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1
Shorthose, James. A contribution to the critical theory of organisations: (neo) human relations management theory, ideology and subjectivity. [s.l.]: typescript, 1996.
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2
Chaos theory and the Larrikin Principle: Working with organisations in a neo-liberal world. Malmö: Liber, 2010.
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3
Fleuren, Hein. Operations Research Proceedings 2004: Selected Papers of the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society (GOR). Jointly Organized with the Netherlands Society for Operations Research (NGB) Tilburg, September 1-3, 2004. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005.
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4
Katherine, McLaren, Bisson Ronald, and Canadian Council for International Co-operation., eds. Grabbing the tiger by the tail: NGOs learning for organizational change. [Canada]: Canadian Council for International Co-operation, 1996.
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5
Kelleher, David. Grabbing the tiger by the tail: NGOs learning for organizaitional change. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Council for International Co-operation, 1996.
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6
Strategic planning and management in nonprofit organizations and NGOs: Theory, practice, research, and cases. New Delhi: Asian Books, 2011.
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7
Maloney, J. Christopher. Dual Aspect Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0006.
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Carruthers proposes a subtle dispositionalist rendition of higher order theory regarding phenomenal character. The theory would distinguish unconscious movement management from conscious attitude management as perceptual processes. Each process takes perceptual representations as inputs. A representation subject to attitude management is apt to induce a higher order representation of itself that secures a self-referential aspect of its content supposedly determinative of phenomenal character. Unfortunately, the account requires a problematic cognitive ambiguity while failing to explain why attitude, but not movement, management, determines character. Moreover, normal variation in attitudinal management conflicts with the constancy typical of phenomenal character. And although an agent denied perceptual access to a scene about which she is otherwise well informed would suffer no phenomenal character, dispositionalist theory entails otherwise. Such problems, together with the results of the previous chapters, suggest that, whether cloaked under intentionalism or higher order theory, representationalism mistakes content for character.
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Measham, Thomas, and Stewart Lockie, eds. Risk and Social Theory in Environmental Management. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104136.
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Risk and Social Theory in Environmental Management marks a timely contribution, given that environmental management is no longer just about protecting pristine ecosystems and endangered species from anthropogenic harm; it is about calculating and managing the risks to human communities of rapid environmental and technological change.
Firstly, the book provides a solid foundation of the social theory underpinning the nature of risk, then presents a re-thinking of key concepts and methods in order to take more seriously the biophysical embeddedness of human society. Secondly, it presents a rich set of case studies from Australia and around the world, drawing on the latest applied research conducted by leading research institutions. In so doing, the book identifies the tensions that arise from decision-making over risk and uncertainty in a contested policy environment, and provides crucial insights for addressing on-ground problems in an integrated way.
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Westphal, James, and Sun Hyun Park. Symbolic Management. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792055.001.0001.
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This book presents the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive, behavioral theory of corporate governance. It describes a pervasive pattern of symbolic decoupling, or separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system. The processes of governance are less efficient or effective than they appear, at every level: from interpersonal relations within organizations, such as relations between chief executive officers and directors and between top managers and lower-level employees, between firm leaders and external stakeholders, and between communities of leaders and groups of constituents. There is even a separation between appearances and reality at the level of the governance system. Symbolic management comprises the agentic practices by which decoupling is maintained at different levels of the system, including internal and external communications by firm leaders that conform to prevailing cultural values. The symbolic management perspective not only provides an integrative, behavioral alternative to economic theories of governance such as agency theory, but it subsumes economic theory. Agency theory is reconceived as a historically contingent, institutional logic, or a set of cultural values, assumptions, and prescriptions that became taken for granted among key stakeholders for a period of time. We reveal a gradual shift in institutional logics of governance, away from the traditional agency logic, and toward an alternative “neo-corporate” logic that reinterprets agency prescriptions and drops fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory. Our theory and research ultimately demonstrate how the symbolic management activities of firm leaders have contributed to this historical shift in prevailing logics of governance.
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Eck, John E., and Tamara D. Madensen. Place Management. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.22.
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The theory of place management explains why some properties have a great deal of crime or disorder and most others have little or no crime or disorder. This chapter first provides a background necessary for understanding place management. It then describes place managers: who they are and how they differ from others involved in crime or its suppression. This is followed by discussions of what place managers do that is important for preventing or facilitating crime; how place management theory embraces a wide variety of other explanations for crime at place; the processes involved in place management; and the empirical evidence that place management exists and can be manipulated. The final section shows that place management theory opens up several lines of enquiry that could give us a fuller explanation of crime patterns, and could lead to better ways to reduce crime.
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A Critique of the New Public Management and the Neo-Weberian State: Advancing a Critical Theory of Administrative Reform, Public Organization Review. Can't find the publisher, 2007.
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12
Sturdy, Andrew, Christopher Wright, and Nick Wylie. Management and Consultancy. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.30.
