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1
Bralewski, Sławomir. "Wokół soboru nicejskiego (325): na kanwie monografii autorstwa Henryka Pietrasa SJ." Vox Patrum 65 (December 16, 2018): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3493.
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The Council convened by emperor Constantine the Great to Nicea in the year 325 still arouses keen interest of researchers around the world. Against the background of international scholarship, the achievements of Polish academics look quite modest. That is why one should especially appreciate the publication of a book (written in Polish) on the subject by Henryk Pietras, an acclaimed Polish patrologist. The monograph is noteworthy for a number of reasons and compels the reader to a thorough reflection on a cornucopia of facts that have been already discussed by numerous academics and subject to manifold interpretations. Its special merit lies first and foremost in an erudite analysis of sources conducted by the Author, which is competent enough to exhort all the interested to (at least) re-think their views. It is necessary to admit that the Academic is right, when he argues that the Council (firstly convened to Ancyra, and subsequently to Nicea) was not organized for the reason of discussing the Arian controversy. In reality, it seems that the primary reason for the meeting was the Donatist schism, which the Patrologist underestimated, and additionally the problem of reaching an agreement on a date of the Passover celebration. Certainly, the Council was not of an anti-Arian nature, but Arius was condemned by the ecclesiastic meeting as the one who rejected a laboriously reached compromise as for the form of the credo and renounced the term homoousios.
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Petek, Nina, and Jan Ciglenečki. "Prvi koncili u kršćanstvu i budizmu Strukturne analogije i povijesne sličnosti." Obnovljeni život 74, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31337/oz.74.1.2.
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It is well known that the ecumenical councils convening throughout the history of the Church — the Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D., the Council of Constantinople in 381 A.D., the Council of Ephesus in 431 A.D. and the Council of Chalcedon in 451 A.D.— were of great import. It is much less known, however, that centuries before the first Christian councils, a similar process was taking place in ancient India. At the Councils of Rajagrha in 486 B.C., Vaishali in 386 B.C., Pataliputra in 250 B.C., Sri Lanka in 29 B.C. and Kashmir in 72 A.D., Buddhist monks resolved to set forth dogmas, to put them in writing and to draw the line between orthodox and false doctrines. Generally speaking, the first councils, both in the West and in the East, were convened due to the need to preserve original doctrines. In addition, original teachings had to be canonised and systematised. Also, the process of including religious doctrines into imperial politics is characteristic of two royal personages, namely, the Indian king Aśoka and the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. Both were actively involved in the councils of their day and contributed decisively to the further development and consolidation of both Buddhism and Christianity respectively.
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Teal, Andrew. "Council of Nicaea (325): Religious and Political Context, Documents, Commentaries. By Henryk Pietras." Journal of Theological Studies 69, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/flx208.
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Colle, Ralph Del. "‘Person’ and ‘Being’ in John Zizioulas' Trinitarian Theology: Conversations with Thomas Torrance and Thomas Aquinas." Scottish Journal of Theology 54, no. 1 (February 2001): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003693060005119x.
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The 318 Fathers at the First Council of Nicaea (325) began their profession of faith in the second article of the creed as follows:Confessing that: We believe in one God … And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father as only begotten, that is, from the essence of the Father, [ek tes ousias tou patros].
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Gusarova, Ekaterina V. "The Fixed Easter Cycle in the Ethiopian Church." Scrinium 14, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00141p30.
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Abstract This article deals with the fixed Christian Easter and the feasts, which depend on it. Both moveable and fixed feasts are recorded in Christian calendars and synaxaria. Following the decisions of the First Oecumenical Council of Nicaea (AD 325) the Ethiopians celebrated mostly the moveable Easter and its cycle. At the same time in the Ethiopian Royal Chronicles is also recorded that the Ethiopian Kings and their armies celebrated the fixed Easter and its festivals, especially the Good Friday.
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Petrosyan, Nelli. "Saint Gregory The Illuminator and Canons of Nicene Ecumenical Council." WISDOM 1, no. 6 (July 1, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v1i6.73.
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The Nicene Creed in the Armenian Apostolic Church is a stricter version of the Christian faith. Christian recites it as a confession of his faith. The article attempts to identify formulation origins of creed partly related with apostolic times. Next is presented, how in year 325 during the first ecumenical meeting convened in Nicaea the high-ranking fathers collected the items of Christian faith and gave the name of Nicene Creed or Creed. Gregory the Illuminator accepted the decisions of the Nicene creed and canonize that Creed in the Armenian Apostolic Church, however, unlike other Christian churches, add his own confession. In addition to that Creed, two more Creeds are canonized and stored in the Armenian Church. All of them express the nature and essence of God and Holy Trinity, which is the foundation and major axis of Christianity.
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Piechocka-Kłos, Maria. "Sobory powszechne w epoce późnego cesarstwa (IV-VI w.)." Studia Warmińskie 48 (December 31, 2011): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sw.301.
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The purpose of the paper is the presentation of the mutual political-religious relations between civil and religious authority in the time of the late Roman Empire. The main problem are the universal councils in this context. The paper concentrates on the presentation of course, role, meaning and circumstances of the collecting of this councils. The article doesn’t talk over the peculiar canons of the church law. The deeper analysis concerns to this council which took place from IV. to VI. Century: Nice (325), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451) and Constantinople II (553). In IV-VI centuries, when the emperors gave the acts protecting the state before the different dangers, the church did the same. The analysis of the documents presents some similarities between state and church. We can assert, that this assemblies doesn’t have the legislative and judicial power beyond the border of the dioceses of the participating bishops. They were the expression of the church consciousness. Thanks to the intrinsic value and the high level of the features of their participants, the councils have the great recognition. The consequence of this recognition was the lesser or more universal power of the law.
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Edwards, Mark. "Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion." Vigiliae Christianae 66, no. 5 (2012): 482–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007212x613410.
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Abstract This paper responds to recent publications which play down the role of Bishop Alexander of Alexandria in securing the adoption of the term homoousion at the Nicene Council of 325. It argues that, while the term is not employed in any surviving work from his hand, there is some reason to believe that he sanctioned the use of it by his colleagues. There is no doubt that before the Council he had already declared the Son to be “from the Father’s essence”, and it is all but certain that when this phrase was challenged, together with the homoousion at Nicaea, it was he who produced a conciliatory exegesis of both innovations, relying on the theology that had already been expounded in his letters Philostorgius’ story that he and Hosius of Cordoba had concerted a plan to introduce the homoousion is not implausible, and it should not be assumed that the author of an anonymous life of Constantine, which corroborates this narrative, is merely paraphrasing Philostorgius. Their testimony is consistent with that of Ambrose of Milan, who can be shown to have been acquainted both with documents and with witnesses of the proceedings at the Council.
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Naumowicz, Ks Józef. "PIERWSZE WCZESNOCHRZEŚCIJAŃSKIE ŚWIADECTWA O ŚWIĘCIE BOŻEGO NARODZENIA." Colloquia Litteraria 8, no. 1/2 (November 21, 2009): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/cl.2010.1.05.
