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Relevant bibliographies by topics / NGC 5548

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Academic literature on the topic 'NGC 5548'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "NGC 5548"

1

Kaastra, J. S., R. Mewe, J. Heise, F. J. M. Alkemade, C. J. Schrijver, and T. Carone. "EUVE Observations of NGC 5548." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 159 (1994): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900175308.

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2

Kollatschny, W., and M. Dietrich. "Emission line variability in NGC 4593 and NGC 5548." Astrophysics and Space Science 205, no. 1 (1993): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00657974.

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Rosenblatt, Edward I., and Matthew A. Malkan. "Broad Line Variations in NGC 5548." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 134 (1989): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900140549.

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Since broad line variations can, in principle, constrain the structure and kinematics of the broad line region in active galaxies we have conducted a monitoring program of 20 Seyfert galaxies over a 5 year period in order to study broad line flux and profile changes. Included in our sample is the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC 5548. Fifteen observations were taken from 1979 to 1984 mainly with the 60″ Palomar telescope and a SIT vidicon spectrograph. Measurements show (Fig. 1) that both the Hβ and Hγ line flux varied by 200% and the continuum varied by 300%. Furthermore, these changes were positively correlated as one would expect from photoionization by a central continuum source.

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Kaastra, J. S., K. C. Steenbrugge, A. J. J. Raassen, R. L. J. van der Meer, A. C. Brinkman, D. A. Liedahl, E. Behar, and A. de Rosa. "X-ray spectroscopy of NGC 5548." Astronomy & Astrophysics 386, no. 2 (May 2002): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020235.

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Nandra, K., A. C. Fabian, I. M. George, G. Branduardi-Raymont, A. Lawrence, K. O. Mason, I. M. McHardy, et al. "A ROSAT observation of NGC 5548." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 260, no. 3 (February 1, 1993): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/260.3.504.

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Kallman, T., and M. Elitzur. "Broad-line variability in NGC 5548." Astrophysical Journal 328 (May 1988): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/166310.

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Detmers, R. G., J. S. Kaastra, E. Costantini, I. M. McHardy, and F. Verbunt. "The warm absorber in NGC 5548." Astronomy & Astrophysics 488, no. 1 (June 16, 2008): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809862.

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8

Chiang, J., C. S. Reynolds, O. M. Blaes, M. A. Nowak, N. Murray, G. Madejski, H. L. Marshall, and P. Magdziarz. "SimultaneousEUVE/ASCA/RXTEObservations of NGC 5548." Astrophysical Journal 528, no. 1 (January 2000): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/308178.

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9

Bottorff, M. C., K. T. Korista, I. Shlosman, and R. D. Blandford. "Hydromagnetic Wind Model for the Broad-Line Region of NGC 5548." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 159 (1997): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100040082.

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AbstractA hydromagnetic wind model from a dusty molecular disk (Emmering, Blandford, & Shlosman 1992) was applied to the BLR in NGC 5548 and produced synthetic C IV line profiles as a function of time. The model C IV profiles are compared to data from the 1993 IUE/HST campaign and properties of the the BLR of NGC 5548 are inferred.

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Panagiotou, C., I. E. Papadakis, E. S. Kammoun, and M. Dovčiak. "Multiwavelength power-spectrum analysis of NGC 5548." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 1998–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2920.

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ABSTRACT NGC 5548 was recently monitored intensively from NIR to X-rays as part of the STORM campaign. Its disc emission was found to lag behind the observed X-rays, while the measured time lag was increasing with wavelength. These results are consistent with the assumption that short-term variability in AGN emission is driven by the X-ray illumination of the accretion disc. In this work, we studied the power spectrum of UV/optical and X-ray emission of NGC 5548, using the data of the STORM campaign as well as previous Swift data, in order to investigate the relation between the UV/optical and X-ray variability and to examine its consistency with the above picture. We demonstrate that even the power spectrum results are compatible with a standard disc being illuminated by X-rays, with low accretion rates, but the details are not entirely consistent with the results from the modelling of the ‘τ versus λ’ relation. The differences indicate that the inner disc might be covered by a ‘warm corona’ which does not allow the detection of UV/optical emission from the inner disc. Finally, we found strong evidence that the UV emission of NGC 5548 is not stationary.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NGC 5548"

1

LaCluyzé, Aaron Patrick. "He II reverberation in NGC 5548." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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2

Starkey, D., Keith Horne, M. M. Fausnaugh, B. M. Peterson, M. C. Bentz, C. S. Kochanek, K. D. Denney, et al. "SPACE TELESCOPE AND OPTICAL REVERBERATION MAPPING PROJECT.VI. REVERBERATING DISK MODELS FOR NGC 5548." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622875.

