Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'NGO management'

Abstract

In recent years funding aid operations has dramatically increased, along with the concern about the real impact of its initiatives. Despite considerable amount of money have been invested world widely and a great number of projects already implemented changes have been considered inconsistent. As a result, major donors are pressuring Non governmental organizations (NGO) to evidence their achievements and legitimate their cause. There are several factors which distinguish the NGO as unique within project management environments, such as the social accountability claimed and the nature of the impact aimed. Therefore, traditional project management practices might not be suitable in the case of NGO’s project. This study analysed project methods most applied for NGO’s project and discussed about it accountability challenges related to project management. Willing to further understand how in practice NGO managers are dealing with those challenges, a case study was developed with a NGO that works with environmental issues. As a result, it was evidenced that practical methodologies are applied to embrace the organization own needs. It was apparent that project management methods were adapted to the institutional purpose, even though adjustments might not be completely in accordance with internal procedures. Project management tools are assumed as a semi structure basis and can be adjusted if the work is justified. A flexible approach relies on the trust and expertise of the organization staff. As a conclusion, it was evidenced that NGO’s projects carry particular aspects and expectations over project accountability and management methodologies must be adapted and complementary methodological approaches are being developed.

Capacity development, capacity building and organisation development (OD) are key priorities of international development, and this is especially true in the African context. With regard to the NGO sector, since the 1990s donors and especially international NGOs have invested significant resources in building the capacity of African NGOs. While academic research on NGO management and OD has grown significantly in the last decade, it has often taken a decontextualised stance, largely resting on assumptions about the universality and neutrality of management principles, practices and approaches. Furthermore, there are still few accounts on NGO management and OD from within the African NGO sector. This study intends to contribute to filling this gap, by focusing on OD and management in Ugandan NGOs. It originated in my work as OD advisor with two Ugandan NGOs, between 2007 and 2009. The research thus took shape through an iterative process of hands-on immersion as an OD practitioner, focused on the specific dimensions of the action scene I was involved in, and of reflexive inquiry as a theoretical researcher. This study specifically examines how OD is understood in the NGO sector in Uganda: what needs, demands and aspirations it serves, what challenges it faces and what opportunities it offers. It also investigates how management principles and practices shape the role of NGOs within the development industry. In particular, acknowledging NGOs’ commitment to alternative bottom-up development thinking and practice, it investigates whether and how OD processes and management practices might help NGOs to fulfil their stated role. The findings indicate that OD and management processes were fundamentally shaped by external pressure from various actors, especially donors, pushing both NGOs toward the adoption of specific management systems and tools. However, the research also reveals that the NGOs dealt with such externally driven management requirements in various ways, including acts of opposition and resistance. Overall, the findings suggest that management imperatives and requirements not only significantly affect the OD processes of NGOs, but also shape the role of NGOs in the development process, by narrowing their possibilities for engagement with social change agendas and with bottom-up, transformative practice within the aid industry more generally.

Volunteers for non-governmental organizations can be difficult to recruit and retain for a number of different reasons. It is, therefore, important to maximize their contributions because NGOs rely on volunteers to assist their staff members to perform the vital operations in order to accomplish the mission of the organization. However, NGOs tend to have limited staff to train and monitor volunteers and often compete with business organizations and other NGOs for the same volunteer workforce. Therefore, retaining a strong reliable group of volunteers saves NGOs valuable time, money, and labor resources that can effectively contribute to the future development of nongovernmental organizations.

This study proposed an NGO leadership model to examine the value of integrity and inclusiveness as NGO leadership characteristics that impact the leader/volunteer relationship in terms of volunteer satisfaction and retention. For two months, the study uncovered the vital elements that provided volunteers with satisfying experiences that promoted the retention of volunteers in NGOs in the Southern California area. One hundred and forty one volunteers responded to a survey that measured perceived leadership integrity, inclusiveness, volunteer satisfaction, and volunteer retention in NGOs. Thirteen structured in-depth interviews were also conducted with current and former volunteers in order to examine their experiences, perceptions, and observations about the leadership characteristics under examination.

Quantitative and qualitative methods collected data for analysis to address the five research questions and hypotheses in order to determine the relationships between: (1) leadership integrity and volunteer satisfaction, (2) leadership inclusiveness and volunteer satisfaction, (3) volunteer satisfaction and volunteer retention, (4) leadership integrity and volunteer retention, and (5) leadership inclusiveness and volunteer satisfaction. Only three of the hypotheses were supported through correlational analysis, and further supported through qualitative analysis. Two hypotheses were quantitatively unsupported but qualitatively supported. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the NGO leadership Model and revealed that Inclusiveness was a better indicator of volunteer Retention than Integrity and Satisfaction.

Key words: Leadership integrity, leadership inclusiveness, volunteer satisfaction, volunteer retention.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the awareness of spiritual intelligence in the NGO sector. The study attempts to define the concepts of meaning, spirituality, spiritual intelligence and spiritual leadership. The research used as its basis questionnaires by Katz (2007) derived from the Zohar and Marshall characteristics of Spiritual Intelligence. A recent Gallup Poll showed that 45 percent of Americans talk about their faith at work, and this suggests that employers should not dismiss its motivating power. For most people faith and spirituality is a private matter. One can therefore pose the question, “What has the 'spirituality' of employees got to do with big business?” However, when the HR directors of Nokia, Unilever, McKinsey, Shell, Coca-Cola, Hewlett Packard, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Starbucks and the Cooperative Bank, some of the world's most successful companies talk about concepts such as 'spiritual quotient' and 'spiritual capital' one otherwise has to sit up and listen. Sir John Templeton, founder of the John Templeton Foundation, spends $16 million to $30 million a year funding research that explores links between science and God. He suggests that "No human being has yet even understood 1 percent of what can be learned about spiritual matters". It is initiatives like these and the growing number of professional presentations, journal articles, books and conferences devoted to the subject that confirms the new interest in spirituality. It seems that a consensus is emerging on the principal elements of spirituality for working people, which includes acknowledging God, the importance of prayer, other people and a sustainable world. Research further suggests that spirituality enables a businessperson to gain a more integrated perspective on their firm, family, neighbours, community and on themself. Sweeping social and economical changes, including downsizing, mergers, globalisation, the threat of terrorism since the 9/11 attacks, and corporate ethical scandals are all contributing to business’s spiritual awakening. In order to cope with increased stress and alienation, both managers and employees seek meaning and purpose in the workplace. The research in this study suggests that amidst these changes and associated challenges, there exists a high level of spiritual awareness in the organisations and the managers that participated in this study. The study report provides research examples and references to other case studies from across the world, including practical guidance for implementing and measuring workplace spirituality. The conclusions suggest that spirituality is a not passing fad but, an authentic movement based on universal spiritual principles.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die bewustheid van geestelike intelligensie in die nie-regeringsorganisasie- (NRO-) sektor te ondersoek. Hierdie studie probeer die konsepte betekenis, spiritualiteit, geestelike intelligensie en geestelike leierskap definieer. Die navorsing het as grondslag die vraelyste van Katz (2007) gebruik, wat ontleen is aan die eienskappe van geestelike intelligensie soos gedefinieer deur Zohar en Marshall. ’n Onlangse Gallup-opname het getoon dat 45 persent van Amerikaners by die werk oor hulle geloof praat, en dit impliseer dat werkgewers geloof as motiveringskrag nie moet onderskat nie. Vir die meeste mense is geloof en spiritualiteit ’n persoonlike saak. ’n Mens kan dus vra: Wat het die ‘spiritualiteit’ van werknemers met groot sakeondernemings te make? Wanneer die menslikehulpbron-direkteure van Nokia, Unilever, McKinsey, Shell, Coca-Cola, Hewlett Packard, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Starbucks en die Co-operative Bank, ’n paar van die wêreld se suksesvolste maatskappye, egter praat oor konsepte soos ‘spirituele kwosiënt’, moet ’n mens goed na hulle luister. Sir John Templeton, stigter van die John Templeton Foundation, spandeer elke jaar tussen $16 miljoen en $30 miljoen om geld te voorsien vir navorsing wat die verband tussen die wetenskap en God ondersoek. Hy stel voor: “Geen menslike wese het nog ooit eens een persent verstaan van wat oor geestelike sake ontdek kan word nie.” Dit is inisiatiewe soos hierdie, sowel as die groeiende aantal professionele aanbiedings, tydskrifartikels, boeke en konferensies wat aan hierdie onderwerp gewy word, wat die nuwe belangstelling in spiritualiteit bevestig. Dit lyk of daar konsensus begin ontstaan oor die hoofelemente van spiritualiteit vir werkende mense, wat insluit die erkenning van God, en die belangrikheid van gebed, ander mense en ’n volhoubare wêreld. Navorsing impliseer verder dat spiritualiteit sakepersone in staat stel om ’n meer geïntegreerde perspektief op hulle firma, familie, bure, gemeenskap en hulleself te kry. Ingrypende sosiale en ekonomiese veranderinge, insluitende afskaling, samesmeltings, globalisering, die bedreiging van terrorisme sedert die aanvalle op 11 September 2001 en etiese skandale in die korporatiewe wêreld, dra by tot maatskappye se spirituele ontwaking. Om die toenemende spanning en vervreemding te kan hanteer, soek sowel bestuurders as werknemers na betekenis en doelgerigtheid in die werkplek. Die navorsing van hierdie studie impliseer dat daar te midde van hierdie veranderinge en meegaande uitdagings ’n hoë vlak van spirituele bewustheid heers in die organisasies en die bestuurders wat aan hierdie studie deelgeneem het. Dié studieverslag voorsien navorsingvoorbeelde en verwysings na ander gevallestudies van oor die hele wêreld heen, insluitende praktiese riglyne om spiritualiteit in die werkplek te vestig en te meet. Die gevolgtrekkings impliseer dat spiritualiteit nie net ’n verbygaande gier is nie, maar ’n outentieke beweging gegrond op universele geestelike beginsels.