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The first Christian testimonies about the celebration of Christmas The article presents the earliest reference to the celebration of Christmas as a holiday or feast, namely: the Roman calendar of Philocalus (so-called Chronography of 354), the first sermons preached for this occasion (pope Liberius, Optate from Milewe, Zenon from Verona) and the first hymns (Ambrose from Milan and Prudentius, Ephrem the Syrian). The analysis of sources shows that there is no record of this feast before the First Council at Nicaea (325 A.D.). It appeared in Rome around 335 A.D. and from there it has spread to other regions. As soon as it appeared, it quickly gained popularity and characteristic theological significance.
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Martin, Annick. "The receipt of the Council of Nicaea and its impact on the evolution of theological trends in eastern Churches (325-381)." Antiquité Tardive 22 (January 2014): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.at.5.103171.
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Frend, W. H. C. "Prelude to the Great Persecution: The Propaganda War." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204690002248x.
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The victory of Christianity in the last years of Constantine's was graphically described by Eusebius of Caesarea in his Life of Constantine. Clearly in Phoenicia, where he had excellent sources of reign information, the heart had gone out of the old religion. Every class in the community was prepared to accept Christianity and even to deride the deities that once they had held in awe. The victory there and ultimately over nearly the whole empire was so decisive that one is inclined to forget the tremendous struggle for the hearts and allegiances of the provincials that preceded it. Though in retrospect one might agree with von Harnack's view that even without Constantine's conversion Christianity would have triumphed, this was not how it appeared to most contemporaries. Down to the time of his victory over Licinius (September 324), Constantine seems to have aimed only at securing for Christianity the legal equality with the traditional cults, as envisaged by the Edict of Milan. The Council of Nicaea, however, summoned by the emperor in 325, proved to be decisive both for the establishment of orthodoxy and the victory of Christianity itself. Thenceforth, the history of the empire would also be the history of the Church.
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سالم, عبد البديع محمد عبد الله محمد. "عقائد الموحدين من النصارى : دراسة تحليلية لمذهب التوحيد في المسيحية حتى مجمع نيقية المسكوني عام 325 م = The Creeds of the Unitarian Christians : An Analytical Study of Christian Unitarianism until the Ecumenical Council of Nicaea , 325 A.D." مجلة الدراسات العقدية 8, no. 17 (2016): 385–473. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0030390.
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Czyżewski, Bogdan. "Herezje wczesnochrześcijańskie – zagadnienia wprowadzające." Vox Patrum 68 (December 23, 2018): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3327.
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In the times of the Church Fathers the notion of heresy was related to the false doctrine what became the cause of derogations from the unity of the Church. It was a false tenet about God, hence the Fathers of the Church tried to define not only mistakes created within the Church, but also to develop orthodox doctrine. Due to the vastness of the this subject authors and texts defining heresies were selected. Firstly, attention was drawn on the Greek term a†resij contained in pagan literature and the writings of the New Testament, which allowed to see what was the impact, especially the biblical definition of heresy, on the understanding of the early Christian writers, especially before the first Council of Nice in 325. It was also necessary to ask about the origin of heresy and its characteristics. Fathers affirmed unequivocally that their creation were associated mainly with making the wrong choices. The result of this were incorrect relations of heretics to the truth and to the Church, wrong image of God and abiding in stubbornness. Fathers also attempted to define more precisely the scope of meaning of schism and heresy, which are concepts often used as synonyms.
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Dunn, Geoffrey D. "Boniface I, Augustine, and the Translation of Honorius to Caesarea Mauretaniae." Augustinian Studies 51, no. 1 (2020): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augstudies202051115.
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Augustine’s Epistulae 23A*, 23*, and 22*, written in late 419 and early 420, present his involvement in the dispute concerning the translation of Honorius to Caesarea Mauretaniae (modern Cherchell), a city Augustine had visited in September 418 while fulfilling a commission from Zosimus of Rome. The translation of bishops from one church to another had been condemned by the 325 Council of Nicaea. The three letters are difficult to interpret because the information to his three correspondents (Possidius of Calama, Renatus, a monk of Caesarea Mauretaniae, and Alypius of Thagaste, who was in Italy at the time) seems to differ. A careful reading reveals that not only did Augustine’s knowledge of the situation change over time, but that the stress he placed on differing elements of that situation also changed depending upon the correspondent. The letters also disclose the involvement of Boniface I of Rome, Zosimus’ successor, and the complex relationship of the African churches with the bishop of Rome, especially in the matter of judicial appeal. What is suggested here is that Augustine, without saying so, seemed to be aware of the criteria Boniface had employed in another translation controversy, which was the approved translation of Perigenes as bishop of Corinth, and that, if applied to Honorius, this would lead the Roman bishop to reach a very different conclusion.
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Tanner, Norman. "How Novel Was Vatican II?" Ecclesiastical Law Journal 15, no. 2 (April 10, 2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x13000367.
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The Second Vatican Council is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as the twenty-first ecumenical council. The largest in terms of participants and one of the longest-running, it also covered the widest range of topics and produced the largest volume of documents and decrees. This article, based on the text of the ninth Lyndwood Lecture, examines a number of characteristics of Vatican II in comparison with previous councils, arguing that, while in many ways Vatican II was novel, in its composition, agenda, influence and reception one can discern parallels with past councils back as far as the first ecumenical council at Nicea in 325.1
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Tanner, N. "The Oecumenical Councils: From Nicaea I to Nicaea II (325-787). Edited by GIUSEPPE ALBERIGO et al." Journal of Theological Studies 59, no. 1 (February 6, 2008): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/flm158.
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LOGAN, ALASTAIR H. B. "MARCELLUS OF ANCYRA AND THE COUNCILS OF AD 325: ANTIOCH, ANCYRA, AND NICAEA." Journal of Theological Studies 43, no. 2 (1992): 428–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/43.2.428.
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Sunarto. "Tanggapan Terhadap Demitologisasi Bultmann dalam Hubungannya dengan Konsep Kristologi." TE DEUM (Jurnal Teologi dan Pengembangan Pelayanan) 1, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51828/td.v1i1.67.
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Salah satu topik teologi Kristen yang selalu menarik untuk dibahas adalah masalah Kristologi. Doktrin Kristologi bukan hanya menjadi pergumulan bagi gereja, teolog dan masyarakat Kristen pada masa kini, tetapi pergumulan ini sudah terjadi di era Gereja Purba. Pergumulan doktrin Kristologi telah menjadi perdebatan di kalangan teolog dan masyarakat Kristen, bahkan di luar Kristen pun ikut-ikutan untuk menanggapinya. Persoalan teologi Kristen pada masa kini dapat dikatakan karena berakar dari pemahaman Kristologi yang berbeda-beda. Munculnya bidat Arianisme juga berkaitan dengan masalah Kristologi. Arius memiliki pemahaman bahwa Allah Anak (Kristus) tidak setara dengan Allah Bapa dan pandangan Arius akhirnya dikutuk pada Konsili di Nicea 325 M. Pemahaman Kristologi yang berbeda-beda juga menyebabkan gereja menjadi terpolarisasi dalam berbagai dominasi, bahkan ratusan denominasi Kristen. Terpecahnya Gereja Timur (Gereja Ortodok) dan Gereja Barat (Katolik Roma) juga tidak terlepas dari perbedaan pemahaman tentangan masalah doktrin.
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Burghardt, Walter J. "Book Review: Patrology 4: The Golden Age of Latin Patristic Literature: From the Council of Nicea to the Council of Chalcedon." Theological Studies 49, no. 2 (May 1988): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056398804900210.
