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1
VUNINGOMA, JAMES-FRANCI. "L'engagement dans l'oeuvre de ngugi wa thiong'o." Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE2016.
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L'analyse thematique de l'engagement dans l'oeuvre de ngugi wa thiong'o est etudiee a travers cinq romans et quatre pieces de theatre. Elle est enrichie par les travaux extra-litteraires (les essais et les interviews). Le travail est divise en 3 parties. La 1ere partie definit le theme d'engagement et recherche ses manifestations a travers les attitudes et les reactions telles qu'elles sont apercues au kenya dans la periode coloniale et post independance. Cela donne l'occasion a ngugi wa thiong'o de recreer des situations dans lesquelles les forces fictives ne laissent aux personnages aucun choix que de choisir chacun son cote. La 2e partie aborde la question de la langue, son pouvoir de communication et sa relation avec le theme d'engagement. Elle examine l'experience de la communication traditionnelle a travers les chansons, la danse, les proverbes. Dans le schema de communication nous y decouvrirons le nouveau public de ngugi wa thiong'o et les problemes de la publication en langue africaine a travers l'exemple de la langue kikuyu. La 3e partie etudie le role symbolique des mots, des images et des symboles. Elle examine les aspects narratifs de l'oeuvre et aborde ensuite l'etude de point de vue. Donc les personnages etudies n'ont d'autres solutions que de choisir chacun son camp. Cela apparait dans leurs prises de position a travers leurs propos et leurs actions. Leur createur n'est pas epargne car il est place dans le role civique ou il est contraint d'agir en pleine contradiction dans la situation conflictuelle de sa societeThe thematic study of commitment in ngugi wa thiong'o's work is analysed in five novels and four plays. The work is enriched by the extra-literary work of essays and interviews. We have divided it into three parts. The irst part seeks to define commitment and analyses its manifestations in the attitudes and the reactions during colonial and post independence periods in kenya. This gives to ngugi wa thiong'o an occasion to recreate fictional forces in which his characters reveal their choices as they react to the various situations. The 2nd part looks into the language issue and its communicating power in relationship to the theme of commitment. It surveys the use of the oral traditional means of communication (songs, dances, proverbs and sayings). The analysis of the schematic mode of communication introduces us to the issue of the new public of ngugi wa thiong'o and looks into the problems of publishing in an african language, the case of the kikuyu language. The 3rd part explores the symbolic universe of words, images and symbols. It surveys the art of story telling and analyses the point of view. So, most characters studied have no way out but to choose sides. This is found in their words and their actions. Their creator is not spared either for we find him playing at the civic role in the midst of contradictions and conflicts in his society
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Lee, Seok-Ho. "Ngugi wa Thiongo and third world postcolonialism." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7883.
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Bibliography: leaves 184-194.This study investigates the ambivalent traits of third world postcolonialism. Third world postcolonialism appears as an antithesis against the logical fallacy of the binary oppositions performed by the contemporary first world postcolonial theory and practice. The division between the first and the third world postcolonial aesthetics is due to their different interpretations and practices of the term 'postcolonial,' respectively.
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Yavoucko, Cyriaque Robert. "Permanence de la notion d'engagement chez Ngugi Wa Thiong'o." Paris 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA030153.
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L'engagement de la litterature africaine remonte a la publication de ba touala par rene maran en 1921. Cet engagement s'est caracterise par une prise de position frontale contre les pouvoirs coloniaux et la revendication de la liberation de l'afrique et des africains. Dans les cercles des critiques litteraires et d'observateurs de la litterature africane, des voix s'etaient elevees pour s'interroger sur l'avenir de cette litterature a l'avenement des independances en 1960. Les interogations reposaient sur la nature de la litterature africaine d'avant les independances, l'epoque ou son theme central etait la contestation de l'ordre colonial, la lutte pour la liberation de l'afrique. A leurs yeux, le caractere engage de cette litterature n'avait plus sa raison d'etre a l'ascession a l'independance des etats africains les oeuvres de ngugi wa thiong'o, ecrivain de la periode postcoloniale, montrent par leurs themes, leurs objectifs, que la lutte pour la veritable liberation de l'afrique et des africains continue apres le les independances. Il demontre que la prise du pouvoir par la petite bourgeoisie africaine, alliee au capitalisme, perpetue l'alienation l'exploitation de l'afrique et des africainsCommitment in the african litterature goes back to 1921 that saw the publication of batouala by rene maria n. This commitment was based on open opposition to colonial powers and the revendication of the liberation of african states to sovereignty in 1960, literary critics of the african literature questioned its future on the ground of the fact that its central theme had been since the refusal of colonial order and the struggle for the liberation of africa. For them, the proclamation of inde pendances has ended its commitled trend. The writings of ngugi wa thiong'o, a post colonial writer, show by their theines and objectives that the struggle for the liberation of africa still goes on. He sustains that the takeover by a small african emiddle-class allied to capitalism perpetuates the alienation and the exploitation of africa. For him african litterature and a frican writers must remain resolutely committed on the side of the peasants and the workers in order to fight the african middle-class and seek the way to topple capitalism
4
Nwankwo, Chimalum. "The works of Ngugi wa Thiong'o : towards the kingdom of woman and man /." Ikeja : Longman Nigeria, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35599610x.
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Jassor, Essogoye K. "L'Art et l'engagement dans les oeuvres de Ngugi Wa Thiong'o." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606200c.
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Jassor, Essogoye K. "L'art et l'engagement dans les œuvres de Ngugi Wa Thiong'O." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOL005.
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Par le biais de leur culture les colons en pays Gikuyu se sont mis à vider le cerveau de l'indigène de tout son contenu. Ils se sont emparés de toute terre cultivable. Cet écrivain Gikuyu, Ngugi, use de la fiction et de l'histoire pour présenter la vérité sur le phénomène colonial et sur les causes de la situation dramatique actuelle du Kenya et, par la même, de l’Afrique. La confiscation des terres par les blancs et la redistribution irrégulière de ces mêmes terres par les politiciens kenyans font partie de ces causes. Fidèle à ce qu'il appelle les "guérilleros littéraires" Ngugi se présente comme le purificateur de sa société, l'apôtre de la rééquilibration et du changement à tout prix dans l'intérêt des opprimés. La religion chrétienne et l'éducation occidentale sont aussi responsables des troubles qui tourmentent les personnes qui se trouvent dans sa fiction. Pour pouvoir faire face à leurs problèmes, Ngugi demande aux kenyans d'aller chercher les forces stabilisatrices dans leur passe. Ngugi évoque le thème de la trahison pour demander aux siens de faire un effort pour se découvrir. Une particularité de Ngugi c'est de créer des personnages faibles pour véhiculer des idées importantes. La présence de certains de ses personnages féminins est une d'inhabituelle dans la littérature traditionnelle. Ngugi les crée afin d'universaliser, pour les deux sexes, sa lutte pour la justice sociale. La clé de l'engagement permanent de Ngugi se trouve dans son enfance, dans ses expériences personnelles au Kenya ainsi que dans son association aux étudiants de tendances marxistes à LeedsThrough the expedience of their culture, the colonialists in Gikuyuland tried to empty the native's brain of all content. They laid hold of every cultivable land. Ngugi makes use of fiction and history to present the truth about the colonial phenomenon as well as about causes of Kenya’s present dramatic situation. The seizure of the people's land by the white men and the unequal redistribution of this land by Kenyan politicians are some of the causes. Faithful to the role of what he calls "true literary guerillas", Ngugi shows himself to be purifier of his society, the apostle of equilibrium and of change. Also, the Christian religion and western education have contributed to the social scourges which plague the people in Ngugi's fiction. Ngugi calls on Kenyans to return to their roots to look for those element of stability with which they can solve their problems. Ngugi makes good use of the theme of treachery as a means of asking his people to rediscover themselves. A particularity of Ngugi's is that he projects important ideas through the consciousness of his weak characters. Ngugi creates certain female protagonists (who are rather unusual figures in traditional African literature) as a way of universalizing, for both sexes, his long-standing fight for social justice. The key to Ngugi's constant commitment can be found in his childhood, in his personal experience in Kenya as well as in his association with Marxist-inclined fellow-students at Leeds
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Nicholls, Brendon Lindley. "Problems of representation and representativeness in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's fiction." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18706.
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Using a nexus of discourse theory, the French Feminism of Helene Cixous and the deconstructive Marxist Feminism of Gayatri Spivak, this work examines the production of the sign 'woman' in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's fiction. I locate Ngugi's semiotics of the feminine in the conflicting discursive formations of two historical junctures of Kenyan resistance to colonial rule (the female circumcision debate and the Mau Mau insurgency) , in which 'woman' is mobilized as a metaphor for the Kenyan social matrix by Gikuyu nationalist/traditionalist discourses. Following Spivak, I find in female circumcision a metonym of the silencing of the subaltern woman as an agency in insurgency. Ngugi's silencing of the historical struggles of Kenyan women obtains in his association of the female characters (or 'mothers') with the land throughout his fiction. The women in Ngugi's narratives are thus located outside of an historical present, inasmuch as they represent either an idyllic past (prior to the colonial incursion) or an harmonious future utopia. Further, Ngugi' s gender representations enable the political vision of his novels and contradict the socio-political convictions which he has elaborated outside of his fiction. By refusing to engage the vestiges of the Gikuyu patriarchy, Ngugi consolidates his privileged position within the Kenyan elite and proclaims to represent worker/peasant constituency transparently. Reading 'against the grain' of the later novels, I iocate in the prostitute or 'fallen woman' a figure which unsettles the economy of gender difference constituted by Ngugi's patriarchal master-narrative, and which therefore disrupts Ngugi' s androcentric historiography. Bibliography: pages 208-213.
