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Journal articles on the topic 'NFC-tags'
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Pyykkönen, Mikko, Jukka Riekki, Ismo Alakärppä, Ivan Sanchez, Marta Cortes, and Sonja Saukkonen. "Designing Tangible User Interfaces for NFC Phones." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/575463.
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The increasing amount of NFC phones is attracting application developers to utilize NFC functionality. We can hence soon expect a large amount of mobile applications that users command by touching NFC tags in their environment with their NFC phones. The communication technology and the data formats have been standardized by the NFC Forum, but there are no conventions for advertising to the users NFC tags and the functionality touching the tags triggers. Only individual graphical symbols have been suggested when guidelines for advertising a rich variety of functionality are called for. In this paper, we identify the main challenges and present our proposal, a set of design guidelines based on more than twenty application prototypes we have built. We hope to initiate discussion and research resulting in uniform user interfaces for NFC-based services.
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Myny, Kris, Ashutosh K. Tripathi, Jan-Laurens van der Steen, and Brian Cobb. "Flexible thin-film NFC tags." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 10 (2015): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7295482.
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Azhari, Firman. "Quick detection of NFC vulnerability." Information Management & Computer Security 22, no. 2 (2014): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imcs-09-2013-0067.
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Purpose – The purpose of this research is to explain particular implementation weaknesses of near field communication (NFC) systems done by several institutions which apply for critical purposes and provide practical solutions. Design/methodology/approach – This research is done by literature studies of previous findings in NFC security, observations of some existing implemented systems and experimentations to provide practical solutions. Findings – Unintentional lack of security protection of the NFC cards and tags by some card issuers make them a vulnerable target. The outcomes of this research are proposed solutions on methods to quickly detect vulnerability in NFC tags using an Android-based mobile application. Another solution involves the assembly of a detection device using the portable, low power and powerful Raspberry Pi to analyze the NFC tags or cards and NFC reader vulnerabilities. Research limitations/implications – This research is conducted in Indonesia; therefore, the results and solutions may lack generalizability. However, the findings may occur in other countries which newly apply NFC technology. Practical implications – System implementer should become more aware about the security issue of old NFC tags like MIFARE Classic. Price should be considered after tag security. People also need to be aware of identity or money theft using NFC-enabled smartphones, as many identity cards and electronic money are now relying on NFC technology. Social implications – People also need to be aware of identity or money theft using NFC-enabled smartphones, as many identity cards and electronic money are now relying on NFC technology. Originality/value – This research fulfills an identified need to evaluate the security aspect of a system that uses NFC as one of the main technologies. The results and solutions also provides cheap, easy and practical tools to analyze NFC security.
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Prodanoff, Zornitza Genova, Edward L. Jones, Hongmei Chi, Sherif Elfayoumy, and Cynthia Cummings. "Survey of Security Challenges in NFC and RFID for E-Health Applications." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 7, no. 2 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijehmc.2016040101.
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Hospitals worldwide have implemented High Frequency (HF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) networks for supplies tracking in ER setting, in-patient identification, surgical instrument management, and other applications. Merging of Web, Near Filed Communication (NFC), and HF RFID technologies for their combined use in e-Health applications is a logical next step due to the wide availability of NFC-enabled smartphones. This article outlines some resulting security challenges. Tags are often compliant with multiple standards that operate in the same frequency range. For example, HF RFID tags have already been adopted for in-patient tracking, yet smartphone NFC reader apps can freely access data on those tags. While tag– or session–centered security protocols exist for some RFID standards (e.g. ISO/IEC 29167), no ISO security standard is currently available for HF RFID tags. In such systems, proper traffic characterization can lead to better understanding of operation under “normal” system state conditions and could potentially help to identify security breaches.
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Fadhil, Rahmad, and Mohammad Hafiz Hersyah. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Reservasi Ruangan Menggunakan Near Field Communication (NFC) Berbasis Mikrokontroller." JITCE (Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering) 4, no. 02 (2020): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jitce.4.02.95-104.2020.
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Current technological developments also help in the ordering system. Simplifying the reservation system with information technology is one of the innovations made to help users of the room more easily in booking a room. The system designed consists of hardware and software connected to book a room based on, UID, usage time and to open the door of the room. Hardware includes Arduino Mega, NFC tags, NFC readers, relays, solenoids, buzzers, and LEDs. The software includes a Mysql website and database. The system will store user data, date, shift, length of usage and type of room booked by the user. NFC tags will be used by the customer to open the door to the room by getting closer to the NFC reader. This system aims to facilitate the process of borrowing space without having to undergo a convoluted process.
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Echevarria, Juan Jose, Jonathan Ruiz-de-Garibay, Jon Legarda, Maite Álvarez, Ana Ayerbe, and Juan Ignacio Vazquez. "WebTag: Web Browsing into Sensor Tags over NFC." Sensors 12, no. 7 (2012): 8675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120708675.
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Quratulain, Masud, and Fatima Munazza. "NFC Tags Based Notification System for Medical Appointments." International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology 4, no. 4 (2014): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5875/ausmt.v4i4.742.
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Lazaro, Antonio, Ramon Villarino, and David Girbau. "A Survey of NFC Sensors Based on Energy Harvesting for IoT Applications." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 3746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113746.
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In this article, an overview of recent advances in the field of battery-less near-field communication (NFC) sensors is provided, along with a brief comparison of other short-range radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies. After reviewing power transfer using NFC, recommendations are made for the practical design of NFC-based tags and NFC readers. A list of commercial NFC integrated circuits with energy-harvesting capabilities is also provided. Finally, a survey of the state of the art in NFC-based sensors is presented, which demonstrates that a wide range of sensors (both chemical and physical) can be used with this technology. Particular interest arose in wearable sensors and cold-chain traceability applications. The availability of low-cost devices and the incorporation of NFC readers into most current mobile phones make NFC technology key to the development of green Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
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Viegas, Vítor, Octavian Postolache, and J. M. Dias Pereira. "Transducer Electronic Data Sheets: Anywhere, Anytime, Anyway." Electronics 8, no. 11 (2019): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111345.
