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Journal articles on the topic 'Newly independent state'
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Andruchow, James E., Colin L. Soskolne, Francesca Racioppi, and Roberto Bertollini. "Capacity Building for Epidemiologic Research: A Case Study in the Newly Independent State of Azerbaijan." Annals of Epidemiology 15, no. 3 (March 2005): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.06.004.
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DUMBERRY, PATRICK. "State Succession to Bilateral Treaties: A Few Observations on the Incoherent and Unjustifiable Solution Adopted for Secession and Dissolution of States under the 1978 Vienna Convention." Leiden Journal of International Law 28, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215651400051x.
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AbstractThis article examines the question of state succession to bilateral treaties. It analyses the work of the International Law Commission undertaken in the 1970s and criticizes the solutions it has adopted in the 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties for different types of state succession. I will argue that it is incoherent for the ILC to apply, on the one hand, the solution of automatic continuity for bilateral treaties in the context of secession and dissolution of states, while adopting, on the other hand, the solution of tabula rasa for Newly Independent States. In any event, it is plainly unjustifiable to apply the principle of automatic continuity to bilateral treaties. Thus, while the tabula rasa principle was adopted by the ILC for multilateral treaties to protect Newly Independent States’ right to self-determination, the same solution was chosen for bilateral treaties for different reasons. The rule of tabula rasa was adopted because of the particular nature of bilateral treaties and the basic requirement that the other party to an original treaty must consent to the continuation of that treaty with a Newly Independent State. There are simply no logical reasons as to why the tabula rasa principle adopted for Newly Independent States should not also find application for all new states. Bilateral treaties do not automatically continue to be in force as of the date of succession unless both states that are implicated explicitly (or tacitly) agree to such a continuation.
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Ishii, S., T. Saito, K. Ise, Y. Sato, T. Tsutiya, A. Kenjo, T. Kimura, et al. "Evaluation of Energy State of Islet Independent of Size Using a Newly Developed ATP Bioluminescence Assay." Transplantation Proceedings 37, no. 8 (October 2005): 3499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.134.
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Нур-Ахмет and Dosmukhamed Nur-Akhmet. "National Identity and State Ideology." Modern Communication Studies 3, no. 2 (April 10, 2014): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3446.
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In this essay it has been analyzed highlights of forming nation as the largest
communications.
From the viewpoint of communicativistics it has been comprehended the
basic criteria for the existence of national identity, has defined features and
differences of national states.
It has been also revealed the role of ideology as a powerful communication
informational systems in the lives of nations, it has studied the role of «nation
forming» teachings, as well as substantiates the necessity of its own
national ideological doctrine, especially for the newly independent state.
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Kleiman, Lawrence, Erich Schmedt, and Harvey Miller. "The independent regulation of and tRNAAsn synthesis during Friend cell erythroid differentiation." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o88-088.
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In this report, we have compared the changes in the production of [Formula: see text] (initiator tRNAMet) and tRNAAsn, which occur during erythroid differentiation in the Friend erythroleukemia cell. The relative steady-state concentration of these two tRNAs (relative to the total tRNA population) was measured by aminoacylation. The results show that while the relative steady-state concentration of [Formula: see text] changes very little in the cytoplasmic tRNA population, the relative concentration of tRNAAsn decreases during the first two days of differentiation and then undergoes an increase. This difference in the behavior of these two tRNAs is also seen when their relative concentrations in newly synthesized tRNA is examined. When tRNA is labeled with tritiated uridine for 24 h in vivo prior to isolation, the hybridization of this labeled tRNA to filter-bound tRNA genes shows that the relative concentration of [Formula: see text] in newly synthesized tRNA changes very little, while the relative concentration of newly synthesized tRNAAsn again decreases through the first 2 days of differentiation, and then undergoes a smaller increase. Thus, the production of these two tRNAs appears to be independently regulated. Independent regulation of synthesis is also observed when examining the production of these two tRNAs in isolated nuclei. During erythroid differentiation, the relative synthesis of [Formula: see text] (relative to total nuclear RNA synthesis) remains constant, while the relative synthesis of tRNAAsn undergoes periodic increases and decreases in value.
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Gachigua, Sammy Gakero. "Conceptual metaphor of the nation-state in newly-independent Africa: Kenyatta’s regime state-as-a-family metaphor in Kenyan parliamentary discourse." Linguistics and the Human Sciences 12, no. 2-3 (July 26, 2018): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lhs.36992.
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Hrevtsova, Radmyla. "Access of Elderly People to Affordable Healthcare: Problems and Solutions (A View from a Newly Independent State)." European Journal of Health Law 19, no. 2 (2012): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180912x629108.
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Abstract The problem of ensuring the access of the elderly to healthcare has lately become increasingly important. The accessibility of affordable healthcare for the elderly largely depends on the design and performance of the healthcare system, the level of overall social protection that elderly people can enjoy, as well as on the availability of legislative guarantees and the opportunity to use them. Those drivers, alongside with the prospects of the European health system developments and their potential implications on the access of elderly people to affordable healthcare are discussed in this article.
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Shimokawa-Chiba, Naomi, Kaoru Kumazaki, Tomoya Tsukazaki, Osamu Nureki, Koreaki Ito, and Shinobu Chiba. "Hydrophilic microenvironment required for the channel-independent insertase function of YidC protein." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 16 (April 8, 2015): 5063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423817112.
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The recently solved crystal structure of YidC protein suggests that it mediates membrane protein insertion by means of an intramembrane cavity rather than a transmembrane (TM) pore. This concept of protein translocation prompted us to characterize the native, membrane-integrated state of YidC with respect to the hydropathic nature of its TM region. Here, we show that the cavity-forming region of the stage III sporulation protein J (SpoIIIJ), a YidC homolog, is indeed open to the aqueous milieu of the Bacillus subtilis cells and that the overall hydrophilicity of the cavity, along with the presence of an Arg residue on several alternative sites of the cavity surface, is functionally important. We propose that YidC functions as a proteinaceous amphiphile that interacts with newly synthesized membrane proteins and reduces energetic costs of their membrane traversal.
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Goldfinch, Shaun. "Good Governance and Building a Civil Service in a Fragile State: The Case of Timor Leste." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 3, no. 11 (November 15, 2012): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v3i11.723.
