Journal articles: 'NFMM'

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Babajayan, Arsen, Jong Chul Kim, Song Hui Kim, Barry Friedman, and Kie Jin Lee. "Glucose Biosensing Using a Near-Field Microwave Microprobe." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1048–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1048.

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We observed the glucose concentration of solutions using a near-field microwave microprobe (NFMM). Instead of the usual invasive technique, we take the advantage of the noncontact and noninvasive evaluation capabilities of an NFMM. The NFMM with a high Q dielectric resonator allows observation of small variations of the permittivity due to changes in the glucose concentration. By measuring the reflection coefficient we could observe the concentration of glucose with a detectable resolution to 0.5 mg/ml (0.05 %). The glucose biosensor using a NFMM provides an unique approach for glucose monitoring for diabetes.

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Córdoba-Erazo, María F., Eduardo A. Rojas-Nastrucci, and Thomas M. Weller. "Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Direct Digital Printed Conductive Traces Using Near-Field Microwave Microscopy." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-thp54.

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Non-contact measurement of electrical conductivity of direct digital manufactured traces using a dielectric resonator-based near-field microwave microscope (NFMM) operating at 5.73 GHz is reported. The NFMM uses a set of printed samples with known conductivity to build a calibration data set which correlates measured quality factor (Q) data with electrical conductivity (σ). Direct print additive manufacturing is used to produce the 10 mm x 10 mm calibration samples using CB028 silver ink and glass as the substrate. Conductivity of calibration samples ranges from 1.70e6 S/m to 3.22e6 S/m and it is measured using a commercially available four-point probe. Conductivity measurement of the calibration samples using NFMM reveals that the microscope is sensitive to printed samples with different conductivities and that it is able to resolve differences in conductivities as small as 0.38e6 S/m in the range 2.20e6 S/m ≤ σ ≤2.53e6 S/m. Conductivity and topography images of a printed trace are acquired simultaneously over a scan area of 100 μm x 100 μm using the non-contact NFMM at a distance of 3 μm from the sample. Conductivity images reveal that the conductivity is not constant over the scan area and that it varies from 0.6 S/m to 2 S/m. Roughness calculated from NFMM topography shows good agreement with the values computed from profilometer data.

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Cárdenas Castro, José Manuel, and Susan Elizabeth Yañez Yañez. "Nuevas formas de muestreo para minorías y poblaciones ocultas: muestras por encuestado conducido en una población de inmigrantes sudamericanos." Universitas Psychologica 11, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-2.nfmm.

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El Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) es un método de muestreo para poblaciones ocultas o de difícil acceso. Se trata de un procedimiento que permite realizar estimaciones de la representatividad de la muestra en aquellos grupos en que desconocemos el marco muestral. En este estudio, se presenta tanto la descripción teórica de dicha forma de muestreo como el reporte de su aplicación práctica en el caso de minorías étnicas (inmigrantes bolivianos, peruanos y colombianos) en el norte de Chile. El estudio comenzó con ocho semillas y se reclutó una muestra total de 109 personas provenientes de Colombia, Perú y Bolivia. La información resultante del procedimiento RDS informa de un patrón similar de reclutamiento entre hombres y mujeres, reflejando que los tamaños de las redes de ambos grupos no difieren significativamente.

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Chen, Chien-Tzung, Chih-Hao Chen, Chialin Sheu, and Jyh-Ping Chen. "Ibuprofen-Loaded Hyaluronic Acid Nanofibrous Membranes for Prevention of Postoperative Tendon Adhesion through Reduction of Inflammation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 5038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205038.

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A desirable multi-functional nanofibrous membrane (NFM) for prevention of postoperative tendon adhesion should be endowed with abilities to prevent fibroblast attachment and penetration and exert anti-inflammation effects. To meet this need, hyaluronic acid (HA)/ibuprofen (IBU) (HAI) NFMs were prepared by electrospinning, followed by dual ionic crosslinking with FeCl3 (HAIF NFMs) and covalent crosslinking with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) to produce HAIFB NFMs. It is expected that the multi-functional NFMs will act as a physical barrier to prevent fibroblast penetration, HA will reduce fibroblast attachment and impart a lubrication effect for tendon gliding, while IBU will function as an anti-inflammation drug. For this purpose, we successfully fabricated HAIFB NFMs containing 20% (HAI20FB), 30% (HAI30FB), and 40% (HAI40FB) IBU and characterized their physico-chemical properties by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and mechanical testing. In vitro cell culture studies revealed that all NFMs except HAI40FB possessed excellent effects in preventing fibroblast attachment and penetration while preserving high biocompatibility without influencing cell proliferation. Although showing significant improvement in mechanical properties over other NFMs, the HAI40FB NFM exhibited cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts due to the higher percentage and concentration of IBU released form the membrane. In vivo studies in a rabbit flexor tendon rupture model demonstrated the efficacy of IBU-loaded NFMs (HAI30FB) over Seprafilm® and NFMs without IBU (HAFB) in reducing local inflammation and preventing tendon adhesion based on gross observation, histological analyses, and biomechanical functional assays. We concluded that an HAI30FB NFM will act as a multi-functional barrier membrane to prevent peritendinous adhesion after tendon surgery.

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Her, Qoua L., Mary G. Amato, Diane L. Seger, Patrick E. Beeler, Sarah P. Slight, Olivia Dalleur, Patricia C. Dykes, et al. "The frequency of inappropriate nonformulary medication alert overrides in the inpatient setting." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 5 (March 21, 2016): 924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv181.

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Abstract Background Experts suggest that formulary alerts at the time of medication order entry are the most effective form of clinical decision support to automate formulary management. Objective Our objectives were to quantify the frequency of inappropriate nonformulary medication (NFM) alert overrides in the inpatient setting and provide insight on how the design of formulary alerts could be improved. Methods Alert overrides of the top 11 ( n = 206) most-utilized and highest-costing NFMs, from January 1 to December 31, 2012, were randomly selected for appropriateness evaluation. Using an empirically developed appropriateness algorithm, appropriateness of NFM alert overrides was assessed by 2 pharmacists via chart review. Appropriateness agreement of overrides was assessed with a Cohen’s kappa. We also assessed which types of NFMs were most likely to be inappropriately overridden, the override reasons that were disproportionately provided in the inappropriate overrides, and the specific reasons the overrides were considered inappropriate. Results Approximately 17.2% ( n = 35.4/206) of NFM alerts were inappropriately overridden. Non-oral NFM alerts were more likely to be inappropriately overridden compared to orals. Alerts overridden with “blank” reasons were more likely to be inappropriate. The failure to first try a formulary alternative was the most common reason for alerts being overridden inappropriately. Conclusion Approximately 1 in 5 NFM alert overrides are overridden inappropriately. Future research should evaluate the impact of mandating a valid override reason and adding a list of formulary alternatives to each NFM alert; we speculate these NFM alert features may decrease the frequency of inappropriate overrides.

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Jain, Devendra, Gunnjeet Kaur, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Surya Chauhan, S. K. Khandelwal, R. H. Meena, Deepak Rajpurohit, and Santosh Ranjan Mohanty. "Phenetic Characterization of Nitrogen Fixing Azotobacter from Rhizospheric Soil of Southern Rajasthan." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.40.

