis, Thypus and Herpes. This kind of disease stills a health problem for Indonesia. The mortality survey conducted in ten provinces by Sub-Directorate of ARI of the MoH of Indonesia in 2005 found that Pneumoniae as a type of ARI diseases was the greatest cause of death among infants (22.3 %) and under-five children (23.6 %), and based on Surkesnas report in 2010, the number of Thypus cases in Indonesia increased by 20.73 %. Meanwhile, among those diseases, Thypus, Hepatitis and Herpes can be transmitted by human urine, as well. On the other hand, urine can be processed becoming organic fertilizer because it consists of essential substances for plants growth, i.e. 80 % Nitrogen and Phospate and Potassium in the rest 20 %. 75 – 90 % of the Nitrogen is in form of Urea and only the small percentage of Ammonium and Creatinine. Meanwhile, 90 – 100 % of Phosphate and Sulphur are in dissolved inorganic form and can be directly absorbed by plants. The use of liquid organic fertilizer is able for improving soil fertility which is depraved due to the continuing use of chemical fertilizer. The aim of the research was to understand the influence of the use of urinoir model in various urine detention times, on the concentration of the yielded Nitrogen, Phospate and Potassium (K) by conducting an experiment which employed post-test design. The results showed that the various urinoir models (I, II dan III) had effect on the concentration of those three substances of the liquid fertilizer (p < 0,001), and Model I (i.e. 5 day detention time) is found as the most appropriate urinoir model in producing the N, P an K subtances in the fertilizer.</p>
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AKSYONOVA, S. Yu. "Multiple Births in Ukraine: Demographic Aspects." Demography and social economy, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2021.01.038.
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The phenomenon of multiple deliveries primarily attracts the attention of physicians, who are mostly focused on the study of its physiological aspects and consequences. However, it is important to know the demographic characteristics of this phenomenon to understand development trends and patterns. The study of the features of the twins biography creates a unique opportunity to determine the causes and eff ects of human behaviour, the possibility of adaptation, development, to identify the role of the genetic factors, environment, events in human life and more. The national registers of twins are maintained in many developed countries. Unfortunately, Ukraine does not have complete statistical information about the number of twins, the age of the mother at their birth, the order of their birth, the sex and age structure of twins, triplets and quadruplets living in our country, so in our country a systematic analysis of multiple births is not carried out. The aim of this paper is to investigate the demographic characteristics of the phenomenon of multiple births. The study was conducted using methods of comparison, analysis, generalization, graphical method and based on statistical information of demographic yearbooks of the Czech Republic and Poland, which published quite detailed information on the births of multiple deliveries by sex and age of mother, and data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on the number of births with twins, triplets and more twins in diff erent types of settlements. Such studies have not been conducted in our country for the last 50 years. In Ukraine, the frequency of multiple births and births of twins has increased in the new millennium; in 2019 there were 13.6 multiple deliveries per 1,000 deliveries, or 27.1 newborn twins per 1,000 births (in 2001 respectively 6.9 and 13.8). However, in diff erent countries the trends of the frequency of multiple births may diff er signifi cantly, in particular, in the last decade in Poland index of frequency has stabilized, but in the Czech Republic it has declined quite rapidly. The example of these countries has shown that increased fertility is not necessarily accompanied by increase in the frequency of multiple births, and the highest frequency is not always characteristic of women aged 35-39 years as early research has shown. In Ukraine, the share of multiple births among all live births with the use of reproductive technologies is declining. In order to study the phenomenon of multiple births, it would be advantageous in Ukraine to introduce in statistical observations the forms of distribution of multiple births by maternal age, order of birth, to identify cases of twin births using reproductive technologies.
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Copello, M., A. Perez, S. Marquez, and M. Sansinena. "202 SEX PRE-SELECTION IN RABBITS: AN ATTEMPT TO SKEW OFFSPRING SEX THROUGH PERCOLL AND SWIM-UP SPERM PREPARATION TECHNIQUES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab202.