This thesis originates in a case study examining support within an international partnership, where findings were seen to diverge from conventional accounts of organisational dependence. Instead case findings pointed to an inter-dependency more alike to a ‘knowledge transfer’ relationship between a younger organisation learning about how to be a civil society actor form an older and more experienced third sector organisation. Starting with the classical literature on partnerships and collaboration in the third sector, using selected readings from the individual mentoring relationship found in career development research, and some of the current research into knowledge transfer and learning relevant to organisational development, the researcher constructs a framework to guide a multiple case study. The aim of the research is to explore the knowledge acquired by and learning occurring in the process of NGOs developing their identities and practices in a transition context in Bulgaria. The focus is on the learning and knowledge context, namely, the key relationships which Bulgarian NGOs have developed with western partner organisations. The case fieldwork provides in-depth descriptions of four NGOs and their modes of engagement with western counterparts, explored with qualitative case methods and grounded theory. Multiple qualitative case study design and grounded theory approach to the analysis produces a rich description of themes. Each case responds to the posed research questions through data layering and within-case analysis, whereas cross-case analysis leads to the main thesis output. This is the taxonomy developed around three projections based on literature strands - organisational identity, learning and knowledge instances, and context-related factors embedding supportive exchanges with western partners. These themes are further developed into concepts and dimensions, differentiating various nuances of knowledge and learning practices within a partnership micro-context in a transition macro-context. The primary contribution of the research is the framing of NGO partnerships around key concepts and dimensions across identity, learning and knowledge instances, and context-related factors. This sets the conditions for forming better informed relationships between organisations, which are, above all, more aware of each other’s complex information and knowledge practices. The primary direction for taxonomy development is towards a typology of inter-organisational partnerships focused on learning for practice. Specifically, key findings suggest a direction towards a partnership dynamic around the concept of a professional identity of third sector organisations, as well as around the managing of a dual credibility of NGOs faced with functioning within international networks whilst being embedded within local platforms. The resulting taxonomy offers links to various literature strands, presenting a complex picture of inter-organisational learning in transition settings. It is a contribution to voluntary sector partnership and collaboration theory, one the one hand, as it does not simplify either the NGO practices on the ground nor the inter-organisational relationship at the core of this NGO development.

In the last two decades, a concern on how federal forests in the United States are managed has provoked concerns among different stakeholders, including NGOs. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of NGO influence on forest management legislation. Eight aspects were selected and compared in different study cases referring to legislative proposals dealing with forest management in order to define success criteria for a legislative initiative. The study indicates that the following criteria are particularly important to fulfill in order to influence forest management legislation: - The issue to address should be on the political agenda and have high public interest. - Environmental and social aspects should not be at the expense of economic aspects. - The legislative initiative should be prepared in multi-stakeholder processes, including local government and organizations. - The supporters of the initiative should take part in all decision-making processes and advise the Government in aspects related to their areas of expertise. NGOs would likely improve their chances of influencing forest management legislation if they hold a flexible position regarding legislative proposals containing similar or even less strict measures than their own initiatives, look at market oriented schemes as alternatives to legislation, and maintain good relationships with other major stakeholders.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-64).
Poverty eradication is one of the major challenges facing South Africa and the rest of the continent. Concern around poverty alleviation in South Africa encompasses lack of capacity as well as inefficiency in the management and administration of poverty alleviation projects. Therefore, poverty alleviation agencies ought to be mindful of the issues that could affect their organizational efficiency, especially issues around organizational management. Addressing issues of management amongst the poverty alleviation agencies is necessary to assist role players in the implementation of efficient and effective poverty alleviation programs. The research explored issues around the management structure of a selected non-government organisation (SHAWCO). The objective was to develop a shared understanding of the organizational structure, amongst the members of the management team, and identify (if any) inefficiencies within the structure of the organisation. Problem Structuring Methods have been identified as a collection of tools that assist decision makers in addressing complex societal problems, and seek to alleviate or improve situations characterized by uncertainty, conflict and complexity. The study used Problem Structuring Methods to investigate the possible difficulties SHAWCO is facing as a result of management inefficiency. Interviews were used to uncover issues around the functioning and management of the organization, and an interactive problem structuring workshop was later conducted to develop a shared understanding of the identified issues.

Program sustainability is a major issue for nongovernmental organizations. Sustainability depends on the ability of an organization to maintain its capacity, which can be severely hindered by high rates of personnel turnover. This is especially true for turnover in nonprofit organizations that offer volunteer-led programs and are consequently heavily reliant upon those individuals to carry out their missions. Creating a strong institutional memory for both tacit and explicit knowledge and properly managing volunteers are two critical elements in creating the capacity needed to maintain a high-quality program. This thesis analyzes the case of a youth center in Macedonia that is dependent upon its volunteers to function and is afflicted by sustainability and discontinuity issues in its programs due to a regular rapid turnover of its volunteers. The center promotes youth development through informal education of its participants, primarily high school youth. Interviews, participant observation and document analysis provided insight into the program sustainability issues present at the youth center. I present a series of scenarios that highlight the issues of volunteer management and institutional memory loss concerning volunteer turnover that I discovered in my analysis. I conclude by calling for better preservation of institutional memory, more targeted recruitment and training that emphasizes creating routines and establishing volunteer expectations to enable improved program sustainability.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Cette thèse illustre l'émergence d'un Nouveau Management Humanitaire. La recherche en contrôle a montré que le champ de l'aide humanitaire s'est profondément transformé en se structurant autour d'une «chaîne de l'aide» imbriquant des bailleurs internationaux, des ONG internationales mais également de petites ONG situées dans les pays bénéficiaires ; cette même littérature en contrôle a montré que la gestion des ONG est fortement influencée par la relation que ces dernières entretiennent avec les bailleurs internationaux. L'objectif de notre thèse est de contribuer à cette littérature en analysant le rôle et l'influence des dispositifs de contrôle dans la transformation du champ humanitaire. Pour analyser ces transformations, nous proposons le concept de régime de contrôle, défini comme la combinaison d'un système d'accountability, d'un modèle de performance et d'un ensemble cohérent de normes et de valeurs. Pour répondre à cette problématique, notre travail de terrain a constitué en deux immersions ethnographiques, l'une chez Handicap International (HI), l'autre chez Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). Nous montrons que le système d'accountability de Hl sert à «rendre des comptes» aux bailleurs alors que celui de MSF incite les sans-frontiéristes à se « sentir responsables». Le modèle de performance de HI repose sur des systèmes de contrôle centralisés, favorisant la notion d'efficience humanitaire, alors que les caractéristiques du modèle de performance de MSF reflètent une responsabilité budgétaire collective et une prise de risque tolérée. Quant aux normes et valeurs, celles de Hl signalent un processus de managérialisation de l'ONG, matérialisé par le recrutement de « néo-managers humanitaires», alors que les normes et les valeurs élitistes de MSF favorisent l'émergence d'un «néo-entrepreneur humanitaire». Si MSF parvient à adopter un modèle alternatif, c'est parce que l'ONG a su s'affranchir des bailleurs, afficher une forte légitimité auprès de ses parties prenantes externes tout en maintenant des normes et des mécanismes d'accountability interne prégnants. Le cas MSF, en illustrant une organisation alternative au schéma traditionnel de la managérialisation de l'humanitaire, permet de montrer que cette évolution n'est pas inéluctable
This thesis illustrates the emergence of a "New Humanitarian Management". The field of humanitarian aid has undergone a sound transformation by structuring itself around a "chain of aid" involving international donors, international NGOs as well as small country-based-NGOs. Management Control research has shown that NGOs' management is strongly influenced by their relationship with international donors. The objective of our research is to contribute to this literature by analysing the role and influence of monitoring mechanisms in transforming the humanitarian field. To analyse these transformations, we propose the concept of a control regime, defined as the combination of an accountability system, a performance model and a coherent set of standards and values. Our fieldwork consisted of two ethnographic immersions within Handicap International and then within Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). We show that Handicap's accountability system is used to "report/ give accounts" to donors, while MSF's accountability system encourages MSF members to "feel responsible". Handicap's performance model is based on centralised control systems, promoting the notion of a humanitarian efficiency, while the characteristics of MSF's performance model reflect a collective budgetary responsibility and tolerated risk-taking. As for norms and values, Handicap's norms and values signal a process of managerialization of the NGO, materialized by the recruitment of humanitarian neo-managers, while MSF's elitist norms and values allow the emergence of a humanitarian neo-entrepreneur. MSF has managed to adopt an alternative model because the NGO has been able to free itself from donors and display strong legitimacy with its external stakeholders white maintaining strong internal standards and accountability mechanisms. The MSF case, illustrating an alternative organization to the humanitarian managerialised model, shows that the managerialization of the humanitarian field is not inevitable

This study explores the factors that influence the management of a protected area situated on private land as well as the implications of these factors in the interaction between the NGO and the communities associated with this area. The protected area, Marine National Monument Cayos Cochinos, is an archipelago surrounded by reefs in the Honduran Caribbean. This area is home to a highly heterogeneous population of fisherfolk communities –most are members of the Garifuna ethnic group– and wealthy Honduran and foreign landowners. This case study also comprises three fisherfolk communities outside the protected area who fish in Cayos Cochinos. Local fishermen in Cayos Cochinos are settled in community-owned areas; however, these settlements started by the occupation of private lands. Wealthy landowners have either individual land titles or shares of a firm owning four of the islands. The protected area was established through the initiative of this firm to protect the natural resources. This area is nominally co-managed by a local nongovernmental organisation (NGO) and two government agencies; however in practice it is managed solely by the NGO. This study discusses the influence of the nature of the Honduran legislation regarding protected areas and of the co-management agreement on the management of Cayos Cochinos. This research also shows that the management priorities of this protected area are only partially based on the Honduran government’s laws and regulations and the guidelines specific for this area. Lack of government participation in the co-management of the area, financial constraints, influences on the NGO of stakeholders in higher positions of power with respect to it, personal preferences of the NGO managers and issues regarding the communities’ leadership, have all had an influence on the management priorities of the protected area since its constitution. The combined effect of these factors has influenced the management of the NGO towards prioritising the natural resource conservation. This area is managed under a ‘people-out’ conservation paradigm. The adoption of this paradigm has disadvantaged the fisherfolk communities inside and outside the protected area by restricting their access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods are highly dependent. However, the same situation has favoured the private landowners by limiting the access of the fisherfolk communities to the land owned by the former. The privileging of one community sector over another has created conflicts between the NGO and the fisherfolk communities. However, these conflicts have been fuelled by other factors such as the steady contesting of the land titles over the territories occupied by the latter, and by the support that external organisations have given to the latter at the expense of the original owners of the land. This research suggests that local NGOs in charge of the management of natural protected areas might have limited capacity to abide by national conservation and sustainable development priorities due to the likelihood to be influenced by external forces with different priorities.