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This chapter explores an important, but much-neglected feature of management—its relationship with management consultancy. It firstly contrasts the dominant definitions of consulting as either inclusive or exclusive of management. Rather, management and consulting are shown to be both the same and different, especially in terms of a recent convergence towards both ‘consultancy as management’ and ‘management as consultancy’. The chapter looks at these developments in terms of the emergence of neo-bureaucratic organizations and a consultant manager role with an emphasis on change management, formal tools, project working, and facilitation. It then examines the relationship between management and consultancy in terms of their interactions in practice, through the idea of the activity and passivity of managerial clients of consultancy and the ideas they promote. Overall, the chapter seeks to broaden the analysis of management away from concerns within organizations towards that which spans organizational boundaries.
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Labrador, Angela M., and Neil Asher Silberman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Public Heritage Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.001.0001.
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The field of cultural heritage is no longer solely dependent on the expertise of art and architectural historians, archaeologists, conservators, curators, and site and museum administrators. It has dramatically expanded across disciplinary boundaries and social contexts, with even the basic definition of what constitutes cultural heritage being widened far beyond the traditional categories of architecture, artifacts, archives, and art. Heritage now includes vernacular architecture, intangible cultural practices, knowledge, and language, performances, and rituals, as well as cultural landscapes. Heritage has also become increasingly entangled with the broader social, political, and economic contexts in which heritage is created, managed, transmitted, protected, or even destroyed. Heritage protection now encompasses a growing set of methodological approaches whose objectives are not necessarily focused upon the maintenance of material fabric, which has traditionally been cultural heritage’s primary concern. This handbook charts some of the major sites of convergence between the humanities and the social sciences—where new disciplinary perspectives are being brought to bear on heritage. These convergences have the potential to provide the inter-disciplinary expertise needed not only to critique but also to achieve the intertwined intellectual, political, and socio-economic goals of cultural heritage in the twenty-first century. This volume highlights the potential contributions of development studies, political science, anthropology, management studies, human geography, ecology, psychology, sociology, cognitive studies, and education to heritage studies and management.
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Cullum, Sarah. Management of dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0039.
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The management of dementia discusses the needs of people in both the early and later stages of dementia, focusing on social and environmental aspects as well as physical and psychological. The main management tasks in early dementia are helping the person with dementia and their family come to terms with the diagnosis, optimising quality of life in the present, and planning for the future. In later dementia we deal with maintaining person-hood, the emergence of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, making decisions for a person who no longer has capacity to do so for themselves, and end of life care in people who are increasingly frail and have limited ability to communicate their needs. Underpinning all of these is the need for respect and communication, and to provide person-centred and relationship-centred care for people with dementia and their carers.
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Lægreid, Per. New Public Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.159.
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New Public Management (NPM) reforms have been around in many countries for over the past 30 years. NPM is an ambiguous, multifaceted, and expanded concept. There is not a single driving force behind it, but rather a mixture of structural and polity features, national historical-institutional contexts, external pressures, and deliberate choices from political and administrative executives. NPM is not the only show in town, and contextual features matter. There is no convergence toward one common NPM model, but significant variations exist between countries, government levels, policy areas, tasks, and over time. Its effects have been found to be ambiguous, inconclusive, and contested. Generally, there is a lack of reliable data on results and implications, and there is some way to go before one can claim evidence-based policymaking in this field. There is more knowledge regarding NPM’s effects on processes and activities than on outcome, and reliable comparative data on variations over time and across countries are missing. NPM has enhanced managerial accountability and accountability to users and customers, but has this success been at the expense of political accountability? New trends in reforms, such as whole-of-government, have been added to NPM, thereby making public administration more complex and hybrid.
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Chester, Andrea, and Di Bretherton. Impression management and identity online. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0015.
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Online impressions ‘need not in any way correspond to a person's real life identity; people can make and remake themselves, choosing their gender and the details of their online presentation’. This comment came to represent the way the Internet was portrayed both in the popular media and within academic writing in the 1990s. Online communication was seen to hold the potential for unique opportunities to present the self: no longer constrained by corporeal reality, users could invent and reinvent themselves. They could manage impressions in ways never before possible. The Internet was described as the quintessential playground for postmodern plurality, fragmentation, and contextual construction of self. This article examines the process of impression management online and considers whether these conceptualizations of identity experimentation still accurately describe ‘life on the screen’.
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Pulakos, Elaine D., and Mariangela Battista, eds. Performance Management Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190942878.001.0001.
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No other talent process has been the subject of such great debate and emotion as performance management (PM). For decades, different strategies have been tried to improve PM processes, yielding an endless cycle of reform to capture the next “flavor-of-the-day” PM trend. The past 5 years, however, have brought novel thinking that is different from past trends. Companies are reducing their formal processes, driving performance-based cultures, and embedding effective PM behavior into daily work rather than relying on annual reviews to drive these. Through case studies provided from leading organizations, this book illustrates the range of PM processes that companies are using today. These show a shift away from adopting someone else’s best practice; instead, companies are designing bespoke PM processes that fit their specific strategy, climate, and needs. Leading PM thought leaders offer their views about the state of PM today, what we have learned and where we need to focus future efforts, including provocative new research that shows what matters most in driving high performance. This book is a call to action for talent management professionals to go beyond traditional best practice and provide thought leadership in designing PM processes and systems that will enhance both individual and organizational performance.