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Newly independent Timor Leste provides a unique case study of the difficulties of developing a civil service in a fragile state. We show the UN and other bodies have attempted to develop a reasonably traditional Weberian legal/rational type civil service, but that many difficulties remain.
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KELETA-MAE, NAILA. "Workshop Negative: Political Theatre in Zimbabwe in the 1980s." Theatre Research International 44, no. 3 (October 2019): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883319000300.
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In 1980 the Republic of Zimbabwe became recognized internationally as an independent state. This independence marked a shift from white minority rule to black majority rule in the form of ZANU–PF in a transition in government that was fraught with brutal violence, tense negotiations and tremendous hope for the democratic state that would emerge. This article begins with a brief overview of key political-theatre and public-arts funding practices that emerged in the newly independent Zimbabwe in the 1980s and continues with an examination of an influential political play from the era by Cont Mhlange entitled Workshop Negative (1986). This article's analysis of Workshop Negative considers how the economic pressures explored in the play mirror the precarious working conditions that arts-funding models placed on political-theatre practitioners in Zimbabwe at the time.
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Serzhanova, Viktoria. "The 1991 constitution of independent Transnistria." Przegląd Europejski, no. 4-2017 (March 25, 2018): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.17.7.
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The legal status of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, which declared its independence in 1990, since that time has unchangingly remained ambiguous. The state has factually existed for almost thirty years so far, although it has not hitherto been recognised by any member of the international community. Its status from the constitutional law viewpoint is contradictory to the one analysed in the light of the international law, according to which Transnistria still formally remains a Moldavian autonomous region of a special status. This paper, being a part of the wider research carried out over Transnistria’s legal status, aims at establishing its primary political system’s grounds. Therefore, it comprises the analysis of the origin and development of Transnistrian first independent basic law, which appeared to be the foundation of the abovementioned solutions. The paper undertakes an attempt to not only analyse, but also evaluate the political system’s primary principles and development of Transnistria as a newly created state in the first years of its functioning. The subject of the work is particularly focused on the shape and content of the first constitution of Transnistria of 1991, which bound during the first four years of the state’s independence till the presently binding constitution of 1995 entered into force, along with observing of how its functioning in practice shaped the constitutional and political reality.
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Mazariegos, Oswaldo Chinchilla. "Archaeology and nationalism in Guatemala at the time of independence." Antiquity 72, no. 276 (June 1998): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00086646.
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Exploratory expeditions in 1834, sponsored by the newly independent state of Guatemala, researched on sites such as Copan, Iximche and Utatlan. The political, literary and social climate was such that a pre-Hispanic past was eagerly sought. This paper offers an intriguing insight into early Latin American archaeology.
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Sadiq, Kamal, and Gerasimos Tsourapas. "The postcolonial migration state." European Journal of International Relations 27, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 884–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13540661211000114.
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The evolution of migration policymaking across the Global South is of growing interest to International Relations. Yet, the impact of colonial and imperial legacies on states’ migration management regimes outside Europe and North America remains under-theorised. How does postcolonial state formation shape policies of cross-border mobility management in the Global South? By bringing James F. Hollifield’s framework of the contemporary ‘migration state’ in conversation with critical scholarship on postcolonialism, we identify the existence of a ‘postcolonial paradox,’ namely two sets of tensions faced by newly independent states of the Global South: first, the need to construct a modern sovereign nation-state with a well-defined national identity contrasts with weak institutional capacity to do so; second, territorial realities of sovereignty conflict with the imperatives of nation-building seeking to establish exclusive citizenship norms towards populations residing both inside and outside the boundaries of the postcolonial state. We argue that the use of cross-border mobility control policies to reconcile such tensions transforms the ‘postcolonial state’ into the ‘postcolonial migration state,’ which shows distinct continuities with pre-independence practices. In fact, postcolonial migration states reproduce colonial-era tropes via the surveillance and control of segmented migration streams that redistribute labour for the global economy. We demonstrate this via a comparative study of post-independence migration management in India and Egypt, which also aims to merge a problematic regional divide between scholarship on the Middle East and South Asia. We urge further critical interventions on the international politics of migration that prioritise interregional perspectives from the broader Global South.
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Senn, Alfred, and Violeta Motulaite. "The Lithuanian Concept of Statehood." Nationalities Papers 21, no. 2 (1993): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999308408273.
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In the spring of 1990, Lithuanians surprised the world by first declaring their independence and then, after Moscow had declared the act illegal, refusing to retract their declaration even in the face of military occupation and economic blockade. Many foreign observers despaired of their “stubbornness,” but the Lithuanians' determination was based on their newly regained national pride as expressed in their concept of statehood (valstybingumas in Lithuanian and gosudarstvennost' in Russian). Lithania, they insisted, had a right and a historical destiny to be an independent state.
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Forjwuor, Bernard. "Colonising ‘Free’ Will." Theoria 67, no. 164 (September 1, 2020): 48–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2020.6716403.
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While colonialism, in general, is a contested concept, as are the conditions that constitute its negation, political decolonisation seems to be a relatively settled argument. Where such decolonisation occurred, political independence, and its attendant democratic system and the undergirding of the rule of law, signify the self-evidentiality of such political decolonisation. This article rethinks this self-evidentiality of political independence as necessarily a decolonial political accomplishment in Ghana. This critical enterprise opens the documents that founded the newly independent state to alternative reading to demonstrate how the colonial folded itself into the dictate of freedom.
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Rau, Zbigniew. "Some Thoughts on Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Lockean Contractarian Approach." Political Studies 35, no. 4 (December 1987): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1987.tb00206.x.
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Neither the concept of the totalitarian system nor the newly worked-out notion of ‘socialist civil society’ can express the social and political phenomenon of the rise and growth of independent groups and movements in Eastern Europe. Rather, it is suggested here that the Lockean contractarian approach should be used. This embraces mutually interacting ethical, empirical and analytic arguments which would take into consideration the state, the independent groups organized outside it, and the relationships between them. The utility of the model of the totalitarian state in understanding the origin of independent groups is discussed here. Lockean multidimensional individualism is suggested as a category expressing the political character of these groups, and Lockean teaching on absolute monarchy—a special form of the state of nature—is advanced as the means for analysing the relationship between these groups and the state of the Soviet type.