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Transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) are a key element of smart transducers because they support core features such as plug and play, self-calibration, and self-diagnostics. The ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451-4 standard defines templates to describe the most common types of transducers and suggests the use of one-wire memories to store the corresponding data. In this paper we explore new ways to store and access TEDS tables, including near field communication (NFC) tags and QR codes. We also present a mobile TEDS parser, compatible with Android, that is capable of reading TEDS data from all supported mediums (one-wire memories, NFC tags, and QR codes) and decoding them as human-readable text. The idea is to make TEDS available in the easiest way possible. We also underline the need to extend the 21451-4 standard by adding support for frequency–time sensors. A new TEDS template is proposed, and filling examples are presented. The main novelties of the paper are (i) the proposal of new ways to store 21451-4 TEDS tables using NFC tags and QR codes; (ii) the release of new tools to access TEDS tables including a mobile parser; and (iii) the definition of a new TEDS template for frequency–time sensors.
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Kranz, Matthias, Lukas Murmann, and Florian Michahelles. "Research in the Large." International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 5, no. 1 (2013): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmhci.2013010103.
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The adoption of NFC technology has taken longer than expected after its inception in 2004. Several projects on ticketing and payment are gaining momentum. However, the actual state of adoption of NFC is still unclear. As an alternative to consultants’ prediction (which mostly prove wrong), this paper describes a gamification-based approach to motivate users themselves to report on NFC tags they spotted in their environment. As part of a trading card context, users get rewarded with gadgets and points for documenting the existence of NFC technology in their environment. This paper describes the development of this game and the experiences of two release cycles. The paper concludes with lessons learned and provides an outlook on next steps.
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Zhao, Yi, Huaye Li, Saman Naderiparizi, Aaron Parks, and Joshua R. Smith. "Low-cost wireless power efficiency optimization of the NFC tag through switchable receiver antenna." Wireless Power Transfer 5, no. 2 (2018): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wpt.2018.1.
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Near-field communication (NFC) readers, ubiquitously embedded in smartphones and other infrastructures can wirelessly deliver mW-level power to NFC tags. Our previous work NFC-wireless identification and sensing platform (WISP) proves that the generated NFC signal from an NFC enabled phone can power a tag (NFC-WISP) with display and sensing capabilities in addition to identification. However, accurately aligning and placing the NFC tag's antenna to ensure the high power delivery efficiency and communication performance is very challenging for the users. In addition, the performance of the NFC tag is not only range and alignment sensitive but also is a function of its run-time load impedance. This makes the execution of power-hungry tasks on an NFC tag (like the NFC-WISP) very challenging. Therefore, we explore a low-cost tag antenna design to achieve higher power delivered to the load (PDL) by utilizing two different antenna configurations (2-coil/3-coil). The two types of antenna configurations can be used to dynamically adapt to the requirements of varied range, alignment and load impedance in real-time, therefore, we achieve continuous high PDL and reliable communication. With the proposed method, we can, for example, turn a semi-passive NFC-WISP into a passive display tag in which an embedded 2.7″ E-ink screen can be updated robustly by a tapped NFC reader (e.g. an NFC-enable cell-phone) over a 3 seconds and within 1.5cm range.
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Saeed, Dawer, and Razi Iqbal. "An efficient technique to retrieve information from a damaged near-field communication tag." International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 10, no. 1 (2017): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijicc-08-2016-0028.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss a technique of restoring data from a broken/damaged near-field communication (NFC) tag whose coil is damaged and seems unrecoverable. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses a method to restore data from damaged NFC tags by designing a coil that matches the technical specification of NFC for restoring information. In this paper, an NFC tag with a broken antenna coil and its operational NFC chip is used for restoring data by making an external loop antenna for the same chip. Findings If the NFC tag is damaged, the information stored on the tag can be lost and can cause serious inconvenience. This research provides an excellent mechanism for retrieving all the information accurately from a damaged NFC tag provided the NFC chip is not damaged. Research limitations/implications One of the major limitations of this research is that the NFC chip remains intact without any damages. Data can only be recoverable if just the antenna of the NFC tag is damaged; any damage to the NFC chip would make it impossible for the data to be recoverable. Practical implications The research is carried out with limited resources in an academic institute and hence cannot be compared to antenna designs of the industry. Furthermore, industry vendors are using aluminum to design the coil; however, in this study a copper coil is used for coil design since it is far less expensive than aluminum coil. Originality/value NFC is a rather new short-range wireless technology and not much work is done in this field as far as antenna study is concerned. This study brings a technique to design a coil antenna for a damaged NFC tag to retrieve all the information without losing even a single bit of sensitive information.
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Seo, Yoon Deuk, and Jin Ho Ahn. "Efficient NFC Tagging Pattern-Based Contents Recommendation for Museum Viewers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2876.
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As various ubiquitous computing technologies become applied into many smart space systems, most museums attempt to use these techniques for their own domain. Near Field Communication(NFC) is one of wireless technologies primarily used for short range communication between smart phones and similar devices, supporting a variety of information exchange services in some effective way. In this paper, we present a new user similarity-based contents recommendation service to improve the counterpart of our previously developed museum viewing system by using NFC. In order to satisfy this goal, this service utilizes similarity of artifact attached NFC tagging patterns of users. Its desirable feature enables users to actually find and obtain their favorite contents by systematically consulting the tastes of the other users very close to those of the first. Also, the proposed system may considerably reduce overloading on contents providing servers by having smart phone clients get certain parts of basic artifact related contents information directly through NFC tags, not the servers.
