Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nicaragua v. United States / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Nicaragua v. United States.

Journal articles on the topic 'Nicaragua v. United States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Nicaragua v. United States.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Rowles, James P. "“Secret Wars,” Self-Defense and the Charter—A Reply to Professor Moore." American Journal of International Law 80, no. 3 (1986): 568–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2201774.

Full text

Abstract:

In a recent article entitled The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World Order, Professor John Norton Moore, a staunch defender of United States actions toward Nicaragua, sets forth a comprehensive array of factual assertions and legal arguments to support his conclusions that support by the United States of Nicaraguan counterrevolutionaries or “contras” and its own actions against Nicaragua are justified as collective self-defense under international law. He also presents arguments to support his conclusion that the International Court of Justice has so exceeded its authority in

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Briggs, Herbert W. "Nicaragua v. United States: Jurisdiction and Admissibility." American Journal of International Law 79, no. 2 (1985): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2201707.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Kirgis, Frederic L. "Nicaragua v. United States as a Precedent." American Journal of International Law 79, no. 3 (1985): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2201892.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Lowenthal, Abraham F., and Robert F. Turner. "Nicaragua V. United States: A Look at the Facts." Foreign Affairs 66, no. 4 (1988): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043522.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Wald, Martin. "Committee of United States Citizens Living in Nicaragua v. Reagan." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 2 (1989): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202755.

Full text

Abstract:

Appellants sued President Reagan and other executive branch officials in the U.S. district court to enjoin U.S. military aid to the Nicaraguán resistance forces (contras), alleging that the aid violated the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, the United Nations Charter and customary international law. The district court, in an unpublished opinion, dismissed the complaint as presenting nonjusticiable political questions. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (per Mikva, J.), affirming the dismissal on different grounds, held that (1) the trial court’s blanket invocation of

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Leigh, Monroe. "Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (1987): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202153.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Glennon, Michael J. "Nicaragua v. United States: Constitutionality of U.S. Modification of ICJ Jurisdiction." American Journal of International Law 79, no. 3 (1985): 682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000213730.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Odong, Nsikan-Abasi. "The International Court of Justice: A Proper Forum for the Balanced Adjudication of Trade-Environment Disputes." Groningen Journal of International Law 10, no. 2 (2024): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.10.2.1-30.

Full text

Abstract:

The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) sometimes adjudicates cases with environmental undertones while hearing trade disputes. Considering that the DSB is mainly responsible for the application of WTO international trade rules to these cases, it is arguable whether the DSB is the most appropriate adjudicatory forum on cases with environmental undertones. The article analyses four cases decided by the DSB: (1) The United States – Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (Tuna-Dolphin I), (2) the United States – Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (Tuna-Dolphin II), (3) the Europe

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Tanaka, Yoshifumi. "The Implications of Maritime Delimitation Judgments for Third States: the Nicaragua v. Colombia and Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Cases Revisited." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 39, no. 2 (2024): 374–97. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10169.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea contains only general rules concerning the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf. However, international courts and tribunals have, within their compass, elaborated the law of maritime delimitation through their jurisprudence, thereby maintaining the resilience of the Convention in a particular context of maritime delimitations. The jurisprudence is not a panacea, however. As regards the implications of maritime delimitation judgments for third States in the same region, for example, the jurisprudence

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Hargrove, John Lawrence. "The Nicaragua Judgment and the Future of the Law of Force and Self-Defense." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (1987): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202142.

Full text

Abstract:

The most important single consequence of Nicaragua v. United States of America may well turn out to be its impact on the vitality of the law of the United Nations Charter governing force and self-defense. Will the case make it more likely, or less, that that law will become an increasingly effective working part of the international system?

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Boyle, Francis A. "Determining U.S. Responsibility for Contra Operations Under International Law." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (1987): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202134.