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Kelleher, David, Kate McLaren, and Ronald Bisson. Grabbing the Tiger by the Tail: Ngos Learning for Organizational Change. Kumarian Press, 1996.
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19
Freye, Enno. Management of poisoning by amphetamine or ecstasy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0322.
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While amphetamine and especially methamphetamine (speed) is being misused by all social classes in order to increase stamina, intellectual expansion, endurance, and euphoria, the drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) (ecstasy) is preferentially abused by the younger generation for the feeling of empathy, the touching within, and enhancement of the senses. Acute intoxication differs in regard to their effects on the person. The predominant sympathetic overstimulation after methamphetamine results in cardiovascular and CNS hyperactivity accompanied by agitation and seizures, while tachycardia is a prodrome of fibrillation. The excess hypertonia often leads into myocardial infarction and may even induce cerebral haemorrhage. MDMA intoxication often seen in the emergency department is predominantly characterized by hyperthermia, the most important condition to treat, followed by rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Since there is no specific antidote available, in both cases therapy consists of treatment until the acute effects are gone.
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Perkins, Gavin D. Cardiac massage and blood flow management during cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0062.
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When cardiac arrest occurs, blood flow to the vital organs diminishes rapidly. Chest compressions are an essential element of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), yet they achieve, at best, one-third of the normal cardiac output. The speed of initiating CPR, as well as its quality is critical to patient outcomes. Optimal chest characteristics of compressions are defined as pushing hard (depth > 5 cm) and fast (compression rate 100–120/min). Pressure should be released fully between sequential chest compressions and interruptions in chest compressions should be minimized. Even short interruptions in CPR around the time of attempted defibrillation can be harmful. CPR feedback and prompt devices can be used to monitor the quality of CPR. Studies have shown these devices can improve the quality of CPR, but do not improve overall survival. Mechanical chest compression devices may be usefully deployed when it is difficult or unsafe to perform manual CPR, but there is no evidence that the routine deployment of these devices improves outcome. Vasoactive drugs improve coronary perfusion pressure and increase the chances of return of spontaneous circulation. However, there is no definitive evidence that they improve long-term survival. Recent data have raised the possibility that adrenaline may worsen long-term outcomes.
21
Ellis, Stuart, and Kent MacCarter, eds. Incident Management in Australasia. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306183.
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Emergency services personnel conduct their work in situations that are inherently dangerous. Large incidents such as bushfires, floods and earthquakes often pose hazards that are not fully understood at the time of management, and the situation may be further complicated by the involvement of multiple agencies. To promote the safety of personnel and of the broader community, incident management skills must be constantly developed.
Incident Management in Australasia presents lessons learnt from managing major incidents at regional and state levels. It is not an academic work. Rather, it is a collection of stories from professionals on the ground and others who subsequently reviewed the events and gained significant knowledge and understanding through that process. Some stories are personal, capturing emotional impact and deep reflection, and others are analytical, synthesising the findings of experience and inquests. All the stories relate to managing operational events and capture knowledge that no one person could gain in a single career.
This book builds on current industry strategies to improve emergency responses. It will assist incident managers and those working at all levels in incident management teams, from Station Officer to Commissioner. It is highly readable and will also be of interest to members of the public with an appreciation for the emergency services.
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Zarowin, Paul. Estimation of Discretionary Accruals and the Detection of Earnings Management. Edited by Michael A. Hitt, Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley, and Douglas Michael Wright. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.013.20.
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This article reviews recent research on the estimation of discretionary accruals and the detection of earnings management. There has been an explosive growth in research on accrual earnings management over the past twenty years, and almost all has used the Jones (1991) model or one of its close derivatives. Nevertheless, a growing literature has addressed the model’s problems and attempted to improve its estimation of discretionary accruals. The model’s incomplete characterization of how nondiscretionary accruals are determined by the firm’s operations can cause either Type I or Type II errors. This article categorizes recent articles into four groups based on their focus and solution, and while there is no panacea for the problems and no consensus on a new model or method, research offers hope that accrual earnings management is more likely to be detected when it exists and is less likely to be erroneously detected when it is absent (i.e., lower Type II and Type I errors, respectively).
23
Rajagopalan, Ram E. Management of corrosive poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0329.
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Corrosive poisoning, typically with household chemicals, is a common problem in children and adults. As ingestion by adults is often intentional, they are usually associated with larger volumes of strong agents and have the potential to create more severe injury than that observed in the accidental ingestions commonly seen in children. The goal of acute care in these cases is to stabilize acute compromise of haemodynamics and to ensure patency of the injured airway. Blind placement of nasogastric tubes and attempts at dilution or neutralization of the ingested chemical are potentially hazardous and should be avoided. Early identification of oesophageal or gastric perforation by clinical evaluation and radiological testing will lead to early and appropriate surgical interventions for these complications. The primary focus after initial stabilization is to evaluate the extent of gastrointestinal injury by early endoscopy. The application of a standardized score to grade the injury allows risk stratification, the planning of nutritional support and referral for appropriate management of the chronic sequelae of scarring and stenosis of the injured gastrointestinal tract. No specific medical therapy can attenuate the extent of damage acutely nor alter the progression of chronic changes.