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Ye, Liu, Yuhan Wang, and JiaHui Chen. "Research on the Intelligent Warehouse Management System Based on Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology." International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing 8, no. 2 (2016): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijapuc.2016040103.
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With the continuous development of retail and logistics, enterprise inventory management has become more and more complex, the traditional management mode can't meet the requirements of modern enterprise inventory management. In the environment of Internet of things, a kind of intelligent warehouse management system based on NFC is studied, which can realize the real time intelligent management of logistics. This paper design the NFC tags to store the warehouse information, freight car information, superior management order, etc., and read it by a smart android mobile terminal which support NFC, then through the communication network to transmit data information, to achieve NFC tag registration, data acquisition, content input, real-time data upload by scanning card, record management, query statistics and analysis report, which is an intelligent warehouse management system. It meets the requirements of modern logistics management, create more economic benefits for the enterprise, and has great realistic significance to promote the economic development of the logistics industry.
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Spinsante, Susanna, and Ennio Gambi. "NFC-Based User Interface for Smart Environments." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/854671.
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The physical support of a home automation system, joined with a simplified user-system interaction modality, may allow people affected by motor impairments or limitations, such as elderly and disabled people, to live safely and comfortably at home, by improving their autonomy and facilitating the execution of daily life tasks. The proposed solution takes advantage of the Near Field Communications technology, which is simple and intuitive to use, to enable advanced user interaction. The user can perform normal daily activities, such as lifting a gate or closing a window, through a device enabled to read NFC tags containing the commands for the home automation system. A passive Smart Panel is implemented, composed of multiple Near Field Communications tags properly programmed, to enable the execution of both individual commands and so-calledscenarios. The work compares several versions of the proposed Smart Panel, differing for interrogation and composition of the single command, number of tags, and dynamic user interaction model, at a parity of the number of commands to issue. Main conclusions are drawn from the experimental results, about the effective adoption of Near Field Communications in smart assistive environments.
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Lee, Yeongha, Seungwoo Khang, Seunghyuk Baek, Minho Ha, and Sangjun Lee. "Design and Implementation of the Alternative Reality Game using NFC Tags." Journal of Korea Game Society 15, no. 6 (2015): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7583/jkgs.2015.15.6.141.
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Wan, Xue-fen, Tao Zheng, Jian Cui, Fan Zhang, Zi-qian Ma, and Yi Yang. "Near Field Communication-based Agricultural Management Service Systems for Family Farms." Sensors 19, no. 20 (2019): 4406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204406.
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This paper presents an agricultural management service system that aims to meet the needs of Internet of Things (IoT) information upgrades in China’s family farms. The proposed agricultural management service system consists of Near Field Communication (NFC) tags, in-field service nodes, and smartphones. NFC tags are used as the core identifier of various agricultural management elements. The in-field service node, which is based on a programmable system-on-chip with intellectual property cores (IP core), supports distributed agriculture device management and smartphone operations. Smartphones in the proposed system include the management assistant application (app) and management service app, which are designed for agricultural management support functions and agricultural management application requirements. Through this system, the needs of diverse agricultural management practices can be effectively satisfied by a unified system structure. The practical results show that the design can be used to construct diversified agricultural IoT information application service systems simply and effectively, and it is especially suitable for Chinese family farm operators who are implementing IoT information upgrades for smart agriculture.
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YABUKI, Nobuyoshi, Yuta ASHIDA, Tomohiro FUKUDA, and Takashi MICHIKAWA. "DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ROADSIDE TREES USING NFC COMPLIANT IC TAGS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F3 (Civil Engineering Informatics) 70, no. 2 (2014): I_177—I_184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejcei.70.i_177.
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Ali Khan, Md Abbas, Mohammad Hanif Ali, A. K. M. Fazlul Haque, Chandan Debnath, and Shohag Kumar Bhowmik. "An efficient and optimized tracking framework through optimizing algorithm in a deep forest using NFC." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (2020): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp884-889.
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NFC is applying in various field of contemporary technology. Especially of convenience tag usability in any place. One of the facilities which can be added in the tracking system is the implementation of Near Field Communication in order to guide each tourist in the deep forest or any other location. In the deep forest, tracking or location detection activities need to be done efficiently, like desired path finding in a deep forest. At present, the tracking procedure in deep forest is working with the help of guides or local citizens. Currently, in any restricted area such as the “Sundarban” forest, no outside general people are allowed to travel in the jungle without any authorized guide which is not an efficient way to travel smoothly. The use of Near Field Communication can solve the problem related to lost the way, safety, and easily help the travelers to track the desired destination without the help of human resources or any guide. The NFC tags that hold mapping information of the area, in the point of tag setup all tags will be set up on several trees along with sequence.
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Tesoriero, Ricardo, and Jose Gallud. "Software Architecture and Framework to Develop NFC-Based Applications." Sensors 18, no. 8 (2018): 2654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082654.
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Applications are employing Near Field Communication (NFC) technology to interact with physical objects by using NFC tags. The architecture to implement these kinds of applications varies according to non-functional requirements such as the physical environment where the application is running, the flexibility to adapt the information to be manipulated through physical objects, etc. To cope with these challenges, this paper proposes a Model-driven Architecture (MDA) where designers are able to model the configuration of the system according to NFC based system requirements. Through a model-to-text transformation process, the MDA also provides developers with templates of source code for the applications that support the system. The proposed MDA process defines a Platform Independent Model (PIM) which supports a Domain Specific Language (DSL) implemented as an Eclipse platform plugin that provides designers with a graphical model editor, and a model to text transformation, to generate the source code templates using the Acceleo transformation language. The paper also presents the Albacete Photo Gallery case of study to illustrate the modelling process. The main benefit of the proposal is that it allows developers to create mixed environments where the availability and flexibility of NFC based interaction systems can be easily configured, extended and maintained.