We are living in an unjust world where the majority of humanity is subject to unequal economic and public policy systems that perpetuate cycles of poverty. Civil society, of which international NGOs are major players, are acknowledging the need for systemic, transformational change, which has to include meaningful participation in decision making processes by those whom are most vulnerable. In order to more effectively play this role, a number of international NGOs are moving decentralised structures (often comprised of independent entities at country level) to legitimately represent their primary constituents - those that are vulnerable, living in poverty, mostly in the global South. A consequence of this trajectory is added internal complexity and the creation of new management challenges, as decision making processes become more participatory and transparent. In addition, this new reality of complex federal structures also requires that power inequities between entities, are openly acknowledged and managed. Despite these challenges, this is a non-negotiable journey for many international NGOs and they acknowledge the need to adapt their management mechanisms to better handle this internal complexity. First-hand experience sparked the interest to apply operational research and system dynamics approaches to one such management mechanism, that of resource planning and allocation within international NGOs. This study aims to develop a set of insights, based on the system dynamics model, that could be useful to international NGO decision makers as they respond to their “real life” resource allocation challenges. Problem structuring methods are applied to these resource allocation challenges to gain a deeper understanding of the core components of resource allocation in order to develop a generic system dynamics model that simulates the necessary behaviours based on stakeholder input. A set of management scenarios are developed and form the basis for conducting experimental runs on the generic system dynamics model, testing different parameters in an effort to compare quantitative results. These quantitative results are used to compare performance against the original generic model, analysing trends and model behaviour to inform qualitative recommendations and conclusions.

This work is concerned with the financing of Chinese social entrepreneurship. China is experiencing an all-time high in terms of pollution, as well as increasing social unrest. The introduction of a market economy in the country has led to a rapid economic growth, but has left many issues unsolved. The mass lay-offs that followed therationalization of State-Owned Enterprises in the 1990s created a large unemployment,and the industrialization process has only very recently been accompanied by measures toprotect the environment. To tackle those issues, more and more are appealing to theefficiency of the very same market economy to produce sustainable and scalable solutions.To better understand the financing landscape that presents itself to entrepreneurs in needof capital, a literature and interview-based study has been conducted to summarize it interms of sources, stage, efficiency and average size. Unfortunately, few sources of capital have been found to be available to them, and none of them can be described as easily accessible. It is therefore recommended that the different actors involved in the marketwork together to lower these barriers.

The role and importance of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) has increased with globalisation and the growth of global institutions. Not only do INGOs play a major role in aid delivery in developing countries, they also serve as the voice of the people in the growing global governance system. Thus they have an increasing impact on the social and economic welfare of people around the world. For this reason, the performance and management of INGOs is vital. However, research on their management is lacking. INGOs possess unique characteristics including complex environments, value-based missions and no financial bottom line. Therefore, management practices, like internal communication, that are generally developed for for-profit organisations need to be evaluated for suitability within the INGO context. Strategic internal communication has been identified as driving organisational performance. Internal communication can be defined as strategic when its purpose is to align internal stakeholders with the organisation’s strategic intent. By facilitating strategic alignment, internal communication can play a critical role in organisational performance. Research on strategic internal communication is limited and virtually non-existent when considered within the INGO context. However, by considering communication management theory, strategic management theory and NGO management theory, it is possible to develop theoretical propositions on the strategic functioning of internal communication in INGOs. In particular, the theory suggests that a postmodern approach to strategic management and strategic internal communication can assist INGOs in addressing many of the challenges they face. This study explores the strategic functioning of internal communication in INGOs through exploratory, qualitative case studies. The evidence shows that internal communication in INGOs does not generally function strategically. However, the function is recognised as having potential to improve the performance of these organisations. In particular, there is support for the suitability of a postmodern approach to strategic internal communication in INGOs.
Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Communication Management
MPhil
Unrestricted

Purpose – This master thesis aims to investigate knowledge sharing within two selected cross-cultural virtual teams of a non-governmental organization. The particular focus of this study is on the motivation for knowledge sharing of the individual team members. Based on the findings, the study provides implications for the development of an organizational knowledge management strategy.Design/Methodology/Approach – The qualitative research approach of this study was based on the conceptual framework of this thesis. Said framework was particularly influ-enced by Swift et al.’s (2010) model on goal orientations and the motivation to share knowledge. After eight semi-structured interviews with participants from the organization, Template Analysis was applied for the data analysis.Findings – It was possible to categorize the participants in learning-prove, learning-avoid and performance-prove goal orientations which showed that the motivation stemmed from both learning and demonstrating competence. Furthermore, contributing was a motivating factor in both goal orientations. In the learning goal orientation, it was demonstrated by wanting to contribute to a better life for youth and children and the performance goal orien-tation focused on contributing to a successful organization. The factors which affected the behaviour towards knowledge sharing were relational and cognitive ones. Structural factors did not have an effect.Practical Implications – The practical contribution of this study was the development of managerial implications for the NGO’s HR department. Based on the identified findings, these implications are to be used for the development of a knowledge management strategy within the organization, as it is currently lacking. These implications focus mainly on infra-structural issues as well as on the promotion of organizational culture.Originality/Value – The value of this study is the focus on cross-cultural virtual teams of an NGO, an area lacking research regarding the motivation of individuals to share knowledge. The authors put a particular focus on team members from Northern and Eastern Europe as well as Africa.

This study provides a comprehensive look at the current state of best practices in performance appraisal systems in the public and private sector. From this, the main objective for this research paper is to investigate the reasons why INGOs are not currently able to properly implement a ‘best practices’ based performance appraisal system. Furthermore, this paper will provide both future research questions, as well as practitioner based recommendations. In addition, it will examine the need for higher levels of accountability in INGOs through appropriate performance appraisal systems.

This paper presents the marketing management of the nonprofit sector as a prerequisite for NGO sustainability. It examines the existing literature on the nonprofit marketing, the current situation of the local NGOs in Kosovo with regards to the application of marketing. The research methodology follows the introduction and presentation of the research objectives. The theoretical background introduces the necessary baseline to analyze empirical findings. The empirical findings and analysis reveal that nonprofit sector in Kosovo does not have a holistic marketing approach. The focus of the research is to emphasize the importance of marketing orientation, segmentation, and planning at nonprofit sector. Moreover, NGOs should create, communicate and deliver values based on customers’ (beneficiaries, volunteers, and donors) needs.

As a result of this research, a marketing plan guide was prepared.  The guide aims to educate NGOs in Kosovo about the benefits of having a holistic marketing approach and will serve as basis for further marketing planning.

The most recent economic recession severely challenged civil society organisations and the communities they served. A survey was conducted during 2010 to measure the impact of the 2008/2009 financial crisis on sustainability and functioning of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in South Africa and to determine how organisations reacted to this challenge.

Two- thirds of Pakistan's primary aged children are enrolled in school and less than one-third complete fifth grade. Decades after the inception of the goal of primary education for all of its children, the state is unable to fulfill its promise of providing access to universal primary education. The failure of the government to provide for a system that ensures equitable opportunities for all of its children has resulted in individuals, for-profit organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) intervening to fill the void. In particular, international donor agencies (IDAs) have come forward to provide financial aid and personnel support for primary education. There is currently a dearth of research on the work of NGO schools in Pakistan, which leaves many unanswered questions about the role of NGO schools. Therefore, in this study, I examine the efficacy of not-for-profit, private schools managed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in providing quality education to primary school children in Pakistan. This study examined schools formed and supported by two NGOs in Pakistan and their impact on providing primary education. A dual case study approach involving a concentrated enquiry into two cases (a rural and an urban school) was used. The study focused on the following research question: How does an NGO school provide education to primary aged school children? Results corroborate previous key-findings that the NGO is the parent body which oversees management, provides training, mobilizes the community and generates the primary funds to run the schools. The study goes further to suggest that NGO leaders provide leverage and establish connections that are important for fund raising and creating opportunities for the schools to expand and work cost-efficiently. The rural NGO had created its own methodology for literacy instruction, which produced adult literate women who were then hired as primary teachers. In addition, it showed that the two schools use: (1) an eclectic approach to teaching which ranged from using public school's curriculum to local, contextually based materials to foreign British-based curriculum; (2) the shift in instructional strategies suggested movement from a behaviorist approach toward integrating constructivist methods of teaching; and (3) the flexibility in curriculum choices poses challenges as well as opportunities for growth for the teachers. These results help to frame future research by linking NGO school's instructional practices to those used in private and public school systems in Pakistan.

The main objective of my thesis paper is to determine which organizations from a wide range of NGOs, including their donor relationships, are susceptible to funding manipulation and why. Through review of a focused selection of literature and case studies, I seek to identify a pattern of characteristics or variables among the weaker organizations which increases vulnerability to such practices. I will review the organizations' size, market competition, funding strategies, and supply-led contracts. I intend to conclude with the various ways in which NGO's can protect against funding manipulation.

India and many other developing countries confront serious problems of declining water tables. In India there is no real water shortage, but ineffective use of surface water leads to freshwater run-off. By building dams and irrigation water systems the Indian government has been trying to find a more effective use of surface water and thereby increase the agricultural productivity. But mismanagement of irrigation systems by local governments called for alternative management techniques, and during the last decades the central Indian government has been trying to decentralise management and governance of irrigation water to local water users. This Minor Field Study (MFS) focuses on a local implementation of Participatory Irrigation Management in the Indian state Madhya Pradesh. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the way the local government handles the decentralisation of irrigation water management, by identify and illuminate communication channels. The thesis is built on the basic idea that functioning environmental communication is the key to reach a functioning decentralised and sustainable water management. Interviews with local government officials, citizens of a local village, and staff from a locally involved NGO within a case study constitute most of the empirical data. Theories of decentralisation of natural resource management, community participation, communication, and NGO cooperation are presented. With starting point in the empirical material and the presented theories has way the local government handles the decentralisation process, and the role of the locally involved NGO, been analysed. The study shows shortcomings in: education of stakeholders, communication training among government officials, trust in the capability of local water users, and communication between stakeholders. The study also enlighten the government officials fear of losing political power, the NGOs role as communication channel, and the formation of locally rooted organisations.