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We conduct a multiwavelength continuum variability study of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 to investigate the temperature structure of its accretion disk. The 19 overlapping continuum light curves (1158 angstrom to 9157 angstrom) combine simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope, Swift, and ground-based observations over a 180 day period from 2014 January to July. Light-curve variability is interpreted as the reverberation response of the accretion disk to irradiation by a central time-varying point source. Our model yields the disk inclination i = 36 degrees +/- 10 degrees, temperature T-1= (44 +/- 6) x 10(3) K at 1 light day from the black hole, and a temperature-radius slope (T proportional to r(-alpha)) of alpha = 0.99 +/- 0.03. We also infer the driving light curve and find that it correlates poorly with both the hard and soft X-ray light curves, suggesting that the X-rays alone may not drive the ultraviolet and optical variability over the observing period. We also decompose the light curves into bright, faint, and mean accretion-disk spectra. These spectra lie below that expected for a standard blackbody accretion disk accreting at L/L-Edd = 0.1.

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Goad, M. R., K. T. Korista, G. De Rosa, G. A. Kriss, R. Edelson, A. J. Barth, G. J. Ferland, et al. "SPACE TELESCOPE AND OPTICAL REVERBERATION MAPPING PROJECT. IV. ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOR OF THE BROAD ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION LINES IN NGC 5548." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621259.

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During an intensive Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) UV monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 performed from 2014 February to July, the normally highly correlated far UV continuum and broad emission line variations decorrelated for similar to 60-70 days, starting similar to 75 days after the first HST/COS observation. Following this anomalous state, the flux and variability of the broad emission lines returned to a more normal state. This transient behavior, characterized by significant deficits in flux and equivalent width of the strong broad UV emission lines, is the first of its kind to be unambiguously identified in an active galactic nucleus reverberation mapping campaign. The largest corresponding emission line flux deficits occurred for the high ionization, collisionally excited lines C IV and Si IV(+O IV]), and also He II(+O III]), while the anomaly in Ly alpha was substantially smaller. This pattern of behavior indicates a depletion in the flux of photons with E-ph > 54 eV relative to those near 13.6 eV. We suggest two plausible mechanisms for the observed behavior: (i) temporary obscuration of the ionizing continuum incident upon broad line region (BLR) clouds by a moving veil of material lying between the inner accretion disk and inner (BLR), perhaps resulting from an episodic ejection of material from the disk, or (ii) a temporary change in the intrinsic ionizing continuum spectral energy distribution resulting in a deficit of ionizing photons with energies > 54 eV, possibly due to a transient restructuring of the Comptonizing atmosphere above the disk. Current evidence appears to favor the latter explanation.

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Carroll, Carla June. "A Feasibility Study of Photometric Reverberation Mapping with Meter-Class Telescopes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5469.

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For the past several decades, mass estimates for supermassive black holes hosted by active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been made with the reverberation mapping (RM) technique. This methodology has produced consistent results and has been used to establish several relations that link the characteristics of the host galaxy to the mass of the central black hole. Despite this success, there are less than 50 AGN with black hole masses derived from RM. This low number is generally attributed to the difficulties in coordinating large blocks of telescope time for making simultaneous photometric and spectroscopic observations. Spectroscopic observations also generally require several months of nightly observations with moderate to large size telescopes as the signal-to-noise ratio is too low for smaller telescopes. We have made photometric observations of NGC 5548 in four filters (a custom-made Hα10 filter, the Strömgren y filter, the Johnson/Cousins V filter and the Johnson/Cousins R filter) in order to evaluate a photometric methodology for determining the lag time between the variations observed in the continuum and the Hα emission from the broad-line region (BLR) gas. This time delay represents the mean light travel time to the BLR and is therefore a measurement of the mean BLR radius. Multiple JAVELIN analyses of the three continuum light curves (y, V, and R), relative to the light curve from the Hα10 filter yields a value for τ = 3.3 ± 0.1 days. Adopting a value of f = 5.5, along with a single-epoch spectroscopic measurement from Park et of Δv = 4354±25 km/s, enables us to estimate a black hole mass of M_BH = 67.2±2.2x10^6 M_sun.