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Barge, Paolo, Alessandro Biglia, Lorenzo Comba, Davide Ricauda Aimonino, Cristina Tortia, and Paolo Gay. "Radio Frequency IDentification for Meat Supply-Chain Digitalisation." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174957.
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Digitalised supply-chain traceability systems can offer wide prospects both for improving safety as well as enhancing perceived quality. However, the coupling between physical goods and information is often difficult for agri-food items. A solution could be the use of RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) systems. Due to its wide reading range, Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) technology is already widely used in logistics and warehousing, mostly for the identification of batches of items. A growing interest is also emerging in Near Field Communication (NFC), as several smartphones embed an integrated NFC antenna. This paper deals with the automatic identification of meat products at item level, proposing and evaluating the adoption of different RFID technologies. Different UHF and NFC solutions are proposed, which benchmark tag performances in different configurations, including four meat types (fatty beef, lean beef, chicken and pork), by using a specifically designed test bench. As avoiding the application of two different tags could be advantageous, dual frequency devices (UHF and NFC) are also considered. Significant differences in tag performances, which also depend on meat type and packaging, are highlighted. The paper highlights that tag positioning should consider the geometry of the packaging and the relative positioning of tag, meat and reader antenna.
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Lazaro, Antonio, Marti Boada, Ramon Villarino, and David Girbau. "Study on the Reading of Energy-Harvested Implanted NFC Tags Using Mobile Phones." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 2200–2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2962570.
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Carvalho Ota, Fernando, Michael Roland, Michael Hölzl, René Mayrhofer, and Aleardo Manacero. "Protecting Touch: Authenticated App-To-Server Channels for Mobile Devices Using NFC Tags." Information 8, no. 3 (2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info8030081.
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Lazaro, Antonio, Marti Boada, Ramon Villarino, and David Girbau. "Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 7 (2019): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071741.
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This paper presents a color-based classification system for grading the ripeness of fruit using a battery-less Near Field Communication (NFC) tag. The tag consists of a color sensor connected to a low-power microcontroller that is connected to an NFC chip. The tag is powered by the energy harvested from the magnetic field generated by a commercial smartphone used as a reader. The raw RGB color data measured by the colorimeter is converted to HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space. The hue angle and saturation are used as features for classification. Different classification algorithms are compared for classifying the ripeness of different fruits in order to show the robustness of the system. The low cost of NFC chips means that tags with sensing capability can be manufactured economically. In addition, nowadays, most commercial smartphones have NFC capability and thus a specific reader is not necessary. The measurement of different samples obtained on different days is used to train the classification algorithms. The results of training the classifiers have been saved to the cloud. A mobile application has been developed for the prediction based on a table-based method, where the boundary decision is downloaded from a cloud service for each product. High accuracy, between 80 and 93%, is obtained depending on the kind of fruit and the algorithm used.
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TAKEDA, Shigeki, Kenichi KAGOSHIMA, and Masahiro UMEHIRA. "A Feasibility Study on the Safety Confirmation System Using NFC and UHF Band RFID Tags." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E102.D, no. 9 (2019): 1673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2018ofl0002.
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Sugijarto, Dian Pradhana, Muriati Mukhtar, Nurhizam Safie, and Riza Sulaiman. "Developing Context Awareness Mobile Application for Blood Donation." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 2, no. 3 (2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.2.3.122.
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The implementation of context awareness in smartphones is getting broader. Through embedded sensors in smartphones, they are able to detect the device’s location and communicate through radio frequency. By communicating through Near Field Communication (NFC), smartphones are able to read NFC tags in short distances to understand the context of the information. Developing a mobile application in the context of blood donation will allow the application to assist donors through the process of donation and improves the user’s experience. The blood donation study is conducted at the National Blood Centre (NBC) in Malaysia. In developing the mobile application, the system architecture and development pattern were designed. The system architecture is presented to understand the requirements of implementing the application. The Model-View-Presenter (MVP) pattern was utilized to develop the application to ensure the development followed the standard procedure. The mobile application with the context awareness ability was evaluated through interviews with potential end users and the stakeholders of NBC. The evaluation resulted in positives responses and offered valuable feedbacks.
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YUSOF, MOHD KAMIR, Andrew Abel, Md Yazid Saman, and Mohd Nordin Abdul Rahman. "Adoption of near field communication in S-Library application for information science." New Library World 116, no. 11/12 (2015): 728–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nlw-02-2015-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to first review the implementation of automatic identification and data capture) technologies in library/information science, focusing on barcode technology, radio frequency identification (RFID) and near field communication (NFC). This paper then presents S-Library, a new android-based application, to enable users to perform a wide range of information science-related transactions, such as borrowing, searching, returning and viewing transaction records. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents the design process and the database and software components. For analysis, the authors used application testing, and also usability testing, with a questionnaire distributed to 343 users. Findings – The implementation of NFC technology means that S-Library has a number of technical advantages over other approaches. It was also shown with user acceptance testing that there was a high degree of user satisfaction with S-Library. Research limitations/implications – Although the findings combine technical assessment and usability testing and are extremely positive, further user evaluation could be performed. In addition, S-Library does not currently read existing RFID tags, which would improve the application further. Practical implications – The system proposed here shows that S-Library is a feasible approach taken to improve the library transaction experience and that it can replace and improve upon older technologies. Originality/value – This paper provides a first successful demonstration of a functioning and tested android and NFC-based library transaction system and shows that this approach generates a high degree of user reliability.
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Zaffar, Arshia, Mahnoor Gul, Rida Mumtaz, and Aliya Ashraf Khan. "Development of Decision Support System for Health Care Consultation using RFID Based NFC Tags for Patient Identification." International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business 8, no. 3 (2016): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijieeb.2016.03.03.
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Concha Agredo, Eliana Andrea, Luis Carlos Martínez-Acosta, Angela Chantre, and Gustavo Ramirez-Gonzalez. "Pervasive NFC-based solution for the analysis of tourism data in an environment of smart cities." Sistemas y Telemática 13, no. 32 (2015): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/syt.v13i32.2016.