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Garland, David. 1. What is the welfare state? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199672660.003.0001.
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There are three general conceptions used for the welfare state: the first characterizes the welfare state as welfare for the poor; the second focuses on social insurance, social rights, and social services; and the third highlights economic management and the role that the ‘government of the economy’ plays in every welfare state. ‘What is the welfare state?’ explains that welfare states are varied, complex, and difficult to define. There is no simple theory that clearly expresses what they do, no simple vision that neatly captures what they are for. The welfare state is a damage-limiting, problem-solving device rather than anyone’s ideal social relationship.
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Felquer, Laura Acosta, and Enrique R. Soriano. Approach to management and symptomatic (including non-pharmacologic) management of psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0027.
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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogenous disease with multiple manifestations and comorbidities, and requires a collaborative management with other specialists. The major symptoms bordering patients are pain stiffness, and swelling, but fatigue, depression, embarrassment and fear are frequent and not always assessed by treating physicians. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and local glucocorticosteroid injections remain important treatment options that should be used, although with caution, in the appropriate patient. Since the pre-biologic era, physical therapy has been part of non-pharmacological treatment in patients with rheumatic disease. Unfortunately there is little evidence of the efficacy of rehabilitation in PsA with no study with high grade of evidence. Surgery should be reserved for advanced cases as the new paradigms in the treatment of PsA (early diagnosis and treatment, remission as an objective, and treat to target), would very probably reduce the already low number of patients that need this last treatment option. In PsA patients surgery outcomes are similar to those of surgical management of other forms of arthritis. Symptomatic and non-pharmacologic management of PsA remain as important adjuvants of PsA treatment, although with little evidence.
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Bouchama, Abderrezak. Pathophysiology and management of hyperthermia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0353.
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Hyperthermia is a state of elevated core temperature that rises rapidly above 40°C, secondary to failure of thermoregulation. Hyperthermia has many causes, but it is the hallmark of three conditions—heatstroke, malignant hyperthermia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The clinical and metabolic alterations of hyperthermia, if left untreated, can culminate in multiple organ system failure and death. High temperature causes direct cellular death and tissue damage. The extent of tissue injury is a function of the degree and duration of hyperthermia. Heat-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and exacerbated activation of inflammation and coagulation are also contributory. Hyperthermia is a true medical emergency with rapid progression to multiple organ system failure and death. The primary therapeutic goal is to reduce body temperature as quickly as possible using physical cooling methods, and if indicated, the use of pharmacological treatment to accelerate cooling. There is no evidence of the superiority of one cooling technique over another. Non-invasive techniques that are easy to use and well-tolerated are preferred. Pharmacological cooling with Dantrolene sodium is crucial in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.
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Chiarandini, Paolo, and Giorgio Della Rocca. Post-operative ventilatory dysfunction management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0362.
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Alterations in respiratory function and gas exchanges are frequently seen in patients during anaesthesia and in the post-operative period. Mechanical ventilation and drugs such as neuromuscular blocking agents can alter normal function of the respiratory system and cause damage to lungs. Protective ventilation strategies should always be adopted intra-operatively in mechanically-ventilated patients. A neuromuscular monitoring-guided use of decurarizating agents and post-operative adequate analgesia techniques are recommended to avoid post-operative residual curarization and pain. Pneumonia is the most frequent infective complication, but at the moment there are no recommended clinical tools (scoring systems) to identify patients at high. A fast-track surgical approach and early can decrease the risk. Early mobilization and prophylactic low molecular weight heparins use have a well-documented efficacy on prevention of pulmonary embolism. There is still no general consensus on the widespread use of early NIV in post-operative patients, although in selected high-risk patients it could help respiratory recovery and reduce complications.
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Soni, Neil. Assessment and management of fat embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0337.
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Fat embolism syndrome is a complication of a range of conditions. It is hard to prevent, difficult to diagnose, and there is no specific effective treatment. The syndrome is composed of respiratory, haematological, neurological, and cutaneous symptoms and signs associated with trauma, in particular long bone fractures, and other disparate surgical and medical conditions. It most commonly follows orthopaedic surgery, but can also follow liposuction and medical conditions, as disparate as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and sickle cell disease are possible precipitants. The pathogenesis is still debated. It is clear that while fat emboli occur quite commonly, the clinical syndrome with respiratory, neurological, and other sequelae is rare. Diagnosis is by pattern recognition, but recently characteristic features seen on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging can be used to increase the probability of the diagnosis. Various therapeutic options have been tried and failed and treatment is currently supportive.
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Lehmann, Scott. Privatizing Public Lands. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089721.001.0001.
