Relevant bibliographies by topics / Newly independent states

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Newly independent states'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Newly independent states"

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Dymshits, N. S. "Poland and the Newly Independent States." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(23) (April 28, 2012): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-2-23-276-282.

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Havrylyshyn, Oleh, and Rutger Wissels. "Reviving Trade Amongst the Newly Independent States." Economic Policy 9, no. 19 (December 1994): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344606.

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Bremner, Ian, and Alyson Bailes. "Sub-regionalism in the Newly Independent States." International Affairs 74, no. 1 (January 1998): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00009.

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Dine, Thomas A. "U.S. Aid for the Newly Independent States." Problems of Post-Communism 42, no. 3 (May 1995): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10758216.1995.11655609.

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Freeman, William. "Environmental Assistance to the Newly Independent States." Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 4 (April 1993): 608–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00041a600.

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ROST, NICOLAS, and JOHN A. BOOTH. "Determinants of regime type in newly independent states." European Journal of Political Research 47, no. 5 (August 2008): 635–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00781.x.

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Karimov, Afar, Alexander Borovykh, Alexey Kuzmin, Asel Abdykadyrova, Djahangir Efendiev, Ekaterina Greshnova, Elena Konovalova, Liubov Palivoda, Seymour Usifli, and Vladimir Balakirev. "Program Evaluation Development in the Newly Independent States." Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation 4, no. 7 (September 20, 2007): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v4i7.14.

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Bowen, Betsy, David Alan Sapp, and Nelly Sargsyan. "Résumé Writing in Russia and the Newly Independent States." Business Communication Quarterly 69, no. 2 (June 2006): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1080569906287956.

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This article examines the teaching of résumé writing at one university in Russia and several institutions in the Newly Independent States (NIS). The authors explore challenges including variable cultural norms for written versus oral communication, severe financial and material hardship in the educational sector, cultural discomfort with the norms of U.S. business writing, issues related to the transition from Soviet-style socialism to Western-style capitalism, and other historical factors that shape expectations for business communication in Russia and the NIS. Recommendations to business writing and communication faculty conclude the article.
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Green, Eric. "Poisoned legacy: environmental quality in the newly independent states." Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 4 (April 1993): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00041a001.

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Stone, Janet D., and James Minahan. "Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States." History Teacher 34, no. 3 (May 2001): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3054357.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Newly independent states"

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Wallace-Bruce, Nii Lante. "Nationalization in international law and the newly independent African states." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1985. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28734.

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The rules relating to nationalization are among the most controversial in international law today. This is particularly so with respect to the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the Declaration of the New International Economic Order. In Arica, the first notable nationalization took place in 1956 with the take-over of the Suez Canal. Since then, there have been countless nationalizations and other measures of dispossession. The basic aim of the thesis is to study the development of this phenomenon and to assess its impact on private foreign investment in Africa. The thesis is divided into eight chapters. In chapter one, we trace the origins of the modern African States, going back to the pre-colonial period when Africa had its own indigenous states. We also trace the foundations of private foreign investment, starting from the pre-colonial period when Africa had its own self-sustaining economies. Chapter two deals with the study of the investment laws and policies of the independent African States. Chapter three is devoted to the actual nationalization measures that have taken place on the African Continent. Whilst the chapter does not claim to have covered all instances of nationalization in Africa, an attempt has been made to cover all notable cases. The chapter also deals with other measures of dispossession, namely, indigenization and expulsion. Chapters four, five and six deal with the international law rules. In chapter four, the rules of the traditional legal order are covered. The development of the New International Economic Order and issues arising from it, are discussed in chapter five. Then in chapter six, an attempt is made to determine the current state of the international law rules by bringing together the competing claims of the two legal orders. In chapter seven, we discuss the settlement of investment disputes in Africa. The chapter is divided into four parts. The first deals with actual compensation settlements concerning foreign-owned property. The second concentrates on de-nationalization or privatization of foreign property which had been nationalized earlier. The third part deals with international arbitrations involving African States and finally, there is a discussion of unresolved investment disputes. The last chapter centres on the legal protection of foreign investments. It covers both national legislation and international agreements on the promotion and protection of investments.
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Tierney, Michael J. "Commitments, credibility and international cooperation : the integration of Soviet successor states into western multilateral regimes /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3112193.