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The present research was conducted to characterize the indigenous plant growth promoting (PGP) Azotobacter strains isolated from plant root interface of semi-arid regions of Rajasthan (India) and to study their potential to be used as bio-fertilizers. A total of 172 Azotobacter strains were isolated, purified and based on the morphological test i.e. gram staining, pigmentation, cyst formation, fluorescence etc, broadly classified as Azotobacter. Further the secluded strains were examined for biochemical analysis and plant growth promoting characters. All the isolates showed different biochemical characteristics and significant PGP traits. IAA activity of the Azotobacter strains ranges from 54.5-6000 µg/mL. Ammonia, HCN and siderophore was produced by 92.4%, 78.4% and 80.23% of the total isolates respectively. Solubilization of phosphate was observed in 97.6% of the total isolates. These strains were also characterized for qualitative and quantitative N2 fixation abilities and the result indicated that 114 strains showed positive results on nitrogen free malate agar medium (NFMM) containing bromothymol blue (BTB) and able to produce 18.93-475.6 N-moles C2H4 mg protein−1 h−1 of acetylene reduced by Azotobacter strains. In vitro pot studies revealed that the selected native Azotobacter strains having high ARA results significantly increase the plant growth characters. Shoot length, root length, root number and chlorophyll content and leaf number increases by 45.62%, 17.60%, 97.49%, 49.69% and 27.83% respectively in pot inoculated with AZO23-3 as compared to control. These effective strains can further be utilized for development of effective microbial formulations.

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Avrichir, Ilan, Raquel Meneses, and Agnaldo Antonio dos Santos. "Do family-managed and non-family-managed firms internationalize differently?" Journal of Family Business Management 6, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfbm-02-2015-0014.

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Purpose Although the concepts of family business, internationalization, and agency theory have received some attention in the relevant literature, these concepts and theories have been used independently. The purpose of this paper is to help close the gap between what is known and what needs to be known about the decision-making processes of internationalization of family managers (FM) and non-family managers (NFMs). Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzes the story of Busscar, a Brazilian firm that began internationalization under an FM and ended it under an NFM. The management transition took place suddenly, as the family CEO died in a tragic accident, and the company appointed an NFM to replace him virtually overnight. These circumstances, as well as the fact that Busscar accelerated its internationalization process after the transition only to go bankrupt a few years later makes this case critical. Findings The paper concludes that under NFMs, the speed and scope of the firm internationalization processes were accelerated and the financial risks were augmented, which is in line with the agency theory hypothesis and contradicts suggestions that NFMs tend to be more structured. Research limitations/implications Many researchers argue that it is important to professionalize the management of family firms. It is expected that an NFM leads to a more structured strategy. The study shows otherwise; changing the manager leads to opportunistic internationalization using emerging strategies rather than deliberate ones. Originality/value This study suggests that firms, networks, entrepreneurship, and ownership are not the only important variables. Manager origin (inside or outside the family) can change everything.

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Ashrafi, Mohammad, Lloyd H. C. Chua, and Chai Quek. "The applicability of Generic Self-Evolving Takagi-Sugeno-Kang neuro-fuzzy model in modeling rainfall–runoff and river routing." Hydrology Research 50, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.146.

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Abstract Recent advancements in neuro-fuzzy models (NFMs) have made possible the implementation of dynamic rule base systems. This is in comparison with static applications commonly seen in global NFMs such as the Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model widely used in hydrological modeling. This study underlines key differences between local and global NFMs with an emphasis on rule base dynamics, in the context of two common flow forecast applications. A global NFM, ANFIS, and two local NFMs, Dynamic Evolving Neural-Fuzzy Inference System (DENFIS) and Generic Self-Evolving Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (GSETSK), were tested. Results from all NFMs compared favorably when benchmarked against physically based models. Rainfall–runoff modeling is a complex process which benefits from the advanced rule generation and pruning mechanisms in GSETSK, resulting in a more compact rule base. Although ANFIS resulted in the same number of rules, this came about at the expense of having the need for a large training dataset. All NFMs generated a similar number of rules for the river routing application, although local NFMs yielded better results for forecasts at longer lead times. This is attributed to the fact that the routing procedure is less complex and can be adequately modeled by static NFMs.

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Brazel, Joseph F., and Bradley E. Lail. "How the Interplay between Financial and Nonfinancial Measures Affects Management Forecasting Behavior." Journal of Management Accounting Research 31, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-52371.

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ABSTRACT This study examines how the interplay between financial and nonfinancial measures (NFMs) affects management forecasting behavior. Building on the knowledge that NFMs are typically aligned with actual earnings and are likely incorporated into earnings forecasts, we investigate if the level of divergence between changes in NFMs and contemporaneous changes in earnings influences management forecasting behavior. We hand collect company-specific NFMs disclosed in 10-K filings and describe how a greater divergence between NFMs and earnings (i.e., NFM changes substantially outpacing earnings growth, or vice versa) is associated with greater uncertainty about the underlying business. As such, in more divergent settings, we observe that management is less likely to issue guidance. Consistent with our theory, for managers that do provide guidance in more divergent settings, management forecast errors increase. Last, we provide evidence that external stakeholders can use the level of divergence to predict future management forecasting behavior. JEL Classifications: G14; M40; M41. Data Availability: The data used in this study are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text.

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Brazel, Joseph F., Keith L. Jones, and Douglas F. Prawitt. "Auditors' Reactions to Inconsistencies between Financial and Nonfinancial Measures: The Interactive Effects of Fraud Risk Assessment and a Decision Prompt." Behavioral Research in Accounting 26, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-50630.

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ABSTRACT Nonfinancial measures (NFMs), such as employee headcount and production space, are operational measures that are not included on the face of the financial statements but are often disclosed elsewhere in the annual report or 10-K (e.g., in Management's Discussion and Analysis). Professional standards, auditing texts, and prior research suggest that external auditors can use NFMs to verify their clients' reported financial information and, in turn, improve audit quality. In an initial experiment where auditors develop an expectation for a client's sales balance, they generally fail to identify a seeded inconsistency between the client's sales and related NFMs. In our second experiment, where we introduce an NFM prompt and manipulate fraud risk as high and low, auditors are more likely to react to the inconsistency (i.e., rely more on inconsistent NFMs/develop expectations that reflect the client's current year decline in NFMs) when they are specifically prompted to consider the implications of NFMs and fraud risk is high (versus low). Our results suggest the following: (1) a minority of auditors use NFMs as an information source for testing and do not increase their reliance on NFMs when the NFMs point to a fraud red flag; (2) the presence of high fraud risk alone is insufficient to increase auditor consideration of inconsistent NFMs; (3) auditors are able to react appropriately to an inconsistency if they are effectively prompted; and (4) the influence of a prompt on auditor reliance on NFMs and account balance expectations is stronger when fraud risk is assessed as high. Data Availability: Data are available upon request.

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Zhi, Xinxin, Huasen Wang, Xinying Wei, Yan Zhang, Yuancheng An, Haoran Qi, and Jingang Liu. "Electrospun Semi-Alicyclic Polyimide Nanofibrous Membrane: High-Reflectance and High-Whiteness with Superior Thermal and Ultraviolet Radiation Stability for Potential Applications in High-Power UV-LEDs." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081977.