Full text

Abstract:

The only significant point of disagreement this author might have with the June 27, 1986 decision on the merits by the International Court of Justice in the case of Nicaragua v. United States of America concerns its failure to hold the United States Government fully responsible for the violations of the laws and customs of warfare committed by the contra forces in Nicaragua. The Court carefully premised this result on the finding that it had insufficient evidence to reach a definitive conclusion on such a delicate matter. Nevertheless, the Court held it established that the U.S. Government lar

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Cogan, Jacob Katz. "The 2009 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice." American Journal of International Law 104, no. 4 (2010): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.4.0605.

Full text

Abstract:

The International Court of Justice issued three judgments in 2009: a final decision, of January 19, in Request for an Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America) (Mexico v. United States); a final decision on the merits, of February 3, in Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine); and a final decision on the merits, of July 13, in Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua). In addition, the Court, on May 28, rejected a request by Belgium for the i

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

McWhinney, Edward. "Contemporary Divergencies in National Attitudes to the International Court of Justice." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 27 (1990): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800003866.

Full text

Abstract:

Here are three different national collections of essays, French, Dutch, and American, published almost at the same time and organized around the same subject — the historical jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and the main trends in its contemporary evolution. The French volume is the product of the annual meeting of the Société française pour le droit international, held in Lyon in May 1986 under the distinguished presidency of Suzanne Bastid. These French annual meetings are devoted to a colloquium organized around a single theme, different each year; and the published collec

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Alvina, Alvina, and Ida Kurnia. "Legal Consequences Of The Icj's Decision In The Nicaragua V. Colombia Case On The Pact Of Bogota." Cakrawala Repositori IMWI 6, no. 1 (2023): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52851/cakrawala.v6i1.255.

Full text

Abstract:

International agreements in the practice of diplomatic relations are an important aspect. Where in its implementation, the role of international agreements in international law is based on the fact that international law mostly consists of international treaties. One example of an international treaties is the Pact of Bogota. The Pact of Bogota is the United States Agreement on the Settlement of the Pacific region signed by the independent American republics that gathered at the Ninth International Conference of American States in Bogota, Colombia. One of the member countries of this pact is N

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Huang, Yixin. "Refuting the Assumption and Inferences in Paragraph 76 of Judgment of 13 July 2023 Concerning the Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia)." International Journal of Education and Humanities 17, no. 2 (2024): 86–91. https://doi.org/10.54097/h76zw739.

Full text

Abstract:

On July 13, 2023, the International Court of Justice (hereinafter the “ICJ”) rendered its judgment in the case concerning the question of the delimitation of the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia). Paragraph 76 of the judgment states that there is a cognitive assumption" that the extended continental shelf would only extend into maritime areas that would otherwise be located in the Area, among States when negotiating Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred t

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

D’Amato, Anthony. "Trashing Customary International Law." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (1987): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202136.

Full text

Abstract:

Central to the World Court’s mission is the determination of international custom “as evidence of a general practice accepted as law.” Students of the Court’s jurisprudence have long been aware that the Court has been better at applying customary law than defining it. Yet until Nicaragua v. United States, little harm was done. For in the sharply contested cases prior to Nicaragua, the Court managed to elicit commonalities in argumentative structure that gravitated its rulings toward the customary norms implicit in state practice. The Court’s lack of theoretical explicitness simply meant that a

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Zimmermann, Taciano Scheidt. "Critical remarks on the International Court of Justice’s interpretation of Article 3(g) of the “Definition of Aggression”(UNGA Resolution 3314/1974)." Revista Direito GV 14, no. 1 (2018): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6172201805.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine whether and to what extent the Article 3(g) of the General Assembly Definition of Aggression (Resolution 3314/1974 XXIX) can be interpreted using the case-law of the International Court of Justice. Three judgments delivered by the Court are analyzed: Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) and Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and H

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Kiwanuka, Richard N. "The International Human Rights Implications of the ICJ Decision in Nicaragua v United States." Nordic Journal of International Law 57, no. 4 (1988): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181088x00470.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Onate-Madrazo, Andrea. "The World Court and the Iran-Contra Scandal: Nicaragua, the International Court of Justice, Public Opinion, and the Origins of Iran-Contra." Histories 2, no. 4 (2022): 504–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories2040034.