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Payton, James R. "John of Damascus on Human Cognition: An Element In His Apologetic For Icons." Church History 65, no. 2 (June 1996): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170286.
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During the first phase of the Iconoclastic Controversy (717–787), John of Damascus emerged as the chief spokesman of the iconodules. His apologetic for icons, developed in hisTreatises Against Those Who Attack the Holy Images(around 730) provided the rationale for the dogmatic decree legitimizing icons, which was adopted at the Seventh Ecumenical Council (Nicea II, 787). Exegetical, hermeneutical, and christological arguments played the dominant roles in his defense of the legitimacy of icons. An additional element in the Damascene's apologetic was an innovative theory of human cognition which placed a high value on created materiality, and thus extended the traditional Eastern Christian appreciation of the material world.
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Susan Wessel. "Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Generaliumque Decreta. Editio critica. Volume I: The Oecumenical Councils from Nicaea I to Nicaea II (325– 787) (review)." Catholic Historical Review 94, no. 2 (2008): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.0.0025.
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Naude, Piet. "CONFESSING THE ONE FAITH: THEOLOGICAL RESONANCE BETWEEN THE CREED OF NICEA (325 AD) AND THE CONFESSION OF BELHAR (1982 AD)." Scriptura 85 (June 12, 2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7833/85-0-935.
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Giorda, Maria Chiara, and Ioan Cozma. "Beyond Gender: Reflections on a Contemporary Case of Double Monastery in Orthodox Monasticism—St. John the Baptist Monastery of Essex in England." Religions 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10080453.
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This paper focuses on the contemporary controversy in the Orthodox Church regarding the non-existence of the monasteries, where monks and nuns cohabit (so-called “double-monasteries”), which were prohibited by the Byzantine legislation and the Seventh Ecumenical Council (Nicea 787). The article attempts to demonstrate that, in spite of the centuries-old prohibition, the Orthodox Monastery of St. John the Baptist is an exceptional contemporary case of such cohabitation: monks and nuns live under the roof of the same monastery, sharing common places and certain activities. Furthermore, the paper envisions a possible accommodation in the monastic vision and practice regarding gender cohabitation in Orthodox monasticism. The research employs the historical-critical method, which is based on literary, archeological, and documentary sources, as well as interviews.
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Smorczewski, Łukasz. "Kariera agens vice praefectorum praetorio Luciliusa Crispusa i chronologia utworzenia stanowiska wikariusza diecezjalnego w Poncie." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 70, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 313–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2018.1.11.
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The aim of the following article is to present chronologically the creation of the position of the diocese vicar in Pontus. The act of creation of the diocese was ascribed to emperor Diocletian according to the previously prevalent concept of historiography. However, this position is currently gradually criticized. The main source material which enables the dating of the territorial reform of the Roman state is the Verona List, which is also called Laterculus Veronensis. The document presents the earliest period of shaping ofthe diocese structure as well as the subscriptions of the bishops who authorized the decisions taken at the First Council of Nicaea. Besides the aforementioned evidence, another extremely significant source is the prosopographical data from the officials serving in the rank of vicarii and comites provinciarum in the late Roman period. In case of the Pontus diocese, we have at our disposal inscriptions which present the career of Lucilius Crispus as agens vice praefectorum praetorio. A detailed analysis of the epigraphical data facilitated the process of the dating of the term of office of this regional functionary. It can be ascertained that he performed his function at the time of the reign of emperor Galerius (terminus a quo at the end of November 308). His place of residence was in Galatian Ancyra. The next official of this rank was noted in relations between Lactantiusand Eusebius of Caesarea during the reign of Licinius (circa 313). This anonymous vice-prefect resided in Nicomedia at the time. Additional data is provided by hagiographic sources which describe the fate of Galatian martyrs and it also made note of two vicars, namely Domitianus and Aggripinus. However, the portrayal of the legal situation in the period of tetrarchy which was presented in the said sources raises reasonable doubts concerningtheir credibility. Nevertheless, both agentes (Lucilius Crispus and the anonymous vice-prefect of Licinius’) operated in the Black Sea region as extraordinary delegates of the praetorio prefect without the formation of a permanent organ of local administration. The implementationof a diocesan organisation most probably took place during the independent reign of Constantine the Great. Only then was it possible to carry out a consistent and permanent separation of jurisdiction of individual officials who had vice sacra iudicans jurisdiction. A passage, hitherto disregarded by historians, which comes from Vita Constantini points to this. Moreover, it explicitly states the name of the Pontus diocese. It allows the datingof terminus ante quem appointment of the Black Sea regional unit on the 19th of July 325.
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Outler, Albert C. "Theodosius' Horse: Reflections on the Predicament of the Church Historian." Church History 57, S1 (March 1988): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700062909.
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The second general council of Ephesus was convened on August 8, 449, and adjourned some fourteen days later by the legates of Theodosius II, who promptly confirmed the council's canons and decrees. It had been as regular, or irregular, as Nicea I or Ephesus I had been, and far more general than the Constantinopolitan synod of 381. Its chief importance lay in registering another splendid victory for the Alexandrines. The “school” of Antioch was shattered beyond repair; Pope Leo and the Westerners were walled off and weakened; the bare notion of “two natures” was branded as Nestorian; every principal see in the East was manned by a henchman of Dioscoros. Moreover, the emperor and his grand chamberlain (the eunuch Chrysaphius, godson to Eutyches) were prepared to support Alexandrine policy with police power.
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Wicks, Jared. "The Church in Council. Conciliar Movements, Religious Practice and the Papacy from Nicea to Vatican II (review)." Jurist: Studies in Church Law and Ministry 72, no. 1 (2012): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jur.2012.0010.
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Price, Richard M. "Giuseppe Alberigo (ed.), Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Generaliumque Decreta, Editio Critica. I: The Oecumenical Councils from Nicaea I to Nicaea II (325-787), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers 2006. 371 pp." Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 38, no. 2 (June 20, 2006): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890433-03802010.
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Yarotskiy, Petro. ""Holy and Great Cathedral" of the Orthodox Church." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 79 (August 30, 2016): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2016.79.671.
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An important event of the Orthodox world of the last year was the Cathedral, which took place on June 19-28 on. Mole. The extraordinary nature of this council is that it was convened 1229 years after the last (seventh) Ecumenical Council in 787, which was not yet split into Orthodoxy and Catholicism (which occurred in 1054) of a single Christian Church. The Catholic Church then independently held its 22 councils, the last of which - the Second Vatican Council was held in 1962-1965. In Orthodoxy, extraterrestrial silence prevailed, since its hierarchs believed that for the "fullness and maturity" of the Christian Church there was enough canonical work of the seven Ecumenical Councils that took place during 325-787 years.
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Haering, Stephan. "Conciliorum oecumenicorum generaliumque decreta. Editio critica. I: The Oecumenical Councils. From Nicaea I to Nicaea II (325-787), curantibus G. Alberigo u. a. Turnhout: Brepols 2006, XIV, 371 S. (= Corpus Christianorum)." Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht 176, no. 1 (June 24, 2007): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/2589045x-17601029.
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Estrella Ramírez, Juan José. "Evolución del cristianismo entre los siglos IV y V: definición del dogma desde Nicea (325) hasta Calcedonia (451) y su incidencia en la autonomía de las iglesias." Revista Internacional de Religión y Espiritualidad en la Sociedad 3, no. 1 (2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2689-3053/cgp/v03i01/19-31.