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Sperm preparation techniques could have an effect on the birth ratio (male vs female offspring) through enrichment of either X- or Y-bearing sperm populations, although studies have been poorly controlled and results have been inconclusive. In the rabbit, producers may be interested in producing a majority of males (meat producing systems) or females (hybrid producing systems). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of modified Percoll and Swim-up protocols on the enrichment of the male and female birth ratios in rabbits. Four hybrid mature bucks of adequate body condition score and proven fertility were used. The same four bucks were used throughout the study (8 replicates). Ejaculates were collected using a warmed, solid, artificial vagina. Progressive motility was assessed at 200× magnification under brightfield microscopy on a heated (37°C) stage. Sperm concentration for each buck was determined using a Neubaur chamber and adjusted (350 × 106 total spermatozoa mL–1); they were then combined (1 mL/buck) to form a heterospermic sample (final heteropsermic sample volume = 4 mL). The heteropsermic sample was then divided into 3 sperm preparation treatments: (1) diluted in commercial tri-buffered extender followed by immediate AI (control); (2) modified Percoll centrifugation in a 90 to 45% density gradient (diluted in human tubal fluid medium); and (3) Swim-up (in human tubal fluid medium). In total, 125 females were inseminated. Does were treated with PMSG (20 UI/doe, 48 h before AI) and inseminated with 30 to 40 × 106 spermatozoa; ovulation was induced with 20 μg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/doe immediately after AI. Sex of newborn kits was determined 35 days after birth by an experienced technician through external visualization of genitalia. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (Infostat). The insemination of does with heterospermic ejaculates (control) resulted in a progeny distribution of 49 ± 2% males and 51 ± 2% females, which is in good agreement with the expected theoretical 50:50 ratio. Sex ratios from modified Percoll and Swim-up treatments deviated significantly from the control (P < 0.01). Percoll gradient resulted in a progeny distribution of 32 ± 2% males and 68 ± 2% females; Swim-up resulted in a 64 ± 2% male and a 36 ± 2% female distribution (P < 0.01), whereas prolificacy, perinatal mortality and birth weight were not affected by treatment (Table 1). Our results indicate sperm preparation techniques could be used to skew birth ratios towards male or female offspring in rabbits; Percoll preparation could be used to increase proportion of female kits whereas Swim-up could be used to increase the proportion of males. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of action. Table 1.Progeny distribution after Percoll or Swim-up sperm preparation in rabbits
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Maheshwari, Hiralal G., Bernard L. Silverman, Josée Dupuis, and Gerhard Baumann. "Phenotype and Genetic Analysis of a Syndrome Caused by an Inactivating Mutation in the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor: Dwarfism of Sindh1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 83, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 4065–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.11.5226.
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We report, in detail, a new form of familial dwarfism, including its phenotypic features, hormonal profile, and molecular basis. Following a newspaper report of severe dwarfism in two villages in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, we organized an expedition to study its clinical, genetic, and molecular characteristics. We identified 18 dwarfs (15 male, 3 female), all members of a consanguineous kindred, ranging in age from newborn to 28 yr. Mean height was 7.2 sd below the norm, with mean adult heights of 130 cm for males and 113.5 cm for females. Body proportions and habitus were normal; but head circumference was 4.1 sd, and blood pressure approximately 3 sd below the norm. There was no dysmorphism, no microphallus, and no history of hypoglycemia. Serum GH did not respond to provocative stimuli (GHRH, l-dopa, or clonidine). Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein 3 were low (5.2 ± 2.0 ng/mL and 0.42 ± 0.13 μg/mL, respectively; mean ± sd) but rose normally with GH treatment. One affected, dwarfed couple had a son, demonstrating fertility in both sexes. Clinical and endocrinological evidence suggested isolated GH deficiency with a recessive inheritance pattern. The GH-N gene was found to be intact. Linkage analysis of microsatellite chromosomal markers near other candidate genes yielded a high LOD score (6.26) for the GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) locus. DNA sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation (Glu50→Stop) in the extracellular domain of the GHRH-R. This mutation predicts a severely truncated GHRH-R; it is identical to that recently reported in four patients from two other families. Inheritance is autosomal recessive (chromosome 7p) with a high degree of penetrance. Relatives heterozygous for the mutation had moderately decreased IGF-I levels and slightly blunted GH responses to GHRH and l-dopa, but they showed only minimal or no height deficit. This syndrome represents the human homologue of the little (lit/lit) mouse and closely resembles its phenotype. It demonstrates the absolute requirement of GHRH signaling for pituitary GH secretion and postnatal growth in humans, and its relatively minor (but discernible) biological importance in extrapituitary sites. The syndrome is distinct from other forms of GH deficiency with respect to microcephaly, asymptomatic hypotension, and absence of features such as facial dysplasia, significant truncal obesity, microphallus, or hypoglycemia. Its discovery raises the possibility of milder mutations in the GHRH-R gene as potential causes for partial GH insufficiency and idiopathic short stature.