Full text

Abstract:

In November 1986, a Lebanese weekly published an article stating that high level officials within the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan had sold weapons to an embargoed Iran and diverted the profits to counterrevolutionary forces fighting the government of Nicaragua. Both of these facts violated domestic and international law. What ensued was the Iran-Contra scandal that almost ended Reagan’s presidency and jeopardized the credibility of U.S. foreign policy. Drawing from periodicals from the U.S. and international presses, as well as U.S. Congressional records, this article demons

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Kim, Minchul. "Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia, 2022): A Commentary." Korea International Law Review 63 (October 31, 2022): 33–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2022.63.33.

Full text

Abstract:

This article examines the judgment of the Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), which was rendered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in April 2022. In addition, it provides some comments in law of the sea perspective and also draws implications in Korean perspective. In this judgment, the ICJ dealt with the following issues: the rights and duties-particularly with respect to the fisheries and marine environmental protection -of Nicaragua and Colombia in Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the compatibility of C

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Maier, Harold G. "Introduction." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (1987): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202132.

Full text

Abstract:

The ultimate authority of the International Court of Justice flows from the same source as the ultimate authority of all other judicial bodies. Every court’s decisions are an authoritative source of law in a realistic sense only because they are accepted as such by the community whose controversies the court is charged to resolve. In the case of the World Court, it is the community of nations that confers that authority and under the Court’s Statute, its jurisdiction is conferred solely by the consent of the nations whose disputes it is called to adjudicate. It is for this reason that the case

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

PATHAK, Harsh. "Foundational Doctrines of International Law: balancing sovereignty, justice, and global order." REVISTA DE DREPT CONSTITUŢIONAL - CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEW 2024, no. 1 (2024): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.62938/rdc-2024-1-0002.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper explores twelve foundational doctrines of international law, each playing a crucial role in shaping the global legal order. These doctrines—including sovereignty, non-intervention, recognition, and universal jurisdiction—balance the principles of state autonomy with the need for international cooperation and justice. By examining landmark case laws, such as ‘The Island of Palmas’ and ‘Nicaragua v. United States’, the paper illustrates how these doctrines are applied in practice. This analysis provides insight into the complex interplay between national interests and global governanc

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Falk, Richard. "The World Court’s Achievement." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (1987): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202137.

Full text

Abstract:

Even if conceived of only as a legal text, the array of judicial opinions contained in Nicaragua v. United States constitutes an extraordinary document. It represents a fascinating attempt through judicial inquiry to assess convincingly the relevance of law to an ongoing armed conflict. As such, despite procedural objection to entry upon this terrain by the three dissenting judges, it leads the Court to pronounce specifically upon the core issue of when force can permissibly be used in international relations, as well as the contours of a claimed right of collective self-defense in the setting

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Glennon, Michael J. "Protecting the Court’s Institutional Interests: Why Not the Marbury Approach?" American Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (1987): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202140.

Full text

Abstract:

A wise prince must rely on what is in his power and not on what is in the power of others.MachiavelliThe International Court of Justice in Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua confronted a dilemma that paralleled in many ways the one confronted by the United States Supreme Court in the famous 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison. Each dispute confronted a young court that had not yet established its legitimacy; each court faced a powerful, recalcitrant defendant that challenged its right to decide the case; and each therefore seemed to face two equally unpalatable choices:

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Mikanagi, Tomohiro. "ESTABLISHING A MILITARY PRESENCE IN A DISPUTED TERRITORY: INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 2(3) AND (4) OF THE UN CHARTER." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 67, no. 4 (2018): 1021–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589318000209.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIn its 2015 judgment in the Costa Rica v Nicaragua case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found that Nicaragua's establishment of a military presence in disputed territory violated the territorial sovereignty of Costa Rica. Two judges considered that Nicaragua's actions had constituted a breach of Article 2(4) of the United Nations (UN) Charter, but the majority of the judges chose not to pronounce on the issue. Whilst it has been clarified that the prohibition of the use of force applies to a disputed territory, it seems less clear as to whether such force has to be violent in