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Mackaya, Hubert. "Réalités historiques et univers romanesque dans l'oeuvre de Ngugi Wa Thiong'o." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375993153.
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Mackaya, Hubert. "Réalités historiques et univers romanesque dans l'oeuvre de Ngugi Wa Thiong'o." Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30056.
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L'ensemble des ecrits de ngugi a, pour arriere-plan, l'histoire du kenya. Weep not, child et the river between traitent de la vie des kikuyu avant et apres 1870, date de l'implantation des missionnaires au kenya. C'est le conflit des cultures du a l'opposition radicale entre les systemes des valeurs occidental et indigene. La guerre mau-mau des annees 1950 est au centre de weep not, child. La spoliation des terres est la principale cause de ce conflit. Ngugi rejoint ainsi l'histoire. A partir de 1967, l'ecrivain consacre son oeuvre a l'examen de la gestion de l'independance du pays. A grain of wheat marque la fin de l'idealisme et de l'optimisme des premiers romans. Avec a grain of wheat, petals of blood et devil on the cross, ngugi commente l'actualite quotidienne. L'auteur decrit une communaute kenyane, ou s'affrontent les dirigeants, excessivement riches et les masses, de plus en plus pauvres. L'auteur predit une autre revolte du type mau-mau. Le marxisme guide, ici, son analyse. Cependant, ngugi n'est ni un historien, ni un simple chroniqueur. Ses oeuvres sont, avant tout, des oeuvres de fiction, ou les evenements reels voisinent avec des situations fictives. La facon dont ces evenements sont narres constitue l'aspect le plus frappant de son oeuvre. Ayant choisi un mode de narration oblique, les histoires s'interrompent continuellement et le roman devient, alors, une suite d'enchassements un ensemble d'entonnoirs contenus les uns dans les autres. Le stream of consciousness est l'autre point fort de cette narration. La symbolique participe egalement au developpement des themes. A tout cela, l'auteur a su fondre une temporalite qui s'articule autour de la trialectique passe-present-futurHistory, especially kenyan history is the background of ngugi"s works of fiction. His first two novels the river between and weep not, child deal with the kikuyu way of life before and after 1870, when european first arrived in kenya. In the river between, ngugi is mainly concerned with the bump of civilisations that followed european settlement. Mau-mau war which took place in the 1950's is the main theme of weep not, child land expropriation is the cause ngugi gives to that conflicts. Ngugi's opinions fit with reality. Since 1967, ngugi is mostly concerned with the way kenya took after her uhuru. In his last three novels a grain of wheat, petals of blood and devil on the cross, the author depicts every day life in kenya and describes how problems affect people. To him. Kenyan society consists in two conflicting classes : those who lead the country and the masses. Leaders keep on getting richer and richer, while the masses go on becoming poorer and poorer. Indeed, says ngugi, 1952 revolution was a failure and another mau-mau-like war is unavoidable. In spite, of his concern with kenya's history and with every day life in kenya; ngugi remains a novelist and his work must be regarded as a work of fiction. He is not a historian. This is why in his novels historical facts and fictive situations are placed side by side. The way themes are related is one of the most striking points in ngugi's novels. Stories are often embedded and the novels become a series of "nests" containing one another. The stream of consciousness plays also an important part in his narration. So do symbols. Time is another concern for ngugi. For gim, past, present and future are linked
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Kosmas, George. "Narrative appropriations in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Devil On The Cross and Matigaii /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ark86.pdf.
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Woode, Edward Winston Babatunde. "Alterity and hybridity in Anglophone postcolonial literatuare : Ngugi, Achebe, p'Bitek and Nwapa /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 2001.
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Elma, Sandra. "Voicing Oppression : A Rhetorical Reading of Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Devil on the Cross." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för språk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-8113.
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Abstract This essay focuses on how taking a rhetorical approach to Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Devil on the Cross facilitates both the understanding of its theme of oppression and its stylistic peculiarities. Content and form are intricately linked and in order to wholly understand the text, attention must be drawn to how it is written, why it was written and the effect of this composition. Lloyd Bitzer’s concept of the rhetorical situation is used as a framework for my discussion to further highlight the impact of rhetoric on the text and the fact that it is equally important that Devil on the Cross is read as a rhetorical as much as literary text. The rhetorical situation of the novel is the neo-colonial situation in the Kenyan society and the oppression of the marginalised masses at the hands of foreign multinational conglomerates and the Kenyan bourgeoisie. This paper shows that both the theme of oppression as well as the stylistical peculiarities in the novel is best understood in the light of a rhetorical reading. When examining the theme, one can detect how the situation of the poor is outlined according to a rhetorical model to invoke change and that the novel is directed both to listeners and readers. Stylistic features such as repetition, the creation of characters as types, and the use of the burlesque all make sense since the text operates on a level where memory support is crucial in order for a listener to collect the information given. At the same time, the text is directed towards a reading audience familiar with Western literary techniques. This paper further points to that in order to grasp the novel, emphasis must be placed on the importance of there being multiple audiences and that the best way to reach this comprehension and insight is through a rhetorical reading.
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Andriamanana, Voahangy Yolande. "Techniques narratives dans les romans de ngugi wa thiong'o entre 1964 et 1982." Montpellier 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON30011.
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L'etude des quatre romans en anglais de ngugi wa thiong'o est conduite dans le cadre de l'approche narratologique de gerard genette. Une fois defini le cadre spatio-temporel dans l'oeuvre du romancier et analyse le contenu narratif roman apres roman, il apparait que la structure des deux dernieres oeuvres est bien plus complexes que celle des deux oeuvres de jeunesse, signe de la maturation ideologique et litteraire de l'ecrivain. L'approche methodologique adoptee met bien en lumiere cette complexite et cette richesses croissantes, mais elle ne rend pas toujours compte des aspects plus specifiquement psychologiques et surtout culturels du texte, notamment en ce qui concerne la vision circulaire du temps dans la tradition africaine. Ce travail permet d'eclairer la demarche artistique originale du romancier kenyan, qui, tout en evoluant d'un roman a l'autre, reste coherente aussi bien sur leplan thematique que sur le plan structurelThe study of the fopur novels written in english by ngugi wa thiong'o is carried out within the frame of gerard genette's narratological approach. Once the spatiotemporal framework in the novelist's work has been defined and the narrative contents analyzed novel after novel, it appears that the structure of the last two novels is much more complex than that of the two early works, a sign of the novelist's ideological and literary growing maturity. The methodological approach chosen brings into light this increasing complexity and richness, but it sometimes fails to account for some specifically psychological or cultural approach aspects of the text, in particular concerning the circular vision of time in african tradition. This research has attempted to throw light on the original artistic processes of the kenyan novelist, which, although evolving from one novel to the next, remain coherent on the thematic as well as on the structural levels
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Oluoch-Olunya, Garnette. "Contextualising post-independence Anglophone African writing : Ayi Kwei Armah and Ngugi Wa Thiong'o compared." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5341/.
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In the 'Introduction', I establish the basic parameters of the investigation, considering the problem of defining the nature and meaning of African Literature and its relationship to African Studies. The problem of African writing as marginalised and reactive, particularly when it is in the dominant English language, is discussed. A brief history of fictional writing in Africa is offered. Movements such as Negritude, Africanist arguments and nationalism are introduced as is the quest for a workable ideology. I show that the uses of the term Postcolonial, indeed the problems with the use of any post-term, are one of the clearest indicators of the tensions that continue to define the field. The version of Africa offered in western writing and communicated to Ngugi and Armah in the course of their schooling is discussed as is the way in which writing from inside the Continent must inevitably encounter the versions of Africa1 and the African from outside the Continent. This is the background against which I attempt to situate the novels of Ngugi and Armah. My thesis is then concerned with establishing and integrating the contexts out of which African writing has developed. I aim to assess the different ways in which these contexts supply the narratives with their substance and rationale, and I suggest that the African novel must be read from multiple perspectives. Chapter 2 offers a brief historical background of Ghana and Kenya as British Colonies. The impact of the two world wars of this century is briefly assessed. The approach to independence for both countries is charted and the initial impact of post-independence leadership is touched upon. The second section of this chapter, however, deals with Kenyatta and Mau Mau and with Ngugi's response to both. Kenyatta's trial showcases the drama of settler administration and prefigures his equivocal position as a national leader. The specifically gendered issue of female circumcision and Kenyatta's attempt to mediate between traditionalists and 'reformists' is advanced.
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Ndong, N'Na Ygor-Juste Naumann Michel. "La folie dans le roman africain du monde anglophone (Achebe, Ngugi, Awoonor, Armah, Head) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/08CERG0384.pdf.
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Ongaro, Shannon Marie. "The historical power of the imagination : Ngugi Wa Thiong'o and the production of place." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/ongaro/OngaroS04.pdf.
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Lebdai, B. "Rachid Boudjedra and Ngugi Wa Thiong'o : A comparative study of two post-independence African writers." Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379395.
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Lott, Tiago Horácio. "A (re)escritura e a diferença: estratégias de descolonização na obra de Ngugi wa thiong’o." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4719.