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Ashek, Ali. "Altered renal function and the development of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5568.

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Inappropriate modulation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) can lead to derangements of blood pressure homeostasis in humans. Cyp1a1-mRen2.F transgenic rats were used to define the renal mechanisms underlying the development of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. These transgenic rats were previously generated by introducing the mouse Ren2 gene into the rat genome under the control of a Cyp1a1 inducible promoter. The aim of the current investigation was to establish the contribution of renal function to the development of hypertension in the Cyp1a1- mRen2.F transgenic rat. Expression of the mRen2 transgene was induced by daily gavage of indole 3 carbinol (I3C) at the dose of 100mg/kg. Blood pressure was measured in conscious rats after 1, 3 or 7 days of treatment. The control group received the vegetable oil carrier for 7 days. In addition blood pressure, renal haemodynamics and excretory function were measured under thiobutabarbital anaesthesia. Transgene induction caused a progressive increase in blood pressure in a time dependent manner. Neither glomerular filtration rate nor renal blood flow was affected. This indicates proper function of renal autoregulation during the experimental time course. Tubular sodium reabsorption was significantly increased after the first day of transgene induction and this effect was sustained for the duration of treatment. A pharmacological approach was used to localize the increased reabsorption to a specific region of the nephron and was found to reflect increased activity of the thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (NCC). Chronic administration of thiazide significantly blunted the hypertensive response to transgene induction. Similarly AT1 receptor blockade attenuated the hypertensive phenotype and prevented the transgene-induced stimulation of NCC activity. In contrast, mineralocorticoid receptor blockade did not prevent the development of either hypertension or increased NCC activity. The current study suggests that the development of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension is mediated by increased tubular sodium reabsorption. Increased activity of NCC is a key hypertensive mechanism in this model and results directly from the actions of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor; indirect aldosterone pathways do not play a major role.

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Hoffmann, Samantha L. "Cepheid Variables and their Application to the Cosmological Distance Scale." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149608.

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In the current era of “precision cosmology”, measuring the expansion rate of the Universe (Hubble constant, or H0) more accurately and precisely helps to better constrain the properties of dark energy. Cepheid-based distances are a critical step in the Extragalactic Distance Scale and have been recently used to measure H0 with a total uncertainty of only 3.4%. I will present my work on Cepheid variables in three different galaxies as part of this effort. NGC 4258 is a galaxy with a very precise and accurate distance (3% uncertainty) based on radio interferometric observations of water masers orbiting its central massive black hole. Therefore, it can be used to obtain a robust absolute calibration of the Cepheid Period-Luminosity relation. I analyzed observations of NGC 4258 obtained at Gemini North over four years and increased the number of long-period Cepheids (P>45 days) known in this galaxy. NGC 5584 was the host of type Ia SN 2007af. I applied a difference imaging technique to Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of this galaxy and discovered several hundred Cepheids. I compared my results with previous work based on traditional PSF photometry. The distance estimates of the two samples matched within the errors of the measurements, and so the difference imaging technique was a success. Additionally, I validated the first “white-light” variability search with the HST F350LP filter for discovering Cepheids. NGC 4921 is located in the heart of the Coma cluster at a distance of about 100 Mpc. I conducted a search for Cepheid variables using HST, extending the reach of Hubble by a factor of 3 relative to previous Cepheid work. Since Coma is in the Hubble flow, this approach eliminates the need for a secondary distance indicator and enables a direct determination of H0 based exclusively on a Cepheid distance. I present preliminary results from this challenging project.

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Books on the topic "NGC 5548"

1

Ground-based studies of emission-line variability: Recent results for NGC 5548 and future plans. [Columbus, Ohio]: Dept. of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 1990.