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Detailed recording and analysis of visitor paths and individual mouse movements in real time of tens-of-thousands of visitors is one of the most important areas of tourism research, and to observe tourist movements a variety of techniques are available. New tracking techniques are explored and due to the advance of technology we can have information at any time and from anywhere (pervasive computing). This has been used to record movement information of tourists with high resolution. In these environments (tags environments) where the user interacts with the environment, an emerging technology called NFC (Near Field Communication) is providing a natural means of interaction between the users and their environment. This paper shows the implementation of an NFC-based pervasive solution that allows tourist tracking data to be obtained in real time; it is simplified and analyzed with the Markov chains method by experimental and statistical testing. It is also demonstrated that the movement of a tourist is influenced by the state or tourist site where he or she is to move to another, corroborating the hypothesis "that if you can capture the information left by tourists through technological tools, thanks to the processing of such information you can obtain a trace that is a sample of the activity which, through its display, allows decisions that promote tourism as part of the regional and national economy".
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Wibisurya, Aswin, San Karya, and Eileen Heriyanni. "Development and evaluation of android-based library stocktaking application using NFC Technology: a case study in Bina Nusantara University." Library Hi Tech News 33, no. 10 (2016): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-09-2016-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and evaluate a mobile application to facilitate stocktaking in libraries implementing radio frequency identification. The case of Bina Nusantara University’s library is used in this study. In this kind of library, near field communication (NFC) tags are placed in the book for getting book information, borrowing or returning and theft prevention, so the application. Stocktaking is an important process to be performed periodically to monitor and maintain the quality of collections and to make these collections easily accessible for library users. However, stocktaking in libraries takes too much effort and needs to be more efficient. Design/methodology/approach The design of the mobile application using entity relationship diagram (ERD) includes a diagram and flowchart. An evaluation is done by comparing the stocktaking effort of the latest semester and the previous semester. In the latest semester, the stocktaking is done by a hybrid of the proposed mobile application and a legacy desktop application, whereas the stocktaking of the previous semester is done only using the legacy desktop application. Findings Evaluation of the usage of this mobile stocktaking application is 43 per cent more efficient compared to an older desktop application. Originality/value The authors report the development of Android-based mobile stocktaking application by using Android’s NFC feature and evaluate it in a real environment.
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Narni-Mancinelli, Gregory, Hamine Benouali, Mylene Leitzelman, Mathieu Salvadore, Evgeniya Ishkina, and Serge Miranda. "MBDS2.0, plateforme générique de gestion de tags NFC et 2D pour des espaces culturels intelligents et communautaires 2.0." Ingénierie des systèmes d'information 16, no. 4 (2011): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/isi.16.4.49-62.
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Sakpere, Wilson E., Nhlanhla Boyfriend Wilton Mlitwa, and Michael Adeyeye Oshin. "Towards an efficient indoor navigation system: a near field communication approach." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 15, no. 4 (2017): 505–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-10-2016-0073.
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Purpose This research aims to focus on providing interventions to alleviate usability challenges to strengthen the overall accuracy and the navigation effectiveness in indoor and stringent environments through the experiential manipulation of technical attributes of the positioning and navigation system. Design/methodology/approach The study followed a quantitative and experimental method of empirical enquiry and software engineering and synthesis research methods. The study further entails three implementation processes, namely, map generation, positioning framework and navigation service using a prototype mobile navigation application that uses the near field communication (NFC) technology. Findings The approach and findings revealed that the capability of NFC in leveraging its low-cost infrastructure of passive tags, its availability in mobile devices and the ubiquity of the mobile device provided a cost-effective solution with impressive accuracy and usability. The positioning accuracy achieved was less than 9 cm. The usability improved from 44 to 96 per cent based on feedbacks given by respondents who tested the application in an indoor environment. These showed that NFC is a viable alternative to resolve the challenges identified in previous solutions and technologies. Research limitations/implications The major limitation of the navigation application was that there is no real-time update of user position. This can be investigated and extended further by using NFC in a hybrid make-up with WLAN, radio-frequency identification (RFID) or Bluetooth as a cost-effective solution for real-time indoor positioning because of their coverage and existing infrastructures. The hybrid positioning model, which merges two or more techniques or technologies, is becoming more popular and will improve its accuracy, robustness and usability. In addition, it will balance complexity, compensate for the limitations in the technologies and achieve real-time mobile indoor navigation. Although the presence of WLAN, RFID and Bluetooth technologies are likely to result in system complexity and high cost, NFC will reduce the system’s complexity and balance the trade-off. Practical implications Whilst limitations in existing indoor navigation technologies meant putting up with poor signal and poor communication capabilities, outcomes of the NFC framework will offer valuable insight. It presents new possibilities on how to overcome signal quality limitations at improved turn-around time in constrained indoor spaces. Social implications The innovations have a direct positive social impact in that it will offer new solutions to mobile communications in the previously impossible terrains such as underground platforms and densely covered spaces. With the ability to operate mobile applications without signal inhibitions, the quality of communication – and ultimately, life opportunities – are enhanced. Originality/value While navigating, users face several challenges, such as infrastructure complexity, high-cost solution, inaccuracy and usability. Hence, as a contribution, this paper presents a symbolic map and path architecture of a floor of the test-bed building that was uploaded to OpenStreetMap. Furthermore, the implementation of the RFID and the NFC architectures produced new insight on how to redress the limitations in challenged spaces. In addition, a prototype mobile indoor navigation application was developed and implemented, offering novel solution to the practical problems inhibiting navigation in indoor challenged spaces – a practical contribution to the community of practice.