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A intenção deste trabalho é demonstrar como a dinâmica da produção artística/intelectual do autor queniano Ngugi wa Thiong’o, cujos trabalhos ganharam notoriedade a partir da segunda metade do século XX – principalmente pelo tom contestatório e posição anticolonial e anti-imperialista – é sintomática da resistência promovida por alguns intelectuais e operada no seio das nações da África, desde a composição de peças teatrais com a ajuda de camponeses, passando pela ficção em língua inglesa ou, como o próprio Ngugi aponta em Decolonising the mind (1986), uma língua afro-europeia, entrando em sua mais radical e talvez famigerada fase: a recusa do uso de uma língua não-africana para produzir sua literatura, chegando, enfim, ao ponto que nos parece ser seu (entre)lugar: a autotradução de Murogi wa kagogo, de 2004, romance escrito primeiramente em quicuio e vertido para o inglês com o título de Wizard of the crow, em 2006. Há, no nosso entendimento, um movimento entre posições maniqueístas, nas quais o escritor assume uma postura especular, trabalhando aqui com o conceito proposto por Abdul R. JanMohamed, isto é, o sujeito se coloca ou em um determinado lócus de enunciação, quer seja o de total assimilação da cultura do colonizador, ou na margem oposta dessa: a de total rejeição do status quo, da língua e cultura do dominador alóctone. Não obstante, o encaminhamento de nosso trabalho intentou apontar não para as posições especulares assumidas por Ngugi (embora essas nos pareçam processos fundamentais na obra do autor), mas justamente a escolha por um locus de enunciação terceiro, uma “terceira margem do rio”, como fundamento para uma postura de tom sincrético, na qual o trânsito entre as distintas tradições a partir das quais esse sujeito é formado possam dialogar, evidenciando a existência de uma e de outra. O título A reescritura e a diferença: estratégias de descolonização na obra de Ngugi wa Thiong’o é uma tentativa de aproximar um corpus teórico que pudesse abarcar pensamentos advindos dos Estudos Culturais, da Filosofia e, principalmente, dos Estudos da Tradução, além das análises próprias dos Estudos Literários, área primeira do presente trabalho. O referencial bibliográfico evidencia pensamentos de Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Edward Said, Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, Antoine Berman, André Lefevere, Walter Benjamin, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, John Samuel Mbiti, Simon Gikandi e, naturalmente, do próprio Ngugi, entre outros.
The intention of this work is to demonstrate how the dynamics of the artistic/ intellectual production of the Kenyan author Ngugi wa Thiong'o, whose works have gained notoriety from the second half of the twentieth century - especially by its oposing tone and anti-colonial and anti-imperialist position - is symptomatic of the resistance promoted by some intellectuals and operated within the African nations, from the composition of plays with the help of peasants, through fiction in English or, as Ngugi points in Decolonising the mind (1986), an Afro-European language, entering in his most radical and perhaps infamous stage: the refusal of the use of a non-African language to produce his literature, coming at last to the point that seems to be his in-between ness: the self-translation of Murogi wa Kagogo (2004) novel written in Kikuyu translated to English under the title of Wizard of the Crow, in 2006. There is, in our perception, a movement between Manichean positions, in which the writer assumes a speculate stand, working here with the concept proposed by Abdul R. Jan Mohamed, that is, the subject put shim self in a locus of enunciation, whether the total assimilation of the colonizing culture, or on the opposite side of that: the total rejection of the status quo. However, our work intended to point not for the specular positions taken by Ngugi (although they appear to be fundamental processes in his works), but to the choice of a third locus of enunciation, as the foundation for a syncretic one posture, in which the traffic between the different traditions from which this subject is for med can dialogue, demonstrating the existence of one and the other. The title, The rewriting and the difference: decolonization strategies in the work of Ngugi wa Thiong'o, is an attempt to approach a theoretical corpus that could encompass arising thoughts of Cultural Studies, Philosophy, and especially of the Translation Studies, besides the analysis of the Literary Studies, first area of this work. The bibliographic references reveal thoughts of Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Edward Said, Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, Antoine Berman, André Lefevere, Walter Benjamin, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, John Samuel Mbiti, Simon Gikandi and of course, Ngugi himself, among others.
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Soro, Bakary. "La réception de Brecht en Afrique chez Wolé Soyinka, Alioum Fantouré et Ngugi wa Thiong'o." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR20026.
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La réception de Brecht chez Wolé Soyinka, Alioum Fantouré et Ngugi wa Thiong'o montre une certaine liberté que les auteurs africains s'octroient avec le texte de Brecht et qui nous fait réfléchir sur le rapport parfois ambivalent entre le regard que le "je" de ces auteurs porte sur "l'autre" qui est ici Brecht et ce que Brecht est en réalité. Dans le cas spécifique de Soyinka, de Fantouré et, dans une moindre mesure, de Ngugi, cette lecture devient une sorte de relecture de "l'autre" Brecht qui se voit ainsi "domestiqué" au point de devenir désormais, thématiquement et stylistiquement, un élément local dans leur complexe littéraire. Alors que Soyinka réactualise la tradition yoruba avec Brecht en toile de fond, faisant ressortir les éléments dramatiques qui interviennent dans les deux traditions africaine et européeenne, mais avec des fonctions poétiques différentes, Fantouré montre une réception ponctuelle et limitée à la reprise du cercueil de zinc dans Le Cercle des Tropiques, séparant toutefois le politique de l'idéologique. Seul Ngugi, de tendance marxiste, donne à la réception de Brecht, des contours plus affirmés avec un recours marqué au dramaturge allemandThe reception of Brecht in Africa in the works of Soyinka, Fantouré and Ngugi shows a certain freedom which the African authors make use of when dealing with Brecht-texts. This approach urges us to reflect upon the often ambivalent relationship between the "I" of these authors contemplating the "other", being Brecht, and what Brecht represents in reality. In the specific cases of Soyinka, Fantouré and, to a lesser extent, Ngugi, this reading becomes a new way of reading the "other", who now is "tamed" to the point of becoming thematically ans stylistically a local element in their literary complex. Soyinka reactualises the Yoruba-tradition with the help of Brecht, letting the dramatical elements emerge from both African and European traditions. These elements play a role in these two traditions, however with different poetical fonctions. Fantouré reflects a punctual reception of Brecht which is limited to the use of the "Zinc Coffin" in "Le Cercle des Tropiques". Fantouré differentiates between political aspects and ideology. It is only with Ngugi, a tendenciously marxist writer, that the reception of Brecht becomes strongly elaborated with a visible reference to the German author
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Abis, Paolo. "Class Struggle, Elitism and Social Collectivism in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Devil on the Cross : A Marxist Approach." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-6120.
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Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Devil on the Cross represents both an insightful interpretation and a scathing critique of Kenyan politics and society during the period of neo-colonialism. The present thesis aims to explore, with the help of Marxist ideology and criticism, the relevance of the issues of class struggle, elitism and social collectivism in the novel. At the same time, this study will attempt to define Devil on the Cross as a "national allegory" depicting situations that are common to almost all post-colonial societies, and in particular, how the novel's ideological and political commitment is an important feature as it reflects Ngugi’s effort to draw attention to how Kenya and Africa as a whole suffered from imperialism, neo-colonialism, and a corrupt and greedy capitalist society.
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Ahmed, Kabir. "Politics and art in the novels of Ngugi wa Thiong'o and George Lamming : a comparative approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259334.
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Ngugi, Michael Kahato [Verfasser]. "Foraging decision of aphidophagous predators and conservation biological control : a case study with syrphid antagonists / Michael Kahato Ngugi." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1032791284/34.
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Bejjit, Nourdin. "The publishing of African literature : Chinua Achebe, Ngugi wa Thiong'o and the Heinemann African writers series 1962-1988." Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495995.
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Since its launch in 1962, Heinemann Educational Books' African Writers Series has played a crucial role in the dissemination of African literature worldwide, and contributed to the creation of critical awareness among readers and critics of its distinct qualities and values. While the creative works of celebrated African writers such as Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong'o have enjoyed a wide popularity, and elicited an important amount of critical attention, the role of HEB in promoting the literary careers of a whole generation of African writers has rarely been discussed and analysed.
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Schwerdt, Dianne. "Reconstructing identity in postcolonial African fiction / individualism and community in the novels of Ngugi wa Thiong'o / Dianne O. Schwerdt." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs4148.pdf.
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Purcell, William F. "Representing missions : Christianity and colonialism in fiction by Joyce Cary, Elspeth Huxley, Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong' o." Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396915.
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Sene, Abib. "Sémiotique de l'espace et sémantique du discours littéraire dans les oeuvres de Ngugi wa Thiong'o, George Lamming et William Boyd." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR2030/document.
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Les sociétés africaines, caribéennes, et anglaises présentent, quoique partageant, d’une manière formelle, des caractéristiques, des profils divers en raisons des spécificités des milieux physiques dans lesquels elles se déploient. Ainsi, il a été important, dans ce travail, d’établir un lien nombrileux entre l’espace et le discours. En effet, l’analyse sémiotique de l’espace littéraire dans les oeuvres de Ngugi wa Thiong’o, George Lamming et William Boyd a conduit à une conclusion qui prend valeur d’importance dans des événements et des réalités politico-sociales. Etudiée sous un angle sémiotique, la nomenclature de ces réalités fait sens dans des contextes et cotextes communicationnels à travers lesquels se lisent des aspects pragmatiques. Les toits langagiers et les contenus énonciatifs laissent observer des logiques positionnelles et transformationnelles, lesquelles épousent fondamentalement des aspects de la continuité et de la discontinuité. Et cela fait du message textuel un récit anthropologique relaté dans un univers interactionnel qui forme un tout de significationAfrican, Caribbean, and English societies, in spite of the fact that they share common features, remain different in their profile on the grounds of the particularities of the physical spaces that witness their expressions and the specific goals they target within historical, cultural, political and economic data that form out their social stratification. In this way, it becomes important, as a main idea of this work, to put on surface the intrinsic link between space and discourse. A semiotic analysis of literary space in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s, George Lamming’s and William Boyd’s works has led to a concluding argument which highlights social and political realities. Read through a semiotic stand, the nomenclature of these events and realities root their meaning in communicating scenarios which portray pragmatic aspects. Levels of language and nature of messages help to observe some logic of positions and transformations that imply continuity and discontinuity dimensions. What affects to the literary message an anthropological account narrated into a framework of interactions that articulate a totalizing significance
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Schulze-Engler, Frank. "Intellektuelle wider Willen : Schriftsteller, Literatur und Gesellschaft in Ostafrika 1960 - 1980 /." Essen : Verl. Die blaue Eule, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35598453d.