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Elgawari, Zaid Ali. "PREEMPTIVE SELF-DEFENCE IN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH THE LENS OF INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE JURISPRUDENCE." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-8.1-a000106.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The right to self-defence is one of the fundamental principles of international law, explicitly sanctioned by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. However, the practice of this right, especially on anticipatory or preemptive force, continues to be a contentious issue. Thus, it is questionable to what extent and under what circumstances selfdefence can be applied when dealing with non-state actors and potential threats in the future. This paper seeks to address these worrying issues through primary historical references and legal systems focusing on the guidelines of nec

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Calabrese, Michael R. "Bandes v. Harlow & Jones, Inc." American Journal of International Law 82, no. 4 (1988): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203517.

Full text

Abstract:

The former majority shareholders of Industria Nacional de Clavos y Alambres de Puas, S.A. (INCA), a large Nicaraguan steel company, sought to recover from Harlow & Jones, Inc. (H & J), a U.S. steel company, the purchase price of a shipment of undelivered steel billets. Following the Sandinista revolution, the Nicaraguan Government had “intervened” in INCA and it, too, demanded the funds that H & J interpleaded into the court. The district court rejected the claim of the Sandinista Government and allocated the funds to the benefit of all parties who held shares in the company prior

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Ed.daran, Driss. "The Legality of Drone Use Under International Humanitarian Law: Theoretical Perspectives and Case Law Insights." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 8, no. 2 (2025): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-8.3-r000101.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Modern warfare is increasingly characterised by the use of drone technology to manage and operate aerial systems for surveillance and target identification. Initially, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were primarily used for surveillance. However, their active involvement in military operations has raised significant legal questions regarding their status under International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The expanded use of drone strikes beyond conventional war zones has brought to light critical issues related to state sovereignty, the principle of distinction, and the principle of propo

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Hohmann, H., and P. J. I. M. de Waart. "Compulsory Jurisdiction and the Use of Force as a Legal Issue: The Epoch-Making Judgment of the International Court of Justice in Nicaragua v United States of America." Netherlands International Law Review 34, no. 02 (1987): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00010147.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Rijpkema, Peter P. "T.D. Gill, Litigation Strategy at the International Court, A Case Study of the Nicaragua v. United States Dispute, M. Nijhoff Publ, Dordrecht 1989, XV + 362 pp., Dfl. 175/$ 95/£ 56." Netherlands International Law Review 37, no. 02 (1990): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00006586.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Horobets, I. M. "Breach of contractual obligations in international law during the armed conflict: theoretical and practical aspects." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence 3, no. 3 (2025): 271–75. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.03.3.42.

Full text

Abstract:

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the breach of contractual obligations in international law during the armed conflict. By combining the classical dogmatic approach and modern trends in judicial and arbitration practice, the author has managed to comprehensively outline the scope of application of the pacta sunt servanda principle, as well as the legal doctrines of «force majeure», «supervening impossibility of performance» and «fundamental change of circumstances» as grounds for avoiding liability for failure to fulfill contractual obligations. A separate section of the Article

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Highet, Keith. "Litigation Strategy at the International Court. A Case Study of the Nicaragua v. United States Dispute. By Terry D. Gill. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989. Pp. xv, 362. Dfl. 175; $95; £56." American Journal of International Law 86, no. 2 (1992): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203244.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Leonard, Thomas M. "Managing Democracy in Central America. A Case Study: United States Election Supervision in Nicaragua, 1927-1933. By Thomas J. Dodd. (Coral Gables: North-South Center, University of Miami, 1992. Pp. v, 159, Photographs. Bibliographical essay. No price)." Americas 50, no. 4 (1994): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007916.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Czaplinski, Wladyslaw. "Litigation Strategy at the International Court. A Case Study of the Nicaragua v. United States Dispute. By Terry D. Gill. (Legal Aspects of International Organisation Vol.9.) [Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. 1989. xv + 362 pp. Dfl.175/$95/£56]." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 40, no. 1 (1991): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/40.1.244.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Kirkpatrick, Jeane. "The United States and Nicaragua." Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 2, no. 1 (1985): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026537888500200105.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