Denna uppsats syftar till att kartlägga två projekt inom två hjälporganisationer: Xola Educare i Contribution To Opportunities och Digniti Omnia i Svenska kyrkan. Studien visar hur projekten behandlar fem utvalda projektledande kunskapsområden: projektmål, intressenter, krav, tider och kommunikation. Vår frågeställning är: På vilket sätt tillämpas projektledningstekniker vid hantering av: projektmål, intressenter, krav, tider och kommunikation inom hjälporganisationers projekt? Vår utgångspunkt för denna studie är att det finns skillnader i hur nyetablerade och etablerade hjälporganisationer tillämpar kunskapsområden för planeringen av sina projekt. Studien utgår även ifrån att praktiken skiljer sig från hur den klassiska projektledningsläran beskriver de centrala delarna inom utvalda kunskapsområden. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod, med intervjuer och dokumentanalys som metod för datainsamling i syfte till att kartlägga projektens nuvarande struktur utifrån kunskapsområden i relation till tidigare forskning.  Tidigare forskning om projekt inom hjälporganisationer visar en trend om ineffektivitet och mindre lyckat resultat än framgångsrika projekt. Projektledarens kompetens och erfarenhet har visat sig spela en roll i detta. Projektledande kunskapsområden har i viss utsträckning anammats men har fortfarande en stor utvecklingspotential och behöver anpassas till den kontext som ideellt baserade hjälporganisationer lever i.  Kartläggningen i sin helhet visar att nyetablerade hjälporganisationer inte använder sig lika mycket av projektledande kunskapsområdena som en mer etablerad hjälporganisation gör. Att praktiken skiljer sig från teorin visar även kartläggningen genom brister i strukturerade metodiska tillvägagångssätt. Verkligheten överensstämmer inte alltid med teorin då individer är föränderliga och projekt är rörliga företeelser som behöver foga sig efter varandra och deras kontext. Kartläggningen och studiens resultat visar att båda projekten har formulerade projektmål i dokumentform. Delprojektledarna har inte genomfört någon intressentanalys i enlighet uppsatsens teori men har en stor medvetenhet om sina intressenter. Kraven som projekten ämnar uppfylla formulerades vid projektstart. Projekten har ingen strukturerad tipsplan innehållande de teoretiska projektledningsteknikerna. Båda projekten har i enlighet med teorin strukturerade mötesformer.
The purpose of this essay is to conduct a survey of two projects within two Non-profit organizations: Xola Educare in Contribution To Opportunities and Digniti Omnia in The Church of Sweden. The study intends to investigate how the projects deal with the five selected areas of knowledge: project goals, stakeholders, requirements, timetable and communication. The essay originates from the research question of: How are knowledge areas applied to structuring projects in Non-profit organizations? Our starting point for this study is that there are differences in how newly established and already established Non-profit organizations will apply knowledge areas for the planning of their projects. The study also assumes that practice differs from how the essay's theory describes knowledge areas. The study has been conducted with a qualitative method, with interviews and document analysis as a method of data collection for the purpose of mapping the current structure of the projects based on knowledge areas in relation to the theory. Previous research on projects driven by Non-profit organizations has illustrated a trend of inefficiency and unsuccessful projects rather than successful. The project managers' skills and maturity are revealed to play a key part for their success. Knowledge areas have been used to a certain extent but still have a great development potential and need to be adapted to the context of Non-profit organizations.  The survey shows that newly established Non-profit organizations do not use as many project knowledge areas as a more established Non-profit organization does, and that theory and practice differ in these two Non-profit organizations. The survey also shows that reality differs from the theory through shortcomings in structured methodological approaches. Reality does not always match the theory when individuals and projects are changing; they need to follow one another and its context. The survey and the results of the study show that both projects have formulated project goals in document form. The project has not conducted any stakeholder analysis according to the essay theory but has a high level of awareness about its stakeholders. The requirements that the projects aim to meet were formulated at the start of the project. The projects have no structured time plan containing the theoretical project management techniques. Both the projects have structured forms of meeting according to the theory.

The demand-driven and participatory approach to water resource development and management in Tanzania has been both praised and criticized; some see progress where others see increased inequalities. This study focuses on one progressive, demand-driven NGO which has a participatory approach to water resource development and management. This NGO, MSABI, is active in Kilombero Valley in southern Tanzania, and can be considered successful as it manages to keep 91 % of its water points functional, whilst the national average for pump functionality is just above 50 %. To study the performance of MSABI from a user perspective, it was decided that two sites in Kilombero Valley should be investigated in terms of users’ views on water access and quality. The identification of sites is based on population density and landcover change, so that the issues of scale and urban bias, as well as changes in the landscape affecting hydrological processes, are accounted for. In total, 29 interviews were conducted (October to November 2014), 15 at the Ifakara study site, the more densely populated location, and 14 at the Mchombe Ward study site. The interviews were semi-structured, using a participatory approach, focusing on users’ perspectives on water sources and the access to and quality of those water sources in dry and rainy seasons. The information gathered was used to construct definitions for water access and quality. These definitions, as well as the two locations and categorization of participants according to socio-economic status, were then used to sort and analyse the collected material. The results show that MSABI does not manage to make water accessible in an equitable way because of its demand-driven and participatory approach to water resource development and management. However, MSABI offers the only improved water source at the Mchombe Ward study site, except for one improved open well. MSABI manages to counter urban-bias better than any of the other water resource development and management facilitators encountered at the two study sites. The seasons influence water access, especially at the more peripheral locations, where improved water sources are less common and, as open water sources, are more prone to drought and contamination. When participants in Ifakara seasonally migrate for farming, during 4-5 months per year, the majority’s access to improved water sources is lost. At the distant seasonal fields, open water sources are more common and few report that they treat the unsafe water. The migration to peripheral farmlands coincides with the rainy season, causing open water sources to have their lowest water quality when seasonal migrants utilize them. This underlines the importance of securing safe water supply for people at remote locations, and the important role MSABI plays as water resource developer at those locations. In conclusion, if the current demand-driven and participatory approach to water resource development and management is to be retained, regardless of the heavy criticism it has received with regards to equity, this study suggests that the practices of MSABI should be spread further based on MSABI’s ability to increase safe water access at remote locations. Another recommendation is to further look into the effects of seasonal migration on access to safe water. The effect seasonal migration has on water access in Kilombero could exist in other areas in Tanzania or in other countries. The aspect of seasonal migration might show that water access statistics are misleading, as the seasonal water consumption in remote locations risks being omitted in official statistics.

In this paper, I have examined the records management functions during extraordinary events from the perspective of what is documented, archived and made available regarding voluntary staff participation. Work organization during extraordinary events, also called emergency prepardness system, is based on work resources from regular employees in state and local government and in addition voluntary human resources. Records management is essential for organizations and society to protect and preserve reliable documents that evidence that the measures implemented and to support future actions, decisions and lessons learned. I chosed to perform an instrumental case study on the forest fire in Västmanland 2014 to create an image of the records management in extraordinary events. The survey has been focused on how the volunteer staff have been included in the documentation and where and how much is retained and archived. The case study has been carried out on the basis of grounded theory with data processing and analysis of documents and interview responses. The results of data processing gave a picture that records management was deficient during the fire and also afterwards with archiving and accessibility. Various professional groups performed the documentation for different purposes, in different records management systems, but without common practice and no one had overall responsibility for records management. It is missing a lot of written documentation regarding the voluntary efforts of staff at the extraordinary event, both among non-governmental organizations NGOs, voluntary defence organizations and authorities. Documentation is available only to a small extent and with varying factual content which makes it impossible to get an overall picture and it is difficult to know where the documents are archived. A further analysis of the results from the grounded theory-processing and some policy documents generated suggestions for improvements to include volunteer staff into the documentation in extraordinary events. The proposals deals with: a coordinating organization given the task of coordinating the guidelines for records management so that they are applicable for extraordinary events, and customized for different scenarios of events and different types of organizations participating in the work; that the archive theoretical model records continuum is used in the creation of strategies; to observe the laws and regulations that concern records management and extraordinary events; to appoint a person responsible for records management of each organization in emergency preparedness system; that authorities, municipalities and county councils continually train and practice their regular staff, elected officials and voluntary agreements personnel in processes of records management during extraordinary events; to introduce a common archive authority that collects, preserve and provide documentation regarding the work of extraordinary events.
I den här uppsatsen har jag undersökt hur dokumenthanteringen fungerar vid extraordinära händelser utifrån perspektivet vad som dokumenteras, arkiveras och tillgängliggörs gällande frivilligpersonals medverkan. Arbetsorganisationen vid extraordinära händelser, även kallat  samhällets krisberedskap, är uppbyggd på arbetsresurser ifrån ordinarie anställd personal i stat och kommun samt därtill frivilliga personalresurser. Dokumenthantering är väsentligt för organisationer och samhället för att skydda och bevara tillförlitliga dokument som belägg för att åtgärder genomförts och som stöd för framtida åtgärder, beslut och lärdomar. Jag valde att utföra en instrumentell fallstudie på skogsbranden i Västmanland 2014 för att skapa en bild av dokumenthanteringen vid extraordinära händelser. Undersökningen har gällt hur frivillig-personal har inkluderats i dokumentationen samt var och hur mycket som finns bevarat och arkiverat. Fallstudien har genomförts utifrån grundad teori med databehandling och analys av dokument och intervjusvar. Resultatet från databearbetningen gav en bild att dokumenthante-ringen var bristfällig under branden och även efteråt med arkivering och tillgängliggörande. Olika yrkesgrupper utförde dokumentation för olika ändamål, i olika dokumenthanterings-system, utan gemensamma rutiner och ingen hade ett övergripande ansvar för dokument-hanteringen. Det saknas en hel del skriftlig dokumentation om frivilligpersonalens insats vid den extraordinära händelsen, både hos frivilligorganisationer, frivilliga försvarsorganisationer och myndigheter. Dokumentation finns bara i liten utsträckning och med varierande faktainnehåll vilket gör det omöjligt att få en helhetsbild och det är svårt att veta var dokumentation finns arkiverad. En fortsatt analys mellan resultatet från grundad teori-bearbetningen och några styrdokument genererade förslag till förbättringar för att dokumentation om frivilligpersonal ska bli inkluderad vid extraordinära händelser. Förslagen behandlar: att en samordnande instans får uppdraget att samordna riktlinjer för dokument-hanteringen så att de blir tillämpbara vid extraordinära händelser och anpassade för olika scenarion av händelser och olika typer av organisationer som deltar i arbetet; att arkivteoretiska modellen records continuum används i skapandet av strategier; att beakta de lagar och förordningar som finns för dokumenthantering och extraordinära händelser; att utse en ansvarig för dokumenthantering hos varje aktör inom samhällets krisberedskap; att myndigheter, kommuner och länsstyrelser kontinuerligt ska utbilda och tillsammans öva sin ordinarie personal, förtroendevalda och frivillig avtalspersonal i processer av dokumenthantering vid extraordinära händelser; att införa en gemensam arkivinstans som samlat kan bevara och tillhandahålla dokumentation gällande arbetet med extraordinära händelser.