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Wright, Susan, and Jakob Williams Ørberg. "Autonomy and control: Danish university reform in the context of modern governance." Learning and Teaching 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/175522708783113550.
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In 2003 the Danish government reformed universities to 'set them free' from the state. Yet ministers are actively trying to shape universities and even set research agendas. How does the government's notion of 'freedom' reconcile independence with control? We identify three discourses of freedom: freedom to use academic judgement over what to research, teach, publish and say publicly; a free trade discourse where universities are free to pursue profit; and a modernising state discourse where government steers universities to contribute to the knowledge economy. Danish universities were reformed as part of the modernisation of the welfare state. We explore the assemblage of administrative and funding mechanisms through which the government now steers independent organisations: a chain of contracts for outsourced services, newly appointed managers, output payments and accrual accounting. While responsibility for achieving government policy is passed downwards through the independent organisation, formal lines of accountability run back up to the government. University leaders and academics are set free to manoeuvre within the system, but their economic survival is firmly dependent on responsiveness to centralised steering mechanisms
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Gegenava, Dimitry. "Church-State Relations in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921)." Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego 21 (December 18, 2018): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/spw.184.
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Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921) was one of the unique states in the first quarter of XX century. Despite the historical relations between the Church and the State in Georgia, the social-democratic government changed its official policy and chose French secularism, which was very unusual for the country. This was incorporated in the Constitution of 1921. This article is about the Georgian church-state relations during 1918-1921, the positive and negative aspects of the chosen form of secularism and the challenges that the newly independent State faced in the sphere of religious freedom until the Soviet occupation.
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Issa, J. S. "Ground motion isolation using a newly designed vibration absorber." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 3 (October 12, 2011): 636–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211417548.
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A new vibration absorber setup for vibration attenuation in single degree of freedom systems subjected to harmonic base motion is proposed. The absorber is placed so as to separate between the vibrating ground and the main undamped system. It consists of a mas spring damper directly connected to the vibrating ground. The main system is modelled as a mass spring attached to the absorber's mass. The optimal absorber parameters are determined with the aim of reducing the steady-state amplitude of the main mass. It is shown that the amplitude of the main mass passes through three fixed points, two of which are used in the determination of the optimal shape of the transfer function. One of the fixed points is independent of the damping ratio and the second is independent of both the damping and tuning ratios. For this setup, the solution is not unique since the ultimate design is reached by a complete isolation of the main mass from the moving ground and is attained by removing the absorber's damper and stiffness. Since this solution is not physically achievable, for a given mass ratio of the system, the smallest tuning ratio which ensures structural integrity of the system is selected. The optimal damping ratio which yields the optimal shape of the objective function is determined analytically in terms of the mass and tuning ratios. A design flowchart is presented to be used for the design of such absorbers.
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Aerni-Flessner, John. "DEVELOPMENT, POLITICS, AND THE CENTRALIZATION OF STATE POWER IN LESOTHO, 1960–75." Journal of African History 55, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): 401–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853714000395.
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AbstractThe rhetoric of development served as a language for Sotho politicians from 1960–70 to debate the meanings of political participation. The relative paucity of aid in this period gave outsized importance to small projects run in rural villages, and stood in stark contrast to the period from the mid-1970s onwards when aid became an ‘anti-politics machine’ that worked to undermine national sovereignty. Examination of the democratic period in Lesotho from 1966–70 helps explain the process by which newly independent states gave up some of their recently won sovereignty, and how a turn to authoritarianism helped contribute to this process.
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Bulmer, W. Elliot. "Building the ship in dry dock: The case for pre-independence constitution-building in Scotland." International Political Science Review 41, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512120957701.
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For newly independent states, constitution-building can be a defining moment: a time when national identities are asserted, values and norms articulated, and founding myths created. The constitution-building process is a critical juncture between the divergent paths of stable and well-functioning democracy, on one hand, or persistent instability, coups, repression, and state failure, on the other. But what is the proper relationship of constitution-building to state formation? Should constitution-building occur before or after state formation? Or should the two processes somehow proceed in parallel? To address these questions in a Scottish context, this article draws on state-formation and constitution-building processes in the Westminster-derived tradition. The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of these sequences, and discusses the circumstances in which they might be applicable. It concludes by making some tentative recommendations for a pre-independence constitution-building process in Scotland.
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Akçali, Pinar. "III. Nation-State Building in Central Asia: A lost Case?" Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, no. 3 (2003): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322986334.
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AbstractWith the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the five Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan have entered a period of nationstate building, which had been started to a large extend by the political elites of the former Soviet Union. These republics were not prepared for independence that came to the region suddenly. The former communist leaders of the Soviet era became the new national elites to take their countries by publicly declared goals and policies through the path of independent nationhood and independent statehood. However, it remains unclear whether this top-to-bottom approach will prove successful in the long run. This article discusses nationstate building in the region by first looking at problems of external sovereignty. Second, domestic state building policies and structures, more specifically, the newly formulated official discourse on-building nation- and the political-legal framework to develop that discourse, are analyzed. Then, the limitations of this process with specific emphasis on supranational identities (basically religious identity of Islam), subnational identities (local and/or tribal identities), and ethnic minorities (with a specific on the Russians in these five countries) are examined. It is concluded that the process of nation-state building in Central Asia is not complete yet and that each republic has unique problems that may challenge this process. For the time being, there exist certain frictions between the goals of the official discourse and nonofficial levels of identity that may hinder the success of the nation building process in the region.
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TURPIN, JOHN. "Visual Culture and Catholicism in the Irish Free State, 1922–1949." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 57, no. 1 (January 2006): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904003185.
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In the newly independent Irish Free State, a triumphalist Catholicism was embodied visually in mass-produced imagery and revivalist architecture. The Academy of Christian Art was set up in 1929 to regenerate Catholic art and architecture, but it failed to address the challenge of Modernism. A debate between eclectic and modern form was most acute in architecture, where the Hiberno-Romanesque and the neo-Classical were favoured by lay and cleric alike. Stained glass was the one form where Modernism was influential. The culmination of populist Catholicism and its visual representation was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 with its temporary public altars and massive spectacle: a manifestation of Irish national identity.
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Dowling, Mark R., Dejan Milutinović, and Philip D. Hodgkin. "Modelling cell lifespan and proliferation: is likelihood to die or to divide independent of age?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2, no. 5 (August 16, 2005): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2005.0069.