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Horsmann, Stuart. "Security issues of the newly independent states of Central Asia : the cases of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4203/.

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The thesis is a comparative examination of selected security threats and vulnerabilities which confronted Kazakstan and Uzbekistan between 1991-96. Through this study, the broader economic, political and social processes that accompanied their transition from Soviet republican status to independent statehood are exemplified. The research is concerned with three case-studies which are prime regional concerns and will be central to the future development of the republics. These are: - Government-minority relations; in Kazakstan between Almaty and the Russian community, and in Uzbekistan between Tashkent and the Tajik minority. This case-study explores issues of group political consciousness and mobilisation, political access and participation, and nation- and state-building; - Competition and conflict over the region's riverine waters. The relationship between environmental resources, economic development and social stability are central to this study. The research suggests that elite and popular attitudes towards the exploitation and/or management of environmental resources, resource ownership and economic and environmental reform are of as equal significance to this debate as are actual environmental degradation and absolute resource scarcity; and - Islam's ideological and physical challenge to the republics' political and security stability. Central to this debate are the issues of the state's ideological foundation, regime legitimacy, the blurred nexus between regime and state security, and the economic and social context in which political ideas compete. The case-studies also offer a challenge to and critique of traditional Realist International Relations (M) assumptions on the concepts of state and security, because of their characteristics; intra- and/or trans-state in location, frequently indirect and non-specific in their consequences, and rooted as equally in the subjective and perceptual as they are in the physical realm. Consequently, a comprehensive security approach, based upon Pluralist IR. assumptions, has been applied. This perspective emphasises the multiple sources of insecurity that the two republics are confronted by, and the need for a broad range of policies to address such problems, which are particularly acute during transitional periods.
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Linden, Corina Herron. "Power and uneven globalization : coalitions and energy trade dependence in the newly independent states of Europe /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10775.

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Matz, Johan. "Constructing a post-Soviet international political reality Russian foreign policy towards the newly independent states, 1990-95 /." Uppsala : [Uppsala University], 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/46401841.html.

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Segal, Nancy-Helen. "The casino complex as a factor in development strategies in newly independent states : a case study of Bophuthatswana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22079.

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Bibliography: pages 198-214.
This thesis discusses the casino complex as a factor in development strategies in the newly independent state, with particular reference to Bophuthatswana. The main body of the thesis (Chapter Four) commences with a brief discussion of the history of development in Southern Africa: the South African Government's policy of Separate Development which ensured the creation of the newly independent states, one of which is Bophuthatswana, and their National Development Corporations; in the case of Bophuthatswana, the Bophuthatswana National Development Corporation. Due to their independent status, the national states were entitled to invite casino complex developments to their respective countries; the casino complex developments all engaged and controlled by Sun International. Sun International Bophuthatswana, its characteristics and policies are discussed in depth in, and conclude, Chapter Four.
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Hooper, Janice (Janice Otilia) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Post-Marxist development praxis: NGDOs and new social movement theory." Ottawa, 1993.

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Solli, Audun. "Theorising African states : the case of Angola from a critical theory perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2855.