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Kücklich, Marlen, Brigitte M. Weiß, Claudia Birkemeyer, Almuth Einspanier, and Anja Widdig. "Chemical cues of female fertility states in a non-human primate." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50063-w.
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Abstract An increasing number of studies suggest that olfaction is important for communication throughout the order of primates. Callitrichids, in particular, have well-developed olfactory systems and use anogenital glands to produce scent marks. Behavioural studies have shown that male common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) distinguish between odours from the peri-ovulatory and luteal phase of females. However, large gaps remain in understanding the chemical underpinnings of olfactory cues. To investigate whether chemical cues vary with female fertility and reproductive quality, our study combined behavioural bioassays with chemical analyses of the anogenital odours of female common marmosets using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that cycle states, age and parity have an impact on chemical profiles and further identified affected chemical substances. Our results confirm and expand on previous behavioural evidence for cues of fertility. Our results indicate that cycle-related substances likely act as chemical cues. Males could use such olfactory fertility cues to optimize their mating effort and thereby increase their paternity certainty. This certainty could enhance paternal care for their infants. The results of our study open a promising avenue to find the metabolic pathways from which chemical cues of fertility arise and to unravel their importance during primate evolution in future comparative studies.
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De Schryver, Antoon, and André Meheus. "Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Africa." Afrika Focus 6, no. 1 (February 14, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v6i1.6133.
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are defined as a group of communicable diseases which have in common that they are transmitted predominantly by sexual contact. The number of agents now known to be sexually transmitted include some 20 pathogens. Some of these agents (such as Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B. virus, human immunodeficiency virus) tend to replace the classical "venereal diseases" both in importance and frequency as these agents are often more difficult to detect, treat, and control. Sexually transmitted diseases are a major public health problem in most African countries on account of their frequency, their associated morbidity and mortality, their impact on maternal and infant health, as well as their economic costs in terms of health expenditure and lost productivity, and, last but not least, because of their social consequences. Recent epidemiological studies using sophisticated diagnostic technologies greatly extend our knowledge on the true spectrum of complications and sequelae associated with these infections. Nongonococcal urethritis - caused to 40% by Chlamydia trachomatis - and gonococcal infections are together the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases. The increasing importance of chlamydial infections, in contrast to a gradual decrease of gonococcal infections, is related to the fact that these infections Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are defined as a group of communica- ble diseases which have in common that they are transmitted predominantly by sexual contact. The number of agents now known to be sexually trans- mitted include some 20 pathogens. Some of these agents (such as Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis Br virus, human immunodeficiency virus) tend to replace the classical "vene- real diseases" both in importance and frequency as these agents are often more difficult to detect, treat, and control. Sexually transmitted diseases are a major public health problem in most African countries on account of their frequency, their associated morbidity and mortality, their impact on maternal and infant health, as well as their economic costs in terms of health expenditure and lost productivity, and, last but not least, because of their social consequences. Recent epidemio- logical studies using sophisticated diagnostic technologies greatly extend our knowledge on the true spectrum of complications and sequelae asso- ciated with these infections. Nongonococcal urethritis - caused to 40% by Chlamydia trachomatis - and gonococcal infections are together the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases. The increasing importance of chlamydial infections, in contrast to a gradual decrease of gonococcal infections, is related to thefact that these infections frequently cause asymptomatic or mild disease and do not motivate patients to seek medical care, resulting in an extended period of infectivity and high risk of developing complications. Untreated gonorrhoea and chlamydial infections are the most common causes of epididymitis in males under the age of 35 years and may lead to decreased fertility. In some parts of sub-saharan Africa where urethritis often goes untreated, epididymitis is the leading course of male infertility. Also urethral strictures still from a large part of urogenital practice in some African countries. An estimated 8-16% of women with untreated endocervical gonococcal or chlamydial infections will develop acute salpingitis following an ascending spread of these pathogens. After one episode of acute salpingitis approximately 10% of women may become infertile due to complete tubal occlusion. Similarly, the risk for women to develop an ectopic pregnancy after salpingitis is 6-10 times greater than in controls. Ectopic pregnancies in areas with insufficient health services carry a high mortality risk. Maternal infections with STD may not only have adverse effects on pregnancy outcome but may cause serious morbidity and mortality in the newborn (e.g. congenital syphilis, ophthalmia neonatorum, herpes simplex virus infection of the neonate, chlamydial pneumonia, congenital HIV infection). AIDS is an example "par excellence" of a sexually transmitted disease of public health importance requiring extensive clinical services and posing enormous financial and social problems for the individual and the society at large. AIDS and the other viral STD have greatly increased the interest in primary prevention strategies such as health education and behavioral modification, for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.KEYWORDS: chancroid, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV, infertility, sexually transmitted diseases, surveillance
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Czerska, Marta, Marek Zieliński, Joanna Kamińska, and Danuta Ligocka. "Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on thyroid hormone, neurodevelopment and fertility in rodents and humans." International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 26, no. 4 (January 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13382-013-0138-7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants. Due to their widespread use in many consumer products, PBDEs can be found in food as well as in the environment. Their presence has also been found in the human serum, human adipose tissue and human breast milk. Results of experimental studies suggest that the presence of PBDE in the environment is not neutral to our health. In rats and mice exposed to PBDE disturbances in thyroid hormone homeostasis and reproductive system such as changes in reproductive organs weight and disorders in sperm motility and motion were found. In rodents, pre- and postnatal exposure to PBDE can cause neurobehavioral effects. Also in humans disturbances in thyroid hormone system, weight of reproductive organs and concentrations of sex hormones associated with PBDEs serum concentrations were found. Exposure to PBDEs during pregnancy may lead to slower mental and psychomotor development in infants. In this paper the results of previous animal and human studies are reviewed.