O estudo da epidemia da AIDS no Brasil possibilita observar uma somatória das ações e conquistas de diferentes atores que contribuíram para a modificação do atendimento e dos serviços em prol de pessoas vivendo e convivendo com AIDS, onde a experiência positiva do Brasil chama a atenção dentro do cenário mundial. A AIDS, dada a sua importância como evento global, foi assim um elemento fomentador de mudanças que se refletiram também nas organizações, dentre as quais, as ONGs/AIDS, cujo caráter público-privado encontra no Terceiro Setor o seu ambiente de identificação. Na experiência das ONGs/AIDS brasileiras o desenvolvimento organizacional se deu dentro da contingência cultural e sócio-política como uma resposta necessária à demanda da epidemia. Essas organizações buscaram uma profissionalização e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de gestão próprias que viabilizaram a melhor implementação de sua missão e valores organizacionais junto aos beneficiários, com isso também, ampliando suas relações com outros setores da sociedade, dentre os quais, o governo e o mercado, com vistas ao estabelecimento de parcerias. A atuação organizacional promotora do protagonismo, perceptível pela inclusão do beneficiário nas decisões organizacionais e no redesenho do seu papel nos projetos é uma mostra da mudança proposta como desenvolvimento organizacional. A ONG/AIDS Casa de Assistência Filadélfia - CAF objeto deste estudo é representativa na medida em que buscou modificar-se para responder às necessidades percebidas e referidas pelos beneficiários, contribuindo para um atendimento em HIV humanizado e com equidade. A pesquisa teve como objetivo: Descrever a trajetória de uma ONG/AIDS com relação à evolução da epidemia de AIDS identificando elementos que indiquem desenvolvimento organizacional. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa com Estudo de Caso sendo a coleta de dados feita através de análise documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes chaves referidas pela organização, a saber: beneficiários (responsáveis pelas crianças), voluntários, lideranças, funcionários e parceiros. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Saúde Pública. O presente estudo aponta para a necessidade de se modificar a discussão sobre o papel e a importância das ONGs/AIDS, chamando a atenção para a importância do desenvolvimento organizacional como meio de promover organizações saudáveis, auto-sustentáveis e autônomas, que estimulem a solidariedade e o controle social através de idéias inovadoras.
The study of the HIV epidemic in Brazil enables the observation of a group of actions and achievements of different agents that contributed towards the modification of the services for people living and coexisting with AIDS, where the positive experience in Brazil calls attention in the global scenario. AIDS, due to its importance as a global event, has been a fomenting element of changes that have also reflected in the organizations, including the AIDS/NGOs, whose public-private character finds in the Third Sector its identification environment. In the experience of Brazilian AIDS/NGOs the organizational development happened within the cultural and social-political contingence as a necessary answer to the demands of the epidemic. These organizations have searched for professionalism and the development of their own management tools that have enabled better implementation of their mission and the organizations’ values regarding their beneficiaries, and with this they have also enlarged their relationship with other sectors of the society, including the government and the market, with the intension of establishing partnerships. The protagonist organizational action, visible by the inclusion of beneficiaries in organizational decisions and in the rewriting of their roll in projects is an evidence of the change proposed as organizational development. The AIDS NGO Casa de Assistência Filadélfia-CAF object of this study is representative as it changed in order to respond to the needs observed and pointed out by beneficiaries, contributing for a humanized and equalized service for HIV. The objective of the research: to describe the trajectory of an AIDS/NGO in relation to the evolution of the AIDS epidemic identifying elements that indicate organizational development. A qualitative methodology was used and the collection of data was made by documental analyses and semi-structured interviews with key informants appointed by the organization: beneficiaries (person responsible for the children), volunteers, leadership, employees and partners. The research was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Public Health College. The present study points out the need of modifying the discussion about the roll and importance of the AIDS/NGOs, calling attention to the importance of organizational development as a means of promoting healthy organizations, self-sustainable and autonomous, that stimulate solidarity and social control through innovating ideas.

[EN] Within the field of development management, an emerging critique to the aid system has gained prominence. It focuses on how the dominant language and logics in the aid sector have depoliticised the issues of development, thus reducing them to purely technical and managerial problems. These problems are supposed to be managed by experts, who are considered to have the capacity of total control over development processes. This trend, which has been called managerialism, avoids issues of political economy, power or conflict, and assumes the logics, values, discourses and procedures of the private sector (focusing then on issues as "efficiency", "products" or "impact" of development projects). In this process, development organizations become mere service-providers, they have been co-opted by the global neoliberal agenda, and their actions serve to reinforce unequal power relationships. From this analysis, it is possible to obtain insights for rethinking development and aid, reframing them as complex, political and intrinsically conflictive processes. Moreover, some critics to managerialism also suggest that a (re)politicised perspective on development and aid should also be transformative, and that development organizations should recognise and value alternative systems of knowledge and personal and societal projects; should contribute to examining alternative development models, beyond productivist capitalism and market-driven liberal democracy; and should place bottom-up processes of change at the centre. The research also departs from the idea that, within the aid system, a small and scarcely visible group of people and development organizations are trying to promote alternative discourses and practices of development and aid that, instead of reinforcing the advancement of the neoliberal global agenda, are challenging it. From this standpoint, the aims of the thesis are, on the one hand, to explore how a political and transformative practice of development and aid could be characterised; and on the other hand, to explore how this political and transformative practice is taking place, and how it could be promoted in different spaces. The research explores three spaces in which these practices may be taking place and could be promoted, approaching case studies in different environments: 1) in formal education, addressing the learning process in a Master's degree in development management; 2) in the practice of development itself, addressing how learning takes place in informal processes through the relationships between Spanish development organizations and their partners in Latin America; 3) in the adoption of a new management approach in development organizations, specifically exploring the processes and implications of the adoptions of a rights-based approach in Spanish organizations. The methodology used is essentially qualitative, based on secondary data and primary data obtained through personal interviews and group discussions. Given the exploratory nature of the study, its aim is to propose concepts and hypotheses, identify the dimensions of the subject and processes under study, and propose possible connections between them. Results suggest that the characteristics and the processes that lead to a political and transformative practice of development and aid are not completely separate issues. The thesis also reveals that this political and transformative perspective is intrinsically problematic, full of contradictions, tensions and paradoxes. Far from being resoluble, the work suggests that these tensions should be accepted and dealt with, as they are part of the intrinsic nature of development and social change.
[ES] Dentro del ámbito de los estudios de gestión del desarrollo, se ha articulado una crítica al sistema de cooperación de creciente importancia que pone en el centro la cuestión del gerencialismo. Analiza cómo los nuevos lenguajes y lógicas en el sector estarían despolitizando las cuestiones del desarrollo, que quedarían reducidas a simples problemas técnicos y de gestión, manejables por expertos a los que se les atribuye una total capacidad de control de los procesos. El gerencialismo evita cuestiones de economía política, de poder y conflicto para asumir la lógica, los valores, discursos y procedimientos del sector privado (hablando así de cuestiones como eficacia, productos o impacto de los proyectos de desarrollo). En este proceso, las organizaciones de desarrollo, convertidas en prestadoras de servicios, habrían quedado cooptadas por la agenda neoliberal global, y sus acciones estarían reforzando relaciones desiguales de poder. Sobre la base de estos análisis, se puede obtener elementos para repensar la cooperación y el desarrollo y resituarlos como procesos complejos, políticos e intrínsecamente conflictivos. Además, estas críticas invitan también a partir de la idea de que una perspectiva (re)politizada debe ser también transformadora, de que las organizaciones de desarrollo deben reconocer y valorar conocimientos y proyectos de vida y sociedad alternativos a los dominantes; contribuir a profundizar en modelos alternativos de desarrollo más allá del productivismo capitalista y la democracia liberal de mercado, y situar los procesos de cambio desde abajo en el centro. Se entiende también que dentro del sistema de cooperación, si bien de manera minoritaria y poco visible, personas y organizaciones de desarrollo estarían promoviendo discursos y prácticas de la cooperación y el desarrollo distintos, alineados con las ideas señaladas y que, en lugar de ser funcionales al avance del modelo neoliberal globalizado, lo estarían retando. Por tanto, los objetivos de esta tesis son, por un lado, explorar una posible caracterización de una práctica política y transformadora de la cooperación y el desarrollo; por otro, explorar cómo se produce y puede promoverse esta práctica política y transformadora en diferentes espacios. El trabajo explora tres espacios en los que estas prácticas puedan estar dándose y puedan promoverse. Se aproxima así a casos de estudio vinculados a, en primer lugar, la enseñanza formal, abordando el proceso de aprendizaje en un máster en gestión del desarrollo. En segundo lugar, la propia práctica de la cooperación, analizando cómo se producen aprendizajes de manera informal y emergente en las relaciones establecidas entre organizaciones de desarrollo del Estado español y sus aliados en América Latina. Por último, la incorporación de nuevos enfoques de gestión en las organizaciones, teniendo en cuenta los procesos e implicaciones a la hora de incorporar el enfoque basado en derechos en organizaciones del Estado español. La metodología empleada en todos los casos es esencialmente cualitativa, fundamentada en el análisis de información secundaria e información primaria obtenida de entrevistas y grupos de discusión. Al ser la orientación del trabajo exploratoria, trata de proponer conceptos, apuntar hipótesis, identificar distintas dimensiones del objeto de estudio y distintos factores de los procesos estudiados, así como apuntar posibles conexiones entre ellos. Los resultados sugieren que las características y las formas de avanzar hacia una práctica de la cooperación política transformadora no son cuestiones tan distintas. La tesis revela también que la perspectiva política y transformadora que se sugiere es intrínsecamente problemática, llena de contradicciones, tensiones y paradojas. Lejos de ser resolubles, el trabajo invita a pensar que estas tensiones deberían más bien ser asumidas y manejadas como tales, ya que estarían en la propia
[CAT] Dins l'àmbit dels estudis de la gestió del desenvolupament, s'ha articulat una crítica al sistema de cooperación al desenvolupament que a anat prenent importància i que posa al centre la qüestió del gerencialisme. Analitza com els nous llenguatges i lògiques del sector estarien despolititzant les qüestions del desenvolupament, que quedarien reduïdes a simples problemas tècnics i de gestió, manejables per experts que tindrien una total capacitat de control dels procesos. El gerencialisme evita qüestions d'economia política, de poder i de conflicte, per assumir la lògica, valors, discursos i procediments del sector privat (parlant així de qüestions com eficàcia, productes o impactes dels projectes de desenvolupament). En este procés, les organitzacions de desenvolupament, convertides en prestadores de servicis, haurien quedat cooptades per l'agenda neoliberal global, i les seues accions estarien reforçant relacions desiguals de poder. Sobre la base d'estes anàlisi, es poden obtindre elements per repensar la cooperació i el desenvolupament i resituar-los com a processos complexos, polítics i intrínsecament conflictius. A més, estes crítiques inviten a partir de la idea de que una perspectiva (re)polititzada deu ser també transformadora, de que les organitzacions de desenvolupament deuen reconéixer i valorar els coneiximents i projectes de vida i societat alternatius als dominants; contribuir a aprofundir en models alternatius de desenvolupament, més enllà del productivisme capitalista i la democràcia liberal de mercat, i situar els processos de canvi des de baix al centre. Es pot entendre també que dins el sistema de cooperació, encara que d'una manera minoritària i poc visible, persones i organitzacions de desenvolupament estarien construïnt discursos i pràctiques de la cooperació i el desenvolupament distints que, en lloc d'ésser funcionals a l'avanç del model neoliberal, l'estarien reptant. Per tant, els objectius d'esta tesi son, per una banda, explorar una possible caracterització d'una pràctica política i transformadora de la cooperació i el desenvolupament; per l'altra, explorar com es produeix i es pot promoure esta pràctica política i transformadora en diversos espais. El treball explora tres espais als quals estes pràctiqeus podrien estar donant-se i podrien ser promogudes. S'aproxima així a casos d'estudi vinculats a, en primer lloc, l'ensenyament formal, abordant el procés d'aprenentatge en un màster en gestió del desenvolupament. En segon lloc, la propia pràctica de la cooperació, analitzant com es produeixen aprenentatges de manera informal i emergent en relacions que vinculen organitzations de l'Estat espanyol amb aliats de l'Amèrica Llatina. Per últim, la incorporació de nous enfocaments de gestió en les organitzacions, tenint en compte els procesos i implicacions d'incorporar un enfocament basat en drets en organitzacions de l'Estat espanyol. La metodologia que s'ha utilitzat en tots els casos d'estudi és essencialment qualitativa, fonamentada en l'analisi d'informació secundària i d'informació primària obtinguda d'entrevistes i grups de discusió. Com que el treball té una orientació exploratòria, es tracta de proposar conceptes, apuntar hipòtesi, identificar dimensions de l'objecte d'estudi i distints factors dels procesos estudiats, així com possibles connexions entre ells. Els resultats suggereixen que les característiques i les formes d'avançar cap a una pràctica política y transformadora de la cooperació no són qüestions tan distintes. La tesi revela també que la perspectiva política i transformadora que es suggereix és intrínsecament problemàtica, plena de contradiccions, tensions i paradoxes. Lluny d'ésser resolubles, el treball invita a pensar que estes tensions deurien ésser assumides i manejades com a tals, ja que estarien en la pròpia essència del desenvolupament i el canvi social.
Belda Miquel, S. (2015). Del gerencialismo a la política: explorando las características, los espacios y los procesos de construcción de una práctica transformadora del desarrollo y la cooperación [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/57807
TESIS
Premiado