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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
This thesis is a theoretical contribution to the debate about statehood in Sub-Saharan Africa. My primary aims have been to interrogate the use of the state concept on the continent, and to open up new theoretical avenues to analyse the state. My starting point has been that the state is a key to solving socio-economic challenges. Yet the social theory that purports to make sense of the state in Africa is poor. Mainstream scholars use prefixes such as ‘failed’, ‘weak’ and ‘quasi’ to make sense of existing African states. If they call for such labels, it is only because an unhelpful ideal type based on the ‘modern’ European state is postulated. Such scholarship is limited to theorising the distance between the ideal type and real states. This approach gives a functionalist account of the state’s relationship with society and economy, but fails to explain the state as a historical product and expression of the distribution of power between social groups. As an alternative way to theorise states, I propose a synthesis between Robert W. Cox and Mahmood Mamdani. Combining Mamdani’s and Cox’s theoretical frameworks avoids the problems that arise when Eurocentric International Relations (IR) theories are applied to an African context. The synthesis adds to both frameworks by addressing a shortcoming in Cox by paying more attention to power struggles in the periphery, and redresses the exclusive focus on Africa in Mamdani. Adding Cox to Mamdani contextualises Mamdani’s African state in space as well as time, whereas adding Mamdani to Cox shows how African states respond to outside pressures and in the process (re)constitute the world order by adding an inside-out pressure. I use a single case study of the Angolan state to illustrate how a Coxian / Mamdanian synthesis contributes to the debate. This theoretical framework turns the attention to four aspects. First, there is a close historical link between the economic structure and the form of the state in the country, from the slave trade to today’s political economy of oil. Second, I look at the attempts of the Angolan state elite to legitimise its own power. I posit that in the context of social destitution and poverty, strategies to sustain consent based rule assumes particular importance. Third, the Angolan state is an expression of internal powers struggles between social groups in the country. The contemporary balance of power is volatile: recent economic growth has the potential of unsettling old power structures, as the relative balance of who has access to economic power changes. Lastly, the world order supports the current structure of power in Angola, largely thanks to the political economy of oil. Oil gives the Angolan regime ample economic resources, as well as crucial support from oil companies and the states that import the oil. This foreign support underwrites the regime and constitutes an important element in its support base
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Zareba, Wioletta. "L’élaboration de la Politique européenne de voisinage et la gestion du problème des frontières : le rôle des nouveaux États membres (notamment celui de la Pologne)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030070.

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La politique européenne de voisinage (PEV) est née de la volonté de développer un espace de prospérité et de stabilité aux frontières de l’Union élargie. Elle vise à renforcer la coopération politique, sécuritaire, économique et culturelle entre l’UE et ses nouveaux voisins immédiats ou proches, tout en atténuant le caractère séparatif des frontières européennes en engageant les pays voisins dans une coopération mutuellement avantageuse avec l’UE. La thèse étudie le volet oriental de la PEV qui couvre des Etats de l’Est (Ukraine, Biélorussie, Russie). Ces pays occupent aujourd’hui une place croissante dans la stratégie internationale de l’UE. L’adhésion des nouveaux pays membres de l’Europe centrale en 2004 a apporté une nouvelle fragilité, tout en créant un fort groupe de pression qui demandait un engagement direct de l’Union européenne dans les affaires concernant don voisinage immédiat. Disposant d’une parfaite connaissance de la situation économique de cette région et d’une grande expérience de coopération avec la Biélorussie, la Russie et l’Ukraine, ces pays cherchaient à orienter la politique étrangère de la Communauté vers de nouvelles voies d’actions. L’objectif de recherche concerne l’évaluation globale du rôle et de la contribution des nouveaux pays membres, et plus particulièrement de la Pologne, dans l’élaboration commune de la politique orientale de l’Union européenne dans les années 2004-2007
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was developed in order to insure a zone of stability and prosperity on the borders of the European Union (EU). It aims at strengthening political, economic, cultural, and security cooperation between the EU and its neighbours. Its objective is to engage neighbouring States into a mutually beneficial cooperation with the EU. The present doctorate thesis focuses on the Eastern dimension of the ENP which includes Eastern States like Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. These countries have an important role to play in the EU international straetegy. New Eastern European countries adhering in 2004 brought in a new frailty yet creating a strong pressure group asking for a strong commitment of the EU in matters related to immediate neighbourhood. Those countries are thoroughly aware of the economic situation of the region and have a wide experience cooperating with Belarus, Russia and Ukraine; they sought to have an influence on the Community's foreign affairs policy by means of new paths of action. The aim of this research concerns the global evaluation of the new Members States' - and Poland's in particular - part in and the contribution to jointly elaborating the Eastern European Union's eastern policy for the years 2004-2007
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Fabry, Mikulas. "International society and the establishment of new states : the practice of state recognition in the era of national self-determination." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16930.