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Merchán Murillo, Antonio. "El interés superior del menor como cuestión de fondo = The superior interest of the child as a question of a fund." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5210.
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Resumen: La Sentencia TJUE, de 19 de septiembre de 2018, Hampshire County Council contra C.E. y N.E, asuntos acumulados C 325/18 PPU y C 375/18 PPU, responde a cuestiones prejudicial, que tienen como cuestión fundamental de fondo la protección del interés del menor, que prevalece frente a cualquier sujeto, en este caso frente a la autoridad local responsable de la protección de la infancia, de Reino Unido. En este caso, el TJUE se muestra a favor de que un Tribunal de un Estado miembro pueda adoptar medidas cautelares contra el citado organismo público, de otro Estado miembro, con objeto de que no pueda seguir o entablar un procedimiento de adopción.Palabras clave: Reglamento 2201/2003, restitución del menor, tutela judicial efectiva, interés del menor.Abstract: The CJUE judgement of 19 September 2018, Hampshire County Council v C.E., N.E., In Joined Cases C-325/18 PPU and C-375/18 PPU, responds to questions for a preliminary ruling, which have as a fundamental issue the protection of the child’s interests, that prevails in front of any subject, in this case in front of the local authority responsible for the protection of children, of the United Kingdom. In this case, the CJEU is in favor of a court of a Member State being able to take preventive measures against the public body of another Member State, so that it cannot continue or initiate an adoption procedure.Keywords: Regulation 2201/2003, return the children, effective judicial protection, children’s interests
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Filipczak, Paweł. "A. KOMPA , M. J. LESZKA and T. WOLIŃSKA , MIESZKAŃCY STOLICY ŚWIATA. KONSTANTYNOPOLITAŃCZYCY MIĘDZY STAROŻYTNOŚCIĄ A ŚREDNIOWIECZEM [INHABITANTS OF THE CAPITAL OF THE WORLD: THE CONSTANTINOPOLITANS BETWEEN ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES] (Byzantina Lodziensia 17). Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2014. Pp. 490. isbn 9788379693702. PLN 39.90. - Z. KALINOWSKI and D. PRÓCHNIAK (EDS), BITWA PRZY MOŚCIE MULWIJSKIM. KONSEKWENCJE [THE BATTLE OF THE MILVIAN BRIDGE: CONSEQUENCES]. Poznań: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, 2014. Pp. 366. isbn 9788376543482. PLN 34.00. - H. PIETRAS , SOBÓR NICEJSKI (325). KONTEKST RELIGIJNY I POLITYCZNY. DOKUMENTY I KOMENTARZE [THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA (325): RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL CONTEXTS. DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARIES]. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM, 2013. Pp. 232. isbn 9788377670255. PLN 35.10." Journal of Roman Studies 107 (August 31, 2017): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435817000910.
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HÄHNEL, Paul Lukas. "Parlamentarier für Europa – Die Vernetzung des Bundestags mit europäischen interparlamentarischen Körperschaften durch Doppelmandate (1950-1969/70." Journal of European Integration History 26, no. 2 (2020): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2020-2-325.
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The article examines inter-parliamentary institutions as a factor for interstate cooperation in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s. For this purpose, an analysis of the relationship between the parliamentary assembly of the European Communities, the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Western European Union and their connections to the Bundestag through dual mandates is carried out. Based on the relevant literature, the article highlights formal and informal inter-organizational links as well as partly overlapping and competing competences between these inter-parliamentary institutions. By using the example of the Federal Republic of Germany, multiple connections between the Bundestag and the emerging European parliamentary level are shown. Finally, the article focuses on the disentanglement of the parliamentary levels in the 1970s.
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Taufiq, Moch Aly, R. Madhakomala, and Yetti Supriyati. "the The Effect of Job Responsibility, Emotional Intelligence, and Leadership on the Service Quality of Expert Staff for the People’s Representative Council of Indonesia." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, `10 (October 15, 2020): 1956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i10.em01.
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of work responsibility, emotional intelligence, and leadership on the service quality of the expert staff of the People’s Representative Council of Indonesia (DPR RI). This study focused on the service quality of expert staff in the DPR RI using a quantitative approach with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. 325 expert staffs of DPR RI from a total population of 1,725 were involved as the sample of this study. The empirical testing indicates that (1) there is a positive direct effect of job responsibility on service quality; (2) There is a positive direct effect of emotional intelligence on service quality; (3) There is a positive direct effect of leadership on service quality; (4) There is a positive direct effect of job responsibility on leadership; (5) There is a positive effect of emotional intelligence and leadership; (6) there is a significant positive indirect effect of job responsibility on service quality through leadership as the moderating variable; (7) the indirect effect of emotional (X2) on the service quality through leadership is positive and significant.
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Klyueva, I. V. "Boris Vladimirovich Zalessky (1887—1966): Unknown Pages of the Biography of the Scientist." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 308–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-2-308-325.
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New biographical data about the Russian scientist-geologist, specialist in the field of petrography B. V. Zalessky are identified and specified. The links in the history of the Zalessky (Zalesky) family, which belonged to the hereditary nobility of the Kazan province, who had estates in the Vyatka, Kazan and Kostroma provinces, are being restored. Verified information about the closest relatives of B. V. Zalessky is provided: his great-grandfather — the honorary caretaker of the Yaransky district school P.A. Zalessky; grandfather — a member of the city council of Kazan, comrade of the mayor and acting mayor N. P. Zalessky; father — the prosecutor of the Vyatka, then the Kazan district court, later the assistant to the chief prosecutor of the Criminal Cassation Department of the Government Senate V. N. Zalessky (erroneously presented in the works of a number of researchers as “Zalsky”), etc. The characteristic of the personality, scientific activity and social circle of B. V. Zalessky is given. His relations with famous figures of Russian science and culture — M. M. Bakhtin, the Florensky family are considered. Scattered information contained in various sources — unpublished (archival) and published (scientific articles and monographs, memoirs and epistolary sources, documentary prose, reference and encyclopedic literature and Internet publications) is collected and generalized.
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Schey, Stephen, Sean Stern, Sujith Dhanasiri, and Ruth Brown. "Cost-Effectiveness of Lenalidomide in Multiple Myeloma Patients with 1 Prior Therapy in England and Wales,." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4181.4181.