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In the United States, private ownership of land is not a new idea, yet the federal government retains title to roughly a quarter of the nation's land, including national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges. Managing these properties is expensive and contentious, and few management decisions escape criticism. Some observers, however, argue that such criticism is largely misdirected. The fundamental problem, in their view, is collective ownership and its solution is privatization. A free market, they claim, directs privately owned resources to their most productive uses, and privatizing public lands would create a free market in their services. This timely study critically examines these issues, arguing that there is no sense of "productivity" for which it is true that greater productivity is both desirable and a likely consequence of privatizing public lands or "marketizing" their management. Lehmann's discussion is self-contained, with background chapters on federal lands and management agencies, economics, and ethics, and will interest philosophers as well as public policy analysts.
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Hunt, Paul, and Ian Greaves. Oxford Manual of Major Incident Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199238088.001.0001.
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Regrettably, no year passes without some form of major incident occurring somewhere in the United Kingdom. To the traditional threats of transport, industrial, and natural disasters has been added the possibility of a major terrorist atrocity such as the London bombings of 7 July 2005 or the recent marauding gun attacks in Paris. The international situation continues to suggest that the likelihood of further similar attacks is a question of when, rather than if. That said, for most professional responders, a transport incident such as the GNER crash at Great Heck, a chemical incident such as Flixborough, or an environmental catastrophe like Boscastle is probably the most likely type of incident that they will be involved in. The key to a successful response lies in preparedness and effective planning built upon up-to-date knowledge and a full awareness of relevant policy and procedures. The recent enquiry into the emergency services response to ‘7/7’ highlighted a number of failings while also complementing the individuals from all services and specialities who offered aid. Although, due to the nature of this incident being especially sensitive, it is clear that the emergency services response to any incident will be subject to intense public scrutiny—both official and via the media. There is a clear need to establish a core knowledge base which extends beyond individual professional boundaries and hence the need for this manual. The Oxford Manual of Major Incident Management will, for the first time, bring together and integrate the key facts for potential emergency responders to, or who may be involved in the planning and preparation for, a major incident of any type or scale.
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Systems thinking for social change : a practical guide to solving complex problems, avoiding unintended consequences, and achieving lasting results. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2015.
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Whitty, Christopher J. M. Diagnosis and management of malaria in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0292.
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Falciparum malaria is the commonest life-threatening imported tropical infection. The most important critical care intervention is rapid high-dose antimalarial treatment with artesunate, or if that is not available quinine. The common complications of malaria are different in children and adults. Cerebral malaria may occur in both, for which there is no specific therapy. Renal failure and acute lung injury are much more common in adults, and may occur late in the course of the disease, even after parasites have cleared. In children acidosis, anaemia and Gram-negative sepsis are more common. Renal and respiratory support may be needed in adults. Malaria alone seldom causes shock and if patients are shocked, co-existing Gram-negative sepsis should be considered. In children there is evidence that bolus hydration increases mortality. Most patients make a full recovery even after prolonged periods of unconsciousness.
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Isbister, Geoffrey, and Colin Page. Management of β-blocker and calcium channel blocker poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0325.
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β-blocker and calcium channel-blockers can cause life-threatening toxicity due to cardiogenic shock. Both β-blockers and calcium channel-blockers are heterogenous groups of drugs and particular drugs, such as propranolol, diltiazem, and verapamil are far more toxic than the others in their class. The most important investigations in β-blocker and calcium channel-blocker overdose are an electrocardiogram, blood glucose measurement, and electrolytes. Like most overdoses, supportive treatment is the most important, with emphasis on the primary pathophysiology. Early decontamination should be considered based on the severity of the poisoning. Treatment of β-blockers and calcium channel-blockers poisoning, using absolute blood pressure as an endpoint can be misleading and measuring cardiac output can be more informative in gauging response to treatment. There are no specific antidotes, although β-agonists may be effective in β-blocker overdose and calcium has been shown to be effective in calcium channel-blocker overdose. The choice of inotropes and/or vasopressors will differ for β-blockers and calcium channel-blockers. These include isoprenaline, high dose insulin euglycaemia, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and other catecholaminergic inotropes for β-blocker poisoning and adrenaline, high dose insulin euglycaemia and vasopressors for calcium channel-blocker poisoning.
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Radermacher, Peter, and Claus-Martin Muth. Pathophysiology and management of depth-related disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0351.
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Decompression illness comprises decompression sickness resulting from tissue inert gas super-saturation and pulmonary barotraumas due to alveolar or airway over-distension. Gas bubbles can cause vascular obstruction or tissue compression, resulting in tissue ischaemia and oedema. Interactions between the blood–gas interface and the endothelium will result in further tissue damage, and trigger an inflammatory cascade with capillary leakage and haemoconcentration. Decompression illness may mimic any other emergency pathology and any emergency coinciding with decompression is ‘due to’ decompression. Pulmonary barotrauma-induced arterial gas embolism and decompression sickness can be discriminated according to the onset of symptoms, with gas embolism predominantly developing within a few minutes after or even during decompression. Specific treatment consists of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, using several empirically-derived hyperbaric oxygen treatment schedules. Currently, there is no recognized pharmacological treatment, but fluid resuscitation is useful to counteract haemoconcentration and dehydration. Early treatment initiation is mandatory, and certain technical issues must be considered for the management of critically-ill patients in a hyperbaric chamber.