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Polymeric nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) with both high whiteness and high thermal and ultraviolet (UV) stability are highly desired as reflectors for ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) devices. In the current work, a semi-alicyclic and fluoro-containing polyimide (PI) NFM with potential application in such kinds of circumstances was successfully fabricated from the organo-soluble PI resin solution via a one-step electrospinning procedure. In order to achieve the target, a semi-alicyclic PI resin was first designed and synthesized from an alicyclic dianhydride, 3,4-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-decahydro-1-naphthalenesuccinic dianhydride (or hydrogenated tetralin dianhydride, HTDA), and a fluoro-containing diamine, 2,2-bis[4-(4-amino-phenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (BDAF), via an imidization procedure. The derived PI (HTDA-BDAF) resin possessed a number-average molecular weight (Mn) higher than 33,000 g/mol and was highly soluble in polar aprotic solvents, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The electrospinning solution was prepared by dissolving the PI resin in DMAc at a solid content of 25–35 wt%. For comparison, the conventional high-whiteness polystyrene (PS) NFM was prepared according to a similar electrospinning procedure. The thermal and UV stability of the derived PI and PS NFMs were investigated by exposure under the UV-LED (wavelength: 365 nm) irradiation. Various thermal evaluation results indicated that the developed PI (HTDA-BDAF) NFM could maintain both the high reflectance and high whiteness at elevated temperatures. For example, after thermal treatment at 200 °C for 1 h in air, the PI (HTDA-BDAF) NFM exhibited a reflectance at a wavelength of 457 nm (R457) of 89.0%, which was comparable to that of the pristine PI NMF (R457 = 90.2%). The PI (HTDA-BDAF) NFM exhibited a whiteness index (WI) of 90.88, which was also close to that of the pristine sample (WI = 91.22). However, for the PS NFM counterpart, the R457 value decreased from the pristine 88.4% to 18.1% after thermal treatment at 150 °C for 1 h, and the sample became transparent. The PI NFM maintained good optical and mechanical properties during the high dose (2670 J/cm2) of UV exposure, while the properties of the PS NFM apparently deteriorated under the same UV aging.

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Abd Halim, Nur Syakinah, Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Nik Abdul Hadi Md Nordin, Zulfan Adi Putra, Nonni Soraya Sambudi, and Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff. "Improving Performance of Electrospun Nylon 6,6 Nanofiber Membrane for Produced Water Filtration via Solvent Vapor Treatment." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122117.

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Electrospun nanofiber membrane (NFM) has a high potential to be applied as a filter for produced water treatment due to its highly porous structure and great permeability. However, it faces fouling issues and has low mechanical properties, which reduces the performance and lifespan of the membrane. NFM has a low integrity and the fine mat easily detaches from the sheet. In this study, nylon 6,6 was selected as the polymer since it offers great hydrophilicity. In order to increase mechanical strength and separation performance of NFM, solvent vapor treatment was implemented where the vapor induces the fusion of fibers. The fabricated nylon 6,6 NFMs were treated with different exposure times of formic acid vapor. Results show that solvent vapor treatment helps to induce the fusion of overlapping fibers. The optimum exposure time for solvent vapor is 5 h to offer full retention of dispersed oil (100% of oil rejection), has 62% higher in tensile strength (1950 MPa) compared to untreated nylon 6,6 NFM (738 MPa), and has the final permeability closest to the untreated nylon 6,6 NFM (733 L/m2.h.bar). It also took more time to get fouled (220 min) compared to untreated NFM (160 min).

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McCulloch, John B., Jeb P. Owen, Nancy C. Hinkle, Bradley A. Mullens, and Jeremiah W. Busch. "Genetic Structure of Northern Fowl Mite (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) Populations Among Layer Chicken Flocks and Local House Sparrows (Passeriformes: Passeridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 1 (September 5, 2019): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz136.

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Abstract The northern fowl mite (NFM) Ornithonyssus sylviarum Canestrini and Fanzago is a blood-feeding ectoparasite found on many wild bird species and is a pest of poultry in the United States. It is unknown where NFM infestations of poultry originate, which has made it difficult to establish preventative biosecurity or effective control. We used microsatellite markers to evaluate genetic variation within and among NFM populations to determine routes of introduction onto farms and long-term persistence. We compared NFM from flocks of chickens (Gallus gallus) on different farms in California, Washington, and Georgia, and we compared NFM collected over a 5-yr interval. On three farms we collected NFM from chickens and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) nesting on each farm, which we used to assess movement between host species. There was strong genetic structure among mites from different poultry farms and low estimates of migration between farms. There were significant differences between mites on chickens and house sparrows on two farms where sparrows nested near flocks, indicating no exchange of mites. Only one farm showed evidence of NFM movement between chickens and sparrows. There was high genetic similarity between mites collected 5 yr apart on each of two farms, indicating that NFM infestations can persist for long periods. The genetic patterns did not reveal sources of NFM infestations on chicken farms. The data suggest that NFMs are strongly differentiated, which likely reflects periodic population declines with flock turnover and pesticide pressure.

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Lemarie, Catherine, Jianqiu Wu, Jake Barralet, and Mark Blostein. "Ideal Amphipathic Peptdes Coupled to Nanofibrous Micropheres Reduce Hemorrhage In Vivo." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2204.2204.

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Abstract Abstract 2204 We have previously shown that ideal amphipathic peptides (IAP) composed simply of leucine and lysine residues can augment the function of the procoagulant enzyme, factor IX in vitro (Biochem J 2008). We have also shown that surface attachment of IAP can promote hemostasis and reduce bleeding in vivo. We extend these observations by coupling IAPs to a nanomaterial called nanofibrousmicrospheres (NFM). NFMs have a large surface area to volume ratio thereby providing greater surface area and better access to bleeding surfaces especially those that are internal and difficult to reach. Initially we demonstrate, by fluorescently labeling IAP with dansyl chloride, that IAP attaches to NFM. When free dansyl IAP is added to NFM, 90% binds to the surface of NFM via a non-covalent linkage. Both a murine liver laceration model and a murine tail transection model were established to evaluate the in vivo hemostatic properties of IAP attached to NFM (IAP-NFM). In a murine liver laceration model, where the liver is cut with a Surgicutt template, application of IAP-NFM significantly reduces bleeding times by 40% as compared to application of NFM alone (p<0.01), or no treatment (p<0.01). As well, comparison of IAP-NFM to QuikClot, a current commercially used product for control of hemorrhagic injuries, show a greater reduction in bleeding times after application of IAP-NFM as compared to QuikClot. In addition, histologic examination of the lacerated liver after treatment reveal that IAP-NFM elicited little tissue injury whereas widespread hepatocyte injury was caused by QuikClot, due to its known exothermic reaction on tissue. The bleeding time in a murine tail transection model was also reduced by approximately 30% by IAP-NFM, as compared to NFM alone (p<0.01), or no treatment (p<0.05). In conclusion, IAP attachment to NFM results in a biocompatible material that is procoagulant and can promote hemostasis in vivo with the advantage that it exhibits little tissue injury after its application. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Garcia-Ponce, Edgar Emmanuell, and Irasema Mora-Pablo. "Incidence and Nature of Negotiations for Meaning during Uncontrolled Speaking Practice in English as a Foreign Language Classrooms." Journal of Language and Education 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2018-4-1-31-41.

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The past three decades have seen an increasing interest in negotiation for meaning as interactional processes which advance language acquisition. Motivated by this claim, a number of studies have set out to determine the tasks that best promote negotiations for meaning (NfMs). However, this research has mostly tended to investigate NfM under experimental conditions, leaving considerably unexplored the negotiated interactions that might take place in real English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. In response to this, the present study sets out to investigate the incidence and nature of NfM in three uncontrolled EFL classrooms. In examining several teacher- and learner-led speaking tasks at basic, intermediate and advanced levels, the findings indicate that the amount of NfM is lower than those reported in previous studies. Moreover, a qualitative analysis of the interactional data suggests that the NfM across proficiency levels was limited in nature, and thus did not provide learners with all the learning benefits inherent in negotiation for meaning. These findings raise intriguing questions as to teachers’ and learners’ opportunities to negotiate meaning during EFL classroom interactions, and ways through which they can promote negotiated interactions in their EFL classrooms.