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Abstract Abstract 4181 Introduction: Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Len+Dex) is approved by EMA for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who have received at least 1 prior therapy. In the wake of NICE's guidance on Thalidomide and Bortezomib TA 228 for 1st-line treatment of MM, Len+Dex may be the only available novel therapy option with potential to extend survival beyond traditional therapies for patients failing the NICE recommended initial treatments; thalidomide or bortezomib both in combination with melphalan and prednisone. Therefore, economic modelling was undertaken to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Len+Dex from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS), England and Wales. Methods: An Excel-based individual simulation model was developed to account for disease history which affects time-to-progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) in relapse refractory MM patients. The OS for each individual within the model was calculated as the combination of that patient's TTP and post progression survival (PPS). The TTP efficacy was derived from a subgroup analysis of patients from the MM-009/010 pivotal trials who had received only 1 prior therapy. The derived equation for TTP included parameters for treatment response, Len+Dex treatment effect and certain baseline characteristics of patients with only 1 prior therapy. The PPS for patients within the model was also derived from the MM-009/010 trials; however, since 47% of patients on Dex switched to Len+Dex at progression, there was a significant Len+Dex effect in the Dex PPS. To account for this, the Dex PPS was calibrated using the longer follow up from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) trials. Resource use for monitoring and adverse events was obtained via a survey of expert hematologists in the UK. Costs were taken from NHS sources and included a Patient Access Scheme where patients received Len free of charge beyond 26 cycles of use. Utility values were taken from published literature and applied to patients prior to progression (based on their best response rate achieved) and after progression. The robustness of the model results were assessed by sensitivity analyses whereby individual model parameters were varied across their confidence intervals (CI). Results reported include life-years (LY), quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), costs, cost per LY gained and cost per QALY gained. NICE technology appraisal methodology guidelines were followed when modelling over a lifetime horizon and applying a 3.5% discount rate for future benefits and costs. All costs presented are in British pounds. Results: Len+Dex had a substantial increase in health-related outcomes compared to Dex alone, with LYs of 5.37 vs. 2.15 and QALYs of 3.69 vs. 1.49, respectively. The associated drug costs for Len+Dex over the patients' lifetime were higher: however, survival benefits accrued over the same time period offset the cost differences between the two regimens, resulting in a cost per LY gained of 20,639 and per QALY gained of 30,153. The model results remained robust to sensitivity analysis conducted on most parameters and utility estimates. The only parameter that affected the results was the adjustment factor for Dex survival when varied across its 95% CI (see table). Discussion: These results indicated that Len+Dex at 2nd line is cost-effective for a novel drug in an orphan disease compared to Dex alone. Despite Len+Dex only being recommended by NICE for use in MM patients with 2 or more prior therapies (with the recent NICE decision to allow thalidomide and Velcade in de novo patients), treatment alternatives for 2nd line therapy with novel agents is more limited. It is important for clinicians to consider the costs and benefits of 2nd line therapy. This analysis demonstrated that Len+Dex is cost-effective for 2nd line patients and meets the commonly quoted cost per QALY threshold of 30,000. Modelled Results: Disclosures: Schey: Celgene: Consultancy. Stern:United BioSource Corporation: Employment; Celgene: Consultancy. Dhanasiri:Celgene: Employment. Brown:United BioSource Corporation: Employment; Celgene: Consultancy.
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Kendrick, Aaron S., David L. Ciraulo, Theresa S. Radeker, Patricia L. Lewis, Charles M. Richart, Robert A. Maxwell, Donald E. Barker, and Philip W. Smith. "Trauma Nurse Specialists’ Performance of Advanced Skills Positively Impacts Surgical Residency Time Constraints." American Surgeon 72, no. 3 (March 2006): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480607200306.
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The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education imposed 80-hour work week constraints on residency programs in July 2003. Certain programs were granted an additional 10 per cent for specific educational purposes, bringing restrictions to 88 hours per week. The increased demand for residents to leave the hospital has placed teaching institutions in exhaustive situations to provide comprehensive patient care. In response to the work hour constraints among residents and emergency room staff, a unique group of registered nurses, trauma nurse specialists (TNSs), were credentialed with advanced practice skill sets. Governed by practice guidelines and overseen by a medical director, TNSs perform invasive procedures that are normally the responsibility of the surgical resident. The purpose of this study was to evaluate work hours saved for surgery residents using credentialed nurses (TNSs). Procedure logs were maintained by the TNSs over a 6-month period, and surgical house staff (postgraduate year 1–3) over a 4-month period. A total of 423 procedures were recorded, reflecting time taken for attempted/completed procedures and complications. Resident procedures numbered 98; TNS procedures numbered 325. TNSs spent an average of 42 hours per month (10.6 hours per week) completing advanced procedures with no statistical difference in time or complications compared with surgical residents. By using the TNSs, work hours for surgery residents were saved while maintaining a safe and reliable work atmosphere for patients.
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Shet, Ravikiran, and Srikanth Mutnuri. "Anaerobic Co-digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid waste and Septage for Sustainable Waste Treatment: A Case Study from Goa, India." European Journal of Energy Research 1, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2021.1.3.15.
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India generates 0.15 million metric tons (MT) of solid waste per day out of which more than 80% is organic fraction. Apart from this, 38% of the households use septic tanks where proper disposal of faecal sludge is also need of the hour. Anaerobic co-digestion (ACD) of two different substrates has positive potential towards solving this problem. In the present study, ACD of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and septage solids (SS) was studied at three different levels, i.e., lab-scale, pilot-scale (1 m3), and full scale- capacity (325 m3). A loading rate of 1.5 kg VS/m3 was selected. The bio-methanation potential (BMP) assay showed a maximum biogas generation, i.e., 120±20.6 mL/gmVS with 68% maximum methane concentration at a 5:1 OFMSW and SS ratio. Cumulative biogas production after 30 days was 1.6 L/gmVS. The ultimate biogas production in the pilot-scale plant was 1000±100.5 L/day with 71% methane. The plant was also efficient in removing 87% of COD and 61% of VS. The full-scale anaerobic digester was set up at Mormugao Municpal Council, Goa India wherein the objective was to co-digest OFMSW and SS. This digester showed a similar removal pattern like earlier studies i.e., 94% and 45% COD and VS removal, respectively. The average methane content of the biogas was 68%. Full-scale operation of the anaerobic digester did not show any operational problems at the chosen co-digestion conditions.
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Paget, James Carleton. "Early Christian Greek and Latin literature. A literary history, I: From Paul to the age of Constantine; II: From the Council of Nicea to the beginning of the medieval period. By Claudio Moreschini and Enrico Norelli. (Trans. by Matthew J. O'Connell of Storia della letteratura cristiana antica greca e latina, I: Da Paolo ell'età constantiniana; II: Dal concilio di Nicea agli inizi del medioevo. Brescia: Morcelliana Editrice, 1995, 1996.) Pp. xxiii+455; xxv+734. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2005. £57.99. 1 56563 606 6." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 58, no. 3 (July 2007): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046907001315.
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Ashton, Catherine, Neil Banham, and Merrilee Needham. "Acute spontaneous spinal cord infarction: Utilisation of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, cerebrospinal fluid drainage and pentoxifylline." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 50, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.4.325-331.
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(Ashton C, Banham N, Needham M. Acute spontaneous spinal cord infarction: Utilisation of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, cerebrospinal fluid drainage and pentoxifylline. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020 December 20;50(4):325–331. doi: 10.28920/dhm50.4.325-331. PMID: 33325011.) Introduction: Spinal cord infarction (SCI) is a potentially devastating disorder presenting with an acute anterior spinal artery syndrome, accounting for an estimated 1% of stroke presentations. Aetiologies include aortic surgical complications, systemic hypotension, fibrocartilaginous embolism and vascular malformations. Diagnosis is clinical combined with restriction on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There are no treatment guidelines for non-perioperative cases although there is limited literature regarding potential therapies, including hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. We describe 13 cases of acute SCI, five receiving HBOT, and three also receiving pentoxifylline and drainage of lumbar CSF. Methods: Data for all patients with MRI-proven SCI at Fiona Stanley Hospital from 2014–2019 were reviewed. Results: Thirteen patients, median age 57 years (31–74), 54% female, were identified. Aetiologies: two fibrocartilaginous emboli; seven likely atherosclerotic; two thromboembolic; two cryptogenic. All presented with flaccid paraplegia except one with Brown-Sequard syndrome. Levels ranged from C4 to T11. Five patients received HBOT within a median time of 40 hours from symptom onset, with an average 15 treatments (10−20). Three of these received triple therapy (HBOT, pentoxifylline, CSF drainage) and had median Medical Research Council manual muscle testing power of 5, median modified Rankin Score (mRS) of 1 and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score of D on discharge, compared with 2 power, mRS 3.5 and ASIA B in those who did not. Conclusions: SCI can be severely disabling. Triple therapy with pentoxifylline, CSF drainage and HBOT may reduce disability and further prospective trials are required.