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Boizette, Pierre. "Décolonisation des subjectivités et renaissance africaine : critique et réforme de la modernité chez Scholastique Mukasonga, Ngugi wa Thiong’o et Valentin-Yves Mudimbe." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100032/document.
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L’institutionnalisation des études postcoloniales et l’essor récent du champ décolonial ont mis en évidence la reconnaissance dont bénéficient aujourd’hui les intellectuels issus d’anciens territoires colonisés. Parmi eux, Ngugi wa Thiong’o et Valentin-Yves Mudimbe sont des figures respectées dont les écrits, aussi bien théoriques que fictionnels, cherchent à résoudre les crises générées par l’expérience coloniale. Conscients que celle-ci ne s’est pas achevée avec la vague des indépendances, ils maintiennent éveillé dans leurs œuvres le désir utopique qu’elles avaient vu naître, celui de concevoir un monde nouveau où les relations entre les peuples et les individus seraient renégociées, et ce, malgré les désillusions de la période qui leur succéda. Pourtant, la survenue, en 1994, du génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda aurait bien pu symboliser l’échec de leurs entreprises de détachement épistémique avec la modernité occidentale. Celui-ci consistait en effet en la réitération, sur le continent africain, d’un crime semblable à celui qui avait poussé nombre d’intellectuels à vouloir rompre avec l’ordre dont la Shoah était la conséquence. Néanmoins, bien au contraire, les textes de Scholastique Mukasonga témoignent de la reprise de l’impératif formulé par Ngugi wa Thiong’o et Valentin-Yves Mudimbe, à savoir le besoin de parvenir à une décolonisation des subjectivités pour initier une renaissance africaine. L’étude de chacune de leurs trajectoires a pour ambition de montrer la complémentarité de ces deux processus dans leurs œuvres qui, séparément, ouvrent la voie à de multiples futurs possibles pour l’humanitéThe institutionalization of postcolonial studies and the recent development of decolonial studies have highlighted the recognition that intellectuals from former colonized territories enjoy today. Among them, Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Valentin-Yves Mudimbe are respected figures whose writings, both theoretical and fictional, seek to resolve the crises generated by the colonial experience. Aware that this did not end with the wave of independence, they kept alive in their works the utopian desire, that of conceiving a new world where relations between peoples and individuals would be renegotiated, despite the disappointments of the postcolonial regimes. However, the 1994 genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda could well have symbolized the failure of their epistemic detachment efforts with Western modernity. This consisted in the repetition, on the African continent, of a crime similar to the one that had pushed many intellectuals to want to break with the order of which the Shoah was the consequence. On the contrary, Scholastique Mukasonga's texts bear witness to the repetition of the imperative formulated by Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Valentin-Yves Mudimbe, namely the need to achieve a decolonization of subjectivities to initiate an African renaissance. The study of each of their trajectories aims to show the complementarity of these two processes in their works which, separately, open the way to multiple possible futures for humanity
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Karambiri, Sarah 1976. "Shaping identity under colonial systems : a comparison of African and Canadian-Métis texts by Chinua Achebe, Maria Campbell, James Ngugi, and Beatrice Culleton La remodélisation de l'identité sous les systèmes coloniaux : une étude comparative des textes africains et canadien métis par Chinua Achebe, Maria Campbell, James Ngugi, and Beatrice Culleton." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
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Allaham, Ali Ahmad. "The short story as a form of resistance : a study of the short stories of Ghassan Kanafani, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, and Alice Walker." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2393.
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This thesis is a comparative study of the short stories of Ghassan Kanafani, Ngugi wa Thiong’o and Alice Walker. Although there are geographical and cultural distances which separate these authors, the fiction they wrote clearly makes their connection a tangible one. This study presents a reading of these short stories as examples of resistance literature, minority literature, postcolonialism, Marxism and realism. In it, I examine how these authors used the short story genre to engage in the struggle of their communities. The stories are interpreted as responses to specific historical moments in the Palestinian, Kenyan and African American contexts. The stories also scrutinize the colonial relations and show a kind of resistance against the hegemony of the colonizers. The themes of the stories examined in this study are colonization and the oppression, dispossession and displacement brought on by colonialism. The aim of this study is to show how Kanafani, Ngugi and Walker use their fiction, the short story genre in particular, as an arena of struggle in which they register their political convictions, and how their fiction displays their firm belief in the inevitability of change. In their short stories the history of the past is passed on to the new generations, and their task is to learn from the lessons of the past to better understand the present and plan for a better future. In short, the study aims at researching the implications of colonialism and postcolonialism in the lives of the Palestinian, Kenyan and African American peoples as portrayed in the short fiction of our authors.
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Karambiri, Sarah 1976. "Shaping identity under colonial systems a comparison of African and Canadian-Métis texts by Chinua Achebe, Maria Campbell, James Ngugi, and Beatrice Culleton." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2259.
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In the present thesis I will analyse the phenomenon of the shaping of identity in African and Canadian postcolonial texts. In the world of the texts, this phenomenon occurs when colonial subjects are caught between tradition and modernity. The African texts that I will discuss are Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart and James Ngugi's The River Between, which I will compare to the Canadian Métis texts, Maria Campbell's Halfbreed and Beatrice Culleton's In Search of April Raintree. The primary goal of this thesis will be to compare these different texts in order to find the different methods chosen by each author in his or her representation of the space in which the colonial subject evolves and his or her reaction to the changes brought by colonisation. The methodology followed throughout the thesis will consist of a comparative and postcolonial analysis and historical contextualisation."--Résumé abrégé par UMI.
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Mashau, Godani Samuel. "Myth as a tool of literary, socio-economic, cultural and political liberation in selected works of Naguib Mahfouz, Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Zakws Mda." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/849.
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Erapu, Laban Omella. "A study of Ngugi wa Thiong'o's later novels to assess his adaptation of dramatic techniques and Gikuyu oral traditions to the requirements of fiction." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002278.
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This thesis examines Ngugi wa Thiong'o's later writings in order to establish the nature of his quest for a people's literature. It illustrates how the author attempts to break the barriers between traditional oral forms and the relatively new written forms in addressing a basically "illiterate" audience. The research begins with an exploration of Gikuyu oral literature as an essential background to Ngugi's later dramatic and fictional writings as distinct from his earlier literary works in which he initiates the dominant quest for a more just society. Ngugi's return to these roots constitutes the central "homecoming" that characterizes his search for new forms. The analysis is conducted through three significant chronological stages representing Ngugi's writings over a period of about a decade from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. Each stage starts with a play and performance followed by a parallel novel, the first pair written in English and the subsequent ones in Gikuyu. The three stages - designated Transition, Homecoming and Realization - mark Ngugi's involvement in the promotion of Gikuyu culture and orature, both as a source of inspiration and as a cause to which he fully dedicates himself. The transitional stage depicts the convergence between conventional and traditional oral literary forms with which Ngugi begins to experiment. The second stage introduces significant departures as Ngugi begins to use the Gikuyu language as his primary medium of creative expression. The final stage demonstrates his ultimate assertion of the primacy of orality over the written word as a dynamic agent of transmission. The thesis concludes that Ngugi wa Thiong'o in these later works - while leaving the possibilities of his vision of a "New Earth" unfulfilled pioneers the African writers' climb down from an "ivory tower" to deal with the realities of the experience of the predominantly non-reading African masses, acknowledged as both recipients of and active participants in the relatively new written literature which purports to speak for their experiences and their times.
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Wendoh, Senorina. "Colonial and postcolonial representation in Kenyan writing with particular reference to Richard Meinertzhagen, Elspeth Huxley, Karen Blixen, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Meja Mwangi and Rebeka Njau." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407443.
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Breidlid, Anders. "Resistance and consciousness in Kenya and South Africa : a comparative study, with particular reference to the novels of Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Alex La Guma." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28793/.