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Vadell Giral, Enric, Sergio De Miguel Magaña, and Jesús Pemán García. "La repoblación forestal en España: las especies utilizadas desde 1877 a partir de las cartografías forestales." Historia Agraria. Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 77 (December 3, 2018): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.077e05v.

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The modern reforestation of Spain began in the second half of the nineteenth century. The aim of this study is to analyze the tree species involved and the three different historical stages that occurred between 1877 and 2013. This analysis is based on the official statistical series and national forest maps (NFMs) published in 1966 and 1997. Using NFMs, the estimated total reforested area was found to be, respectively, 33 and 18% higher than the estimates available in the official statistics for the corresponding historical periods. This highlights the great importance that reforestation has had in shaping the Spanish landscape, as well as the value of NFMs in filling the gaps arising from data based entirely on statistical series only. The NFMs of 1966 and 1997 explain the rapid spread of fast-growing species such as eucalyptus, Monterrey and Maritime pines and poplars, which represent up to 46% of the total reforested area according to the NFM of 1997. However, native pine have been the predominant species in reforestation throughout this historical period although, from 1993 onwards, the use of native hardwoods, especially certain species of oak, came to dominate reforestation projects on privately-owned land. The national reforestation maps presented here allow further research on the spatial-temporal evolution of the reforested areas in order to gain further insights into the resulting forested stands and landscapes.

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Lee, H., S. Chung, M. Yu, J. Koo, I. Hyun, and H. Lee. "Applicable background minimum night flow for leakage management of small district metered areas in Korea." Water Supply 5, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2005): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0098.

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In case of Seoul city in Korea, the level of water leakage from any distribution system is evaluated by comparison of measured minimum night flows (NFMs) with a fixed allowable leakage level. However, infrastructure condition of District Metered Areas (DMAs) could be misjudged, because characteristics of the system are not considered properly. Therefore the components of NFM were estimated in residential and business DMAs by using data of night uses collected by modified option A test and real losses from water balance analysis. A new background minimum night flow equation was developed by the components of NFM. Applicability of the equation was tested on various revenue water % residential and business DMAs. As a result, it is concluded that the new background night flow developed in this study is more reasonable in Korea and could be used to judge whether the DMAs have economically recoverable unreported bursts prior to leakage detection activity.

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Binacci, Martina, Enzo Peruffo, Raffaele Oriani, and Alessandro Minichilli. "Are All Non-Family Managers (NFMs) Equal? The Impact of NFM Characteristics and Diversity on Family Firm Performance." Corporate Governance: An International Review 24, no. 6 (October 13, 2015): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/corg.12130.

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Du, Qiong, Zheng Chen, Xiangyu Jiang, Jinhui Pang, Zhenhua Jiang, and Jiashuang Luan. "An oil/water separation nanofibrous membrane with a 3-D structure from the blending of PES and SPEEK." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 5 (January 29, 2019): 538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318825297.

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A new nanofibrous membrane (NFM) was prepared by blending polyethersulfone (PES) and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) via electrospinning. The membrane exhibits good thermal stability and high mechanical strength. The hydrophilicity of the membrane could be controlled by adjusting the mass ratio of PES to SPEEK. PES acts as the backbone fiber and provides high mechanical strength, while SPEEK provides hydrophilic functional groups due to the strong hydrophilicity of the sulfonic group. The test results show that the composite NFM integrates the advantages of the two polymers. Simple adjustment of the weight ratios of the two polymers can enable an adjustable flux so that the membrane can be used for different kinds of oil/water separation. The results show that NFMs can not only separate immiscible oil/water systems but also separate oil-in-water emulsions. The immiscible oil/water separation process was driven only by gravity and had a high flux of 1119.63 Lm−2 h−1. This separation process conserves energy, which is beneficial for environmental protection. The separation flux of the oil-in-water emulsion was 758.71 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1 based on measurements under different pressures, and the separation purity total organic carbon was below 50 ppm. This work indicates that a membrane comprised of PES and SPEEK has excellent performance and can be used in different fields.

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Wang, Aochen, Ming Hu, Liwei Zhou, and Xiaoyong Qiang. "Self-Powered Well-Aligned P(VDF-TrFE) Piezoelectric Nanofiber Nanogenerator for Modulating an Exact Electrical Stimulation and Enhancing the Proliferation of Preosteoblasts." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030349.

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Electric potential plays an indispensable role in tissue engineering and wound healing. Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on direct piezoelectric effects can be self-powered energy sources for electrical stimulation and have attracted extensive attention. However, the accuracy of piezoelectric stimuli on piezoelectric polymers membranes in vitro during the dynamic condition is rarely studied. Here, a self-powered tunable electrical stimulation system for assisting the proliferation of preosteoblasts was achieved by well-aligned P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric nanofiber membrane (NFM) both as a nanogenerator (NG) and as a scaffold. The effects of electrospinning and different post-treatments (annealing and poling) on the surface wettability, piezoelectric β phase, ferroelectric properties, and sensing performance of NFMs were evaluated here. The polarized P(VDF-TrFE) NFM offered an enhanced piezoelectric value (d31 of 22.88 pC/N) versus pristine P(VDF-TrFE) NFM (d31 of 0.03 pC/N) and exhibited good sensing performance. The maximum voltage and current output of the P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric nanofiber NGs reached −1.7 V and 41.5 nA, respectively. An accurate electrical response was obtained in real time under dynamic mechanical stimulation by immobilizing the NGs on the flexible bottom of the culture plate, thereby restoring the real scene of providing electrical stimulation to the cells in vitro. In addition, we simulated the interaction between the piezoelectric nanofiber NG and cells through an equivalent circuit model. To verify the feasibility of P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber NGs as an exact electrical stimulation, the effects of different outputs of P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber NGs on cell proliferation in vitro were compared. The study realized a significant enhancement of preosteoblasts proliferation. This work demonstrated the customizability of P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric nanofiber NG for self-powered electrical stimulation system application and suggested its significant potential application for tissue repair and regeneration.

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Zhu, Ye Kai, and Da Jun Chen. "Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Structure and Properties of Attapulgite-Based Nanofibrous Membranes." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1929.

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Attapulgite (AT)-based nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) were fabricated via a facile papermaking procedure, and the AT-based NFMs were sintered at three different temperatures (240 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C). The effect of sintering temperature on the structure and properties, such as specific surface area, pore size distribution, porosity, mechanical property, pure water fluxes of AT-based NFMs, were investigated. The results showed that average pore size, total pore volume, and porosity of AT-based NFMs increased with increasing of the sintering temperature, while specific surface area and flexural strength of AT-based NFMs decreased. The optimal sintering temperature for AT-based NFMs was 400 °C. In addition, it was also found that the swelling degree of AT-based NFMs in aqueous solutions was suppressed and the pure water fluxes of AT-based NFMs were improved by sintering process.

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Hoag, Matthew L., and Gabriel D. Saucedo. "Disclosure and Audit Implications of Nonfinancial Measures: A Teaching Case." Current Issues in Auditing 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): I1—I13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ciia-52147.

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SUMMARY This case introduces students to nonfinancial measures (NFMs) and encourages thoughtful consideration and discourse surrounding their reporting and use by managers and auditors. NFMs are commonly reported by companies to provide increased transparency of operations and to more effectively describe performance. External parties such as analysts and auditors make use of NFMs in performing valuation assessments, fraud risk assessments, and substantive analytical procedures. In completing this case, students will be exposed to actual NFMs disclosed in SEC filings and employ Microsoft Excel knowledge to perform foundational analytical procedures. Students will also analyze how these NFMs link to the financial statements, as well as reflect upon the implications of NFMs for both internal and external users.