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In cell lifespan studies the exponential nature of cell survival curves is often interpreted as showing the rate of death is independent of the age of the cells within the population. Here we present an alternative model where cells that die are replaced and the age and lifespan of the population pool is monitored until a steady state is reached. In our model newly generated individual cells are given a determined lifespan drawn from a number of known distributions including the lognormal, which is frequently found in nature. For lognormal lifespans the analytic steady-state survival curve obtained can be well-fit by a single or double exponential, depending on the mean and standard deviation. Thus, experimental evidence for exponential lifespans of one and/or two populations cannot be taken as definitive evidence for time and age independence of cell survival. A related model for a dividing population in steady state is also developed. We propose that the common adoption of age-independent, constant rates of change in biological modelling may be responsible for significant errors, both of interpretation and of mathematical deduction. We suggest that additional mathematical and experimental methods must be used to resolve the relationship between time and behavioural changes by cells that are predominantly unsynchronized.
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Cho, Young Nam. "Symbiotic Neighbour or Extra-Court Judge? The Supervision over Courts by Chinese Local People's Congresses." China Quarterly 176 (December 2003): 1068–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003000626.
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This article explores the Chinese local people's congresses' supervision over courts in an attempt to understand the pattern of emerging state organs' development in the reform era. During their development, people's congresses and courts could not expect to have institutionally based independent authority in a party-state. They instead had to make full use of opportunities to expand clarified jurisdictions and to intensify organizational capacities. As a result, the developmental pattern of newly emerging forces became more complicated than expected: a series of intertwined relationships of state organs with the Party at the apex, based on their legal and political statuses rather than independent and autonomous development, and their desperate efforts to exploit each and every opportunity. And this pattern will continue until there is a radical reform of the Chinese political system.
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Martsenkovsky, Igor, Volodymyr Martyniuk, and Dennis Ougrin. "Delivering psychiatric services in primary care: is this the right way to go for Ukraine?" International Psychiatry 6, no. 1 (January 2009): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000199.
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Ukraine is a newly independent state with a population of about 48 million. It inherited its national health system from the USSR. The Soviet system was conceived as part of a massively expensive socialist planning economy that was generally delivering poor value for money. Some aspects of the Soviet health system were, however, undoubtedly sound and certain public health measures were superior to those in the West. For example, infant mortality, despite possible underreporting, was probably lower in the USSR than in many Western countries (Anderson & Silver, 1986). The health system became increasingly corrupt and inefficient during the final years of the USSR's existence. Since independence, the health system has not been a state priority and has been chronically under-funded. In the past few years of rapid economic development in Ukraine, the share of the state budget allocated to the health system has remained static, leaving Ukraine in a disadvantaged state compared with other European countries (United Nations, 2007).
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Tolz, Vera. "Conflicting “Homeland Myths” and Nation-State Building in Postcommunist Russia." Slavic Review 57, no. 2 (1998): 267–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501851.
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The second disintegration of the empire this century has reopened the debate over Russian state and nation building with direct implications both for Russia's reform process and for its relations with other newly independent states. In December 1991, the Russian Federation was transformed into an independent state as a historically formed regional entity, not as a nation state. Scholars argue that the Russian empire was built “at the cost of Russia's own sense of nationhood.” In the past, the efforts spent conquering and ruling vast territories and diverse populations diverted the Russian people and their leaders from the task of consolidation and nation building. This was true not only in the prerevolutionary but also in the Soviet period, during which the majority of Russians saw the entire USSR rather than the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) as their homeland. Now, after the disintegration of the USSR, the questions arise whether the majority of Russians can accept the borders of the Russian Federation as final, and, if not, what the alternative myths of Russia's national homeland are? The answers to these questions determine whether Russians will ever be able to define themselves other than as an imperial people.
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MENG, XIANG-GUO, JI-SUO WANG, and HONG-YI FAN. "ATOMIC COHERENT STATES AS THE EIGENSTATES OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANISOTROPIC HARMONIC OSCILLATOR IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 38 (December 14, 2009): 3129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230903120x.
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In the newly constructed entangled state representation embodying quantum entanglement of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, the usual wave function of atomic coherent state ∣τ〉 = exp (μJ+-μ*J-)∣j, -j〉 turns out to be just proportional to a single-variable ordinary Hermite polynomial of order 2j, where j is the spin value. We then prove that a two-dimensional time-independent anisotropic harmonic oscillator in a uniform magnetic field possesses energy eigenstates which can be classified as the states ∣τ〉 in terms of the spin values j.
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Leinweber, Jacob P., Hui G. Cheng, Catalina Lopez-Quintero, and James C. Anthony. "Newly incident cannabis use in the United States, 2002–2011: a regional and state level benchmark." PeerJ 5 (July 25, 2017): e3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3616.
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BackgroundCannabis use and cannabis regulatory policies recently re-surfaced as noteworthy global research and social media topics, including claims that Mexicans have been sending cannabis and other drug supplies through a porous border into the United States. These circumstances prompted us to conduct an epidemiological test of whether the states bordering Mexico had exceptionally large cannabis incidence rates for 2002–2011. The resulting range of cannabis incidence rates disclosed here can serve as 2002–2011 benchmark values against which estimates from later years can be compared.MethodsThe population under study is 12-to-24-year-old non-institutionalized civilian community residents of the US, sampled and assessed with confidential audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASI) during National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2011 (aggregaten ∼ 420,000) for which public use datasets were available. We estimated state-specific cannabis incidence rates based on independent replication sample surveys across these years, and derived meta-analysis estimates for 10 pre-specified regions, including the Mexico border region.ResultsFrom meta-analysis, the estimated annual incidence rate for cannabis use in the Mexico Border Region is 5% (95% CI [4%–7%]), which is not an exceptional value relative to the overall US estimate of 6% (95% CI [5%–6%]). Geographically quite distant from Mexico and from states of the western US with liberalized cannabis policies, the North Atlantic Region population has the numerically largest incidence estimate at 7% (95% CI [6%–8%]), while the Gulf of Mexico Border Region population has the lowest incidence rate at 5% (95% CI [4%–6%]). Within the set of state-specific estimates, Vermont’s and Utah’s populations have the largest and smallest incidence rates, respectively (VT: 9%; 95% CI [8%–10%]; UT: 3%; 95% CI [3%–4%]).DiscussionBased on this study’s estimates, among 12-to-24-year-old US community residents, an estimated 6% start to use cannabis each year (roughly one in 16). Relatively minor variation in region-wise and state-level estimates is seen, although Vermont and Utah might be exceptional. As of 2011, proximity to Mexico, to Canada, and to the western states with liberalized policies apparently has induced little variation in cannabis incidence rates. Our primary intent was to create a set of benchmark estimates for state-specific and region-specific population incidence rates for cannabis use, using meta-analysis based on independent US survey replications. Public health officials and policy analysts now can use these benchmark estimates from 2002–2011 for planning, and in comparisons with newer estimates.