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Barnes, Thomas R. E. Pharmacological management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: alternatives to clozapine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0009.
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Other than for clozapine, there are no pharmacological interventions with robust evidence of a positive benefit–risk balance for the treatment-resistant schizophrenia. For patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, there is usually little to be gained, in comparison to switching the antipsychotic to clozapine, from alternatives such as a further switch to a non-clozapine antipsychotic medication, the prescription of high-dose or combined antipsychotic medications, or the augmentation of continuing antipsychotic medication with other medications, such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or benzodiazepines. However, where these are tried, each initiation of high-dose or combined antipsychotic medication or an augmentation strategy should be treated as an individual trial and appropriately monitored and reviewed, with discontinuation in case of inefficacy or benefit that is outweighed by safety or tolerability concerns.
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Elger, Bernice S. Management of sleep complaints in correctional settings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0016.
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Inmates of correctional settings often seek health care for sleep and drug problems. Studies on insomnia in correctional institutions are scarce. Sleep problems among detainees are frequent. Appropriate evaluation and treatment remains a challenge in correctional settings. Correctional health professionals need appropriate education regarding insomnia evaluation and management. Guidelines should be based on the principle of equivalence of care and take into account all evidence from research in the community and in correctional settings. Priority should be given to assessing modifiable causes and contributions to disturbed sleep and to non-pharmacological treatment such as targeted cognitive behavior therapy. Pharmacologically, there is no evidence-based justification to replace short-term pharmacologic management using benzodiazepines with antipsychotics or antidepressants. In correctional settings, prescriptions of antipsychotics and antidepressants for sleep problems can increase risk due to polypharmacy and higher suicide risks. Correctional physicians should monitor and document the evaluation and treatment practice concerning insomnia complaints in order to improve safe, evidence-based treatment. This chapter outlines treatment guidelines for insomnia that apply in community settings and then presents an overview of the clinical and ethical issues of insomnia management in correctional institutions and provides evidence-based recommendations.
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Anteby, Michel. Management and Morality/Ethics—The Elusive Corporate Morals. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.22.
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What do corporate morals entail? Since Émile Durkheim’s assertion that in the business world, no professional morals prevail several scholars have tried to debunk his assertion by specifying such morals. This chapter reviews these efforts from the middle of the twentieth century with the consolidation of management as a profession to recent developments in the making of corporate cultures. The chapter shows that these scholarly efforts have led to a better understanding of certain aspects of corporate morals, but also notes that a defining feature of corporate morals seems to be their elusive quality. It argues that scholars’ difficulty in pinpointing the contents of corporate morals might tell us a lot about those morals themselves. More specifically, the author proposes that manager under-specification of morals suggests an underlying commitment to moral relativism. Thus the elusiveness of corporate morals might be an artefact of the morals themselves.
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Colameco, Stephen. Self-Directed Non-Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pain (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0017.
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This chapter supplements Chapter 16 by emphasizing non-medication pain management techniques that have no need of a facilitator or intercessor beyond education and initiation. The successful management of chronic pain most often requires comprehensive approaches that include self-care and psychological, functional-restorative, and alternative-integrative approaches to complement medical treatments. Many patients with chronic pain lack access to integrated multidisciplinary care; under these circumstances, patient education and pain self-management may play a critical role in recovery, especially in the context of substance use disorders. Self-management or self-directed approaches may include psychological self-help, behavioral approaches, online support, group support, nutrition, graded exercise, the use of OTC devices (e.g., TENS), self-guided movement therapies, and other approaches. Sections on spirituality, sleep, and nutrition complete the foundation of self-directed therapies. The authors note that it is crucial to motivate patients and their families to become active participants in their own treatment process.
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Krcˇevski-Škvarcˇ, Nevenka. Working at the frontiers of pain management in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0044.
Full textAbstract:
We focus on the development of pain management in the Eastern European countries. Economic, political, and other disparities separate Eastern Europe from the rest of continent. Pain Management is often a neglected healthcare need. The main obstacles in the development of pain medicine and management are the lack of money, insufficient education, the lack of specialists and facilities for pain management, and no interest within healthcare institutions or the entire healthcare system to introduce national plans for pain management. National pain associations from Eastern European countries joined to the European Pain Federation (EFIC) have the federation’s support to improve situation in their countries. The support is given in the grants for education, fellowships, and scientific meetings, consulting and sharing experiences, participation in federation’s activities and the use of federation’s publications.
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Hermans, Greet. Effects of Insulin and Glycaemic Management on Neuromuscular Function. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0042.