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Tavakoli, Nahid, Mohammad Yarmohammadian, and Ali Samimi. "Test and Evaluation of Patient Tracking Platform: Use of Near Field Communication." Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly 5, no. 4 (2020): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hdq.5.4.187.1.
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Background: In an earthquake situation, medical response communities such as field and referral hospitals are challenged with injured victims’ identification and tracking. Materials and Methods: In our project, a patient tracking platform (PTP) was developed where first responders triage the patients with an electronic tag that report the location and some information of each patient during his/her movement. This platform includes: 1) Near Field Communication (NFC) tags (ISO 14443), 2) Smart mobile phones (Android-based version 4.2.2), 3) Base station laptops (Windows), 4) Server software, 5) Android software to use by first responders, 5) Disaster Command software, and 6) System Architecture. Results: Our model has been completed through literature review, Delphi technique, focus group, design the platform, and implementation in an earthquake exercise. Test and evaluation of PTP platform were done collaborating with Red Cross staff successfully. Conclusion: It is demonstrated the robustness of the patient tracking platform (PTP) in tracking six patients in a simulated earthquake situation in the yard of the relief and rescue department of Isfahan’s Red Crescent.
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Quan Chong, Zhen, Cheng Yee Low, Ubaidullah Mohammad, Ramhuzaini Abd Rahman, and Mohd Saiful Bahari Shaari. "Conception of Logistics Management System for Smart Factory." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.27 (2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.27.22499.
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An interconnected, data driven smart logistics management system is crucial in a smart factory in context of Industry 4.0. Applying the concept of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and Internet of Things (IoT) will create a standardized logistics system. This system can be applied across the supply chain to enable the sharing of information in real-time which consequently optimize logistics processes. In this project, a conceptual model of a smart logistics management system between a supplier and a manufacturer using NFC smart tags technology is developed and its application is shown using prototype demonstrator. The system is equipped with functions to monitor and manage logistic related data. The interface is built using windows form application and android phone application. The developed model’s abilities and specifications in context of industry 4.0 is evaluated using the VDMA Toolbox Industry 4.0. In the end this system achieved an average of level 4 in the Industry 4.0 evaluation and this system provides a concept on applying a smart logistic management system for manufacturers as a key step in transforming into smart factories.
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Álvarez López, Yuri, Jacqueline Franssen, Guillermo Álvarez Narciandi, Janet Pagnozzi, Ignacio González-Pinto Arrillaga, and Fernando Las-Heras Andrés. "RFID Technology for Management and Tracking: e-Health Applications." Sensors 18, no. 8 (2018): 2663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082663.
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Radio frequency identification (RFID) has become a key technology in the logistics and management industry, thanks to distinctive features such as the low cost of RFID tags, and the easiness of the RFID tags’ deployment and integration within the items to be tracked. In consequence, RFID plays a fundamental role in the so-called digital factory or 4.0 Industry, aiming to increase the level of automatization of industrial processes. In addition, RFID has also been found to be of great help in improving the tracking of patients, medicines, and medical assets in hospitals, where the digitalization of these operations improves their efficiency and safety. This contribution reviews the state-of-the-art of RFID for e-Health applications, describing the contributions to improve medical services and discussing the limitations. In particular, it has been found that a lot of effort has been put into software development, but in most of the cases a detailed study of the physical layer (that is, the characterization of the RFID signals within the area where the system is deployed) is not properly conducted. This contribution describes a basic RFID system for tracking and managing assets in hospitals, aiming to provide additional details about implementation aspects that must be considered to ensure proper functionality of the system. Although the scope of the RFID system described in this contribution is restricted to a small area of the hospital, the architecture is fully scalable to cover the needs of the different medical services in the hospital. Ultra high-frequency (UHF) RFID technology is selected over the most extended near-field communication (NFC) and high-frequency (HF) RFID technology to minimize hardware infrastructure. In particular, UHF RFID also makes the coverage/reading area conformation easier by using different kinds of antennas. Information is stored in a database, which is accessed from end-user mobile devices (tablets, smartphones) where the position and status of the assets to be tracked are displayed.
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Estrela, Vania V. "SDR-Based High-Definition Video Transmission for Biomedical Engineering." Medical Technologies Journal 4, no. 3 (2020): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26415/2572-004x-vol4iss3p584-585.
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Background: Software-Defined Radio (SDR) frameworks from cellular telephone base stations, e.g., Multiservice Distributed Access System (MDAS) and small cells, employ extensively integrated RF agile transceivers. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the collection of medical devices and applications that connect to healthcare IT systems through online computer networks. Medical devices equipped with Wi-Fi allow M2M communication, which is the backbone of IoMT and associated devices linked to cloud platforms containing stored data to be analyzed. Examples of IoMT include remote patient monitoring of people with chronic or long-term conditions, tracking patient medication orders and the location of patients admitted to hospitals, and patients' wearables to send info to caregivers. Infusion pumps connected to dashboards and hospital beds rigged with sensors measuring patients' vital signs are medical devices that can be converted to or deployed as IoMT technology.
 Methods: This work proposes an SDR architecture to allow wireless High-Definition (HD) video broadcast for biomedical applications. This text examines a Wideband Wireless Video (WWV) signal chain implementation using the transceivers, the data transmitted volume, the matching occupied RF bandwidth, the communication distance, the transmitter’s power, and the implementation of the PHY layer as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with test results to evade RF interference.
 Results: As the IoMT grows, the amount of possible IoMT uses increases. Many mobile devices employ Near Field Communication (NFC) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags allowing them to share data with IT systems. RFID tags in medical equipment and supplies allow hospital staff can remain aware of the quantities they have in stock. The practice of using IoMT devices to observe patients in their homes remotely is also known as telemedicine. This kind of treatment spares patients from traveling to healthcare facilities whenever they have a medical question or change in their condition.
 Conclusion: An SDR-based HD biomedical video transmission is proposed, with its benefits and disadvantages for biomedical WWV are discussed. The security of IoMT sensitive data is a developing concern for healthcare providers.