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Kosztolányi, György. "Hungarian National Plan and Strategy for Rare Diseases." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 9 (March 2014): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29820.
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The rarity of low prevalence diseases and the lack of information, research, diagnosis, treatment and expert availability may mean that the people affected do not benefit from the health resources and services they need. Rare diseases are considered to have little impact on society as a whole, yet they pose serious difficulties for sufferers and their families. By the end of the last century, two robust achievements in science and technology, i.e. the biotechnological and informatics revolutions, have created a real base for global approach to rare diseases by coordinating the capacities for health care, biomedical research and drug development and pooling the very limited resources available both nationally and transnationally. The European Commission has taken a number of actions which help patients and professionals to share expertise and information across borders with the objective of reducing the number of people suffering from these types of diseases. These actions together form the legal basis of the European Union policy on rare diseases. Orphan or rare diseases are now one of the priorities in the public health programmes in European Union. In 2009, the document “European Union Council Recommendation on an action in the field of rare diseases” was released with the main goal to provide national health authorities with supporting tools for the development and implementation of national plans and strategies for rare diseases by the end of 2013. This recommendation adopted by European Union Member States, allows common policy guidelines to be shared everywhere in Europe. By September 2013 the Hungarian National Plan for Rare Diseases, a health policy strategy until 2020 was finalized. The present report gives a short view on the document. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(9), 325–328.
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Lee, Warren T. K., Sophie S. F. Leung, Susan S. H. Lui, and Joseph Lau. "Relationship between long-term calcium intake and bone mineral content of children aged from birth to 5 years." British Journal of Nutrition 70, no. 1 (July 1993): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930120.
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This study evaluated Ca intake in Hong Kong Chinese children and examined the association between long-term Ca intake and bone mineral content (BMC) in children. Longitudinal dietary intake from birth to 5 years was obtained in 128 children (sixty-seven boys, sixty-one girls). Ca intakes were evaluated by dietary history and cross-checked with food frequency and 24 h recall. At age 5 years BMC was determined at the one-third distal radius of the right arm using single-photon absorptiometry. The mean Ca intake of 133 children at 5 years was 546 (SD 325) mg/d. Milk was the chief source of Ca (43·5 %). From birth to 5 years, 90 % of the children had been taking milk regularly. The mean BMC and bone width (BW) of these children were 0·317 (SD 0·042) g/cm and 0·756 (SD 0·074) cm respectively. BMC was not correlated with current intakes of Ca, energy and protein but was positively correlated with weight (r 0·57), height (r 0·47) and BW (r 0·66). However, cumulative Ca intake throughout the past 5 years showed significant correlation with BMC (r 0·235, P = 0·0133). The significant correlation remained even after weight, height, BW, sex. and cumulative intakes of energy and protein were adjusted in multiple regression analysis (r 0·248, P = 0·0107). Moreover, using principal component analysis, Ca intake during the 2nd year of life had the strongest correlation with BMC at 5 years (r 0·240, P = 0·02). Ca intake of Hong Kong Chinese children was higher than the RDA of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (1962) and achieved 66% of the current US recommendation (National Research Council, 1989). The increased regular milk consumption reflects a significant change in dietary habits of the younger generation. Children with a habitually higher Ca intake throughout the past 5 years, particularly in the 2nd year, were found to have higher BMC.
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Pye, JK. "Survey of General Paediatric Surgery Provision in England, Wales and Northern Ireland." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 3 (April 2008): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588408x285766.
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INTRODUCTION A survey was carried out to ascertain the current provision of general paediatric surgery (GPS) in all hospitals in England, Wales and Northern Ireland with 100% return rate. The provision of GPS is at a crossroads with a drift of these cases to the overstretched, tertiary referral hospitals. METHODS The regional representatives on the council of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (ASGBI) obtained data from their regions. Any gaps in the data were completed by the author telephoning the remaining hospitals to ascertain their current provision. RESULTS A total of 325 acute hospitals are potentially available to admit elective and/or emergency paediatric patients, of which 25 hospitals provide a tertiary paediatric surgical service. Of the remaining ‘non-tertiary’ hospitals, 138 provide elective GPS and 147 provide emergency GPS. The ages at which GPS is carried out varies considerably, but 76% of non-tertiary hospitals provide elective GPS to those over the age of 2 years. The ages of emergency cases are 24% over the age of 2 years and 51.5% over the age of 5 years. The age at which surgery is carried out is dependent on the anaesthetic provision. Subspecialisation within each hospital has taken place with a limited number of surgeons providing the elective surgery. ‘Huband-spoke’ provision of GPS to a district general hospital (DGH) from a tertiary centre is embryonic with only 11 surgeons currently in post. An estimate of the annual elective case load of GPS based on the average number of cases done on an operation list works out at 23,000 cases done outwith the tertiary centres. DISCUSSION Almost 10 years ago, a change in the training of young surgeons took place. An increase in training posts in Tertiary centres was made available following advice from the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons (BAPS) but these posts were often not taken up. Many DGH surgeons became uncertain whether they should continue GPS training. A subtle change in the wording of the general guidance by the Royal College of Anaesthetists altered the emphasis on the age at which it was appropriate to anaesthetise children. Change in clinical practice, reducing need, and a drift towards tertiary centres has reduced DGH operations by 30% over a decade. Young surgeons are now seldom exposed to this surgery, and are not being trained in it. The large volume of these low-risk operations in well children cannot be absorbed into the current tertiary centres due to pressure on beds. The future provision of this surgery is at risk unless action is taken now. This survey was carried out to inform the debate, and to make recommendations for the future. The principal recommendations are that: (i) GPS should continue to be provided as at present in those DGHs equipped to do so; (ii) GPS training should be carried out in the DGHs where a high volume of cases is carried out; (iii) management of these cases should use a network approach in each region; (iv) hospital trusts should actively advertise for an interest in GPS as a second subspecialty; and (v) the SAC in general surgery develop a strategy to make GPS relevant to trainee surgeons.
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Bhuiya, MSU, MM Karim, and SMA Hossain. "Study on integrated farming systems model development." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 12, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i2.28692.