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This study undertakes an analysis of the models of response (resistance/non-agency) to colonial, apartheid and post-colonial imposition which are posited in the novels of the Kenyan author Ngugi wa Thiong'o and the South African writer Alex La Guma. Such a focus involves related issues such as the relationship between the consciousness level of the subaltern and his/her capacity for resistance and how oppression affects self-construction and consciousness. Since the thesis deals with resistance and consciousness within the textual space of the novels, the central issue raised in the thesis is explored around questions of representations. In defining the nature of resistance literature, the introductory chapter characterises levels of resistance and distinguishes between "counter-hegemonic" and "combat" literature. Whereas "combat" literature tends to invert the colonial version of Manichean binarism and is placed squarely within the liberation struggle, "counter-hegemonic" fiction is defined as constituting the fragmented colonial subject and subverting the colonial representation of the subaltern without necessarily insisting on the implacable enmity of Manicheism and its location within the liberation struggle. Part 1 identifies Ngugi's A. Grain of Wheat and La Guma's A Walk in the Night and And A Threefold Cord as counter-hegemonic fiction. The texts may be viewed from two interconnected levels: the ambivalence and subversion of colonial discourse and the reconstruction of self in resistance to the colonial/apartheid/post-colonial domination. The texts fill the vacuum created by colonial discourse by defying the non-representation of the Other/the subaltern by writing about the world, culture and values absent in colonial representations, but the textual analyses reveal at the same time representations of the subaltern which resist essentialist representation of subaltern consciousness and reject an essentialist view of resistance as an obvious, non-contradictory act. In a brief chapter at the end of Part 1, the revised version of A Grain of Wheat is analysed, signalling Ngugi's transition from his counter-hegemonic to his combat phase. In Part 2 Ngugi's Devil on the Cross and Matigari and La Guma's In the Fog of the Seasons' End and Time of the Butcherbird are defined as "combat" fiction. In contrast to the novels discussed in Part 1, the texts under scrutiny in Part 2 expose essentialist assumptions about the colonial/apartheid/post-colonial situation. Ngugi and La Guma's literary projects focus on the urgency of the political situation in Kenya and South Africa, thereby underlining the ideological message in the texts and the importance of conscientising the subaltern. In the combat fiction of the two authors the emphasis is on a more direct, uncompromising and often one-dimensional reaction and struggle against the oppressor. While the thesis critiques certain aspects of this fairly fixed, one-dimensional representation of the African situation in these fictional texts, the thesis underlines the need for counter-narratives of freedom and liberation on the troubled African continent.
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Mouzet, Aurélia. "Moïse : un prophète noir transatlantique ? : enjeux du mythe biblique de Moïse et de la Terre promise dans les romans de Zora Neale Hurston, Sylvia Wynter, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, et Pius Ngandu Nkashama." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2020/2020PA100016/2020PA100016.pdf.
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Les écrivains des communautés noires d’Afrique et de la diaspora puisèrent abondamment dans les récits de la Bible, qui a ainsi participé de l’élaboration des imaginaires littéraires en Afrique subsaharienne et dans les Amériques. De tous les visages que revêt la figure de Moïse, c’est l’image d’un héros libérateur menant son peuple aux portes de la Terre promise après l’avoir délivré de l’asservissement qui a eu la faveur des imaginaires de l’Atlantique noir. En faisant appel à cette figure, Zora Neale Hurston, Sylvia Wynter, Ngugi wa Thiong’oet Pius Ngandu Nkashama interrogent le rôle de l’oeuvre littéraire dans sa relation à la religion, au politique et à la communauté, aux États-Unis durant Jim Crow, au Kenya et en Jamaïque à l’ère coloniale, et plus généralement au sein des sociétés africaines postcoloniales.Les thèmes qui jalonnent les récits mosaïques fondent la posture de dénonciation adoptée parles écrivains. L’imaginaire prophétique leur permet, en outre, d’interroger le statut de la parole, qu’elle soit littéraire, politique ou religieuse. Au fil de la plume, l’écriture dessine les contours de l’émancipation véritable de l’ethos noir et devient une métaphore de la Terre promiseBlack writers in Africa and in the African diaspora drew heavily on biblical stories, which have thus become a part of the development of the literary imagination in Sub-Saharan Africaand the Americas. Of all of the forms taken by Moses, it is the image of a liberating hero bringing his people to the gates of the promised land after having delivered them from theenslavement that has been privileged in the Black Atlantic imaginary. Drawing upon thisfigure, Zora Neale Hurston, Sylvia Wynter, Ngugi wa Thiong’o and Pius Ngandu Nkashama question the role of the literary work as it relates to religion, politics, and community in theUnited States during Jim Crow, in Kenya and Jamaica during the colonial era, and more generally in post-colonial African societies. The themes that mark Mosaic stories form thebasis of the denunciatory posture adopted by the authors. The prophetic imaginary allows them, moreover, to interrogate the status of the word, be it literary, political, or religious.Through the written word, these authors trace the contours of true emancipation of the Black ethos and situate writing as a metaphor for the promised land
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Kane, Bouna. "L'Interculturalité au regard du roman victorien et africain : essai d'analyse des romans de Chinua Achebe et Ngugi wa Thiong'o au miroir de Thomas Hardy et Joseph Conrad." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030011.
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L’étude de l’hybridité culturelle en littérature est restée liée à la théorie qui définit les littératures postcoloniales en termes d’opposition avec l’Occident. Dans cette étude, nous avons tenté de porter un regard différent, en allant au-delà du « writing back to the center ». Nous ne négligeons pas les différentes positions révélées par la critique mais nous avons choisi, à travers cette approche comparative, de montrer que l’Afrique est un acteur à part entière d’une littérature universelle. En s’appropriant les techniques littéraires de Thomas Hardy et Joseph Conrad, les écrivains africains confirment la porosité des cultures et la communication entre des peuples d’horizons divers. En comparant le clan écossais et la tribu africaine, nous avons trouvé plusieurs similitudes en termes d’organisation sociale et de mode de vie. Comme Scott et Hardy, Ngugi et Achebe tirent la substance de leurs romans du folklore et des traditions populaires de leurs communautés. Les romanciers africains et victoriens ont une claire conscience du malaise de l’individu et montrent combien le destin peut être cruel envers luiThe study of cultural hybridity in literature remained tied to a theory which defines postcolonial literatures in terms of their oppositional relationship with the West. In this thesis, we attempted to go beyond the “writing back to the center”. We have not ignored the debate over standard criticism but we have chosen to demonstrate by means of this comparative study that the African novel is part of a larger fictional universe. By appropriating the techniques of the Victorian literary tradition associated with Thomas Hardy and Joseph Conrad, African writers create a useful device for developing greater understanding and improved communication among people from different cultural, racial and ethnic groups. We found striking similarities between the Scottish clan and the African tribe in terms of social organisation and way of life. Like Scott and Hardy, Ngugi and Achebe draw the substance of their novels from the folklore and popular traditions of their communities. African and Victorian novelists have a clear awareness of the human predicament and show how fate can be cruel to the individual
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Kamau, Edwin Ngugi [Verfasser], Ralf B. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Bergmann, and Peter [Gutachter] Lehmann. "Dynamic wave field synthesis: enabling the generation of field distributions with a large space-bandwidth product / Edwin Ngugi Kamau. Betreuer: Ralf B. Bergmann. Gutachter: Ralf B. Bergmann ; Peter Lehmann." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1111020787/34.
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Govender, Natasha. "Intonation modelling for the Nguni languages." Diss., Pretoria : [S.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10192007-145737/.
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Bakare, Archibold Garikayi. "Feeding behaviour of Xhosa lop-eared, Nguni and Nguni x Boer goat genotypes kept on rangelands of the false thornveld." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/396.
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Feeding behaviour of Xhosa lop-eared, Nguni and Nguni × Boer goat genotypes kept on rangelands of the False Thornveld By Archibold Garikayi Bakare The study was conducted at the University of Fort Hare farm to assess the feeding behaviour of three goat genotypes: Xhosa lop-eared (XLE), Nguni (NGN) and Nguni × Boer crossbred (NBC) genotypes. The time spent on different activities (grazing, browsing and other activities) on rangelands was recorded using stop watches. The micro-histological faecal analysis technique was used to identify and quantify the plant species that were consumed by the goats across the four seasons. Time spent browsing was high in post-rainy season for XLE (55.94 %) compared to NGN (52.97 %) and crossbred NBC (45.95 %) goats. The high browsing activity was also noted for XLE in hot-wet and cool-dry season (P < 0.05). The NBC goats on the other hand; devoted most of their time grazing compared to XLE and NGN goats across seasons (P < 0.05). Generally, time of day had no effect (P > 0.05) on foraging activities among the goat breeds. Grewia occidentalis, Panicum maximum and Diospyros lycioides were the most preferred plant species by all genotypes across seasons in the paddock. It was concluded that crossbreds spent more time grazing as compared to XLE, which are more of browsers. It could, therefore, be recommended that XLE complement with grazers (cattle and sheep) for efficient management of feed resources in rangelands.
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Botsime, Boichoko Duncan. "Influence of agro-ecological region on selected anthropometrical measurements of Nguni cattle in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03262007-144048.