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The dissertation examines recognition of new states, the practice historically employed to regulate membership in international society. The last fifteen years have witnessed novel or reinvigorated demands for statehood in many areas of the world. The claims of some, like those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, Croatia, Moldova, Georgia or East Timor, achieved recognition; those of others, like Kosovo, Krajina, Bouganville, Abkhazia, Somaliland or Chechnya, did not. However, even as most of these claims gave rise to serious conflicts, the practice has elicited little systematic scholarly reflection. Drawing upon writings of international society theorists, the dissertation looks at the criteria that have guided recognition of new states. It charts the practice from the late eighteenth century until the present. Its central finding is that state recognition has always been tied to the idea of self-determination of peoples and not, as is conventionally assumed, only since the end of the First World War. State recognition can be said to have (1) emerged as a coherent practice in response to this idea and (2) evolved chiefly as a result of the continuous necessity to come to terms with the dilemmas presented by this idea. Two versions of the idea have guided the practice - selfdetermination as a natural and as a positive right. The former, dominant from the 1820s to the 1950s, took as the standard for acknowledgment the achievement of de facto statehood by a people desiring independence. The latter, prevalent since the 1950s, took as the basis of recognition a positive right to independence in international law. The development of self-determination as a positive right, however, has not led to a disappearance of claims of statehood that stand outside of its confines. Groups that feel unhappy within the states they belong to have continued to make demands for independence irrespective of the fact that they may not have an international right to it. The study concludes by expressing doubt that contemporary international society can find a sustainable basis for recognition of new states other than de facto statehood.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Newly independent states"

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Denisenko, Mikhail, Salvatore Strozza, and Matthew Light, eds. Migration from the Newly Independent States. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7.

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Hu, Yuzhi. Xin xing guo. [Beijing: Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2012.

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Europe, United Nations Economic Commission for. Transboundary water cooperation: Trends in the newly independent states. New York: United Nations, 2006.

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United States. International Trade Administration, ed. BISNIS: Business Information Service for the Newly Independent States. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, International Trade Administration, 1997.

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Strauss, Erwin S. How to start your own country. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press, 1999.

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Wallace-Bruce, Nii Lante. Claims to statehood in international law. New York, N.Y: Carlton Press, 1994.

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United States. International Trade Administration., ed. American business centers in Russia and the newly independent states. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, International Trade Administration, 1996.

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Djankov, Simeon. Ownership structure and enterprise restructuring in six newly independent states. Washington, DC: World Bank, Financial Sector Practice Dept., Financial Economics Unit, 1999.

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United States. International Trade Administration., ed. American business centers in Russia and the newly independent states. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, International Trade Administration, 1995.

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United States. International Trade Administration., ed. American business centers in Russia and the newly independent states. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, International Trade Administration, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Newly independent states"

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Kruszewski, Z. A. "Poles in the Newly Independent States of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine." In National Identities and Ethnic Minorities in Eastern Europe, 131–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26553-4_8.

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Van Oudenaren, John. "Policy Towards the Extended Frontier: The Balkans and the Newly Independent States." In Developments in the European Union 2, 256–74. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-14140-8_15.

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Wharton, Melinda, Iain R. B. Hardy, Charles Vitek, Tanja Popovic, and Roland W. Sutter. "Epidemic Diphtheria in the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union." In Emerging Infections 1, 165–76. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816940.ch11.

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Piotrovskij, Raimund G. "MT in the former USSR and in the Newly Independent States (NIS)." In Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 233. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.97.21pio.

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Gulina, Olga. "The Dissolution of the USSR, the Newly Independent States and Their Diaspora Policies." In Russian as a Transnational Language, 13–34. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003088004-2.

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Molnár, Sándor. "Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in Central and Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States." In Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories, 223–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1722-9_13.

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Bremmer, Ian, Sophia Clement, Andrew Cottey, and Thanos Dokos. "Emerging Subregional Cooperation Processes: South-Eastern Europe, The Newly Independent States and the Mediterranean." In Subregional Cooperation in the New Europe, 213–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27194-8_11.

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van Hüllen, Vera, and Andreas Stahn. "Comparing EU and US Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean and the Newly Independent States." In Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law, 118–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230244528_5.

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Mangos, Nicholas Constantine, and Max Smith. "Application of the Ethnoconsumerism Paradigm to the International Advertising Debate for Russia and the Newly Independent States: A Matter of Convergence?" In Proceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing Conference, 242–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17383-2_45.

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Soares, Dionísio Babo. "The challenges of establishing a land tenure regime in a newly independent state." In Transformations in Independent Timor-Leste, 113–22. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315535012-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Newly independent states"

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Haldimann, Jonas Philipp, Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Christoph Beierle. "Syntax Splitting for Iterated Contractions." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/47.