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Study on Integrated Farming Systems Model Development was conducted by the Livelihood Improvement of Farming Community in Haor area through System approach Project of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultral University, Mymensigh worked in Purbo Tethulia village of Moahjganj upazilla, Netrakona district from April 2010 to June 2013 with the financial assistance from the National Agricultural Technology Project, SPGR subproject, Bangladesh Agricultural Council with the following objectives i. Increase productivity of field crops, vegetables, livestock and fishes in a household through the use of appropriate technogies and techniques devised/developed/ designed/refined by the farmers for ensuring household food security and nutritional upliftment and raising income ii. Diversify enterprises, mobilize resources and intensify farming and non farming activities for in situ employment generation iii. Conserve farm environment through efficient mobilization and management of natural resource for sustainable production sysyems iv. Develop human resoures for capacity building of the participants and improve their livelihood through system approach. Research programme was finalized in the Bench Mark Survey Workshop. Farmer selection for different research acivities was done as per plan for defferent five components. The crop and agroforestry component conducted experiments both in the homestead land and crop land. In the homestead area, year round vegetables were intervened through community trial for three years. Production of timber trees like mahogany, lambu and fruit trees like mango, guave, jujube, litchi, lemon papaya and jackfruit was also practiced. Timber trees are now at growing stage and among the fruit trees some like papaya, jujube and lemon are at bearing stage. African dhaincha was introduced around homestead fallow/waste land to protect homestead area from wave thrust and to produce biomass fuel. Field trials on rice, vegetables, spices and oil crops were conducted to intensify and diversify the cropping pattern and as well as to utilize the fallow/ waste land of the research site. Under livestock component, experiments were conducted on rearing of egg producing hen, duck, fattening of animals, milching cow, artificial insemination and chemical evaluation of available feedstuffs. A continuous vaccination programme against common diseases of poultry was maintained throughout the study period. Farmers response was very positive towards the experimental results. In the fisheries component, experiment on cage culture in open water, perennial and seasonal pond culture, dry fish and pickle were conducted/done. Among the experiments cage culture in open water proved to be a promising technology and fish pickle was highly appreciated in panel test. For the rural hydrology and mechanization component four studies were conducted. The physico-chemical properties of farm land and homestead soils were determined. Additional application of sulphur and zinc fertilizers were found not required. Both the surface and groundwater characteristics were studied. The maximum flood water depth was found around 3.0 m at farm land. Irrigation facilities developed by installing a shallow tubewell (STW) resulted higher crop production and motivated farmers to install four new STWs by their own capital. All the households (462) of Purbo Tethulia were intervened from the project. The interventions were crop, vegetable, livestock, poultry and fish farming. It was observed that as the number of enterprises increased in the farming systems, the income also increased. The evidence also showed that the training of the beneficiaries increased their knowledge and skill.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 325-336, December 2014
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Carter, Bing Z., Wenjing Tao, Po Yee Mak, Qi Zhang, Xiangmeng Wang, Vinitha Mary Kuruvilla, Carli Stewart, et al. "Inhibition of Mcl-1 Enhances the Efficacy of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition in FLT3 Mutated AML and Synergizes with Venetoclax Targeting AML Stem Cells." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125725.
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Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 play critical roles in AML stem/progenitor cell survival. Venetoclax (VEN), a highly selective Bcl-2 inhibitor, showed limited clinical efficacy in AML as a single agent. FLT3 is the most frequently mutated gene in AML, resulting in constitutive activation of FLT3 tyrosine kinase and its downstream signaling pathways, which can be targeted by FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, patients can adapt to TKI treatment by reactivating the MEK signaling pathway (Bruner JK et al., Cancer Res 2017), which is known to stabilize Mcl-1 levels. Furthermore, deregulated Mcl-1 expression was identified as a novel mechanism of primary TKI resistance in a subset of FLT3-ITD mutated AML patients (Breitenbuecher F et al., Blood 2009). Importantly, Mcl-1 can be induced by VEN treatment and could be a major resistance factor to VEN (Pan R et al., Cancer Discover 2014; Carter BZ et al., ASH 2018). Hence, Mcl-1 inhibition may enhance the efficacy of TKIs in FLT3 mutated AML and synergize with VEN, targeting AML cells and stem/progenitor cells. We treated FLT3-ITD positive AML cells with a selective inhibitor of Mcl-1 (AMG 176) and FLT3 TKIs and found that inhibition of Mcl-1 induced cell death and significantly enhanced the activity of sorafenib or gilteritinib in cell lines including cells acquired resistance to VEN (CI<1). It also enhanced the activity of sorafenib against blasts and stem/progenitor cells from primary AML samples harboring FLT3-ITD mutations. We previously showed that overexpression/knockdown of Mcl-1 greatly protected/sensitized AML cells from VEN induced cell death (Carter BZ, ASH 2018) supporting Mcl-1 as a key VEN resistance factor. We treated primary AML cells (n=5) with VEN (10 nM) or AMG 176 (250 nM) alone, or in combination and found that VEN+AMG 176 synergistically induced cell death in AML blasts and AML stem/progenitor cells even in samples clinically resistant to or relapsed after VEN containing regimen (CI<1). This synergism was also observed under mesenchymal stromal cells co-culturing conditions, while the combination was less toxic to normal bone marrow (NBM) cells (n=3) at even higher concentrations (VEN 20 nM, AMG 176 500 nM): apoptosis rate was at 82.4% or 80.8% under MSC co-cultures with AML blasts vs 34.2% or 36.4% under co-culture with NBM CD34+ cells. To investigate the antileukemia activity in vivo, we tested combined inhibition of Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 using two PDX models in NSG mice. The first model was developed from a resistant/relapsed patient with FLT3-ITD mutation and complex karyotype. The combination showed the most significant antileukemic activity and extension of survival, followed by AMG 176 and VEN treatment alone (median survival for the combination, 146 d, p=0.004; AMG 176, 137 d, p=0.032; VEN, 102 d, p>0.05 vs. control, 85.5 d; respectively). The second PDX model was developed from a patient who first responded and then became resistant to the combination of VEN and decitabine and harbors FLT3-ITD, NRAS, and GATA2 mutations and complex karyotype. VEN or AMG 176 monotherapies marginally prolonged survival (median survival 127 or 129 vs. control 124 d). The combination was highly effective in this model and greatly decreased circulating blasts (Fig. 1) and leukemia tissue infiltration, measured by flow cytometry and spleen size. CyTOF analysis demonstrated that only the combination strongly reduced blasts as well as the AML stem/progenitor cell populations. Median survival for the combination group currently has not been reached (>325 d) (Fig. 2). Collectively, these data demonstrate that inhibition of Mcl-1 enhances the efficacy of TKIs in FLT3 mutated AML. Furthermore, it synergizes with VEN, targeting not only AML blasts but also AML stem/progenitor cells, both in vitro and in vivo in PDX models with the potential of significantly improving treatment outcome, which warrants clinical evaluation. Disclosures Carter: Amgen: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Ascentage: Research Funding. Zhang:The University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Center: Employment. Kuruvilla:The University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Center: Employment. Konopleva:Kisoji: Consultancy, Honoraria; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Forty-Seven: Consultancy, Honoraria; Calithera: Research Funding; Stemline Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Cellectis: Research Funding; Reata Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; F. Hoffman La-Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ascentage: Research Funding; Ablynx: Research Funding; Agios: Research Funding; Astra Zeneca: Research Funding. Caenepeel:Amgen Inc.: Employment. Canon:Amgen Inc.: Employment. Hughes:Amgen Inc.: Employment. Morrow:Amgen Inc.: Employment. Andreeff:Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties: Patents licensed, royalty bearing, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; AstaZeneca: Consultancy; 6 Dimensions Capital: Consultancy; Reata: Equity Ownership; Aptose: Equity Ownership; Eutropics: Equity Ownership; Senti Bio: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Oncoceutics: Equity Ownership; Oncolyze: Equity Ownership; Breast Cancer Research Foundation: Research Funding; CPRIT: Research Funding; NIH/NCI: Research Funding; Center for Drug Research & Development: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Cancer UK: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NCI-CTEP: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; German Research Council: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Leukemia Lymphoma Society: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NCI-RDCRN (Rare Disease Cliln Network): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CLL Foundation: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BiolineRx: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Meilani, R. Sri Martini, and Yasmin Faradiba. "Development of Activity-Based Science Learning Models with Inquiry Approaches." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/10.21009/jpud.131.07.