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Du, Lei, Yang Wang, Cong-Rong Li, Liang-Jian Chen, Jin-Yang Cai, Zheng-Rong Xia, Wen-Tao Zeng, et al. "Rat BAT xenotransplantation recovers the fertility and metabolic health of PCOS mice." Journal of Endocrinology, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-20-0068.
Full textAbstract:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a major severe ovary disorder affecting 5–10% of reproductive women around the world. PCOS can be considered a metabolic disease because it is often accompanied by obesity and diabetes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains abundant mitochondria and adipokines and has been proven to be effective for treating various metabolic diseases. Recently, allotransplanted BAT successfully recovered the ovarian function of PCOS rat. However, BAT allotransplantation could not be applied to human PCOS; the most potent BAT is from infants, so voluntary donors are almost inaccessible. We recently reported that single BAT xenotransplantation significantly prolonged the fertility of aging mice and did not cause obvious immunorejection. However, PCOS individuals have distinct physiologies from aging mice; thus, it remains essential to study whether xenotransplanted rat BAT can be used for treating PCOS mice. In this study, rat-to-mouse BAT xenotransplantation fortunately did not cause severe rejection reaction, and significantly recovered ovarian functions, indicated by the recovery of fertility, oocyte quality, and the levels of multiple essential genes and kinases. Besides, the blood biochemical index, glucose resistance, and insulin resistance were improved. Moreover, transcriptome analysis showed that the recovered PCOS F0 mother following BAT xenotransplantation could also benefit the F1 generation. Finally, BAT xenotransplantation corrected characteristic gene expression abnormalities found in the ovaries of human PCOS patients. These findings suggest that BAT xenotransplantation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating PCOS patients.
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Liu, Rongxia, Xiaoyu Zhang, Zhenhai Fan, Yuying Wang, Guanping Yao, Xue Wan, Zulin Liu, Bing Yang, and Limei Yu. "Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells improve the follicular microenvironment to recover ovarian function in premature ovarian failure mice." Stem Cell Research & Therapy 10, no. 1 (October 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1315-9.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Many adult women younger than 40 years old have premature ovarian failure (POF) and infertility. Previous studies confirmed that different tissue-derived stem cells could restore ovarian function and folliculogenesis in chemotherapy-induced POF mice. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) transplantation for hydrogen peroxide-induced ovarian damage. Methods Bilateral ovaries of female mice were burned with 10% hydrogen peroxide to establish a POF model. After 24 h of treatment, hAMSCs and diethylstilbestrol were administered to POF mice by intraperitoneal injection and intragastric administration, respectively. After either 7 or 14 days, ovarian function was evaluated by the oestrus cycle, hormone levels, ovarian index, fertility rate, and ovarian morphology. The karyotype was identified in offspring by the G-banding technique. hAMSCs tracking, immunohistochemical staining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to assess the molecular mechanisms of injury and repair. Results The oestrus cycle was recovered after hAMSCs transplantation at 7 and 14 days. Oestrogen levels increased, while follicle-stimulating hormone levels decreased. The ovarian index, fertility rate, and population of follicles at different stages were significantly increased. The newborn mice had no obvious deformity and showed normal growth and development. The normal offspring mice were also fertile. The tracking of hAMSCs revealed that they colonized in the ovarian stroma. Immunohistochemical and PCR analyses indicated that changes in proteins and genes might affect mature follicle formation. Conclusions These results suggested that hAMSCs transplantation can improve injured ovarian tissue structure and function in oxidatively damaged POF mice. Furthermore, the mechanisms of hAMSCs are related to promoting follicular development, granulosa cell proliferation, and secretion function by improving the local microenvironment of the ovary.