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오영숙. "Self-consciousness of Newly-independent State and the Imagination of Asia: - Notes on Korean Cinema(1957-1960s) between Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism -." Journal of Popular Narrative ll, no. 24 (December 2010): 275–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.18856/jpn.2010..24.010.
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Korobkov, Andrei. "State and Nation Building Policies and the New Trends in Migration in the Former Soviet Union." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1702 (January 1, 2003): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2003.123.
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Democratic transitions are especially complex in federal states and countries with multinational populations and compact, ethnic minority settlements; the increasing ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural heterogeneity of a society complicates the achievement of political compromises. In this sense, the post-Soviet newly independent states (NIS) face an especially complex transition pattern. Roman Szporluk, for example, enumerates three different transformations: the dissolution of the imperial structure and the resulting formation of independent states, the transition from a centralized to a market economic system, and the transition from authoritarianism to (at least ideally) a political democracy, with all three "combined or fused in the chaotic and extremely difficult process of formation and transformation of states and nations. " Thus the transition in the NIS is marked by simultaneous developments in the political, economic, social, religious, ideological, and cultural spheres, including the creation or re-creation of ethnic and other identities.
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Dorn, J. "The Rule of Law and Freedom in Emerging Democracies: A Madisonian Perspective." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 6 (June 20, 2003): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-6-22-37.
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The basic principles of liberal constitutional order proposed by James Madison - the "chief architect" of the U.S. Constitution - are considered in the article. It is stressed that Madison rejected the idea of redistributive state (welfare state) and focused on the limits of government. The overriding principle of liberal order is freedom under the rule of law. The lesson for newly independent states is that spontaneous market-liberal order is needed to coordinate economic activity and the government must minimize its role in the economy. Freedom of choice lets people rise the wealth of nation.
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Oleksiuk, Jolanta, Janusz Kloczko, Ewa Luksza, and Marzenna Galar. "Protein Z in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4518.4518.
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Abstract Background Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are relatively high risk of developing thromboembolic events. The pathogenesis of prothrombotic coagulation abnormalities in MM is not clear and probably of multifactorial origin. The deficiency of natural anticoagulant mechanisms, acquired resistance to protein C and reduced protein S function, has been described as one of the possible reason of hypercoagulable state in MM patients. Protein Z/Z-dependent protease inhibitor (PZ/ZPI) is a new anticoagulant system has been recently describe. PZ is a vitamin K-dependent protein which serves as cofactor for the ZPI that inactivates activated factor X, XI and IX by different mechanisms. Some reports suggest that protein Z deficiency might imbalance the haemostatic system with thrombotic consequences. However, to the best of our knowledge, no data are available regarding the potential role of protein Z in prothrombotic coagulation abnormalities in MM. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the plasma concentration of protein Z in relation to disease stage, type and levels monoclonal protein in patients with newly diagnosed untreated multiple myeloma. Methods: The study population consisted of 41 patients (25 male, 16 female; median age: 63 years) with newly diagnosed untreated multiple myeloma. The presence of monoclonal serum immunoglobulin was found in 33 patients (25 and 8 with IgG and IgA paraprotein, respectively). The disease stage was evaluated according to Durie and Salmon criteria: 4 patients-stage I, 28 patients-stage II and 19 patients-stage III; in 8 of them abnormal renal function (serum creatinine value ≥2.0 mg/dl) was observed. The control group was formed by 19 healhty individuals with age and sex comparable with the patients. Protein Z plasma levels were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Asserachrom Protein Z; Diagnostica Stago, Asnieres) following the manufacturer’s instruction. Results: The median protein Z plasma levels in patients with multiple myeloma and control subjects were similar. Median PZ levels were 1.45 ug/ml (range 0.27–3.17 ug/ml) in patients and 1.37ug/ml (range 0.34–1.96 ug/ml) in controls (p≥0.05). No significant correlation was found between protein Z plasma levels and disease stage, monoclonal serum immunoglobulin concentration, and renal function as well. Conclusions: Our results suggest that protein Z is not an independent risk factor for thrombosis and does not play a significant role in the mechanism of thrombotic complication in patients with multiple myeloma.
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Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. "“You Take Your Oath Only Once:” Crimea, The Black Sea Fleet, and National Identity Among Russian Officers." Nationalities Papers 28, no. 2 (June 2000): 289–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687467.
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The Soviet military officer's motto was “I serve the Soviet Union.” He had taken an oath to a state whose leadership constantly stressed the ethnic diversity of its population. When the USSR fell apart, however, only one of its 15 successor states—the Russian Federation—did not declare itself the homeland of one specific ethnic group. The reality of the divorce was difficult to grasp for many people in the former Soviet Union. In Russia, ideas of democracy and hopes for the future of the RSFSR as an independent state were standing strong. Not all the newly independent states would be missed; the Central Asian republics were widely seen as a culturally distant periphery tapping the RSFSR of resources. However, shedding off Kazakhstan, Belarus, and above all, Ukraine was a completely different story.
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Makhnovsky, Dmytro. "Directions of legislative regulation of the intellectual property rights distribution in R&D contracts, financed from the state budget, in the newly independent states (NIS)." Legal Ukraine, no. 10 (November 27, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-10(214)-4.