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Shoba, F. M. (Feziwe Martha). "The representation of phonetic-phonological information in Nguni dictionaries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52562.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The concern of the study of phonetics and phonology is the speech sounds of languages. Phonetics is concerned with the description and the classification of speech sounds. Phonology, on the other hand is responsible for the sound patterns of speech sounds in a given language namely, the sound inventory, permissible sequences and how the sounds change in different circumstances. This study examines and evaluates the manner in which phonetic-phonological information is applied in South African dictionaries with particular reference to Nguni dictionaries. Dictionaries are regarded as authoritative linguistic tools, therefore, the phonetic-phonological aspects of the language is one of the important information categories that is included in dictionaries. A word as the linguistic unit consists of speech sounds which are in turn regarded as phonological units as well as phonetic entities. The phonetic-phonological signification of the lexical unit in the dictionary entry plays a role in access to facilitating the spoken form of the language recorded. This critical analysis and evaluation of Nguni dictionaries reflects on the current approaches pertaining to the presentation of both segmental and suprasegmental features of speech sound. Secondly, it also demonstrates the types of pronunciation information that is lexicographically relevant for the thorough treatment of the lemma. Although phonetic-phonological information is almost the prevalent feature of all dictionary types, there are problems encountered during its presentation. In the evaluation of Nguni dictionaries the treatment of pronunciation information is coupled with inadequacies and inconsistencies. This is due to the lack of lexicographic planning and the sound application of lexicographic principles. It is evident from the investigation that pronunciation information remains the essential component of the dictionary entry. The inclusion of phonetic-phonological information requires lexicographic planning that is actually based on linguistic theories that are primarily aimed at practical lexicography. The general guidelines that are presented in this study compel lexicographers to introduce innovative methods when handling pronunciation. The proposed approaches in future dictionaries will enhance the accessibility of information when harmonised. It is concluded that lexicographical products in the multilingual South Africa should begin to document the spoken form of various languages for the general record of the sounds of the language and also for pedagogic purposes. A good phonological and phonetic description of the official languages is also pertinent especially in the design stage of the dictionary. The lexicographic approaches followed in the treatment of any linguistic information should based on the (a) functional criteria of the dictionary compiled and (b) also on the prospective user's skills.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fonetiek en fonologie is die studie van die spraakklanke van tale. Fonetiek sien om na die beskrywing en klassifikasie van spraakklanke. Fonologie daarenteen is verantwoordelik vir die klankpatrone van spraakklanke in 'n gegewe taal nl. die klankinventaris, die toelaatbare sekwensies en hoe die klanke omvorm word in wisselende omstandighede, dit wil se die fonologiese proses. Hierdie studie ondersoek die manier waarop foneties-fonologiese inligting in Suid-Afrikaanse woordeboeke, veral die van die Nguni-tale, vergestalt word. Woordeboeke word gesien as gesaghebbende linguistiese werktuie en die foneties-fonologiese aspekte van taal kom as 'n vername informasiekategorie daarin voor. Die woord as linguistiese eenheid bestaan uit spraakklanke wat op hul beurt beide as fonologiese eenhede sowel as fonetiese entiteite beskou word. Die foneties-fonologiese komponent van die leksikale eenheid speel 'n betekenisvolle rol in die toegang tot die gesproke vorm van die opgetekende taal. Die kritiese analise en evaluasie van Nguni-woordeboeke oorweeg die huidige benaderings wat betrekking het op die aanbieding van beide segmentele en suprasegmentele kenmerke van spraakklanke. Tweedens toon dit ook die tipes uitspraakinformasie wat leksikografies relevant is vir die deeglike uiteensetting van die inligting. Alhoewel foneties-fonologiese inligting die mees algemene verskynsel in alle woordeboektipes is, is daar nietemin probleme met die aanbieding daarvan. Uit die evaluasie van Nguni woordeboeke blyk dit dat ontoereikendhede en inkonsekwensies voorkom. Dit is toe te skryf aan die gebrek aan leksikografiese beplanning en die tekort aan deeglike toepassing van leksikografiese beginsels. Dit blyk uit die ondersoek dat uitspraakinformasie 'n essensiele komponent van die woordeboekinskrywing bly. Die insluiting van foneties-fonologiese inligting verg leksikografiese beplanning wat gebaseer is op 'n linguistiese teorie primer gefokus op praktiese leksikografie. Die algemene riglyne wat in hierdie studie aangebied word dwing leksikograwe om innoverende maatreels toe te pas by die hantering van uitspraak. Die voorgestelde benaderings vir woordeboeke van die toekoms sal die toeganklikheid tot hul inhoud verhoog indien die benaderings harmonieer word. Die slotsom is dat leksikografiese produkte in die veeltalige Suid-Afrika die gesproke vorm van die verskillende tale moet dokumenteer beide as 'n algemene rekord en ook vir pedagogiese doeleindes. 'n Goeie fonologiese en fonetiese beskrywing van die amptelike tale is ook van belang veral in die ontwerpstadium van die woordeboek. Die leksikogafiese benaderings wat gevolg word in die behandeling van enige linguistiese informasie moet gegrond wees op (a) funksionele kriteria van die saamgestelde woordeboek en (b) ook op die vaardighede van die voorgestelde gebruiker.
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Gwala, Mzonzima. "The reception of Genesis 1-3 in Nguni culture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16056.
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Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation looks at the reception of Gen. 1-3, one of the most controversial parts in the Hebrew Bible. How was it interpreted by the Nguni speaking communities (e.g. Xhosa, Zulu, siSwazi and siNdebele) taking into consideration their background, culture and religious belief system? The reception approach is followed in the research because of its emphasis on the role of the reader in understanding texts. Sources that are utilized are Nguni Bible translations, selected preached sermons (which the researcher attended himself), Nguni stories and folk tales and reviews undertaken among selected Nguni groups. A close-reading of the texts under discussion is undertaken in order to determine the basic content and issues of interpretation involved. The central concepts of cosmogony as contained in Gen. 1-2 are studied, as well as the story of the Garden of Eden and the concept of the “fall” in Gen. 3. The map of the Nguni language group is described and the culture and belief system of the Nguni speaking communities. Central concepts to this belief system are the worship of ancestors, marriage, circumcision, and among the Swazis the incwala (annual national feast) Legends and folk tales were used as sources for the Nguni belief system. It was determined that the Nguni speaking people worshipped one God in their traditional way, but always through their ancestors as a sign of respect. The role of the missionaries is analyzed by describing the history of the various missionary societies and their influence on the Nguni peoples. A very short discussion is devoted to preached sermons by Nguni pastors in the Seventh-day Adventist Church.Bible translations have always played a very important role among Nguni speakers (both Christians and non-believers). The need for translations using understandable contemporary terms is emphasized. This is the challenge to the Bible societies and Bible translators. Qualitative reviews were undertaken under selected Nguni speaking groups (Xhosa, Zulu, siSwati and siNdebele). Some of the results obtained from these reviews (full transcripts are included) are: (1) that there is a common understanding of the origin of the universe between the Hebrew Bible and the Nguni religious culture. (2) Serpent (Gen. 3): among the Zulus this concept is understood in terms of sexuality, but it can also be linked with the ancestors. (3) Both communities (Hebrew Bible and the Nguni) were tainted with the concept and ideology of patriarchalism. The crucial question in the research was: “what happens when a cosmogonic myth is transferred from one community to another?” In the case of Gen. 1-3 an ancient Hebrew text was transmitted to African cultures via missionaries and Bible translations. Nguni people react differently. Whereas some accept Gen. 1-3 (cosmogonies and the “fall”) as a detailed explanation of how creation and the “fall” came about, others reject it.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif kyk na die resepsie van Gen. 1-3, een van die mees kontroversiële dele in die Hebreeuse Bybel. Hoe word dit geïnterpreteer deur die Ngunisprekende gemeenskappe (Xhosas, Zoeloes, Swazi’s en Ndebele-groepe), met inagneming van hulle agtergrond, kultuur en stelsel van godsdienstige oortuigings? Die resepsiebenadering word in hierdie navorsing gevolg weens die klem op die rol van die leser in hoe tekste verstaan word. Die bronne wat aangewend is, is Ngunibybelvertalings, geselekteerde preke (wat die navorser self bygewoon het), Ngunistories en -volksverhale, en onderhoude wat met geselekteerde Ngunigroepe gevoer is. 'n In-dieptestudie van die betrokke tekste is onderneem ten einde die basiese inhoud en interpretasiekwessies te bepaal. Die sentrale konsep van kosmogonie, soos vervat in Gen. 1- 2, is bestudeer, asook die storie oor die Tuin van Eden en die konsep van die “sondeval” in Gen. 3. Die kaart van die Ngunitaalgroep word beskryf, asook die kultuur en geloofstelsel van die Ngunisprekende gemeenskappe. Sleutelkonsepte in hierdie geloofstelsel is die aanbidding van voorvaders, die huwelik, besnydenis, en onder die Swazi’s, die incwala (jaarlikse nasionale fees). Legendes en volksverhale is gebruik as bronne vir die Ngunigeloofstelsel. Daar is vasgestel dat die Ngunisprekende mense altyd een God aanbid het op hulle tradisionele manier, maar altyd deur voorvaders as 'n teken van respek. Die rol van die sendelinge word ontleed deur die geskiedenis van die verskeie sendinggenootskappe te beskryf, asook hulle invloed op die Ngunimense. 'n Baie kort bespreking word gewy aan preke gelewer deur Ngunipastore in die Sewendedaagse Adventistekerk.Bybelvertalings het nog altyd 'n baie belangrike rol gespeel onder Ngunisprekers (beide Christene en nie-gelowiges). Die behoefte vir vertalings wat verstaanbare, kontemporêre terme gebruik, word beklemtoon. Dít is die uitdaging wat aan die bybelgenootskappe en bybelvertalers gestel word. Kwalitatiewe onderhoude is afgelê onder geselekteerde Ngunisprekende groepe (Xhosas, Zoeloes, Swazi’s en Ndebele-groepe). Resultate wat verkry is van hierdie evaluerings (waarvan volledige transkripsies voorsien word) sluit in: (1) dat daar 'n gemeenskaplike begrip is van die oorsprong van die heelal by die Hebreeuse Bybel en die Ngunigeloofskultuur; (2) dat die konsep van die slang (Gen. 3) onder die Zoeloes in terme van seksualiteit verstaan word, maar dat dit ook met die voorvaders in verband gebring kan word; en (3) dat beide gemeenskappe (Hebreeuse Bybel en die Nguni) tekens dra van die konsep en ideologie van patriargisme. Die kernvraag in die navorsing was: “Wat gebeur wanneer ’n kosmogoniese mite oorgedra word van een gemeenskap na 'n ander?”. In die geval van Gen. 1-3 is 'n ou Hebreeuse teks oorgedra na Afrikakulture via sendelinge en bybelvertalings. Ngunimense reageer verskillend. Waar sommige Gen. 1-3 aanvaar (kosmogonieë en die “sondeval”) as 'n gedetailleerde verduideliking van hoe die skepping en die “sondeval” plaasgevind het, word dit deur ander verwerp.