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Parikh developed the notion of syntax splitting to describe belief sets with independent parts. He also formulated a postulate demanding that belief revisions respect syntax splittings in belief sets. The concept of syntax splitting was later transferred to epistemic states with total preorders and ranking functions by Kern-Isberner and Brewka along with corresponding postulates for belief revisions. Besides revision, contraction is also a central operation in the field of general belief change. In this paper, we analyse belief contractions with respect to syntax splitting. Based on the work on syntax splitting for revision, we develop syntax splitting postulates for contractions on ranking functions, on epistemic states with total preorder, and on belief sets. Finally, we evaluate different contractions from the literature, namely moderate contraction, natural contraction, lexicographic contraction, and c-contractions with respect to the newly developed contraction postulates.
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Sulaimanova, Burulcha, and Daniyar Jasoolov. "International Migration in Kyrgyzstan: Dynamics and Determinants." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01831.

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After disintegration of Soviet Union, mass labor migration has been seen in newly independent states. This migration mostly caused by ethnic reasons, while after mid of 1990's the migration predominantly reasoned by economic issues, such as differences in economic growth, wage levels, social conditions and welfare in countries of destination and origin. Due to labor migration in Kyrgyzstan, which is count around the 10 % percent of active population of the country, and high remittance inflow, which is more than 30 % of Gross Domestic Product of Kyrgyzstan, it is important to investigate the factors causing this migration outflow. This paper aims to empirically present the determinants of international migration outflow from Kyrgyzstan, by using nationally representative "Life in Kyrgyzstan 2011" survey.
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Yayar, Rüştü, Yusuf Demir, and Yunus Emre Birol. "An Applied Study of International Trade between Turkey and Kazakhstan within the Transition Economies Context." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00490.

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The concept of transition economies covers a group of countries which were established in the aftermath of the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the former USSR in 1991. The main objectives of these countries are prices and foreign trade liberalization, privatizations realized, macroeconomic stability, obtaining foreign direct investment and improving marketing situations during the transition period. Today an effective foreign trade policy takes an important place in the improvement of a transition country economic performance. Kazakhstan is one of the newly independent states, transition country which was established in the aftermath of the USSR’s collapse in 1991. The aim of this study is prediction of foreign trade between Turkey and Kazakhstan using Box-Jenkins Method. We hope the study will contribute to development of foreign trade between Turkey and Kazakhstan which after gaining independence foreign trade reforms had been realized in such fields as setting free foreign trade prices, renewal of foreign trade system, market diversification and exchange system modification. Also, we hope the study will contribute to decision-makers and policy makers who doing short-term forecasts for the future in different fields.
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Karaman, Ömer Faruk. "The Impacts of the Eurasian Economic Union on the Relations Between Kyrgyzstan and Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02023.

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With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian Federation, trying to develop economic and political relations with various countries, in order to maintain its influence in the newly independent states, is in charge of creating an organization called the Eurasian Economic Union. In this context, the Eurasian Economic Union, which started its activity in January 2015, is an attempt to economic integration among Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. The Turkish foreign policy has changed in multi-vector direction. Thus, the last events in Eurasia began to attract the attention of Turkey. In this paper, focusing on the perceptions of Eurasia by Russia and Turkey, examines the influence of the Eurasian Economic Union on relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan. In this context, Kyrgyzstan's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union, in a political sense, may negatively affect relations between two countries and reduce the presence of Turkey in Kyrgyzstan. Also, because of the expected increasing in customs duties and hence rise in prices for goods imported from Turkey, the decline in demand for Turkish goods is expected. Nevertheless, the possibility of signing free trade agreements between member states, including Kyrgyzstan and Turkey in the long term, will change the political, commercial and cultural relations between two countries in a positive way.
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Rehrl, Jochen, and Petteri Taitto. "PRE-DEPLOYMENT ELEARNING FOR CSDP MISSIONS / OPERATIONS." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-071.