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Civelli, Stella, Enrico Forestieri, and Marco Secondini. "Mitigating the Impact of Noise on Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249099.

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In the past years, nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) has been investigated as a potentially revolutionary technique for nonlinear optical fiber communication. However, while NFDM is able to exploit the Kerr nonlinearity, its performance lags behind that of conventional systems. In this work, we first highlight that current implementations of NFDM are strongly suboptimal, and, consequently, oversensitive to noise: the modulation does not ensure a large minimum distance between waveforms, while the detection is not tailored to the statistics of noise. Next, we discuss improved detections strategies and modulation techniques, proposing some effective approaches able to improve NFDM. Different flavors of NFDM are compared through simulations, showing that (i) the NFDM performance can be significantly improved by employing more effective detection strategies, with a 5.6 dB gain in Q-factor obtained with the best strategy compared to the standard strategy; (ii) an additional gain of 2.7 dB is obtained by means of a simple power-tilt modulation strategy, bringing the total gain with respect to standard NFDM to 8.3 dB; and (iii) under some parameters range (rate efficiency η≤30%), the combination of improved modulation and detection allows NFDM to outperform conventional systems using electronic dispersion compensation.

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Sánchez, Ivelisse, Linda Hassinger, Ram K. Sihag, Don W. Cleveland, Panaiyur Mohan, and Ralph A. Nixon. "Local Control of Neurofilament Accumulation during Radial Growth of Myelinating Axons in Vivo." Journal of Cell Biology 151, no. 5 (November 27, 2000): 1013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.151.5.1013.

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The accumulation of neurofilaments required for postnatal radial growth of myelinated axons is controlled regionally along axons by oligodendroglia. Developmentally regulated processes previously suspected of modulating neurofilament number, including heavy neurofilament subunit (NFH) expression, attainment of mature neurofilament subunit stoichiometry, and expansion of interneurofilament spacing cannot be primary determinants of regional accumulation as we show each of these factors precede accumulation by days or weeks. Rather, we find that regional neurofilament accumulation is selectively associated with phosphorylation of a subset of Lys-Ser-Pro (KSP) motifs on heavy neurofilament subunits and medium-size neurofilament subunits (NFMs), rising >50-fold selectively in the expanding portions of optic axons. In mice deleted in NFH, substantial preservation of regional neurofilament accumulation was accompanied by increased levels of the same phosphorylated KSP epitope on NFM. Interruption of oligodendroglial signaling to axons in Shiverer mutant mice, which selectively inhibited this site-specific phosphorylation, reduced regional neurofilament accumulation without affecting other neurofilament properties or aspects of NFH phosphorylation. We conclude that phosphorylation of a specific KSP motif triggered by glia is a key aspect of the regulation of neurofilament number in axons during axonal radial growth.

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Huangfu, Meng-Ge, Deng-Xiong Shen, Xin-Xin Zhi, Yan Zhang, Yan-Jiang Jia, Yuan-Cheng An, Xin-Ying Wei, and Jin-Gang Liu. "Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun Fluoro-Containing Poly(imide-benzoxazole) Nano-Fibrous Membranes with Low Dielectric Constants and High Thermal Stability." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020537.

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The rapid development of advanced high-frequency mobile communication techniques has advanced urgent requirements for polymer materials with high-temperature resistance and good dielectric properties, including low dielectric constants (low-Dk) and low dielectric dissipation factors (low-Df). The relatively poor dielectric properties of common polymer candidates, such as standard polyimides (PIs) greatly limited their application in high-frequency areas. In the current work, benzoxazole units were successfully incorporated into the molecular structures of the fluoro-containing PIs to afford the poly(imide-benzoxazole) (PIBO) nano-fibrous membranes (NFMs) via electrospinning fabrication. First, the PI NFMs were prepared by the electrospinning procedure from organo-soluble PI resins derived from 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxy-phenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and aromatic diamines containing ortho-hydroxy-substituted benzamide units, including 2,2-bis[3-(4-aminobenzamide)-4-hydroxylphenyl]hexafluoropropane (p6FAHP) and 2,2-bis[3-(3-aminobenzamide)-4-hydroxyphenyl]hexafluoropropane (m6FAHP). Then, the PI NFMs were thermally dehydrated at 350 °C in nitrogen to afford the PIBO NFMs. The average fiber diameters (dav) for the PIBO NFMs were 1225 nm for PIBO-1 derived from PI-1 (6FDA-p6FAHP) precursor and 816 nm for PIBO-2 derived from PI-2 (6FDA-m6FAHP). The derived PIBO NFMs showed good thermal stability with the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) over 310 °C and the 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) higher than 500 °C in nitrogen. The PIBO NFMs showed low dielectric features with the Dk value of 1.64 for PIBO-1 and 1.82 for PIBO-2 at the frequency of 1 MHz, respectively. The Df values were in the range of 0.010~0.018 for the PIBO NFMs.

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Darbha, Krishna, and Abhijit Dasgupta. "A Nested Finite Element Methodology (NFEM) for Stress Analysis of Electronic Products—Part I: Theory and Formulation." Journal of Electronic Packaging 123, no. 2 (October 10, 2000): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1328744.

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In this paper, the authors present a stress analysis technique based on a novel nested finite element methodology (NFEM). The NFEM is similar in concept to an earlier proposed multi-domain Rayleigh-Ritz methodology (Ling, S., 1997, “A Multi-Domain Rayleigh-Ritz Method for Thermomechanical Stress Analysis of Surface Mount Interconnects in Electronic Assemblies,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ., of Maryland), that is based on a nested multi-field displacement assumption. The nested multi-field displacement technique may be viewed as a localized cascading of the p-type refinement in conventional finite element analysis. The concept and formulation of NFEM are presented in this paper while the application of NFEM to analyze the viscoplastic stress-state in two popular surface mount electronic interconnect styles is presented in Part II of this series. To illustrate the concept of NFEM, the formulation and results are provided for a one-dimensional viscoplastic example.

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PETRAN, R., and E. A. ZOTTOLA. "Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Simulated Milk Cooling Systems1." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.3.172.

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Survival of Listeria monocytogenes under conditions that might be found in milk cooling systems was studied. Sterile solutions of 0.1 and 0.01% peptone, 0.1 and 0.01% nonfat dry milk (NFDM), 30% propylene glycol, and 30% propylene glycol with 0.01 % NFDM were inoculated with 6000 L. monocytogenes Scott A/ml and were incubated at 4°C. The temperature was increased to 7°C when little growth was observed. At 7°C, populations approached 109 organisms/ml in NFDM and peptone. Growth was greater in the higher concentrations of each, and there was limited survival in the glycol media. Growth in minimal media, 0.01% peptone, 0.01% NFDM, 30% propylene glycol with 0.01% NFDM, and 1 % tryptic soy broth (TSB), was studied. These media were inoculated with 3500 L. monocytogenes Jalisco cheese/ml. At 4°C, more growth was observed in the NFDM than in the peptone, no survival was seen in the glycol media, and the most growth was observed in the TSB. Growth in sterile 10, 20, and 30% propylene glycol solutions (with 0.1 % NFDM) was studied by inoculation with 8800 L. monocytogenes Jalisco cheese/ml and incubation at 4°C. Growth in the 10% solution was observed. However, there was survival in the 20 and 30% solutions with no increase in numbers apparent over the time studied. Presence of L. monocytogenes in milk cooling systems may pose a hazard, especially in sweet water systems that might contain a small amount of milk.