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T11:26:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 anapaulagoncalvesdoro.pdf: 914313 bytes, checksum: 8eb4fdb67008d3da6781b6a6ef598d2d (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-14T11:31:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 anapaulagoncalvesdoro.pdf: 914313 bytes, checksum: 8eb4fdb67008d3da6781b6a6ef598d2d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T11:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anapaulagoncalvesdoro.pdf: 914313 bytes, checksum: 8eb4fdb67008d3da6781b6a6ef598d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21
Este trabalho buscou compreender as práticas, lacunas e possibilidades dos bacharelados em administração no que se refere à capacitação de gestores para o terceiro setor. Tratase de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo método de coleta de evidências foi a entrevista semiestruturada. Foram entrevistados, em um primeiro momento, oito gestores de ONGs da cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG, com o objetivo de compreender as especificidades gerenciais dessas organizações. A seguir, foram realizadas dez entrevistas com coordenadores de cursos de graduação em administração e com oito docentes indicados por eles, no mesmo município. Práticas, lacunas e possibilidades desses bacharelados foram identificadas e constatou-se que atividades intra e extraclasse são insuficientes e assistemáticas. Lacunas e possibilidades descritas podem favorecer ações de instituições de ensino em prol de uma formação mais abrangente e plural dos profissionais da administração.
This work sought to understand the practices, gaps and possibilities of the baccalaureate in administration regarding the training of managers for the third sector. This is a qualitative research, whose method of gathering evidence was the semi-structured interview. Initially, eight NGO managers from the city of Juiz de Fora, MG were interviewed, in order to understand the management specificities of these organizations. Next, ten interviews were conducted with coordinators of undergraduate courses in administration and with eight teachers nominated by them, in the same municipality. Practices, gaps and possibilities of these baccalaureates were identified and it was found that intra and extraclass activities are insufficient and unsystematic. Gaps and possibilities described may favor actions of educational institutions in favor of a more comprehensive and plural formation of the professionals of the administration.

As China emerges as one of the world's top 5 economies, it attracts more multinational corporations (MNCs) that want to expand there and implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. Despite this emergence, since China entered the World Trade Organization, it has not perceived or welcomed MNCs in the same manner as in the 1970s to 1990s. Further, MNCs have had challenges adapting Western-style CSR programs in China's local communities. There is no widely-accepted multidisciplinary theory that integrates CSR, organizational culture, and culture. Hofstede's theory of cultural relativism classified China as a high power distance country where the population has a strong acceptance of large social differences. The purpose of this case study was to discover the extent to which Hofstede's cultural dimension of power distance impacts MNC CSR programs offered in Hainan, China. Five MNC executives and 1 government sector representative were interviewed, and were reviewed in 5 organizations in Hainan, China. Cross case analyses showed that CSR programs were mutually accepted by the local communities and government. Some local community members, however, did not passively accept what those in higher socioeconomic positions believed about the efficacy and need for CSR programs. Rather, local community and government appeared to collaborate, regardless of the government leaders, who are perceived to have more power and influence. These results can inform policy makers, MNCs, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations about cultural relativity and its impact on MNCs doing business in foreign communities

The aim of this thesis is to explore how does the marketing management of major Czech drama scenes reflect strategies and concepts described in the theoretical approaches to marketing, particularly in the specialized foreign literature. The goal is the marketing analysis of the most significant theaters in the Czech Republic, research the functionality and importance of marketing plans, strategies and tools, analysis of marketing management, awareness of audience and customer care. The methods used are literature search, description of known marketing concepts (marketing mix, segmentation, positioning, audience building, and audience development), and comparison of different approaches to marketing management, qualitative research, analysis of data obtained through research and expert interviews.

The master’s thesis is focused on management issues within the organization. It describes and evaluates selected management approaches to capture individual thoughts and consequently creates a comprehensive management philosophy that is applicable across a wide range of specialization. It also deals with the non-governmental non-profit sector, the introduction of a process approach and improvement through the Deming PDCA cycle.