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Since 2012, the European Security and Defence College is actively engaged in pre-deployment training for CSDP missions and operations. Although the main effort still relies on residential courses, the preparatory and supporting eLearning part receives more and more attention. eLearning is independent of time and location; hence, a perfect tool to training newly selected staff before their deployment to a mission area. Additionally, the running costs are lower compared to a residential course. The main challenges include the content of the eLearning modules, the nomination of trainees as well as the co-ordination between Headquarters and Mission responsibilities. Financial implications of training and the time constraints play also an important role as well as the in-mission training. Additionally, the various legal states of the deployed personnel (contracted, seconded, locals), the different personal security clearances and the learning content (no classified information in eLearning modules, sensitive information accepted) raise concerns when it comes to eLearning. The presentation will give an insight, how the ESDC provides eLearning modules for pre-deployment training taking EUNAVFOR SOMALIA as an example. The article will also tackle the challenges concerning selection/recruitment, nomination for training and in-mission training. It will give an overview about the state of affairs and the way ahead. The presentation will give an insight, how the ESDC provides eLearning modules for pre-deployment training taking EUNAVFOR SOMALIA as an example. The article will also tackle the challenges concerning selection/recruitment, nomination for training and in-mission training. It will give an overview about the state of affairs and the way ahead.
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Paiva, Isabel, and Romão B. Trindade. "The Impact of Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM and IAEA Joint Convention Review Meetings on the Ongoing Establishment of the Portuguese Regulatory Framework and on the Future of National Radioactive Waste." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96145.

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Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19 July 2011, establishing a Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste will enter in force August 2013 in all EU Member States. Portugal has already started preparing its legislative framework to accommodate the new legislative piece. However, the first report of Portugal to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management of the IAEA, in Vienna, 2012, has shown that Portugal still has many steps to overcome to establish a successful and effective basic regulatory framework. The existence of many competent authorities related to the radiological protection area and a newly independent commission that is still looking on how to fulfill its regulator role in other areas such as the radioactive waste management makes quite challenging the full application of the new directive as well as compliance that Portugal will have to show in the next Joint Convention review meeting in order to meet the obligations of the Convention. In this paper, the reality of the regulatory Portuguese framework on radiological protection, nuclear safety and radioactive waste management is presented. Discussion of the future impact of the new legislation and its consequences such as the need to setup the national program on radioactive waste management is critical discussed.
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Ivandić, Ria, and Neven Ivandić. "TOURISM GROWTH AS A DRIVER OF MIGRATION PATTERNS: EVIDENCE FROM CROATIA." In Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2023: Engagement & Empowerment: A Path Toward Sustainable Tourism. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.07.12.

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Purpose – This research investigates to what extent local economic growth driven by tourism was able to prevent emigration from local areas. The relative economic prosperity of the Western Member States is considered to have had a large pull effect on immigrants following the enlargement of the EU to Central and Eastern European states. A similar pattern has been established in Croatia, where a mass exodus of the population has been recorded in the years following the 2013 EU Accession. Methodology – To do so, we use the newly released Population Census data from 2021, along with data from the earlier Census, to create a panel dataset of all municipalities and cities in Croatia and estimate the role of tourism. These data sources overcome the measurement errors in previously available annual migration data from the Ministry of Interior and allow for a more disaggregated analysis using detailed variables on the age and sex profile of citizens. We estimate a linear regression model using Ordinary Least Squares with the difference in population change as the dependent variable and measures of tourism development as the independent variable. Findings – We find evidence that the size of tourism is negatively associated with the size of emigration from the local area. We then investigate the mechanisms behind the relationship between local tourism growth and emigration, testing whether tourism is more correlated with emigration of younger or older individuals, men or women. Contribution – This paper is the first to shed light into the empirical nexus between tourism growth as the cause of the retention of population. Policy wise, it gives important insights into understanding how economic opportunities are key for individuals’ decision to emigrate that could be relevant for policymakers interested in ways to retain local populations. Finally, methodologically, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first research to explore migration patterns using the 2021 Census.
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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.

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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.
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Heymans, Gerhardus S., Jacob F. Grobler, and P. Schalk Els. "Physics Based Modelling of a Magneto-Rheological Equipped Hydro-Pneumatic Semi-Active Suspension System." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59922.