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Bereznyak, Elena А., A. V. Trishina, L. M. Verkina, M. V. Poleeva, I. R. Simonova, and A. E. Bareeva. "STUDY OF SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF MICROFLORA OF THE ROSTOV-ON-DON WATER BODIES." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 5 (May 15, 2018): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-5-405-410.

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In this paper, the results of an investigation of the diversity in microflora species in water bodies of Rostov-on-Don are presented. Susceptibility/resistance of isolated strains to antibacterial drugs (ABD) was studied. A portion of nonfermenting microorganisms (NFMs) constituted of 42.9 %, Enterobacteriaceae family - 28.2 %, Aeromonadaceae family - 23.7 %. In NFM group the sensitivity to all ABD was exhibited by 37.5 % of strains, 43.4 % of strains showed resistance to one antibiotic and 6.3 % were polyresistant (resistance to 3 and more antibiotics). No susceptible strains were detected among Enterobacteriaceae. The resistance to 3 or more ABD for Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 80 %, for Aeromonas - 72 %. In all groups of tested microorganisms, results of the investigation showed a high proportion of strains susceptible to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, ceftriaxone, levomycetin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone, cefepime. Among Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas strains isolates carrying the markers of resistance to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, furagin, co-trimoxazole were found frequently. The performed research of microbial communities in water bodies of Rostov-on-Don made it possible to identify dominant groups of microorganisms in the investigated objects, to reveal pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria, evaluate their antimicrobial resistance with the aim to determine a degree of their potential danger to human health

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Qi, Hao-ran, Deng-xiong Shen, Yan-jiang Jia, Yuan-cheng An, Hao Wu, Xin-ying Wei, Yan Zhang, Xin-xin Zhi, and Jin-gang Liu. "Preparation and Properties of Electrospun Phenylethynyl—Terminated Polyimide Nano-Fibrous Membranes with Potential Applications as Solvent-Free and High-Temperature Resistant Adhesives for Harsh Environments." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061525.

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High-temperature-resistant polymeric adhesives with high servicing temperatures and high adhesion strengths are highly desired in aerospace, aviation, microelectronic and other high-tech areas. The currently used high-temperature resistant polymeric adhesives, such as polyamic acid (PAA), are usually made from the high contents of solvents in the composition, which might cause adhesion failure due to the undesirable voids caused by the evaporation of the solvents. In the current work, electrospun preimidized polyimide (PI) nano-fibrous membranes (NFMs) were proposed to be used as solvent-free or solvent-less adhesives for stainless steel adhesion. In order to enhance the adhesion reliability of the PI NFMs, thermally crosslinkable phenylethynyl end-cappers were incorporated into the PIs derived from 3,3’,4,4’-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and 3,3-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]phthalide (BAPPT). The derived phenylethynyl-terminated PETI-10K and PETI-20K with the controlled molecular weights of 10,000 g mol−1 and 20,000 g mol−1, respectively, showed good solubility in polar aprotic solvents, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The PI NFMs were successfully fabricated by electrospinning with the PETI/DMAc solutions. The ultrafine PETI NFMs showed the average fiber diameters (dav) of 627 nm for PETI-10K 695 nm for PETI-20K, respectively. The PETI NFMs showed good thermal resistance, which is reflected in the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) above 270 °C. The PETI NFMs exhibited excellent thermoplasticity at elevated temperatures. The stainless steel adherends were successfully adhered using the PETI NFMs as the adhesives. The PI NFMs provided good adhesion to the stainless steels with the single lap shear strengths (LSS) higher than 20.0 MPa either at room temperature (25 °C) or at an elevated temperature (200 °C).

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Zhang, Zhe, Limin Jia, and Yong Qin. "Level-of-Service Based Hierarchical Feedback Control Method of Network-Wide Pedestrian Flow." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9617890.

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Pedestrian flow control is usually used to manage the crowd motion in public facilities to avoid congestion. We propose a network-wide pedestrian flow model based on the modified cell transmission model which describes the link flow as ordinary differential equations. The network flow control model (NFCM) is proposed to limit the number of pedestrians in a network according to the level-of-service requirements; however, the NFCM cannot ensure the uniform link density which is a premise of using NFCM. As a solution, the link flow control model (LFCM) is proposed to adjust the walking speed of pedestrians to realize the uniform link density. The NFCM provides the inputs for the LFCM and the LFCM compensates the deficiency of NFCM. Both NFCM and LFCM control the pedestrian flow in a cooperative way, and thus they form the hierarchical feedback control model (HFCM) of network-wide pedestrian flow. At last, the proposed HFCM is applied to control the crowd of a hall and the comparison of the simulation results in the controlled and uncontrolled scenarios shows that the proposed HFCM has the capability to suggest the optimal link inflows and walking speeds in real time to meet the LOS requirement.

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Sivagnanam, K. Jothi, and K. Murugan. "Impact of Public Spending on National Food Security Mission and Farmers Livelihoods in Tamil Nadu." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 7, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024919844408.

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National Food Security Mission (NFSM) scheme is one of the flagship schemes for the development farmer’s livelihood. The objective is to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains production to improve livelihood, particularly in rice, wheat and pulses. It is providing the modern machinery, farm management and pest management. The article intends to analyse the trends in area, production and productivity of rice in the NFSM and non-NFSM districts in Tamil Nadu. This article is divided into four sections. The first is introductory in nature; the second deals with review of literature. The third section describes the rice production in Tamil Nadu, and the fourth section describes the government spending to the NFSM scheme in Tamil Nadu. Finally, it provides concluding remarks and policy suggestions from the study.

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Du, Yong, Yan Lv, Wen-Ze Qiu, Jian Wu, and Zhi-Kang Xu. "Nanofiltration membranes with narrowed pore size distribution via pore wall modification." Chemical Communications 52, no. 55 (2016): 8589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc03842e.

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Dekkers, O. M., A. A. van der Klaauw, A. M. Pereira, N. R. Biermasz, P. J. Honkoop, F. Roelfsema, J. W. A. Smit, and J. A. Romijn. "Quality of Life Is Decreased after Treatment for Nonfunctioning Pituitary Macroadenoma." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 3364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0003.

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Abstract Objective: Although a reduced quality of life (QoL) has been reported after long-term cure of functioning pituitary adenomas, the effect of successful treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma (NFMA) on QoL has not been fully addressed. Therefore, we evaluated a broad spectrum of QoL parameters in patients successfully treated for NFMA in our center. Design: We conducted a case-control study. Patients and Methods: We assessed QoL in 99 adult patients (mean age, 61.9 yr; range, 24–86 yr) in remission during long-term follow-up after surgical (n = 99) and additional radiotherapeutic (n = 37) treatment for NFMA by four validated health-related questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Index, Nottingham Health Profile, and Short Form-36). Patient outcomes were compared with 125 controls and with age-adjusted reference values derived from the literature. Results: NFMA patients reported significantly impaired QoL in all questionnaires compared with the 125 controls and the age-adjusted reference values. All subscales of fatigue, assessed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Index (general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduction in activity, reduction in motivation, and mental fatigue) were impaired. The scores in the Nottingham Health Profile pointed toward reduced energy and affected emotional reaction. In several subscales of the Short Form-36 (social functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, role limitations due to emotional problems, and general health perception), NFMA patients reported a reduced QoL. Conclusion: QoL is considerably reduced in patients after successful treatment of NFMA.

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Zhu, Zhigao, Guihua Li, Gaofeng Zeng, Xinqing Chen, Deng Hu, Yanfeng Zhang, and Yuhan Sun. "Fast capture of methyl-dyes over hierarchical amino-Co0.3Ni0.7Fe2O4@SiO2 nanofibrous membranes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 44 (2015): 22000–22004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06310h.