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Mapholi, Ntanganedzeni Olivia. "Exploring genetic architecture of tick resistance in South African Nguni cattle." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97945.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The broad objective of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers associated with tick resistance in South African Nguni cattle and it was addressed by three specific objectives. The first objective was to assess tick load and prevalence in Nguni cattle in different agro-climatic regions of South Africa using tick count data collected monthly from 586 Nguni cattle reared under natural grazing conditions, over two years. Tick counts were assessed under natural challenge at ARC Roodeplaat and Loskop farms (warm climate), and Mukhuthali Nguni Community and University of Fort Hare farms (cool climate). The second objective was to estimate genetic parameters for tick counts in Nguni cattle. The third objective was to identify SNPs associated with tick resistance in Nguni cattle. Counts for each tick species were conducted on each animal in the herd once a month on different body locations, including the head, ears, neck, back, legs, belly, perineum and tail. Distribution of counts was determined using the PROC FREQ (SAS, 2002 - 2010). The tick counts were then analysed with the PROC GLM procedure using the two fixed effect models. Genetic parameters for log-transformed counts were estimated from univariate animal and sire models and bivariate sire models using the ASREML program. Animals were genotyped using Illumina BovineSNP50K assay. After Quality Control (call rate >90%, minor allele frequency > 0.02), 40 436 SNPs were retained for analysis. Association analysis for tick resistance was carried out using two approaches: genome-wide association (GWA) analysis using the GenABEL package and a Regional Heritability Mapping (RHM) analysis. Six tick species were identified: Amblyomma hebraeum (42%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (22%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. (16%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (11%), Hyalomma marginatum (5%) and Rhipicephalus simus (4%). Tick infestation was significantly affected by location, season, year, month of counting and age of the animal. Loskop farm, as the warmest location, had the highest tick counts and also showed the largest variation in tick loads. Higher tick counts were also observed in the hot-dry (September to November) and hot-wet (December to February) seasons compared to the other seasons. Amblyomma hebraeum was the dominant tick species across all four locations. Heritability estimates for tick count varied according to season and trait (body part or tick species) and ranged from 0.01±0.01 to 0.26±0.01. Genetic correlations ranged from -0.79±0.33 to 1.00±0.00 among counts for different body parts and 0.00±0.00 to 0.99±0.00 among tick species. Phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.06±0.01 to 0.72±0.01 among body parts and 0.01±0.02 to 0.44±0.01 for tick species. Whole body count was highly correlated to the perineum and the belly. These two traits appear to be the most suitable surrogates for whole body count. Several genomic regions of interest were identified for different traits by both the GWA and RHM approaches. Three genome-wide significant regions on chromosomes 7, 10 and 19 were identified for total tick count on the head, total A. hebraeum ticks and for total number of A. hebraeum in the perineum region. Suggestive significant regions were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19 and 26 for several of the tick traits analysed. The GWA approach identified more genomic regions than did the RHM approach. These findings provide information that would be useful in developing strategies for genetic improvement of tick resistance through selection. The chromosome regions identified as harbouring quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying variation in tick burden form the basis for further analyses to identify specific candidate genes related to cattle tick resistance and provide the potential for marker-assisted selection in Nguni.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om enkel nukleotied polimorfismes (ENPs) merkers te identifiseer wat verwant is aan bosluisweerstand in Suid-Afrikaanse Nguni beeste; dit is aangespreek deur drie doelwitte. Die eerste doelwit was om bosluislading en -voorkoms van bosluise in Nguni beeste in verskillende landbou-klimaatstreke van Suid-Afrika te bepaal deur die gebruik van bosluistelling data wat maandeliks van 586 Nguni beeste, grootgemaak op natuurlike weiding, oor 'n tydperk van twee jaar versamel was. Die tweede doelwit van die studie, was om die genetiese parameters te bepaal vir die bosluistellings in die Nguni beesras. Om hierdie doelwit aan te spreek, is vier verskillende datastelle onderskei in die bosluistelling data wat oor die twee jaar periode versamel was. Genetiese parameters is derhalwe beraam vir die telling van bosluise om sodoende die beste seisoen te identifiseer vir die insameling van bosluistelling data om ten einde strategieë te ontwikkel vir die genetiese seleksie vir vehoogde weerstand teen bosluise. Die derde doelwit was om ENP streke te identifiseer wat verband hou met bosluisweerstand in Nguni beeste. Verskillende bosluisspesies was getel op elke dier in die kudde een keer per maand op verskillende plekke op die liggaam, insluitend die kop, ore, nek, rug, bene, maag, perineum en stert. Bosluistelling data is ontleed met behulp van die SAS program om bosluislading variasie te bepaal. Genetiese parameter skattings vir log getransformeerde bosluistellings data was bereken vanaf twee-veranderlike vaar modelle en een-veranderlike dier- en vaar modelle met behulp van die ASREML program. Om ‘n genomiese wye assosiasie studie (GWAS) uit te voer, is DNS geïsoleer en genotipering gedoen met behulp van die Illumina BovineSNP50K toets. Na kwaliteit kontrole (oproep frekwensie>90%, klein alleelfrekwensie>0.02) is 40.436 ENPs behou vir ontleding. Assosiasie analise vir bosluisweerstand is uitgevoer met behulp twee benaderings, d.i. 'n genoom-wye assosiasie (GWA) analise met behulp van die GenABEL pakket en 'n plaaslike oorerflikheid karterings (POK) analise. Ses bosluisspesies is geïdentifiseer, d.i. Amblyomma hebraeum (42%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (22%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. (16%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (11%), Hyalomma marginatum (5%) en Rhipicephalus simus (4%). Bosluis besmetting was beduidend beïnvloed deur die plek, seisoen, jaar, maand tel en ouderdom van die dier. Loskop plaas het die warmste weer ervaar en het die hoogste bosluis tellings en ook die grootste variasie in bosluislading gehad. Hoër bosluistellings is ook waargeneem in die warm droë (September tot November) en warm nat (Desember-Februarie) seisoene in vergelyking met die ander seisoene. Amblyomma hebraeum is geïdentifiseer as die mees dominante bosluisspesies oor al vier lokaliteite. Die voorkeur aanhegtingsarea vir die bosluise was onder die stert, perineum en maag areas op die liggaam. Die oorerflikheid beraming vir bosluistelling, soos beïnvloed deur die seisoen en eienskap (d.i. deel van die liggaam of bosluisspesies), het gewissel van 0.01±0.01 tot 0.26±0.01. Genetiese korrelasies het gewissel van -0.79±0.33 tot 1.04±0.01 vir bosluistellings op verskillende liggaamsdele en tussen 0.00±0.00 en 0.99±0.19 vir bosluisspesies. Fenotipiese korrelasies was laag tot matig en het gewissel van 0.06±0.01 tot 0.72±0.01 vir liggaamsdele en 0.01±0.02 to 0.44±0.01 vir bosluisspesies. Die datastel D wat September-Januarie bosluistellings bevat het die hoogste genetiese variasie aangedui. Heel liggaam bosluistellings was hoogs gekorreleerd met bosluistellings rondom die perineum en maag. Hierdie twee lokaliteite blyk die mees geskikte plaasvervanger vir die heel liggaam bosluistelling te wees. Verskeie genoom gebiede van belang is geïdentifiseer vir die verskillende eienskappe van beide die GWA en RHM benaderings. Drie genoom-wye beduidende streke (op chromosome 7, 10 en 19) is geïdentifiseer vir die totale bosluistelling op die kop, totale A. hebraeum bosluise en vir die totale aantal A. hebraeum in die perineum streek. Aanbevelende beduidende streke is geïdentifiseer op chromosome 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19 en 26 vir 'n paar van die bosluis eienskappe wat ontleed was. Die GWA benadering identifiseer meer genoom gebiede as die POK benadering. Hierdie bevindinge bied nuttige inligting vir die ontwikkeling van strategieë vir die genetiese verbetering van bosluisweerstand deur seleksie. Die chromosome streke hier geïdentifiseer is skuiling kwantitatiewe eienskap loki (KEL) vir die onderliggende variasie in bosluislading en vorm die basis vir verdere ontledings vir spesifieke kandidaat gene te identifiseer wat verband hou met die vee bosluisweerstand en bied die potensiaal vir merkerbemiddelde seleksie in Nguni.
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Matjuda, Lehotlo Ephraim. "Development breeding objectives for the nguni cattle breed in South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/862.