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The Vehicle Dynamics Group (VDG) at the University of Pretoria has developed a semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension system for an off road vehicle. The suspension system can switch its characteristics between two discrete spring characteristics as well as two discrete damping characteristics all incorporated in a single suspension strut. This original 4-State Semi-active Suspension System (or 4S4), switches between discrete characteristics through the control a set of solenoid valves. Recently, the 4S4 was further developed with the aim of extending its damping characteristics to be continuously variable through the use of Magneto-rheological (MR) technology. The newly developed MR4S4 prototype received a re-designed flow path which channels the MR suspension fluid through two independent magnetic valves (flow orifice enclosed by coils) in parallel. The damping characteristics of each of the valves are controlled independently by the application of electric currents through damper coils. These valves are also able to block flow completely to achieve the discrete spring characteristics through switching flow to the independent accumulators. However, in order to ensure that this new technology could be effectively applied and controlled a model of the MR4S4 needed to be developed. This paper describes the development and validation of a physics based model which is able to capture the overall dynamics and properties of the MR4S4 suspension system. Importantly, the aim of the research was to appropriately capture the physical properties of both the gas as well as the MR fluid as it interacts with the suspension displacements and forces. This model would aid further research in the development of control strategies and provide insight through simulation studies on the systems’ influence on vehicle dynamics.
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Albhaisi, Suhail. "The Role of Independent Engineer in the Design and Construction of Long Span Bridges in Canada." In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.1017.

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<p>This paper describes the role of Independent Engineer (IE) in the design and construction of the newly constructed New Bridge over the Saint Lawrence (NBSL) River, also known as the New Champlain Bridge, in Montreal, Canada. The $3.2B Public-Private Partnership (P3) project includes a 2.1 mile long new bridge with a 790-foot cable-stayed main span. It also includes 19 bridge overpasses, and more than 3 miles of highway improvements. The new bridge has two three-lane corridors for vehicular traffic and a two-lane light rail transit system, as well as a multi-use path for pedestrians and cyclists. This new bridge has a 125-year design life and was open to highway traffic in both directions on July 1, 2019. The construction is ongoing on the bridge to install the light rail transit system which is expected to open in the spring of 2023. Various monitoring mechanisms have been set out to ensure that the Private Partner delivers the project in compliance with stipulated performance criteria. The Stantec and Ramboll team was selected by the Private Partner and the Government of Canada to be the Independent Engineer, whose mandate involves, examining, at various stages, the design documents, supervision plans and the management and quality control system provided by the Private Partner (PP), performing design reviews at various stages of the design, monitoring all work for the purpose of compliance with the Project Agreement (PA), and issuing certification of the completion of the work at Substantial and Final completion stages</p>
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Reports on the topic "Newly independent states"

1

Zanner, F. J., and W. C. Moffatt. Materials and process engineering projects for the Sandia National Laboratories/Newly Independent States Industrial Partnering Program. Volume 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95320.

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Zanner, F. J., and W. C. Moffatt. Materials and process engineering projects for the Sandia National Laboratories/Newly Independent States Industrial Partnering Program. Volume 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/93592.

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3

Laku, Justin. South Sudan Governance: A Call for Federalism to Address. Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2017.21.

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This paper is an attempt to explain why federalism could be a response to governance crises in fragile states such as South Sudan, and Sudan. it aims to discuss the history of the call for federalism in Sudan and South Sudan, It argues that If Khartoum leadership had adopted federalism as system of governance right after independence in Sudan, that could have prevented a half a century of civil war between the Arab-North and the Christian South, and consequently the current Darfur and Nuba Mountains ongoing civil wars. These civil wars could have saved lives and the countries’ economy. The paper makes the case that the centralized system was instrumental in plunging the newly independent state of South Sudan into the devastating three-years conflict that has displaced 2.4 million people, killed 50,000; and in Sudan it has displaced 6 million, and 2.6 million killed in South, and 300,000 killed in Darfur (De Waal, 2007, p.317) and drove South Sudan and Sudan into dire economic straits. The paper draws federalism benefits that will help move the country forward.
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Fu. L51878 Methods for Assessing Corroded Pipeline-Review Validation and Recommendations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010358.