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Flexible polydopamine–Co_0.3Ni_0.7Fe₂O₄@SiO₂ NFMs with a hierarchical structure and strong magnetism were prepared by gelation, calcination and dopamine self-polymerization on electrospun SiO₂ NFMs.

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Zhang, Wenjuan, and Mohammed Al Kobaisi. "Cell-Centered Nonlinear Finite-Volume Methods With Improved Robustness." SPE Journal 25, no. 01 (July 2, 2019): 288–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/195694-pa.

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Summary We present a nonlinear finite-volume method (NFVM) that is either positivity-preserving or extremum-preserving with improved robustness. The key ingredient of the method is the construction of one-sided fluxes, which involves decomposition of conormal vectors by introducing harmonic-averaging points as auxiliary points. The original NFVM using harmonic-averaging points is not robust in the sense that decomposition of conormal vectors with nonnegative coefficients can easily run into difficulties for heterogeneous and anisotropic permeability tensors on general nonorthogonal meshes. To improve NFVM robustness, we first present an alternative derivation of harmonic-averaging points and give a different formula that shows more clearly a point's location. On the basis of the derivation of the new formula, a correction algorithm is proposed to make modifications to those problematic harmonic-averaging points so that all the conormal vectors can be decomposed with nonnegative coefficients successfully. As a result, the resulting NFVM can be applied to more-challenging problems when conormal decomposition with nonnegative coefficients is not possible without correction. The correction algorithm is a compromise between robustness and accuracy. While it improves the robustness of the resulting NFVM, results of numerical convergence tests show that the effect of our correction algorithm on accuracy is problem-dependent. Optimal order of convergence is still maintained for some problems, and the convergence rate is reduced for others. Monotonicity and extremum-preserving properties are verified by numerical experiments. Finally, a field test case is used to demonstrate that the NFVM combined with our correction algorithm can be applied to simulate real-life reservoirs of industry-standard complexity.

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Nielsen, Peter, Ernie Brumbaugh, and Lafonna Kananen. "Evaluation of the Use of Liquid Dishwashing Compounds To Control Bacteria in Kitchen Sponges." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.1.107.

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Abstract A test procedure for evaluating the effect of adding commercial liquid hand dishwashing detergents to kitchen sponges to control microbial growth is described. Claims for this type of application are being made on dishwashing detergents throughout the world. In this evaluation, commercially available kitchen sponges were stripped of antimicrobial compounds. Sponges were then inoculated with a pool of 7 microorganisms which consisted of Gram positives, Gram negatives, and yeast. Inoculated sponges were treated with the detergent as recommended by the manufacturer and allowed to incubate for 16 h at ambient temperature. Surviving microorganisms were then quantitated using either the spiral or pour plate method. Tests were run using both clean sponges and sponges soiled with 0.5% nonfat dry milk (NFDM). Untreated sponges showed stasis or slightly increased bacterial populations after the incubation period in the absence of NFDM. Significant increases of up to 3 log cfu/mL were observed for untreated sponges when soiled with NFDM. Statistically significant reductions were observed for clean sponges (99.8–99.9998%) and sponges soiled with NFDM (87.6–99.9%) when detergents making “antibacterial sponge” claims were added to the inoculated sponges. Statistically significant differences between detergents making “antibacterial sponge” claims were also observed.

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Dekkers, O. M., S. Hammer, R. J. W. de Keizer, F. Roelfsema, P. J. Schutte, J. W. A. Smit, J. A. Romijn, and A. M. Pereira. "The natural course of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas." European Journal of Endocrinology 156, no. 2 (February 2007): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02334.

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Objective: The natural history of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMA) has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we evaluated pituitary function, visual fields, and tumor size during long-term follow-up of non-operated patients with NFMA. Design: Follow-up study. Patients: Twenty-eight patients (age 55 ± 3 years) with NFMA, not operated after initial diagnosis, were included. Results: Initial presentation was pituitary insufficiency in 44%, visual field defects in 14%, apoplexy in 14%, and chronic headache in 7% of the patients. The duration of follow-up was 85 ± 13 months. Radiological evidence of tumor growth was observed in 14 out of 28 patients (50%) after duration of follow-up of 118 ± 24 months. Six patients (21%) were operated, because tumor growth was accompanied by visual field defects. Visual impairments improved in all the cases after transsphenoidal surgery. Spontaneous reduction in tumor volume was observed in eight patients (29%). No independent predictors for increase or decrease in tumor volume could be found by regression analysis. Conclusion: Observation alone is a safe alternative for transsphenoidal surgery in selected NFMA patients, without the risk of irreversibly compromising visual function.

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Tang, Yiling, Shunliang Jiang, Shaoping Xu, Tingyun Liu, and Chongxi Li. "Blind Image Quality Assessment Based on Multi-Window Method and HSV Color Space." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122499.

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To improve the evaluation accuracy of the distorted images with various distortion types, an effective blind image quality assessment (BIQA) algorithm based on the multi-window method and the HSV color space is proposed in this paper. We generate multiple normalized feature maps (NFMs) by using the multi-window method to better characterize image degradation from the receptive fields of different sizes. Specifically, the distribution statistics are first extracted from the multiple NFMs. Then, Pearson linear correlation coefficients between spatially adjacent pixels in the NFMs are utilized to quantify the structural changes of the distorted images. Weibull model is utilized to capture distribution statistics of the differential feature maps between the NFMs to more precisely describe the presence of the distortions. Moreover, the entropy and gradient statistics extracted from the HSV color space are employed as a complement to the gray-scale features. Finally, a support vector regressor is adopted to map the perceptual feature vector to image quality score. Experimental results on five benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves higher prediction accuracy and robustness against diverse synthetically and authentically distorted images than the state-of-the-art algorithms while maintaining low computational cost.

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Pal, Amitangshu, and Krishna Kant. "NFMI: Connectivity for Short-Range IoT Applications." Computer 52, no. 2 (February 2019): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2019.2892862.

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Gutierrez, Tonatiuh Rivero, Jorge S. Benitez Read, Javier C. Palacios Hernandez, Armando Segovia de los Rios, and Luis C. Longoria Gandara. "Software-based Neutron Flux Measurement Channel (NFMC)." International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (2010): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnest.2010.030551.

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Pal, Amitangshu, and Krishna Kant. "NFMI: Near Field Magnetic Induction based communication." Computer Networks 181 (November 2020): 107548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107548.

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Kim, Hoon-Hee. "Instructional Design Model Development for Continuous Creativity-Personality Education based on NFTM-TRIZ." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 13, no. 8 (August 31, 2013): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2013.13.08.474.

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Huang, Hung-Tsai, Ming-Gong Lee, Zi-Cai Li, and John Y. Chiang. "Null Field and Interior Field Methods for Laplace’s Equation in Actually Punctured Disks." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/927873.

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For solving Laplace’s equation in circular domains with circular holes, the null field method (NFM) was developed by Chen and his research group (see Chen and Shen (2009)). In Li et al. (2012) the explicit algebraic equations of the NFM were provided, where some stability analysis was made. For the NFM, the conservative schemes were proposed in Lee et al. (2013), and the algorithm singularity was fully investigated in Lee et al., submitted to Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, (2013). To target the same problems, a new interior field method (IFM) is also proposed. Besides the NFM and the IFM, the collocation Trefftz method (CTM) and the boundary integral equation method (BIE) are two effective boundary methods. This paper is devoted to a further study on NFM and IFM for three goals. The first goal is to explore their intrinsic relations. Since there exists no error analysis for the NFM, the second goal is to drive error bounds of the numerical solutions. The third goal is to apply those methods to Laplace’s equation in the domains with extremely small holes, which are called actually punctured disks. By NFM, IFM, BIE, and CTM, numerical experiments are carried out, and comparisons are provided. This paper provides an in-depth overview of four methods, the error analysis of the NFM, and the intriguing computation, which are essential for the boundary methods.