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This study aims to develop an activity-based science learning model with an inquiry learning approach for early childhood that can be used to increase the sense of curiosity and scientific thinking in children aged 5-6 years. This research was conducted with research and development / R & D research methods. Data was collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, pre-test and post-test for children. Data analysis using paired t-test. The results showed that children were interested and enthusiastic in the learning process by using a science-based learning model with the inquiry approach, Sig. (2-tailed) showing results of 0.000, so the value of 0.000 <0.05 was different from before and after the use of learning models. The results showed that: children can understand the material given by the teacher, the child is more confident and has the initiative to find answers to the teacher's questions about science material, the child's curiosity increases to examine the information provided by the teacher, the child's understanding of work processes and procedures from science learning with the inquiry approach getting better. It was concluded that an activity-based science learning model with an inquiry approach for children aged 5-6 years used an activity model with an inquiry learning approach based on children's interests and children's needs so that children's curiosity would emerge and continue to be optimally stimulated.
Keywords: Inquiry approach, Learning model, Science Learning
References
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Fernández, Gonzalo. "La autocefalia de la Iglesia chipriota, una consecuencia del cisma del siglo IV en la cristiandad de Antioquía." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua, no. 8 (January 1, 1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfii.8.1995.4275.
Full textAbstract:
Este artículo estudia algunos aspectos de las relaciones entre las iglesias de Chipre y Antioquía. Las fuentes principales son Teodoreto de Ciro, Eusebio de Cesárea, Filostorgio, Sócrates, Sozomeno, Jerónimo, Rufino de Aquileya, Epifanio de Salamina, Teodoro, Teófanes, Víctor Tonense y el obispo romano Inocencio I. Otras fuentes son los cánones de varios sínodos: concilio de Nicea en el año 325 d.C, concilio de Constantinopla en 381, primer concilio de Efeso en 431, segundo concilio de Efeso en 449 y concilio de Calcedonia en 451.This article deals with some aspects in relations between the Churches of Cyprus and Antioch. The main sources are Theodoret of Cyr, Eusebius of Caesarea, Philostorgius, Sócrates, Sozomen, Jerome, Rufin of Aquileia, Epiphanius of Salamis, Theodorus, Teophanes, Víctor of Tuna and román Bishop Inocentius I. Other sources are the Canons of various Synods: Council of Nicaea in year 325 A.D., Council of Constantinople in 381, Fist Council of Ephesus in 431, Second Council of Ephesus in 449 and Council of Chalcedon in 451.
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Rukuni, Rugare, and Erna Oliver. "Nicaea as political orthodoxy: Imperial Christianity versus episcopal polities." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 75, no. 4 (September 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i4.5313.
Full textAbstract:
Fourth-century Christianity and the Council of Nicaea have continually been read as a Constantinian narrative. The dominancy of imperial Christianity has been a consequent feature of the established narrative regarding the events within early Christianity. There is a case for a revisionist enquiry regarding the influence of the emperor in the formation of orthodoxy. The role of bishops and its political characterisation had definitive implications upon Christianity as it would seem. Recent revisions on Constantine by Leithart and Barnes incited the enquiry. The enquiry was made possible through document analysis; this mainly took the form of a literature study. The orthodoxy that emerged at Nicaea in 325 CE was reflective of the political–orthodoxy trajectory that Christianity took beyond the 4th century. Between imperial intervention and clerical polities, one was a definitive dynamic to the then emergent Christianity. The influence of the emperor, which was an apparently definitive feature characterising the era, was compositely relevant as a catalyst in the formation of the Christianity that emerged during the 4th century. The implication that centuries before the Council of Nicaea Christianity had been characterised by significant phases of socio-cultural dynamics relegates the influence of the emperor. The emperor Constantine and his association with the Council of Nicaea characterised an era of imperial ecclesiastical politics in Christianity, and so did the Jewish–Christian Schism and a monarchical episcopate that shaped the orthodox matrix of the church. This research deduced that the function of imperial intervention should be analysed in conjunction with diverse factors characterising the Christianity emergent at Nicaea, particularly ecclesiastical polities.
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Coetzee, C. F. C. "Gnosticism, church unity and the Nicene Creed." In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi 42, no. 2 (July 27, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v42i2.264.
Full textAbstract:
Gnosticism (derived from the Greek word “gnosis; knowledge”) is the well-known phenomenon or movement which dates from the first centuries of church history. The teaching of Gnosticism questioned and/or contradicted the teaching of the church on some of the fundamental truths of Scripture. Apart from Gnosticism, the Early Church also had to deal with the heresy of Arianism. In the Nicene Creed, formulated by the councils of Nicea (325 AD) and Constantinople (381 AD) the universal or catholic church responded officially to the heresies of both Gnosticism and Arianism. In the final edition of the Nicene Creed we also find an article on the unity, holiness, catholicity and apostolicity of the church. Both Gnosticism and Arianism posed a serious threat to the unity of the church. In our times we experience a revival of ancient Gnosticism, both pagan and “Christian”. This revival is also called the New Age or the Age of Aquarius. Within the framework of this new worldview, we are witnessing a rediscovery of gnosis. The discovery and publication of certain ancient gnostic texts like the Nag Hammadi Codices, play a significant role in this revival. Consequently the canon of Scripture is questioned or openly rejected and also the creeds based on that Scripture. The Nicene Creed played a major and decisive role in preserving and maintaining the unity of the church on the basis of the truth of Scripture. This age-old creed is today just as relevant and important in proclaiming and confessing the true faith and preserving the true unity of the church.
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Edwards, Mark. "Is Subordinationism a Heresy?" TheoLogica: An International Journal for Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology 4, no. 2 (February 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/thl.v4i2.23803.
Full textAbstract:
The modern resurgence of orthodoxy in Anglican circles takes as its cardinal tenet the eternal coinherence of three persons in the one Godhead, equal in substance, rank and power. This is assumed to be the doctrine of the Nicene Council of 325, and the putative heresy that denies it is known by the term subordinationism. Although the ample lexicon of Greek heresiology supplies no clear antecedent for this term, the charge of subordinationism is thought to imperil any claim to be teaching in the catholic tradition, even if the teacher is Barth or Rahner. The confidence with which these accusations are levelled, however, seems to be in an inverse ratio to the accuser’s knowledge of history, for neither in New Testament scholarship nor at the cutting edge of the modern study of patristics will one find much evidence that subordinationism is even an anomaly, let alone an aberration from the biblical or conciliar norm. It is only in modern theology, not in the writings of empirical historians, that the Gorgon’s head of Arius is held up to those who question the strict equality of persons. At the same time, we must not forget that the systematician’s reading of Nicaea was until recently also that of the historian. No doubt the reason is partly that until the last half–century every historian was also a confessional theologian; but there is also a certain truth in the older approach so long as some pains are taken to define “subordination”.