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Sanarana, Yandisiwe Patience. "Genetic characterization of South African Nguni cattle ecotypes using microsatellite markers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50773.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic characterization is an important step to assess the genetic status of indigenous breeds for informed decision making with regard to genetic improvement and conservation. The Nguni cattle breed is an important indigenous animal genetic resource that is well-adapted to different ecological regions in South Africa. Nguni cattle differ phenotypically in terms of body frame, size of ears, coat colour, horn and head shape and these differences have resulted in the recognition of five major ecotypes within the breed. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular characterization of Makhathini, Pedi, Shangaan and Venda Nguni cattle ecotypes using 22 microsatellite markers. The data was generated from 189 unrelated Nguni cattle individuals sampled from stud herds and research stations. Genetic diversity among Nguni cattle ecotypes was high with heterozygosity values varying from 68% University of Fort Hare (UFH), 69% Shangaan (SHA), 70% Makhathini (MAK), 70% Venda (VEN), 71% Loskop (LOS) to 72% Pedi (PED) with a mean number of alleles that ranged from 6.0 and 6.9. The overall inbreeding value indicated limited inbreeding between the populations (FIS=0.01). The population differentiation (FST) and AMOVA analyses indicated that 4.8 % of the total variation was due to differences between populations and 95.2% accounted for differences within individuals in the population. The genetic distances revealed shortest relationship between MAK, PEDI and SHA ecotypes. The VEN ecotype differentiated from MAK and PED and was closer to SHA ecotype. In addition, structure analysis depicted the predominance of MAK ecotype into other ecotypes. The results of this study can be applied for the genetic conservation of Nguni bovine ecotypes.Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MScAgric
Unrestricted
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Hirst, Manton Myatt. "The healer's art : Cape Nguni diviners in the townships of Grahamstown." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001601.
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This is a study of Cape Nguni diviners practising in the townships of Grahamstown where, during the 1970s, there was a large and active concentration of diviners treating clients from the locality, the rural areas and even the large urban centres further afield. The study situates local diviners in the socio-economic, cultural and religious context of contemporary township Iife during the 1970s (see chapter 1 and section 2.1). The personalities and socio-economic circumstances of diviners (and herbalists) are described as well as their case-loads, the various problems they treat, the relations between them and their clients, the economics of healing and the ethics pertaining to the profession (see chapter 2) . Chapter three focuses on the various problems and afflictions - which are largely of an interpersonal nature - suffered by those who are eventually inducted as diviners and the ritual therapy this necessarily entails. Here we see how the diviner, what Lewis (1971) terms a 'wounded healer', becomes an expert in interpersonal and social relations as a result of suffering problems - largely connected to the family but not necessarily limited to it - in interpersonal relations and that require a ritual, and thus social, prophylaxis. The main theoretical argument is that the diviner, qua healer, functions as a hybrid of Levi-Strauss' s bricoleur and Castaneda's 'man of knowledge' artfully combining the ability of the former to invert, mirror or utilise analogies from linguistics to make everything meaningful and the ability of the latter to creatively bend reality . The diviner's cosmology is described in terms of a 'handy', limited but extensive cultural code/repertoire of signs, symbols and metaphors that is utilised in getting the message across to others and in which animals bear the main symbolic load (see chapter 4). This leads logically to a reappraisal of Hammond-Tooke's (1975b) well-known model of Cape Nguni symbolic structure particularly in so far as it pertains to the way in which diviners classify animals, both wild and domestic (see section 4.6). A striking evocation and confirmation of the view argued here, namely of the diviner as bricoleur/'man of knowledge', is contained in chapter five dealing with an analysis of the diviner's 'river' myth and the context, form and content of the divinatory consultation itself. Finally, the conclusions, arising out of this study of contemporary Cape Nguni diviners in town, are evaluated in the ligrht of Lewis's (1966, 1971, 1986) deprivation hypothesis of spirit possession (see chapter 6)
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Nxoko, Lloyd Chumani. "The significance of Nguni cattle with reference to traditional value in agriculture." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10243.
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In the Xhosa culture, Nguni cattle have always been valued due to cultural rituals purpose but were not viewed from a development perspective. In fact, traditionally, in Xhosa society, cattle were used not only as primary sources of food such as milk, meat and other related secondary products, but in the performance of rituals. From milk one can get sour milk (amasi) which is a staple diet for both young ones and adults. Furthermore, butter, which was traditionally used for cosmetics purposes, is also derived from milk. Thus, the focus of this study is on the paradigm shift, as well as the role played by cattle in Xhosa cultural rituals and agriculture.
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Maqhashu, Ayanda. "Application of assisted reproduction technologies on the indigenous Nguni cows and heifers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016096.
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The aims of the study were to compare superovulatory (SO) response rate and embryo quality recovered; consequently, correlate sperm motility with fertilization rate on superovulated stud Nguni cows and heifers. Furthermore, compare oestrous synchronization response and pregnancy rate of three breed type cows (Brahman, Bonsmara and Nguni) of different body condition scores following timed artificial insemination in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Limpopo provinces. Nguni stud cows (n= 15) and heifers (n= 10) aged 4-6 and 2-3 years were used as embryo donors. Superovulation of donors involved insertion of a controlled internal drug release device (CIDR) and two injections of FSH daily 12 hours apart for 4 days on a decreasing dosage. Fresh Nguni semen was collected from proven Nguni stud bulls and assessed by computer aided sperm analysis (CASA) before artificial insemination (AI). The doses of AI were prepared and conducted twice, 12 hours apart on synchronized and superovulated Nguni cows or heifers. Embryos were flushed 7 days after AI using a non-surgical technique. Embryos were immediately evaluated under stereo microscope and classified according IETS standard codes (C1, C1- and C2). All transferrable embryos were vitrified. Two pilot study sites were chosen in Eastern Cape – Great kei; (n= 5) and Limpopo - Vuvha; (n=5) provinces for Embryo transfer. Each recipient cow was implanted with one frozen-thawed embryo. For oestrous synchronization, cows (Braman, Bonsmara and Nguni type) were selected in different villages, regardless of parity, age, breed and body weight following pregnancy diagnosis. Cows were grouped according to breed type and body condition scores (BCS) on a scale of 1-5. Group 1 had BCS of ≤ 2.5 in KwaZulu-Natal (n=81) and Limpopo n=71), Group 2 had BCS of ≥ 3 in KwaZulu-Natal (n=79) and Limpopo (n=100) cows. Cows were synchronized by inserting the controlled intravaginal drug release (CIDR) and removed on Day 8, followed by administration of prostaglandin. The white heat mount detectors (HMD) were placed on the individual cow’s tail head as an indicator for oestrous response if colour changed to red and inseminated twice at 12 hours interval. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by an ultra sound scanner and rectal palpation 90 days after TAI in embryos and semen recipient cows. There was no significant difference on the superovulatory response rate between Nguni cows (40%) and heifers (40%). There was a significant difference on the ovary reaction (number of corpus luteum) of cows (11.33±1.41) and heifers (4.00±0.57). There were no significant differences observed on the embryo quality between Nguni cows (2.5±1.00 and 1.25±0.59) and heifers (0.83±0.41 and 1.00±0.36) for excellent (C1) and good (C1-). However, cows had more numbers of unfertilized ova (5.5±1.05 and 1.75±0.47) and degenerate embryos (3.66±1.00 and 1.25±0.39) than heifers. Village cows responded to oestrous synchronization successfully in KZN (100%) and Limpopo (99%) regardless of body conditions and breed type. The lowest pregnancy rate was recorded in Brahman and Bonsmara type cows with BCS of ≤ 2.5 regardless of Province. Interestingly, Nguni type cows with same body condition of ≤ 2.5 had higher average pregnancy rate of 59.5% in Limpopo and 53.5% in KZN. However, cows with BCS of ≥3 had better pregnancy rate regardless of cow breed type, and province. In conclusion, only 40% of both Nguni cows and heifers responded to superovulation. However, Nguni cows had better ovaries reaction compared to heifers. The quality of embryos recovered was similar for both Nguni cows and heifers. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between total sperm motility and fertilization rate bull 1 (93.7%) inseminated the cows (67.5%) and bull 2 (83.5%) inseminated the heifers (53.5%). Higher pregnancy rate (60%) was recorded in Limpopo compared to Eastern Cape (0%). Interestingly, more than 99% of village cows responded to synchronization and inseminated with frozen-thawed semen successfully. Village Nguni type cows were not affected by body condition scoring as they had higher and similar pregnancy rate as those that had body condition of ≥ 3. It is suggested that it is not advisable to breed synchronized Brahman and Bonsmara type cows with the body condition of ≤ 2.5 except in Nguni cow type as more than 57% average pregnancy rate was achieved.
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Jolly, Pieter. "Strangers to brothers : interaction between south-eastern San and southern Nguni/Sotho communities." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21822.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: pages 131-146.There is presently considerable debate as to the forms of relationships established between hunter-gatherers and their non-forager neighbours and whether relationships which are documented as having been established significantly affected these hunter-gatherer societies. In southern Africa, particular attention has been paid to the effects of such contact on hunter- gatherer communities of the south-western Cape and the Kalahari. The aim of this thesis has been to assess the nature and extent of relationships established between the south-eastern San and southern Nguni and Sotho communities and to identify the extent to which the establishment of these relationships may have brought about changes in the political, social and religious systems of south- eastern hunter-gatherers. General patterns characterising interaction between a number of San and non-San hunter-gatherer societies and farming communities outside the study area are identified and are combined with archaeological and historiographical information to model relationships between the south-eastern San and southern Nguni and Sotho communities. The established and possible effects of these relationships on some south-eastern San groups are presented as well as some of the possible forms in which changes in San religious ideology and ritual practice resultant upon contact were expressed in the rock art. It is suggested that the ideologies of many south-eastern San communities, rather than being characterised by continuity throughout the contact period, were significantly influenced by the ideological systems of the southern Nguni and Sotho and that paintings at the caves of Melikane and upper Mangolong, as well as comments made upon these paintings by the 19th century San informant, Qing, should be interpreted with reference to the religious ideologies and ritual practices of the southern Nguni and Sotho as well as those of the San. Other rock paintings in areas where contact between the south-eastern San and black farming communities was prolonged and symbiotic may need to be similarly interpreted.