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The article analyzes the legislative regulation of the distribution of intellectual property rights in contracts for research and development, which are funded in whole or in part from the state budget, in the newly independent states: Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia,Areas of legislative regulation in the newly independent states (Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia) the distribution of intellectual property rights in R&D contracts, funded in whole or in part from the state budget. Settlement of distribution of intellectual property rights in R&D contracts, financed from the state budget, in the NIS countries is carried out through general regulation, covering all subjects of legal relations, and the adoption of special acts — to finance R & D from the budget. At the level of special legislation, there are differences between countries both in the system of legislation and in the presence of model agreements for the implementation of R & D. Also, principle of the Bai-Dole Act and EU regulations on the research Framework Programs, that ownership of IPR rights belongs to the contractor, is fully implemented only in Ukraine. It is important for the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine to develop a special model agreement for case, when research and development are being funded in whole or in part from the state budget. This Model agreement should contain options for the distribution of intellectual property rights and shall bring the provisions of model agreements on conducting research and development in accordance with the Art.11 of the Law of Ukraine «On state regulation of activities in the field of technology transfer» and Art. 64 of the Law of Ukraine «On scientific and scientific-technical activities». Key words: contracts for research and developments, intellectual property, rights to results of research developments.
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Soroka, Mykhailo. "Remonstrative Resignation: In honour of Anton Buteiko, a Founder of Diplomacy of Independent Ukraine." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XX (2019): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-56.
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In the article, the author analyses the main milestones of life and career of a Ukrainian diplomat and politician – Anton Buteiko, one of the founders of diplomacy of in-dependent Ukraine. A native of the historical Volyn town of Staryi Chortoryisk, he became one of the founders of the foreign policy of the newly-established Ukrainian state and its devoted defender. His passionate and convincing word in defense of the Ukrainian state was heard at various international forums and high-profile negotiations. His articles were constantly published in periodicals, television and radio broadcasts, and on the Internet. In addition, he set out his views on the most acute issues of Ukraine’s foreign policy, thereby sharing insights about the progress of bilateral and multilateral negotiations. A. Buteiko insistently defended the European choice of our state and strongly opposed attempts to amend the Constitution of Ukraine propelled by the politics of patronage and partisanship of certain state leaders clinging to power. He was one of the towering figures in Ukrainian politics. The author also attempts to trace A. Buteiko’s career advancement and diplomatic activities. In the multilateral dimension, his political and diplomatic abounds with acute episodes and dramatic collisions, during which he acted solely in the interests of the Ukrainian cause, showed his innate talent, outstanding abilities, experience, knowledge and unwavering firmness in advocating his patriotic state position. He was a man of strong pro-Ukrainian beliefs, an ardent and consistent defender of Ukraine’s independence and an unequivocal supporter of its Western course and admission to the European Union and NATO. At the same time, he called for good-neighbourly, equal and mutually beneficial relations with Russia. Keywords: Ukrainian diplomacy, Ukrainian-Romanian dialogue, diplomatic mission, foreign policy.
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Bobghiashvili, Giorgi, and Graham Donnelly. "Ethnic Minority Rights in Georgia 2013–15: A Period of Stagnation." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 14, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01401013.
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Georgia is the most ethnically diverse state in the South Caucasus. Since independence, it has been blighted by violent secessionism and Russian invasion, the roots of which are invariably described as having stemmed from this diversity; the lack of integration of its ethnic minorities; and the recurrent failures of Georgian governments to adequately balance the nationalizing tendencies of constructing a newly independent state on the one hand and the needs and desires of its multinational citizenry on the other. In the first part of this report, we look at the roots of the present minority situation in Georgia, noting the main minority groups and the issues concerning them, before moving on in the second part to consider the issue of minority governance. We also provide a review of the most significant developments in 2014–2015 before commenting on the prospects for the coming year.
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Turcescu, Lucian, and Lavinia Stan. "Church–state conflict in Moldova: the Bessarabian Metropolitanate." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2003.09.004.
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The article’s main focus is the relationship between the re-established Bessarabian Orthodox Metropolitanate and the government of the post-Soviet Republic of Moldova. The article demonstrates that the Moldovan government refused recognition to the nascent church until 2002 primarily for two reasons: first and foremost, the Moscow Patriarchate opposed the idea of another Orthodox Christian church in Moldova outside of its jurisdiction; second, the government feared that the newly independent Republic of Moldova would fall under the influence of neighboring Romania, whose Orthodox Church offered patronage to the Bessarabian Metropolitanate. After a historical overview of the Orthodox Church in the Republic of Moldova, the article first presents and analyzes the history of the conflict between the Bessarabian Metropolitanate and the post-Soviet Moldovan government, and second, the European Court of Human Rights verdict ordering the government to recognize the Metropolitanate, before verdict’s implementation, and reactions to it. All these are done with an eye on intra-national relations among Moldova, Romania, and Russia, as well as those between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church in connection with this conflict.
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Hiratsuka, Izumi, Hiroya Yamada, Mitsuyasu Itoh, Megumi Shibata, Takeshi Takayanagi, Masaki Makino, Yoshihisa Sugimura, Nobuki Hayakawa, Shuji Hashimoto, and Atsushi Suzuki. "Changes in Serum Immunoglobulin G4 Levels in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Graves’ Disease." Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 128, no. 02 (September 20, 2018): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0669-9333.
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Abstract Objective Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated condition that can affect almost any organ. We investigated the association between IgG4-RD and the main characteristics of Graves’ disease (GD) at the time of diagnosis. Additionally, we evaluated whether serum IgG4 levels change during treatment. Design and patients Twenty-eight patients with newly diagnosed GD were enrolled into this longitudinal follow-up study. Serum IgG4 levels and thyroid function were measured in all the participants at the time of diagnosis. Further, the serum IgG4 levels of nine of 28 patients with untreated GD were measured after the achievement of euthyroid state (through the use of methimazole). Results Two (7.1%) of 28 patients with untreated GD had elevated serum IgG4 levels of >135 mg/dL. There was no significant difference in the average IgG4 levels before and after the achievement of euthyroid state (66.2±74.0 mg/dL vs. 50.5±47.3 mg/dL). In two patients, the elevated serum IgG4 levels returned to normal after treatment. However, one patient had an elevated serum IgG4 level of 136.6 mg/dL after treatment. Conclusions This study showed that serum IgG4 levels varied with treatment in patients with GD, independent of thyroid function, suggesting that IgG4 might be indirectly related to GD.
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Efimova, L. M. "The USSR Victory in World War II and the Emergence of the Independent Republic of Indonesia." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(40) (February 28, 2015): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-85-96.