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Observational studies have indicated an association between stress-induced hyperglycaemia and neuromuscular complications in critically ill patients. This observation is further supported by electrophysiological findings from two randomized controlled trials which suggested that titrating insulin therapy to achieve a normal blood glucose has a beneficial effect on neuromuscular function, associated with a reduced need for prolonged mechanical ventilation. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms explaining these clinical observations are not well understood. There is no clear evidence that insulin has anabolic effects on muscle nor that it provides mitochondrial protection. It is possible that the effect of insulin therapy reflects a protective action on peripheral nerves; however, this hypothesis awaits confirmation. Overall, the potential benefits on neuromuscular function must be considered in light of large-scale randomized trials which demonstrate equivalent or worse outcome in critically ill patients managed with intensive insulin therapy.
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Anderson, Greg. The Cells of the Social Body. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0013.
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Within their cosmic ecology, the Athenians took it for granted that their polis was a “communion” (koinonia) of households, so in their experience there could be no equivalents of our modern distinctions between state and society or political and social realms. Households (oikoi) functioned as the cells of the social body, such that the vitality of the parts was inseparable from the vitality of the whole. Thus, the human “government” of the polis began not with assembly meetings but with the management of its constituent oikoi, which were the primary means of life and livelihood for all Athenians. The Athenians also took it for granted that the gods had deliberately designed males and females to play different, but complementary roles in the reproduction of social being. Women were expected to serve as “partners” to their husbands in the business of household management, performing a wide range of functions that were essential to the lives of their oikoi and therefore to the life of their polis. While they may not look like “citizens” to us, they were considered full members of the polis (politides) at the time. Terms like “patriarchy” and “misogyny,” so common in the modern literature, are accordingly unhelpful when describing gender relations in classical Athens.
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Albertson, Kevin, Mary Corcoran, and Jake Phillips, eds. Marketisation and Privatisation in Criminal Justice. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345701.001.0001.
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Criminal justice used to be thought of as a field autonomous from politics and the economy, with the management of crime and punishment being seen as essentially the responsibility of government. However, in recent decades, policies have been adopted which blur the institutional boundaries and functions of the public sector with those of for-profit and civil society interests in many parts of the penal/welfare complex. The impact of these developments on society is contested: Proponents of the ‘neo-liberal penality thesis’ argue economic deregulation, welfare retrenchment, individualised choices – and associated responsibility – may be aligned by market forces into efficient delivery of ‘law and order’. Set against the neo-liberal penal position are arguments that the corporate sector may be no more efficient in delivering criminal justice services than is the public sector, and reliance on the profit motive to deliver criminal justice may lead to perverse incentivisation of NGOs or state agencies. It is to this debate we add our contribution. Criminal justice is an ideal sector in which to consider the implications arising from the differing incentive structures held by different institutions, both private and public, citizens, governments, social enterprise and the corporate sector. All agree on the need for criminal justice, even as they compete in the policy sphere to dictate its form and delivery.
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Sharfstein, Joshua M. Opportunity in Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697211.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Public health has no burning buildings, no sirens, and no heroic surgeries. Our ideas frequently draw the ire of entrenched interests opposed to safety measures. Many of those whose health we are seeking to advance have little political capital of their own. Yet the history of public health is replete with examples of the politically impossible becoming possible during crisis. As a result, crisis offers an unique opportunity for health officials. Those who are reluctant to arouse a sense of crisis—even when there is ample justification—are potentially squandering one of their most important tools for change. Those who embrace crisis leadership and management can achieve significant gains in health for their communities.
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Arden, Nigel, and Terence O’Neill. Intra-articular injection therapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0032.
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Intra-articular injection therapy is widely used in the management of osteoarthritis (OA). It has advantages over oral therapy in that it can provide targeted therapy to individual joint sites and at higher dose than could be achieved through oral administration and with fewer adverse effects. Intra-articular steroid therapy, the most widely used intra-articular therapy, is safe and effective in the short term particularly at the knee; though more studies are needed to better characterize the longer-term benefit. The role of intra-articular hyaluronic acid in clinical management of OA is less clear though it may have a role in selected patients in whom other therapies are contraindicated. Currently there are no factors which have been identified as being predictors of response to therapy with intra-articular therapy. Many other intra-articular agents have been used in the management of OA, however, because of the limited evidence base relating to efficacy and safety they cannot currently be recommended for use in routine clinical practice.
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Peach, Ken. Managing Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.001.0001.
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Managing science, which includes managing scientific research and, implicitly, managing scientists, has much in common with managing any enterprise, and most of these issues (e.g. annual budget planning and reporting) form the background. Equally, much scientific research is carried in universities ancient and modern, which have their own mores, ranging from professorial autocracy to democratic plurality, as well as national and international with their missions and styles. But science has issues that require a somewhat different approach if it is to prosper and succeed. Society now expects science, whether publicly or privately funded, to deliver benefits, yet the definition of science presumes no such benefit. Managing the expectations of the scientist with those of society is the challenge of the manager of science. The book addresses some issues around science and the organizations that do science. It then deals with leadership, management and communication, team building, recruitment, motivation, managing scientists, assessing performance, cooperation and competition. This is followed by a discussion of proposal writing and reviewing, committees and meetings, project management, risk and health and safety. Finally, there is a discussion on how to deal with disaster, how to cope with the stresses of management and how to deal with difficult problems.