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2

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Ground-based studies of emission-line variability: Recent results for NGC 5548 and future plans. [Columbus, Ohio]: Dept. of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "NGC 5548"

1

Kaastra, J. S., R. Mewe, J. Heise, F. J. M. Alkemade, C. J. Schrijver, and T. Carone. "EUVE Observations of NGC 5548." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 325. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_55.

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2

Kollatschny, W., and M. Dietrich. "Emission Line Variability in NGC 4593 and NGC 5548." In The Nearest Active Galaxies, 179–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1930-6_26.

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3

Rosenblatt, Edward I., and Matthew A. Malkan. "Broad Line Variations in NGC 5548." In Active Galactic Nuclei, 114–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0963-2_31.

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4

Wallinder, F. "A Single Variability Model for NGC 6814 and NGC 5548." In Theory of Accretion Disks — 2, 287–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0858-4_29.

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5

Kaastra, J. S., R. Mewe, and N. Roos. "Line Emission from Warm Material in NGC 5548." In Astrophysics in the Extreme Ultraviolet, 51–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3988-5_9.

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6

Dietrich, Matthias, and Wolfram Kollatschny. "Variability of the Broad Emission Line Profiles in NGC 5548." In Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei, 200–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77566-6_41.

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7

Mathur, Smita, Martin Elvis, and Belinda Wilkes. "Testing Unified X-ray — UV Absorber Models with NGC 5548." In QSO Absorption Lines, 245–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49458-4_50.

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8

Magdziarz, P., and O. Blaes. "A Model of the Broad-Band Continuum of NGC 5548." In The Hot Universe, 430–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4970-9_158.

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9

Peterson, B. M., and K. T. Korista. "Intensive Spectroscopic Monitoring of NGC 5548 with HST and IUE." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 177–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_23.

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Bottorff, M. C., K. T. Korista, I. Shlosman, and R. D. Blandford. "Reverberation Modeling of the Broad Emission Line Region in NGC 5548." In Astronomical Time Series, 247–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8941-3_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "NGC 5548"

1

Chiang, James. "EUVE/ASCA/RXTE observations of NGC 5548." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY: Stellar Endpoints,AGN, and the Diffuse X-ray Background. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434690.

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Magdziarz, Pawel, Omer Blaes, Andrzej A. Zdziarski, W. Neil Johnson, and David A. Smith. "Broad-band continuum and variability of NGC 5548." In The fourth compton symposium. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.54115.

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Rosa, A. De. "The BeppoSAX long looks at the Seyfert 1 galaxies NGC 5548 and NGC 3783." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY: Stellar Endpoints,AGN, and the Diffuse X-ray Background. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434698.

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McHardy, Ian, Sam Connolly, Duncan Cameron, Tom Dwelly, Paulina Lira, Dimitrios Emmanoulopoulos, Jonathan Gelbord, Elme Breedt, Patricia Arevalo, and Phil Uttley. "The largest Swift AGN monitoring: UV/optical variability in NGC 5548." In Swift: 10 Years of Discovery. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.233.0053.

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SHAPOVALOVA, A. I., V. T. DOROSHENKO, N. G. BOCHKAREV, A. N. BURENKOV, L. CARRASCO, V. H. CHAVUSHYAN, S. COLLIN, et al. "PROFILE VARIABILITY OF THE Hα AND Hβ BROAD EMISSION LINES IN NGC 5548." In Proceedings of the Guillermo Haro Conference 2003. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702432_0051.

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Detmers, R. G., J. S. Kaastra, I. M. McHardy, A. Comastri, L. Angelini, and M. Cappi. "X-ray narrow line region variability as a geometry probe: The case of NGC 5548." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY 2009; PRESENT STATUS, MULTI-WAVELENGTH APPROACH AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3475276.

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Petrucci, P. O. "A self-consistent test of Comptonization models using a long BeppoSAX observation of NGC 5548." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY: Stellar Endpoints,AGN, and the Diffuse X-ray Background. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434664.

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Patel, Juber, Maysun Hasan, Fanli Meng, Xiaohong Jing, Dilmi Perera, Jonathan Reichel, Erika Gedvilaite, et al. "Abstract 5598: Development and optimization of a comprehensive high-sensitivity NGS cancer assay and bioinformatics pipeline for plasma cfDNA profiling." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-5598.

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Reports on the topic "NGC 5548"

1

McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.

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