Bakgrund: Biståndsorganisationer (NGOs) är verksamma i hela världen och exponeras följaktligen mot valutarisk. Organisationerna hanterar biståndsmedel i så väl vanliga som ovanliga valutor när de på olika sätt finansierar lokala samarbetspartners. Andelen forskning om hur biståndsorganisationer hanterar valutaköp och valutarisk är begränsad och denna studie avser att studera området ytterligare. Syfte: Studien ämnar att utifrån riskhanteringsteori samt best practice analysera problematiken kring exponeringen mot valutarisk för svenska NGOs samt dess biståndsmottagare. Syftet är även att på detta sätt kunna diskutera generella strategier för svenska NGOs valutahandel och valutariskhantering. Genomförande: Den kvalitativa ansatsen utgörs av informationsinhämtning i form av nio intervjuer som utformats efter teori samt tidigare studier. Genom fem intervjuer med svenska NGOs ges en bild av hur organisationernas processer och behov ser ut relaterat till valutariskhantering. Information om hur valutarisk- och valutahantering bedrivs i praktiken samt hur experter inom området ser på NGOs nuvarande hantering baseras på fyra intervjuer med aktörer inom valutarisk- och valutahantering. Studiens empiri från genomförda intervjuer analyseras med stöd i studiens teoretiska referensram samt tidigare studier. Slutsats: Studien visar att problematiken kring valutahandel och valutariskhantering är mer komplex än den verkar vid en första anblick samt att syftet med valutariskhantering skiljer sig mellan vinstdrivande företag och ideella organisationer. Det framgår även att NGOs i nuläget överför merparten av exponeringen mot valutarisk till motpart genom avtal och att NGOs med stor andel bunden finansiering inte har möjlighet att utförligt undersöka eller implementera valutariskhantering. Slutligen har ett antal strategier utvecklats för att mer kostnadseffektivt köpa valuta.
Background: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are active in most parts of the world and are consequently exposed to foreign exchange risk. The organizations manage aid funds in both common and uncommon types of currency when they in different ways finance local cooperation partners. The amount of previous research how aid organizations handle the management of currency trade and foreign exchange risk is limited and this study aims to examine the area further. Aim: The study aims to analyse the complex of problems regarding exposure to foreign exchange risk for both Swedish NGOs and their cooperation partners, to do so on the basis of foreign exchange risk theory and best practice. The aim is in such a way to discuss general strategies for currency trade and foreign exchange risk management for Swedish NGOs. Completion: The qualitative approach consists of nine interviews that have been designed in accordance with theory and previous research. A picture of the organizational processes and needs of Swedish NGOs regarding foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management was given by five interviews with NGOs. Information concerning how foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management is utilized in practice and how experts in the field perceive current management of NGOs was gathered from four interviews with actors within foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management. The empirical data is analysed on the basis of the theoretical framework and previous research. Conclusion: The study shows that the complex of problems regarding foreign exchange risk- and currency trade management are not as straightforward as at first glance. It also indicates that foreign exchange risk management differs between for-profit businesses and non-profit organizations. It appears that NGOs currently transfer all foreign exchange risk exposure to its counterpart through contracts. The investigation and implementation of foreign exchange risk management is not possible for NGOs with a large ratio of restricted funds. Finally a number of strategies have been developed for a more cost-effective currency trade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosEC_TESE.pdf: 2674949 bytes, checksum: e99eebe77638a569585d70ad4d2ca0a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-04
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The present study has proposed a structural model to identify the reasons why individuals become voluntary, keep and exit this type of work. The empirical space was the Pastoral da Crian?a - social action agency of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) - community-based institution that has its work based on solidarity and the sharing of knowledge. The theoretical framework has the context in which are volunteering studies in Brazilian and world level. Then discuss the various concepts of volunteering and presented the theoretical models of volunteer motivation. Studies of Mostyn (1983) and studies conducted by the BEPEGE-Base for Studies and Research in Management Policies and Strategies - in their line of research GERQUAL - Human Resource Management and Organizational Quality - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte as Carvalho e Souza(2006), Souza, Medeiros e Fernandes (2006), Souza et al (2009, 2010), Cavalcante et al (2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d) were the main theoretical references for the construction of the model that was tested. Data collection was done through a survey with 71 indicators, in 2 visits to cities from the Diocese of Pesqueira, Pernambuco. The first data collection occurred in the period between May 30 and June 3, 2011, in Buique/PE and the second collection happened in Pesqueira/PE, in St. Joseph Seminary, in the period between July 6-8, 2011. 720 questionnaires were collected. The sample was divided into two parts. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied in first part and Confirmatory Factor Analysis - structural equation modeling - in the second half. The examination of the results achieved by the expectations, reasons for entry, reasons for staying and exit reasons showed that all hypotheses were accepted. So the motivation of voluntary Pastoral da Crian?a can be explained by a set of interactions between these five constructs: Altruistic, Affectionate, Amiable, Adjusted and Astute
O presente estudo prop?s modelo estrutural que identificasse os motivos que levam indiv?duos a se tornar volunt?rio, manter-se e deixar de executar tal tipo de trabalho. O espa?o emp?rico foi a Pastoral da Crian?a - Organismo de a??o social da Confer?ncia Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB) - institui??o de base comunit?ria que tem seu trabalho baseado na solidariedade e na partilha do saber. O referencial te?rico apresentou o contexto no qual est? o voluntariado, em n?vel mundial e nacional. Em seguida discutiu os diversos conceitos de voluntariado e apresentou os modelos te?ricos de motiva??o volunt?ria.Os estudos de Mostyn (1983) e os estudos conduzidos pela BEPEGE - Base de Estudos e Pesquisas em Estrat?gias e Pol?ticas de Gest?o na sua linha de pesquisa GERQUAL - Gest?o de Recursos Humanos e Qualidade Organizacional da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte como Carvalho e Souza(2006), Souza, Medeiros e Fernandes (2006), Souza et al (2009, 2010), Cavalcante et al (2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d) foram as principais refer?ncias te?ricas para a constru??o do modelo que foi testado.A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de question?rio fechado com 71 indicadores, em 2 visitas a cidades da Diocese de Pesqueira/PE. A primeira coleta de dados ocorreu no per?odo entre 30 de maio e 3 de junho de 2011, na cidade Buique /PE e a segunda coleta aconteceu na cidade de Pesqueira/PE, no Semin?rio S?o Jos?, no per?odo entre 6 e 8 de julho de 2011. Foram aplicados 720 question?rios. A amostra foi dividida em duas partes. Na primeira foi feita a An?lise Fatorial Explorat?ria e na segunda a An?lise Fatorial Confirmat?ria, por meio da Modelagem das Equa??es Estruturais. O exame dos resultados alcan?ados pelos modelos das expectativas, dos motivos de entrada, dos motivos de perman?ncia e dos motivos de sa?da permite afirmar que todas as hip?teses foram aceitas. Assim a motiva??o do volunt?rio da Pastoral da Crian?a pode ser explicada por um conjunto de intera??es entre esses cinco constructos: Altru?smo, Afetivo, Amig?vel, Ajustado e Ajuizado

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
A Gestão do Conhecimento é considerada um dos desafios das organizações, nomeadamente, nas Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONG). Este estudo analisa apenas uma das quatro etapas do Processo de Gestão do Conhecimento: a Partilha de Conhecimento, pois no Terceiro Setor, os recursos são escassos e a mão-de-obra voluntária é elevada, o que se torna um grande desafio estratégico, dada a grande rotatividade dos colaboradores, os conhecimentos não são formalizados. A Partilha de Conhecimento organizacional, tornaria as ONG mais competitivas. Esta investigação é suportada pela Teoria da Cultura Organizacional de Schein (2004) sendo que, foram estudados individualmente os níveis que a compõem: Artefactos, Normas e Valores e, Pressupostos Básicos. A cada nível corresponde uma variável organizacional em análise: Comunicação Interna, Clima Ético e Altruísmo, respetivamente. O objetivo foi perceber qual o impacto das variáveis organizacionais na Partilha de Conhecimento, nas ONG portuguesas e ainda testar se os diferentes níveis da Cultura Organizacional estão correlacionados, entre si. Como resultados, o estudo conseguiu confirmar que existe uma correlação positiva entre os níveis da Cultura Organizacional de Schein (2004) e, ainda, que individualmente cada uma das variáveis organizacionais em análise, têm um impacto positivo na Partilha de Conhecimento, nas ONG portuguesas. A análise da influência das três variáveis em simultâneo demonstrou a limitação da contribuição da Comunicação Interna, muito provavelmente relacionada com o investimento que esta envolve face ao Clima Ético e ao Altruísmo e refletindo as restrições de recursos das ONG.
Knowledge management is considered one of the challenges of organizations, namely in Non-governmental Organization (NGO). This is a study of one of the four stages of the Knowledge Management Process: Knowledge Sharing, because in the Third Sector, resources are scarce and voluntary labor is high, which becomes a major strategic challenge and since employees rotation is high, knowledge is not formalized. Knowledge Sharing, in an organizational environment, would make NGO more competitive. This investigation is supported by the Organizational Culture Model (Schein 2004) and were studied individually each level of this model: Artifacts, Espoused Values and Basic Assumptions. Each level is associated to a unique Environment Level: Internal Communication, Ethical Environment and Altruism in this order. The main goal was to understand the impact of this Organizational Variables of Knowledge Sharing inside Portuguese NGO, and in addition, verify if all levels of the Organizational Culture are related to each other. As a result, this study could confirm that there is a positive correlation between the all levels of the Organizational Culture (Schein 2004), and individually each organizational variables under analysis has a positive impact on Knowledge Sharing in Portuguese NGO. The analysis of the influence of the three variables simultaneously demonstrated the limitation of the Internal Communication contribution, most probably related to the investment it involves in relation to the Ethical Environment and Altruism reflecting the resource constraints of NGO.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Couvert à plus de 80% de forêt tropicale, et dans le contexte du spectre de l'épuisement du pétrole, le Gabon est confronté au défi d'assurer un équilibre entre exploitation et préservation de ses ressources. Les politiques qui en découlent sont largement orientées par les engagements pris par le gouvernement pour répondre aux injonctions internationales, mais aussi à la pression des bailleurs de fonds et aux promoteurs du développement durable (ONG internationales, fondations, organismes de coopération...). Cette orientation vers une gestion durable des forêts a ainsi conduit le pays à des réformes considérables : nouveaux modes de gouvernance (avec l'implication de " nouveaux " acteurs aux ambitions diverses), nouveau code forestier, nouvelle organisation des institutions, nouveaux modes d'usages des forêts. Une rupture semble être marquée ici avec une gestion héritée des indépendances, voire de l'époque coloniale. Entre revendication d'une souveraineté nationale et gestion d'une ressource qui touche à des enjeux planétaires, la gouvernance des forêts s'avère complexe pour un État aux moyens techniques et financiers limités. Les espaces forestiers et les populations qui en dépendent deviennent ainsi le terrain d'affrontements de stratégies diverses, parfois divergentes, souvent calquées sur des modèles ne correspondant pas toujours à la réalité socio-culturelle locale, mais légitimées par le seul label de gestion durable. Notre thèse donne des clés de lecture sur cette gouvernance et sur les dynamiques des politiques forestières au Gabon, en mettant l'accent sur l'observation de certains acteurs. S'il est souvent admis que les États forestiers du sud sont sous l'emprise de puissantes ONG internationales, symboles d'une gouvernance prescrite et d'une ingérence écologique, notre étude montre que la présence de ces nouveaux acteurs peut aussi témoigner d'une stratégie des gouvernements du sud pour la reconquête de leurs ressources et de leurs territoires. De dominants à dominés, on passe à une relation de gagnants à gagnants, au péril parfois d'une population locale instrumentalisée et résignée. En abordant les jeux et le rôle des acteurs pour comprendre le territoire, cette thèse offre des perspectives pour porter un nouveau regard sur la gestion des ressources forestières au Gabon.

El presente trabajo de investigación está enfocado en determinar cómo la gestión de la comunicación tiene relación con el logro de los objetivos insitucionales de las organizaciones no gubertamentales (ONGs) de asistencia social y ayuda humanitaria. También, sobre las mismas organizaciones, se analizó cómo gestionan la comunicación y, al mismo tiempo, identificar sus objetivos institucionales en el año 2019. Además, se trabajó, de manera exhaustiva, con diversos documentos de investigación académica y científica vinculados a la labor de las ONGs, al manejo de la comunicación estratégica, el trabajo que realizan las ONGs a favor de la sociedad y la gestión institucional de las mismas. Adicionalmente, para este estudio, la metodología está orientada a la investigación cualitativa. Se trabajará entrevistas a profundidad a personal vinculado a las comunicaciones y ejecución de proyectos de ONGs que se desempeñan en Perú. Todo ello, con la finalidad de constatar lo expuesto líneas atrás para obtener información calidad que permita alcanzar el enfoque.
This research work is focused on determining how communication management is related to the achievement of the institutional objectives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) of social assistance and humanitarian help. Also, on the same organizations, it seeks to analyze how they manage communication and, at the same time, identify their institutional objectives in the year 2019. In addition to this, they worked exhaustively with various academic and scientific research documents linked to the work of NGOs, to the management of strategic communication, the work carried out by NGOs in favor of society and the institutional management of the same. Additionally, for this study, the methodology is oriented to qualitative research. In-depth interviews will be carried out with personnel related to communications and the execution of projects of 4 NGOs that work at Peru. All this, with the aim of verifying the aforementioned lines to obtain quality information that allows reaching the focus.
Trabajo de investigación

This thesis describes the non-profit sector in Czechoslovakia in 1945 - 1951 period. In this pivotal period, the independent non-profit organizations were partly revived during the post-war reconstruction, but they have been gradually limited by the state pressure, aiming to achieve their ultimate liquidation. This study examines the causes and transformation tools of the NGO sector until its abolition, as well as their subordination to direct government oversight. This work views the topic especially in terms of financial and managerial aspects of the organizations during this period. Due to the fact that this is an unexplored issue, the theoretical knowledge related to the topic is presented first, and the terminology and legislative developments of this type of organization are subsequently clarified. The practical part uses the example of three socially oriented associations: YMCA, Czechoslovak Red Cross and Charita (Caritas), their specific economic issues and the examples of contemporary management.