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Е.Ю., Терещенко, та Шуляр Н.М. "ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ БІЗНЕС-ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ У ТОРГІВЛІ". Economics and Management, № 86(2) (22 травня 2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36919/2312-7812.2.2020.5.
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The article presents the theoretical basis for evaluating the effectiveness of innovative business technologies in trade. Based on research, the concept of «innovation», which is considered as an innovation, new or improved product or technology resulting from the innovation process and the concept of «business technology» as a set of methods, techniques, innovations, technical and mental solutions that promote business development, expand its capabilities and create new prospects for it, formed the author’s vision of the concept of «innovative business technologies», which in terms of this study, is considered as a set of innovative technological solutions to improve the implementation of the trade process. Such types of technological innovations in trade as: RFID, NFC, cash self-service, electronic price tags, cash registers, robotic warehouse, SoLoMo concept are analyzed. It is proved that the introduction of innovative business technologies by trade enterprises has a positive effect on improving customer service, increasing the capacity of cash lines, controlling the shelf life of goods, providing information on the quantity and range of goods in the trading hall, increasing productivity and efficiency of retail space, increasing turnover and profit. Given the author’s vision of the concept of «innovative business technologies in trade», the effectiveness of their implementation reflects such a characteristic as effectiveness, because it reveals the degree of completeness and quality of achieving goals through a system of indicators. That is why, it is proposed, the economic efficiency of the introduction of innovative business technologies in trade, depending on the purpose of their implementation, it is advisable to consider as the most positive result different from the previous result for the calculation period.
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Janeczek, Kamil, Aneta Arazna, and Krzysztof Lipiec. "Thermomechanical reliability of conductive tracks screen printed on flexible magnetic sheets." Microelectronics International 35, no. 1 (2018): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2016-0075.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to present thermal and mechanical durability of conductive tracks screen-printed with silver polymer pastes on flexible magnetic sheets. Design/methodology/approach A test pattern that consisted of three straight lines was printed with two different silver pastes on a flexible magnetic sheet and a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) foil for comparison. Electrical properties of these lines were examined by resistance measurements and their thickness was measured with a digital microscope on cross sections. Cyclic bending was performed to investigate mechanical properties of prepared samples as well as thermal shocks to analyse their thermal durability. Further, samples after thermal shocks underwent cyclic bending to test influence of thermal exposure on mechanical properties of the prepared samples. Changes in the test lines after the thermal and mechanical tests were assessed by resistance measurements and microscopic analysis of surface and internal structure of the test lines. Findings It was found that the most important factor having an impact on electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of the conductive tracks screen-printed on magnetic sheets is a type of paste used. The samples made with the paste PM-406 exhibited lower resistance because of a higher layer thickness compared to the lines printed with the paste PF-050. The PM-406 layers were revealed to be less durable to mechanical and thermal exposures. An analogical relationship was noticed for the samples made with PM-406 and PF-050 on a PEN foil after thermal shocks and cyclic bending. When magnetic sheets were used as a substrate, a bigger degree of damage was observed for the PF-050 samples, which even lost their electrical continuity after 1,000 bending cycles and thermal cycles, irrespective of their number. Some damage was also noticed in the magnetic sheet after the bending and thermal cycles. Research limitations/implications Further investigations are required to examine the influence of other types of thermal exposure on electrical properties of lines printed on magnetic sheets. Other types of magnetic sheets are also recommended to be investigated as substrate materials. Practical implications The results reported in this study can be useful among others for designers of radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, which are intended to operate in a challenging environment with strong mechanical and thermal exposures. Originality/value This paper contains valuable information concerning mechanical and thermal properties of conductive tracks screen-printed on magnetic sheets which can be used, i.e. for designing of reliable near field communication/high frequency (NFC/HF)-RFID tags suitable for metallic surface.
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Hackler, Doug. "Semiconductor-on-Polymer Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (2019): 001232–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_tha2_007.
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Cell phone boards are getting thinner. Labels and tags are getting smarter. Electronics is starting to bend. Consumers think thin is cool. Scaling thickness has and continues to be a key metric in packaging evolution. Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) defines the logical end of package scaling as package area and IC size converge. CSP, as well as the use of bare die, in Direct Chip Attach (DCA) integration pushes the limit of interconnect technology. CSP and implementation of direct interconnect attachment leads to the smallest packages possible. Technology and reliability advances in ultra-thin Semiconductor-on-Polymer (SoP) CSP and direct interconnect assembly is enabling flexible hybrid electronics and sensors today. SoP extends CSP package size reduction to less than 1.0X the die size. Semiconductor-on-Polymer (SoP) CSP results in ultra-thin semiconductor materials that are less than the thickness possible with bare die. SoP was initially introduced to the Flexible Electronics market; the technology has gained interest for conventional low profile, low-mid I/O, DCA type applications. Advanced SoP CSP is an ultra-thin packaging technology that is capable of complete die encapsulation using wafer level processing. Ultra-thin SoP CSP is new package technology. It is applied to fully characterized commercial devices, uses well know semiconductor materials and is generally “qualified by similarity” (QBS). Qualification for flexible applications supplement QBS with test procedures derived from established standards. The initial development of test methods and procedures was done with AFRL support in 2017. Initial reliability for the new flexibility tests will be presented. SoP CSP is undergoing further characterization for conventional applications. This includes testing that is typical of non-hermetic fully encapsulated parts. Flip-chip is the preferred method for assembly of SoP CSP. The ultra-thin package technology feature is fully utilized using Direct Interconnect (DI). Direct interconnect (DI) is defined as the die pad interconnect technology where the pad is connected directly to a board pad of equivalent size and spacing. Direct interconnect is common for low pad count devices such as RFID, NFC and other DCA applications. Direct interconnect is not typically considered for higher pin count devices…until now. This presentation shares the development of SoP CSP DI assembly that has progressed from 24 pin attachment to System-on-Chip assembly of DI pitch at <100um. The presentation also shows the technology roadmap for SoP CSP evolution. A case study of a SoP CSP application will be included with data from a fully assembled ultra-thin electronic system based on a SoP CSP SOC with total thickness less than 30um. The system includes on-board ultra-thin fully flexible sensors. A call to action will be made to embrace ultra-thin electronics. System Designers and IC Engineers will be encouraged to: BUILD! Create the vision for ultra-thin possibilities. Put electronics into places and things never before possible with, prototypes, testing, reporting, and introducing new thin concepts. Reliability Leaders will be encouraged to: TEST! Update test procedures and standards to include physical deformations and then report and challenge the industry to improve. Universities will be called to: CREATE! Generate new physics/models associated with deformations, develop interconnect innovations and advance new materials. In general, the presentation makes the case that hardware matters – Let's build some new technology.