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Victorious ending of the World War 2 on May, 9, 1945, stroke a crushing blow on the military axis Berlin - Rome - Tokyo. The USSR played a decisive role both on European and Asian fronts. Fulfilling its allied duty the Soviet Union entered the war in the Far East on 9 August, 1945 and defeated the Japanese army in Manchuria. This act became a great contribution to liberation of Asian peoples from the Japanese occupation. On the 17 August 1945 the Republic of Indonesia declared its independence. The recognition on the side of international community as well as diplomatic support became\e vital for the survival of the newly emerged Republic.The Soviet victory together with the allied nations in the Second World War, the new status of the USSR as a superpower, its constant anticolonial stance stimulated former colonies to appeal to the Soviet Union for backing and support. One of the first was the Republic of Indonesia, to which the USSR rendered all kind of help and encourages. The present article which is a result of the study of newly available documents from several recently opened Soviet archives shows the Soviet backing of Indonesia in the UN, its diplomatic recognition, in strengthening of Indonesian status as a sovereign state on the international arena as a whole.
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Matsutani, Masao, Makoto Ideguchi, Takeshi Maeda, Daijiro Okamura, Shoichi Muraya, and Momoka Katoh. "NQPC-08 Short-time intensive rehabilitation for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma." Neuro-Oncology Advances 2, Supplement_3 (November 1, 2020): ii15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdaa143.064.
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Abstract PURPOSE: Many reports presented that patients with GBM had stable HRQoL during their remission time. However, there are few reports on the situation of ADL that is the basis of QOL. This prospective study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of intensive rehabilitation for physically disabled patients with GBM after the initial treatment. PATIENTS and METHOD: Sixteen patients with newly-diagnosed glioblastoma presenting with severe physical disabilities were registered after the completion of postsurgical radiation therapy combined with TMZ. All patients were evaluated by means of a core set of clinical scales of Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Sitting Balance score, Standing Balance score, and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE). Patients were evaluated before the beginning and at the end of rehabilitation treatment. The daily rehabilitation program consisted of individual 180-min. sessions of treatment, seven days a week, for four to six consecutive weeks. Speech therapy was included when aphasia was diagnosed. RESULTS: Fifteen of 16 patients presented with improved physical functioning score, and seven of 16 patients returned to their independent life at home, CONCLUSION: A short-time intensive rehabilitation (4 to 6seeks) is effective for GBM patients during TMZ withdrawal period after the postoperative radiation therapy. This effective program requires close teamwork with the medical cooperation teams in the medical and rehabilitation hospitals: explanation to patients of the significance of the short-term rehabilitation, which is different from stroke rehabilitation, adjustment of hospitalization date considering radiotherapy and chemotherapy schedule, and adjustment of MRI imaging or bevacizumab administration schedule during rehabilitation.
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Zhou, Yupeng, Jinshu Li, Yang Liu, Shuai Lv, Yong Lai, and Jianan Wang. "Improved Memetic Algorithm for Solving the Minimum Weight Vertex Independent Dominating Set." Mathematics 8, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8071155.
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The minimum weight vertex independent dominating set (MWVIDS) problem is an important version of the minimum independent dominating set. The MWVIDS problem has a number of applications in many fields. However, the MWVIDS problem is known to be NP-hard and thus computationally challenging. In this work, we present the improved memetic algorithm called MSSAS for solving the MWVIDS problem. The proposed MSSAS algorithm combines probability-based dynamic optimization (PDO) (to generate good and diverse offspring solutions by assembling elements of existing good solutions) as well as a local search phase named C_LS (to seek high-quality local optima by combining the idea of constrained-based two-level configuration checking strategy and tabu mechanism). The extensive results on popular DIMACS and BHOLIB benchmarks demonstrate that MSSAS competes favorably with the state-of-the-art algorithms. In addition, we analyze the benefits of the newly raised components including two above proposed ideas with our memetic framework. It is worth mentioning that the combination of both components has excellent effects for the MWVIDS problem.
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Jones, Stephen F. "The Georgian Language State Program and its Implications." Nationalities Papers 23, no. 3 (September 1995): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408401.
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Minority language rights in Georgia, which are inseparable from economic, social and educational inequalities among the different ethnic groups, run along two axes: Georgian's relation to Russian and Georgian's relation with its own minority languages. Since the late 1980s, Moscow's diminishing power and the republic's internal fragmentation have shifted the emphasis from the first to the second. Newly independent Georgia, which is 70% Georgian, now confronts a problem familiar to many post-colonial states: what status should the multiplicity of languages in the republic have? Should Georgian be the only official language, and if so, in what contexts can non-Georgians use their native language? Such issues are part of larger questions about domination, entitlement and ethnic status, issues which have bedeviled the successive Georgian governments' attempts at state-building. In the last two years, language conflicts in Georgia have been overwhelmed by violent secessionist struggles, and the state language program which was perceived as vital to Georgia's future when it was adopted in August 1989, has become secondary today. But if the ethnically based wars are to end, language relations must be settled. As it stands, the language program is unlikely to help.
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GrzymañA-Busse, Anna. "Political Competition and the Politicization of the State in East Central Europe." Comparative Political Studies 36, no. 10 (December 2003): 1123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414003257610.
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The expansion and politicization of the postcommunist state, even among the reform leaders of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, has confounded early expectations that the state would shrink and grow autonomous once the communist regime collapsed. The variation in these patterns is a function of the distribution of party power in parliament, both over time (turnover) and among parties (fragmentation and effective opposition). Where several strong opposing parties competed for governance, the resulting electoral uncertainty led them to constrain each other through formal regulations and informal practices. In contrast, where one party dominated political competition, lax (or nonexistent) regulations allowed the informal extraction of resources from state firms, the procurement of favorable privatization deals, and the accumulation of positions in public administration. This explanation contrasts with existing accounts, which emphasize either broad communist regime legacies or the functional need for state growth in newly independent states.
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VANZARA, AKASH G., ILESH KATARA, and PADAMNABHI S. NAGAR. "Alternanthera kanhae (Amaranthaceae), a new species from Sabarmati Estuary of India." Phytotaxa 500, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.500.1.3.
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A new species of Amaranthaceae, Alternanthera kanhae, is described and illustrated from the bank of Sabarmati estuary in the state of Gujarat of Peninsular India. The new species is closely allied with A. caracasana and A. pungens but differs in many attributes. The identity of the newly proposed species is confirmed by molecular analysis of three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions viz., rbcL, psbA–trnH and trnL–trnF. The sequences showed that A. kanhae has an independent lineage to that of its sister clade.