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"Developmental Effects of ELF-EMF on Testis and Ovary in Newborn Rats." International Journal of Theoretical & Computational Physics, August 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47485/2767-3901.1004.
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Background and Objective: Human beings are unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated from various electrical devices and from power transmission lines. Controversy exists about the effects of EMF on various organs. The aim of this work evaluation the effects of intrauterine exposure to 50Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) on testicular and ovary development. Methods: Pregnant wistar rats were exposed to 3mT, EMF for 21 days, 4 hours/day. Pregnant rats under same condition of treatment group, but off the field as a sham group intended and pregnant rats were used as control in the room. After delivery, testis and ovary were removed from male and female pups, fixed and prepared for light microscopic studies. Results: Microscopic results revealed seminiferous tubules in treatment group in comparison with the control and sham groups were widely separated from each other, in this group in seminiferous tubules vacuolization, detachment of gonocytes from each other, heterochromatic gonocytes and decreasing in interstitial tissue was found. The ovary of the treatment group in comparison to control group showed that oocyte nests were mostly broken and irregularly arranged. The primordial follicles were less developed. Conclusion: In general, as a result of the exposure to EMF during early developmental period, morphological changes in testicular and ovary development were evident, that may well extend till adult stage and may affect fertility.
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Gravett, Ilse, and Julian C. Müller. "Poetic song of Hester. Secondary infertility: Losing infants, inheriting a child." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 66, no. 2 (August 12, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v66i2.844.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the article was to explore the narrative of Hester, a black South African woman, who is living with secondary infertility. The perspective is that of postfoundational practical theology, feminist theology and social constructionist narrative methodology. Fertility, as one of the most intimate areas of human existence, lies at the heart of life itself. Within the African tradition, motherhood is seen as almost sacred. Despite Hester’s multiple identities, one which is that of adoptive mother, the absence of biological children causes her to be regarded as a ‘childless’ woman. That identity not only disproportionately defines her, but also stigmatises her as shameful and an outsider. Within the traditional African worldview being healthy (including being fertile) is seen as being in harmony with the societal order and systemic, spiritual and religious environment.Hester’s social construction of her ‘self’ is that of helplessness, reflected in her near illiteracy, low economic status, socio-cultural position and lack of skills. Her childlessness reinforced her helplessness. Her ‘woundedness’ was perpetuated by the fact that she could not share her painful story openly. In the article Hester’s story is presented as a poem, titled: ‘the thing that doesn’t want to come out’. The article concludes with Hester’s reconstruction of ‘self’ as a woman, although poor, also blessed.
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Diksha, C. K. Singh, and Priyanka. "Reproductive Health: Need of the Hour." Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, August 18, 2021, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajmah/2021/v19i930361.
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Reproductive health of women remains a major development task in any country. Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not simply the absence of any disease, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. The Review Article outlines the current literature on women's reproductive health which consist abortion, sexually transmitted disease, child and forced marriage, contraceptive methods etc. current statistics related to women reproductive health also discussed in this paper. Reproductive health of women is maintained by reducing fertility rate and spacing among births. The use of various contraceptives is best known alternative. Health status of women has ramification and impact on the human well-being, economic growth and on their families also. Woman with poor health are likely to give birth to low weight infants and less care to their children. Moreover, Indian women have high mortality rates, particularly during childhood and in their reproductive years. Other problems in women in India are low level of education, son preference, pressure of dowry, lack of independence and decision making. All these factors also have impact on the health of women (Reproductive Health Strategy, 2010). In this review paper, the efforts are made to discuss reproductive health and related issues of Indian women. Review article concluded that reproductive system of females comprises of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina uterus, mammary glands, breasts, and vulva. All of these female genital organs play significant roles in the production and transportation of gametes and also production of sex hormones. There are different life stages accompanying with sexual subsists and reproductive health issues that include fertility, contraception, menstruation, menopause, sexually transmissible infections and chronic health problems like PCOS or PCOD etc. Taking care of reproductive systems in the female body requires attention to one’s health and regular check-ups.