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Nair, Sneha. "M-Commerce Using NFC Tags." International journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, March 30, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v3i03.16.
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Singh, Neeraj Kumar. "Near-field Communication (NFC)." Information Technology and Libraries 39, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v39i2.11811.
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Libraries are the central agencies for the dissemination of knowledge. Every library aspires to provide maximum opportunities to its users and ensure optimum utilization of available resources. Hence, libraries have been seeking technological aids to improve their services. Near-field communication (NFC) is a type of radio-frequency technology that allows electronics devices—such as computers, mobile phones, tags, and others—to exchange information wirelessly across a small distance. The aim of this paper is to explore NFC technology and its applications in modern era. The paper will discuss potential use of NFC in the advancement of traditional library management system.
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Özcanhan, Mehmet Hilal, Gökhan Dalkılıç, and Semih Utku. "Cryptographically Supported NFC Tags in Medication for Better Inpatient Safety." Journal of Medical Systems 38, no. 8 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-014-0061-x.
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"NFC – Blockchain as a Secure Solution." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 6 (2020): 4415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f8938.038620.
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Near Field Communication (NFC) has remained as attractive from many years for customers as trendy for portable devices. Its utilization is growing day by way of day by fast pace as expand in the accessibility of the NFC enabled devices in the marketplace. It is developed for the integration with handy mobiles, which could communicate with each other mobiles or read information on tags and cards. NFC device can also be used in card emulation mode, to provide flexibility with contactless smart card devices. This is very affective in allowing NFC enabled smart-phones to exchange typical contactless plastic playing cards used in public transport, get entry to control, ATMs and different comparable applications. The most pertinent concern would be that how a good deal inclined the new technological know-how is and it is evaluated to many susceptible types of outbreaks. This research provides solution to this hassle using blockchain technology.
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Khosravi, Mohsen, Najma Imtiaz, Mostafa Karbasi, Imtiaz Ali, Irfan Ahmed, and Asadullah Shah. "Comparison between NFC/RFID and Bar Code Systems for Halal Tags Identification: Paired Sample T-Test Evaluation." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 9, no. 4 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2018.090435.
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"Lightweight Cryptographic for Securing Constrained Resource IoT Devices." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 5 (2020): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.d9060.029420.
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Internet of Things IoT become a recent concept of communication technologies and a novel computing paradigm. The idea is to connect a variety of objects or things (e.g., RFID tags, NFC tags, sensors, etc.), which can interact and exchange data with each other anywhere and everywhere over the internet. With the evolution of IoT, the volume of data interchanged among connecting IoT devices is increasing at a remarkable scale due to the increase in number of the connected objects. Most of IoT devices are constrained devices and low resources that handling confidential and sensitive data. Therefore, using conventional cryptographic methods are unsuitable due to many issues and challenges like limited computational power, memory space, energy resources, performance cost, and security requirement. For that, lightweight cryptographic primitives (LWC) have been introduced. Many kinds of research continue moving forward to find a suitable algorithm that meets the specific demands of the IoT application. This paper provides an overview of the LWC primitives for IoT environment and presents various LWC algorithms based on their key dimension, block size, structures and number of rounds. We examine also the security viewpoint for the constrained IoT environment focusing on the relevant research challenges, difficulties and solutions. Finally, we proposed a secure scheme for improving the constrained IoT environment and conclude by discussing the open issues.
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Hakola, Liisa, Elina Jansson, Romain Futsch, et al. "Sustainable roll-to-roll manufactured multi-layer smart label." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, August 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07640-z.
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AbstractSustainability in electronics has a growing importance due to, e.g. increasing electronic waste, and global and European sustainability goals. Printing technologies and use of paper as a substrate enable manufacturing of sustainable electronic devices for emerging applications, such as the multi-layer anti-counterfeit label presented in this paper. This device consisted of electrochromic display (ECD) element, NFC (near field communication) tag and circuitry, all fully roll-to-roll (R2R) printed and assembled on plastic-free paper substrate, thus leading to a sustainable and recyclable device. Our setup uses harvested energy from HF field of a smartphone or reader, to switch an electrochromic display after rectification to prove authenticity of a product. Our novelty is in upscaling the manufacturing process to be fully printable and R2R processable in high-throughput conditions simulating industrial environment, i.e. in pilot scale. The printing workflow consisted of 11 R2R printed layers, all done in sufficient quality and registration. The printed antennas showed sheet resistance values of 32.9±1.9 mΩ/sq. The final yield was almost 1500 fully printed devices, and in R2R assembly over 1400 labels were integrated with 96.5% yield. All the assembled tags were readable with mobile phone NFC reader. The optical contrast (ΔE*) measured for the ECDs was over 15 for all the printed displays, a progressive switching time with a colour change visible in less than 5 s. The smart tag is ITO-free, plastic-free, fully printed in R2R and has a good stability over 50 cycles and reversible colour change from light to dark blue.