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Lambert, Marcia, and John Turner. Commercial Forest Plantations on Saline Lands. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100817.
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This book provides the information that will allow users to recover salt-degraded land with selected plantation timbers and ultimately to make a profit.
The authors have drawn on their own experiences plus material from Australia, India, California and Israel where similar saline soil conditions occur. The authors also bring their extensive work in forest biotechnology to the book. The primary species of interest are in the genus Eucalyptus although other species, notably conifers, are referred to.
Issues involved in defining the characteristics of sites where plantations may be established and their special management requirements are discussed. Options are presented for the selection and development of appropriate genotypes plus associated management practices. Monitoring of plantations is shown to be a vital management issue. The work includes a chapter on environmental benefits which will broaden the appeal beyond forest managers, extension officers and students of forestry to companies which produce CO2 but which have no prior knowledge of forestry.
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von Stein, Jana. Compliance With International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.81.
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If there is no authority higher than the state, why do governments ever abide by the pacts they make with each other? For some, the answer is simple: states only respect agreements that fulfill their immediate interests. Others are more optimistic. Some view compliance as a problem of enforcement, arguing that international inducements, reciprocity, concerns about reputation, and/or domestic politics/institutions regularly help sustain adherence. Others perceive compliance as a problem of capacity, or of poor management. Seen from this angle, mechanisms that “punish” through enforcement typically make matters worse; instead, treaties need to be transparent, as well as providing technical/financial assistance and solid dispute resolution. Still others emphasize the impact of social context, identity, and/or legitimacy. Governments keep their promises because they care how others perceive them, internalize norms, or view agreements as valid and fair. This article provides an overview of these perspectives, with a strong emphasis on recent developments, including findings from recent survey experiments.
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Cavanna, Andrea E. Other antiepileptic drugs: rufinamide, lacosamide, perampanel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0017.
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Rufinamide, lacosamide, and perampanel are third-generation agents licensed for use as antiepileptic drugs in recent years. Clinical experience is still limited, and little is known about their positive and negative psychotropic properties or their implications for the management of behavioural symptoms in patients with epilepsy. There are initial reports of anxiety, depression, irritability, and agitation in patients with epilepsy treated with rufinamide, whereas depression, irritability, agitation, and psychotic symptoms have been reported during lacosamide treatment. There are initial reports of behavioural disturbances (especially depression, anxiety, irritability, and psychosis) in patients with epilepsy treated with perampanel. These effects seem to be dose-related and tend to appear within the first weeks of treatment. Overall, these antiepileptic drugs have no indications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders and there is insufficient experience to draw any conclusion regarding their psychotropic profiles.
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Stevens, Philip, and Gordon Carlson. Management of the open abdomen and abdominal fistulae in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0189.
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Management of the open abdomen and intestinal fistulae remains a significant challenge. Leaving the abdomen open when it is possible to close it confers no benefit and may increase morbidity. The abdomen may be left open as part of a ‘damage control’ strategy in an unstable patient with abdominal trauma, or in other conditions in which it may be impossible to close because swollen intestinal loops, retroperitoneal haematoma, or oedema may lead to abdominal compartment syndrome. It may also be inappropriate to close the abdomen when there has been infection that cannot be readily controlled. Intestinal fistulae are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Management is described by the four ‘R’s of resuscitation, restitution, reconstruction and rehabilitation. Eradication of sepsis, improved wound and skin care, safe nutritional support and appropriate timing of surgical intervention have reduced mortality related to enterocutaneous fistulae from 65 to <10% over the last 30 years. However, mortality from enteroatmospheric fistulae remains high. Fifty to eighty per cent of enterocutaneous fistulae close spontaneously, compared with only 10% of colonic fistulae. Refistulation rates are high despite operative repair.
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Directions for optimizing activities to ensure the quality and safety of medical care. Collection of materials. Remedium Privolzhje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21145/978-5-906125-80-4_2020.
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Editorial Board: Poklad L.A. — Doctor of Economics and Management, Director of the State Autonomous Establishment of Supplementary Professional Education of the Nizhny Novgorod region «Center for Advanced Training and Professional Retraining of Health Professionals», chief freelance specialist on nursing management of the Volga Federal District. Vagina E.V. — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Deputy Director of the State Autonomous Establishment of Supplementary Professional Education of the Nizhny Novgorod region «Center for Advanced Training and Professional Retraining of Health Professionals». The collection of materials contains scientific and practical materials that reflect modern trends in the development of education and health care, ways of their effective interaction. The authors of the articles presented innovative approaches to nursing practice and professional education of medical workers, offered their views on the problem of increasing the professionalism and prestige of a nursing specialist, the implementation of continuous medical education for specialists with secondary medical and pharmaceutical education. The articles are published in the original, author’s edition. The authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest and that it is necessary to disclose it in the material.