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An assessment of the remaining strength of corroded line pipe is generally accomplished using the ASME B31G method and RSTRENG methods. These methods were developed using an early fracture mechanics relationship for toughness-independent failure of pressurised pipes and were empirically calibrated against a database of around 80 full-scale burst tests for thin wall pipes, dominated by pipes of grade B and grade X52. Applications of these methods to modern higher toughness pipe materials have not been fully justified. Neither of these methods is able to assess the significance of interactions between adjacent corrosion defects. Considerable effort, funded by Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. and by various industry groups, in particular in Europe, has in recent years addressed full-scale testing, analytical and numerical investigations, and the development of improved assessment methods. This report presents the results of a comparative review of a number of existing and newly developed methods for assessing corroded pipelines and a proposed methodology for the development of integrated corrosion assessment guidelines. This study was funded by the Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee of Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (project No. PR-273-9803) and was carried out jointly by BG Technology (United Kingdom), Battelle Memorial Institute (United States of America) and Shell Global Solutions (the Netherlands). BG Technology was the lead contractor.
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Estevadeordal, Antoni. Negotiating Preferential Market Access: The Case of NAFTA. Inter-American Development Bank, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011086.

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There is a growing interest related to the theoretical analysis of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Nevertheless, there has been as yet very little empirical research on the topic, in particular, on the negotiating dynamics of these types of agreements. This paper attempts to make a contribution in this direction examining the relationship between the two most important market access instruments in the case of NAFTA negotiations: the preferential tariff phase-outs and the accompanying rules of origin (RoO). The traditional literature has viewed market access negotiations solely in terms of tariff (and non-tariff) negotiations. From an analytical point of view, the role of RoO, that is the rules that are designed to determine the origin of products in international trade, has usually been restricted to a "secondary" or "supportive" function. As such, RoO were seen to assist in the application or implementation of other "primary" instruments. In the case of preferential RoO, they help to determine when a particular good will be granted preferential tariff treatment. Using a newly constructed data set this paper estimates a simultaneous equation model where the endogenous variables are the preferential tariff phase-outs between Mexico and the United States and the RoO under the NAFTA agreement. The empirical findings of this paper support the view that in accordance with recent literature, the NAFTA RoO were used as an independent commercial policy instrument with a "primary" market access function as it is the case with the traditional preferential tariffs.
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Vogt, R., A. Lovell, A. Tudora, T. Kawano, and R. Capote Noy. Summary Report of the 2nd RCM of the CRP on Updating Fission Yield Data for Applications. IAEA Nuclear Data Section, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61092/iaea.5n4h-gsyc.

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The Second Research Coordination Meeting of the IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on Updating Fission Yield Data for Applications was held in Vienna at the IAEA headquarters from 19 to 23 December 2022, with 23 international experts attending the meeting. The CRP is devoted to evaluation efforts of cumulative and independent fission yields for incident energies from the thermal point up to 14 MeV on actinide targets. Produced fission yield evaluations should include full uncertainty quantification and are expected to combine available experimental data and state-of-the-art model information. The activities undertaken within this CRP were reviewed including the assessment of newly measured data and ongoing evaluation efforts. Technical discussions and the resulting further work plan of this CRP are summarized in this report. The meeting presentations are available at: https://www-nds.iaea.org/index-meeting-crp/2RCM_FY/index.htm.
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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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9

Independent Consultation and Investigation Mechanism: 2013 Annual Report. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005888.

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The operation of the Independent Consultation and Investigation Mechanism (ICIM) saw the convergence of a number of significant milestones in 2013. Based on the findings and recommendations of an evaluation report by the IDB Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) in 2012, the year began with the decision of the Board OF Executive Directors to initiate a process of adjustment to the ICIM Policy and its operating structure. This work, including the implementation of a process of public consultation, was commissioned to an independent expert.In addition, 2013 marked the end of the ICIMs pilot period. During this period (2010-2013) a total of 76 requests from 9 different countries were received. The 2013 Annual Report contains information on the management of ICIM's active portfolio and is complemented by information on each of the requests in the Public Registry, also newly updated in 2013. Of particular importance during the three years has been the completion of two processes of investigation and the approval of a third for the Compliance Review Phase, and the closing of five cases with agreements in the Consultation Phase. A statistical annex provides the reader with further information on the ICIM portfolio of Requests, the concerns of the Requesters and the sectors that most frequently generate these concerns among communities. In September 2013, and as stated its Policy, the scope of the ICIM was expanded to cover all the Relevant Operational Policies in force. Finally, in order to maintain consistency in the responsiveness of the Mechanism and to ensure a smooth transition once the revised policy is approved, the Board of Executive Directors approved a transition plan related to Mechanisms governance that ensures the continued operation thereof until the new policy goes into effect.
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