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Yuan, Hang, Tim Veldman, Kathleen Rundell, and Richard Schlegel. "Simian Virus 40 Small Tumor Antigen Activates AKT and Telomerase and Induces Anchorage-Independent Growth of Human Epithelial Cells." Journal of Virology 76, no. 21 (November 1, 2002): 10685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.21.10685-10691.2002.
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ABSTRACT Human keratinocytes immortalized by full-length or early-region simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA grow in agarose and form tumors in nude mice, in contrast to keratinocytes immortalized by the E6/E7 genes of human papillomaviruses. To determine the molecular basis for this biological difference in growth, we have used the individual SV40 oncogenes (large T antigen [LT] and small t antigen [st]) and human papillomavirus oncogenes (E6/E7) to study the progression of human epithelial cells from the nonimmortal to the immortal state as well as from the immortal to the anchorage-independent state. Transfection of primary human foreskin keratinocytes with LT did not immortalize cells but did extend the in vitro life span and produced cells that were resistant to calcium- and serum-induced terminal differentiation. Cells transfected with st alone did not passage beyond vector-transfected keratinocytes. The simultaneous expression of LT- and st-immortalized keratinocytes occurred without evidence of crisis and, as anticipated, these immortal cells were anchorage- independent for growth. Interestingly, we found that keratinocytes expressing both LT and st, but not keratinocytes with LT alone, exhibited increased phosphorylation of the protein kinase AKT. In addition, AKT activation was paralleled by an increase in telomerase activity. Addition of st to anchorage-dependent keratinocytes, expressing either LT (nonimmortal) or E6/E7 (immortal), converted the cells to anchorage independence, with similar accompanying increases in AKT phosphorylation and telomerase activity. However, it was not possible to induce keratinocyte growth in agarose with activated AKT and/or overexpressed hTERT, indicating that these newly defined st-induced activities are not sufficient for progression to the anchorage-independent state.
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Nabil, Nabil. "Pendidikan Negara Dari Marx ke Stalin Studi Pendekakatan Kritis-filosofis dan heuristika." Almarhalah | Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 1, no. 1 (May 8, 2017): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.38153/alm.v1i1.4.
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in this century, many people spontaneously label themselves to defend the State because there is an extreme ideology to divide the State in the name of religion, even the events of 1965 returned to the surface as if the State had to apologize for the atrocities and massacres after 1965. Basically, the State was something newly formed from individuals and then groups that have systems, institutions, bureaucracy and usually have sovereignty, both in and out. But in the end it will become absurd when the State is placed above our heads.The state as an independent institution and has political sovereignty, but as an instrument of oppression and administration that can be used for various purposes by the social classes that control its power. Engels saw the instrumentalist view when he saw that State power was always in the hands of a certain social class - the middle class - who used that power in the interests of maintaining economic and political dominance over other social classes.
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AlMizory, Arsalan H. "Acquisition of Legitimacy in Self-Determination Conflicts." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 8, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v8n4a475.
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We have entered to an era in which the conflicts have become one of the most intensely perceived security problems of the contemporary world. Their nature is usually violent, accompanied by human casualties, which may escalate to humanitarian crises and may cause population migration, the formation of radical groups, economic decline, and eventually the fragmentation threat to the state territorial integrity. As a power-sharing formula, ‘Acquisition of Legitimacy Approach’ as a new Formula for Global Peace and Security Corporation has proposed to assist the State and sub-state entity involved in sovereignty conflicts, and future peace negotiators to identify an emerging approach, which may be well suited to help them in the resolution of their particular conflict. This article will demonstrate that the new formula may be attractive enough to those seeking to exercise the newly recognised right of remedial secession, who have grown unsatisfied with the prospect of simple autonomy. Accordingly, this theory would grant independence and statehood to those peoples that have been labelled as peaceful, that have engaged through peaceful means with the international community to assert their independence, such as Kosovar, Albanians or the East Timorese, would have earned their right to exist as sovereign independent States.
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Heffernan, Conor. "An Irish Race Convention? Body Politics and the 1924 Tailteann Games." Irish Economic and Social History 46, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0332489319860629.
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Covering the 1924 Tailteann Games, a 2-week sporting and cultural celebration held in the Irish Free State, the following article explores the broader sociocultural significance of the Tailteann’s opening ceremony. Said to be the restoration of an ancient Irish festival, the Tailteann Games were envisioned as an Irish ‘race Olympiad’ open to those born in Ireland and those of Irish descent. Welcoming visitors from several nations, the festival marked an ambitious effort on the part of its organisers to formally announce the newly independent state onto the world stage. While previous studies on the Tailteann Games of 1924 have depicted it as an attempt to project a certain kind of Irish identity, the present article seeks to specify the meaning of this identity in much greater detail. Surveying the use of ancient folklore, mass gymnastic displays and modern technologies during the opening ceremony, it is argued that the 1924 Games sought to depict the Irish Free State as a young, modern and culturally vibrant state. The article thus highlights efforts to project a specific and definitive form of Irish identity during the Free State’s opening years.
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DREA, EOIN. "THE IMPACT OF HENRY PARKER-WILLIS AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE ON THE INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF THE IRISH CURRENCY ACT 1927." Historical Journal 58, no. 3 (July 24, 2015): 855–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000466.
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ABSTRACTThe Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 provided monetary independence to the newly established Irish Free State. The existing historiography views Irish monetary and banking policy post-independence as following British precedent in terms of the structure and design of state monetary institutions. However, this article considers how Professor Henry Parker-Willis's experience of establishing the United States (US) Federal Reserve system in 1913 had a direct impact on his work as chair of the Irish banking commission in 1926. This research highlights that Parker-Willis played a significantly more important role in formulating the Irish Currency Act 1927 than is currently recognized. It further identifies that Parker-Willis's design for a wholly independent, non-political Irish currency commission was primarily based on his disillusionment with the political interference then evident in the management of the Federal Reserve system. This article, therefore, challenges the dominant view that Irish monetary institution building in the 1920s automatically followed British precedent, but rather identifies the direct influence of US monetary structures on the development of Irish institutions. This is an internationalist dimension not recognized in the existing historiography.