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Strauß, Nadine, Brigitte Huber, and Homero Gil de Zúñiga. "Structural Influences on the News Finds Me Perception: Why People Believe They Don’t Have to Actively Seek News Anymore." Social Media + Society 7, no. 2 (April 2021): 205630512110249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051211024966.

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Using data from a two-wave panel survey among 18 countries worldwide, this study investigates the individual- and country-level antecedents of the “News Finds Me” perception (NFM). Results show that older, more educated, and individuals belonging to the ethnic majority are less prone to develop the NFM. However, social media (news) use, incidental news exposure, discussion frequency, and group affiliations lead to a higher NFM. In contrast, information elaboration as well as news use online were found to weaken the NFM. Testing various country-level factors, only gross domestic product was found to be negatively related to the NFM. The findings form a theoretical and empirical basis for future studies that aim at investigating news use in today’s high-choice media environment.

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Chen, Shih-Heng, Pang-Yun Chou, Zhi-Yu Chen, and Feng-Huei Lin. "Electrospun Water-Borne Polyurethane Nanofibrous Membrane as a Barrier for Preventing Postoperative Peritendinous Adhesion." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071625.

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Peritendinous adhesion is a major complication after tendon injury and the subsequent repairs or reconstructions. The degree of adhesion can be reduced by the interposition of a membranous barrier between the traumatized tendon and the surrounding tissue. In the present study, electrospun water-borne polyurethane (WPU) nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) were created for use after the reparation or reconstruction of tendons to reduce adhesion. In the electrospinning process, water was employed as the solvent for WPU, and this solvent was ecofriendly and nontoxic. The nanofibrous architecture and pore size of the WPU NFMs were analyzed. Their microporosity (0.78–1.05 µm) blocked the penetration of fibroblasts, which could result in adhesion and scarring around the tendon during healing. The release of WPU mimicked the lubrication effect of the synovial fluid produced by the synovium around the tendon. In vitro cell studies revealed that the WPU NFMs effectively reduced the number of fibroblasts that became attached and that there was no significant cytotoxicity. In vivo studies with the rabbit flexor tendon repair model revealed that WPU NFMs reduced the degree of peritendinous adhesion, as determined using a gross examination; a histological cross section evaluation; and measurements of the range of motion of interphalangeal joints (97.1 ± 14.7 and 79.0 ± 12.4 degrees in proximal and distal interphalangeal joints respectively), of the length of tendon excursion (11.6 ± 1.9 cm), and of the biomechanical properties.

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COSTA, E., N. TEIXIDÓ, J. USALL, E. FONS, V. GIMENO, J. DELGADO, and I. VIÑAS. "Survival of Pantoea agglomerans Strain CPA-2 in a Spray-Drying Process." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.1.185.

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Spray drying could be a suitable method for preserving microorganisms, as it allows large quantities of cultures to be dried at low cost. The aims of this paper were to evaluate the effects of spray-drying conditions on survival of the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2, which has shown antifungal activity against Penicillium expansum and Penicillium digitatum on citrus fruits. Various compounds cited in the bibliography as carriers were tested in our spray drying, and some salts (MgSO4, K2SO4, and Na2CO3) and dairy products (lactoserum or nonfat skimmed milk [NFSM]) showed the best results in terms of recovered powder. Outlet temperature had more influence on the death of bacteria than inlet temperature. P. agglomerans was heat sensitive, and the activation energy was around 6 kcal/mol K when MgSO4 (10%) or NFSM (10%) were used as carriers and only 3 kcal/mol K when the combination of MgSO4 (10%) and NFSM (10%) was used. The highest powder recovery was obtained when NFSM was used as the rehydration medium. Although the percentage of powder recovery was not high (around 50%) and viability was low, the results suggest that with bigger spray dryers, we could expect a lower outlet temperature and probably an increased viability. Further research into spray-dryer design is needed in order to demonstrate this.

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Rivera, Fernando José Cantarero, Dharmendra K. Mishra, Ferhan Ozadali, and Patnarin Benyathiar. "Real-Time Detection of Fouling-Layer with a Non-Intrusive Continuous Sensor (NICS) during Thermal Processing in Food Manufacturing." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041271.

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The fouling of indirect shell and coil heat exchanger by heavy whipping cream (HWC) and non-fat dry milk (NFDM) was studied at aseptic Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) processing conditions (140 °C) using a novel non-intrusive sensor. The sensor emitted a heat pulse intermittently throughout the duration of the process causing an incremental increase in temperature at the tube external surface. The temperature response of the sensor varied due to the radial growth of the fouling layer formed by certain components of the products. Each heating pulse and the temperature response was studied to estimate the thermal conductivity of the fouling layer using inverse problems and parameter estimation. The changes in thermal conductivity were used as an indication of the fouling layer development during food processing at UHT temperatures. The estimated parameters from experimental results showed a decreasing trend in the thermal conductivity of HWC and NFDM from 0.35 to 0.10 and 0.63 to 0.37, respectively. An image analysis tool was developed and used to measure the fouling layer thickness at the end of each trial. The measured thickness was found to be 0.58 ± 0.15 for HWC and 0.56 ± 0.07 mm for NFDM. The fouling layer resistance for HWC and NFDM was 5.95 × 10−3 ± 1.53 × 10−3 and 1.53 × 10−3 ± 2.0 × 10−4 (m2K)/W, respectively.

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Darbha, Krishna, and Abhijit Dasgupta. "A Nested Finite Element Methodology (NFEM) for Stress Analysis of Electronic Products—Part II: Durability Analysis of Flip Chip and Chip Scale Interconnects." Journal of Electronic Packaging 123, no. 2 (October 10, 2000): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1328745.

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The nested finite element methodology (NFEM) presented in Part I of this series, is used in this paper to analyze the viscoplastic stress-state in a flip-chip-on-board (FCOB) and a chip scale package subjected to temperature cycling loads. The results are validated with conventional finite element method (CFEM). An energy-partitioning (EP) damage model is used to predict cycles to failure, based on the energy densities obtained from NFEM and CFEM, and results are compared with experiments.

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Huq, Nazmul, and Alexander Stubbings. "How is the Role of Ecosystem Services Considered in Local Level Flood Management Policies: Case Study in Cumbria, England." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 17, no. 04 (December 2015): 1550032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333215500325.

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The purpose of the paper is to investigate how local level flood policies consider Natural Flood Management (NFM) as a risk reduction mechanism in England. Methods used include a review of European and English national legislative and other flood management policy instruments as well as a case study of Cumbria County’s local flood management policies. The legislative and other policy instruments at both European and English national level demonstrated increasing level of NFM consideration for local flood risk management. In Cumbrian context, flood management policies are mostly aligned to the traditional structural defence-based approach; however, emergence and importance of non-structural measures including NFM are clearly evident, are visibly influenced by the European and national policies. The numbers of potential NFM actions in local flood policies are nonetheless insignificant compared to the NFM potentials, but these can be worked in as a starting point for wider scale consideration and implementation.

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An, Changyoung, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Design and Performance Evaluation of NFDM System for Efficient Frequency Resource Utilization." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 55, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2018.55.9.3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NFMM'

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