SCHLENKER, THOMAS L. "United States Physicians in Nicaragua." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 139, no. 5 (1985): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140070014007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Marston, Geoffrey. "Litigation Strategy at the International Court: A Case Study of the Nicaragua v. United States Dispute. By Terry D. Gill. [Dordrecht, Boston and London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1989. xv, 345, (Index) 10 and (List of References) 6 pp. Hardback £56·00 net.]." Cambridge Law Journal 49, no. 2 (1990): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300117118.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Cadavid, M., J. C. Ángel, and J. I. Victoria. "First Report of Orange Rust of Sugarcane Caused by Puccinia kuehnii in Colombia." Plant Disease 96, no. 1 (2012): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0406.

Full text

Abstract:

Symptoms of sugarcane orange rust were first observed in July 2010 on sugarcane (interspecific hybrid of Saccharum L. species) cv. CC 01-1884 planted in the La Cabaña Sugar Mill, Puerto Tejada, Colombia. Morphological features of uredinial lesions and urediniospores inspected with an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy were distinct from common rust of sugarcane caused by Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd., revealing spores identical morphologically to those described for the fungus P. kuehnii (Kruger) E. Butler, causal agent of sugarcane orange rust (1,3). Uredinial les

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Li, X., K. Guo, Y. Zhang, X. Yan, and J. Zheng. "First Report of the Stubby Root Nematode, Paratrichodorus minor, in Mainland China." Plant Disease 94, no. 3 (2010): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-3-0376a.

Full text

Abstract:

The stubby root nematode, Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974, is an economically important species. It not only causes direct damage to the meristemic tissues of plants, but also can be a vector of Tobacco rattle virus and Pepper ringspot virus (2). It has been documented in Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canary Islands, Cuba, Egypt, Fiji, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Java, Mauritania, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, Taiwan, Upper Volta, the United States, the former USSR, and Venezuela (1). During a recent investigati

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Kamman, William, and Robert A. Pastor. "Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua." Journal of American History 75, no. 2 (1988): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1887999.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Randall, Stephen J., and Robert A. Pastor. "Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 4 (1988): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2515750.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Dennis, Philip A. "Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua." Latin American Anthropology Review 2, no. 1 (2009): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlca.1990.2.1.28.2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Harrison, Benjamin. "The United States and the 1909 Nicaragua Revolution." Caribbean Quarterly 41, no. 3-4 (1995): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.1995.11671833.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

LeoGrande, William M. "Nicaragua and the United States under Ronald Reagan." IDS Bulletin 19, no. 3 (1988): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1988.mp19003003.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Sharpe, Kenneth E., and Robert A. Pastor. "Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua." Political Science Quarterly 103, no. 2 (1988): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2151203.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Robinson, Linda S., and Robert A. Pastor. "Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua." Foreign Affairs 66, no. 2 (1987): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043417.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Randall, Stephen J. "Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 4 (1988): 881–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-68.4.881.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Chayes, Abram. "Nicaragua, the United States, and the World Court." Columbia Law Review 85, no. 7 (1985): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1122519.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Low, Nicola, Matthias Egger, Anna Gorter, et al. "Aids in Nicaragua: Epidemiological, Political, and Sociocultural Perspectives." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (1993): 685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1p6n-bpdw-m7bm-p2dr.

Full text

Abstract:

The AIDS epidemic in Nicaragua is several years behind that in the United States and neighboring countries of Central and South America. A combination of events, including the isolation caused by the war of the U.S.-backed Contra army against the Sandinista government, the complete economic embargo imposed on Nicaragua by the United States in 1985, self-sufficiency for blood products, and a low rate of recreational injectable-drug use, have contributed to this situation. Since the Sandinistas were defeated in the general election of 1990, people have returned to Nicaragua from areas where HIV

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

SCHULZINGER, ROBERT D. "Patterns in the Mess: The United States and Nicaragua." Diplomatic History 13, no. 2 (1989): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1989.tb00054.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!