Práce ověřuje pracovní hypotézy: (i) finanční řízení zahraniční mise nestátní neziskové organizace je specifickou oblastí, která si zaslouží vlastní metodologický přístup a (ii) požadavky na finančního manažera zahraniční mise jsou odlišné od běžného finančního manažera nestátní neziskové organizace Popisuje poslání, hodnoty a vize nestátních neziskových organizací, strategické řízení, finanční plánování, project cycle management, rizika v neziskovém sektoru a finanční zdroje. Praktická část definuje humanitární a rozvojovou pomoc, vysvětluje pozici organizace v tomto kontextu a vymezuje charakteristiky zahraničních misí, dále popisuje finance v organizační struktuře, vysvětluje finanční plánování, ekonomiku misí na Kavkaze a ukázkový rozpočet projektu, nakonec popisuje pracovní náplň finančního manažera mise a specifika života a práce v rozvojovém světě.

Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: While nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have existed for several hundred years, their recent surge was largely fueled by several key factors. Firstly, government corruption caused donor agencies to see NGOs as safer investments for their aid portfolios. Secondly, the end of the Cold War fostered growth in development in former Soviet satellite nations. Thirdly, the United Nation‘s (UN) establishment of the Millennium Development Goals galvanized the globe to address indicators critical to combating extreme poverty. Vast amounts of charitable capital combined with donors‘ increasing expectations of performance to spark serious interest in the topics of NGO efficiency, accountability and effectiveness. These topics are foundational to NGO mission accomplishment and have contributed to a global expansion of academic programs in NGO management. The examination of a forerunner of NGO management education helped address the void of scholarship concerning NGO-related academic program effectiveness. The economic development program at Eastern University (US) was created in 1984 as one of the world‘s first MBA programs designed to train entrepreneurs for service to distressed communities. The program quickly grew to over one hundred students and then foundered due to frequent personnel transition, curricular change, mission drift and a lack of investment in relational marketing and outreach. This prompted an administrative intervention in 2002. In 2007, five years into the economic development program‘s reinvention process, a qualitative evaluation determined whether all the essential elements of the program were in place and operating in accordance with the plans put forth in 2002. The knowledge generated by this research will strengthen institutions that serve NGOs and extend the abilities of NGO leaders to fulfill their missions. The following specific aims were established and achieved. Firstly, an analysis of the factors contributing to the management challenges facing the leaders of international NGOs was presented. Secondly, a qualitative evaluation of an international graduate economic development program for NGO leaders using archival analysis verified through iv interviews and focus groups assessed the effectiveness of the 2002 intervention in achieving planned objectives. Thirdly, the research also generated conclusions and recommendations on theoretical, practical and policy-related issues, particularly regarding matters of academic program leadership, curricular development, planning, evaluation, marketing and the distinctive requirements of international programs containing distance delivery components. Fourthly, the research enriched the scholarly conversation in the NGO and academic communities in substantive ways, including two presentations at international conferences and publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Theoretical, practical and policy conclusions were generated as research outcomes and included a theoretical framework for the implementation and evaluation of an international graduate economic development MBA for NGO leaders. The conclusions generated four recommendations for the host institution and others with similar missions and aspirations. The recommendations stated that these kinds of programs should: commit to the discipline of multi-year planning and evaluation, appoint well-qualified faculty to lead them, implement and resource relationship-based marketing plans that engage program alumni, and excel at delivering cross-cultural, highly accessible learning
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nieregeringsorganisasies (NRO‘s) bestaan al vir baie honderde jare. In die onlangse verlede is die belangrikheid en groei daarvan deur verskeie faktore aangevuur. Ten eerste het skenkerorganisasies nieregeringsorganisasies toenemend begin beskou as veiliger beleggers vir hulle hulpfondse as die toenemende korrupsie van regerings. Tweedens het die einde van die Koue Oorlog die groei en ontwikkeling van vorige Sowjet- satellietstate gestimuleer. Derdens het die Verenigde Volkeorganisasie (VVO) met die daarstelling van die milleniumontwikkelingsdoelstellings die wêreld saamgesnoer in hulle pogings om armoede te beveg. Groot bedrae welsynskapitaal en die daarmee gepaardgaande hoër prestasieverwagtinge van skenkers het daartoe bygedra dat daar groter belangstelling was in die effektiwiteit, doeltreffendheid en toerekenbaarheid van nieregeringsorganisasies. Laasgenoemde drie temas is fundamenteel tot die uitlewing van nieregeringsorganisasies se missies en dit het daartoe bygedra dat daar ‘n wêreldwye toename in akademiese programme oor die leierskap en bestuur van nieregeringsorganisasies was. Navorsing oor een van die pioniers op die gebied van leierskap en bestuursopleiding vir nie-regeringsorganisasies het daartoe bygedra om hierdie leemte in die akademieskap van nie-regeringsorganisasies se programeffektiwiteit te oorbrug. Die ekonomiese ontwikkelings-program aan die Eastern University in die VSA is in 1984 as een van die wêreld se eerste MBA-programme wat ontwerp is om entrepreneurs vir dienslewering aan benadeelde gemeenskappe op te lei, in die lewe geroep. Die program was baie gewild en het vinnig gegroei en gou was daar meer as ‘n honderd ingeskrewe studente. As gevolg van verskeie faktore, waaronder gereelde personeel- en leierskapwisseling, kurrikulumwysigings, missieverskuiwing (mission drift) en onvoldoende investering in bemarking en uitreikprogramme, het die program se gewildheid afgeneem. Hierdie afname in die gewildheid van die program het inmenging/intervensie deur die universiteitsbestuur in 2002 genoodsaak. In 2007,vyf jaar nadat die universiteitsbestuur die intervensie geïnisieer het, is deur middel van ‘n kwalitatiewe evaluering vasgestel of al die noodsaaklike elemente van die program toegepas is volgens die intervensieprogram wat in 2002 geïnisieer is. Die kennis wat deur hierdie navorsing gegenereer is, sal vi universiteite en instellings wat nieregeringsorganisasies ondersteun, versterk en die leiers van nieregeringsorganisasies in staat stel om hulle missies uit te leef. Verskeie doelstellings is met die navorsing nagestreef en bereik. Eerstens is die faktore wat bydra tot die uitdagings vir die leierskap van internasionale nieregeringsorganisasies geanaliseer en aangebied. Tweedens is ‘n kwalitatiewe evaluering van ‘n internasionale nagraadse ekonomiese ontwikkelingsprogram uitgevoer. Argivale materiaal is geanaliseer en, gerugsteun deur inligting wat verkry is uit onderhoude en fokusgroepe, is die effektiwiteit van die 2002-intervensie bepaal. Derdens is teoretiese, praktiese en beleidsgevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings gegenereer. Hierdie gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings is veral toegespits op leierskap vir akademiese programme, kurrikulumontwikkeling, beplanning, evaluering, bemarking en die eiesoortige eise wat afstandsonderrigprogramme stel. Vierdens het die navorsing die akademiese gesprek en die akademiese en nieregeringsorganisasies op verskeie betekenisvolle maniere verryk. Onder andere is twee aanbiedinge by internasionale konferensies gedoen en is ‘n artikel in ‘n eweknie-beoordeelde tydskrif gepubliseer. Teoretiese, praktiese en beleidsgevolgtrekkings is daargestel en dit sluit onder andere ‘n teoretiese raamwerk vir die implementering en evaluering van ‘n internasionale MBA- nagraadse ekonomiese ontwikkelingsprogram vir leiers van nieregeringsorganisasies in. Die gevolgtrekkings het gelei tot vier aanbevelings vir die gasheerinstelling en ander instellings met soortgelyke missies en aspirasies. Die aanbevelings sluit onder andere in dat instellings wat soortgelyke programme aanbied, hulle moet verbind tot multijaarbeplanning en -evaluering, dat hulle bekwame akademici as leiers moet aanstel, dat hulle brongebaseerde bemarkingsplanne moet implementeer en dat hulle akademiese personeel moet aanstel wat besonder goed toegerus is in die aanbieding van kruiskulturele toeganklike leerprogramme.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Com esta dissertação procura-se compreender de que forma as boas práticas para o acesso à água e ao saneamento, acordadas pelos doadores internacionais, influenciam o trabalho das Organizações Não-Governamentais para o Desenvolvimento (ONGDs) que atuam neste sector. A dissertação analisa como a União Europeia (UE), o mais importante doador internacional no sector da água e do saneamento, tem influenciado o trabalho da ONGD portuguesa "TESE" Associação Para o Desenvolvimento neste sector. Entre 2010 e 2012, a TESE implementou um projeto para a expansão do acesso à água em Bafatá, na Guiné-Bissau, com o apoio financeiro da UE. Este estudo de caso permitiu observar de que forma a TESE interpretou as orientações da UE no sector da água e do saneamento: se procurou seguir cegamente as linhas orientadoras europeias de forma a captar os fundos, ou respeitar antes a sua própria visão para o sector independentemente da disponibilidade dos financiamentos. A dissertação analisa ainda os objetivos e boas práticas que movem a cooperação neste sector bem como as dificuldades encontradas na execução dos projetos.
With this dissertation we seek to understand in which ways the best practices on water access and sanitation, agreed by international donors, influence the work of non-governmental development organisations (NGDOs) operating in this sector. We analyse how the European Union, the most important international donor for the water and sanitation sector, influenced the activities of the NGDO "TESE" Associação para o Desenvolvimento in this sector. Between 2010 and 2012, TESE implemented a EU-funded project aimed at extending access to water for the inhabitants of Bafatá, in Guinea-Bissau. Based on this case study, we observed how TESE interpreted the European Union's guidelines for the water and sanitation sector to understand whether there was a blind adaptation to the guidelines to access the finance or instead TESE sought to respect its own vision for the sector independently of finance availability. Additionally, the dissertation also analysed the goals and best practices that drive international cooperation in the sector and the challenges during the implementation of the projects.