Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Niche écologique'
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Pocheville, Arnaud. "LA NICHE ÉCOLOGIQUE: CONCEPTS, MODÈLES, APPLICATIONS." Phd thesis, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715471.
Full textYguel, Benjamin. "Sortir de sa niche ancestralele cas du chêne sessile et pédonculé : conséquences pour les interactions biotiques : le cas du chêne sessile et pédonculé." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S142.
Full textNiche conservatism is defined as the conservation of the niche and its associated ecological traits over time. Thus, phylogenetically closely related species tend to occupy similar niches, including abiotic conditions but also biotic interactions. Hence, individuals surrounded by phylogenetically distantly related species could be considered as inhabitant of new niche. In this thesis we were interested in trophic interactions of host individuals inhabiting a new niche, represented by distantly related neighbours, as compared to hosts remaining in their ancestral niche. We studied oak hosts and their phytophages, the next trophic level, i. E. The oak phytophages and their natural enemies, and finally the ectomycorhizal fungi of oaks. Our results showed that phylogenetic isolation of oak hosts (i) decreases abundance and pressure of phytophages on oak hosts, (ii) decreases enemy pressure of specialized enemies on oak phytophages, (iii) increases ectomycorhizal fungi abundance and activity. Hence, our results indicate that phylogenetic isolation of oaks changes the intensity and the nature of biotic interactions all along the entire trophic chain based on oaks. Our results allow us to discuss the biotic forces that favor or impede the colonization of a new niche. Moreover, we suggest that phylogenetically isolated oaks, their phytophages and their ectomycorhizal mutualists undergo specific selective pressures that could trigger evolutionary differentiation in long term
Gimonneau, Geoffrey. "Bio-écologie de la spéciation : partage de la niche écologique chez deux espèces naissantes d'anophèles au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20118.
Full textIn West Africa, the main Malaria vector, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is actually subdivided into two molecular forms named M and S, which can be genetically and environmentally differentiated. The M form preferentially breeds in permanent freshwater collections mainly resulting from human activity and is reproductively active all year round, whereas the S form thrives in temporary breeding sites and is present during the rainy season only. This subdivision generates different dynamics of Malaria transmission in areas where these forms are found. In this context, this thesis aims to study the ecological factors of differentiation between M and S, focusing on their larval ecology to better understand their current and future distribution.The study of the distribution of natural populations of these vectors in an endemic area in Burkina Faso has provided evidence that the ecological niches of these forms are closely correlated with the degree of temporality and the community complexity of aquatic ecosystems. The M form is clearly linked to permanent anthropogenic habitats and the structures they support, while the S form and its sibling species An. arabiensis are associated with simple and temporary habitats, mostly found in rural savannas.The distribution of the two forms along a hydroperiod gradient is consistent with the dominant interactions and adaptations they induce in order to be able to exploit their environments. In relation to temporary habitat, the S form was more competitive than the M form by reducing its larval development time in the presence of competitor (M form). The study of selection pressure due to predation, dominant interaction in permanent habitat, shows that the M forms suffer lesser predation rate than the S form. Analysis of larval behavior highlighted differences between these two forms, such as the existence of a more plastic behavior in the form M, which reduced its rate of activity in predator presence. This mechanism is one of the adaptations that have facilitated the success of An. gambiae in permanent aquatic habitats.Our approach, based on the larval ecology of M and S forms of An. gambiae has enabled us to better understand the processes by which these vectors have evolved and adapted to different ecological contexts. These adaptations reflect the specialization of these two forms in their respective habitats and can partially explain the ecological segregation observed in the field. Improving our knowledge on bio-ecology of these vectors is essential to appreciate their evolutionary potential in the current context of global change
Bame, Ndiouma. "Gestion de donnée complexes pour la modélisation de niche écologique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066125/document.
Full textThis thesis concerns large scale biodiversity data management. Its objectives are to optimize queries for researchers who have free access to biodiversity worldwide data. These data which are shared by worldwide research laboratories are federated in GBIF data warehouse. GBIF makes accessible its data to researchers, policy makers and general public. With a significant amount of data and a rapid growth of data and users that express new needs, the GBIF portal is facing a double problem of expressiveness of queries and of efficiency. Thus, we propose a decentralized solution for biodiversity data interrogation. Our solution combines the resources of several of remote and limited machines to provide the needed computing and storage power to ensure system responsiveness for users. It also provides high-level query interface which is more expressive for users. Then, we propose a dynamic data distribution on demand approach. This approach which is based on data properties and characteristics of users analysis queries adapts dynamically machines capacities to users demands. Then, we propose a queries optimization approach that adapts dynamically data placement and machines loads according to performances in order to process users queries within deadlines. We experimentally validated our solution with real GBIF data concerning 100 million observation data
Bame, Ndiouma. "Gestion de donnée complexes pour la modélisation de niche écologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066125.
Full textThis thesis concerns large scale biodiversity data management. Its objectives are to optimize queries for researchers who have free access to biodiversity worldwide data. These data which are shared by worldwide research laboratories are federated in GBIF data warehouse. GBIF makes accessible its data to researchers, policy makers and general public. With a significant amount of data and a rapid growth of data and users that express new needs, the GBIF portal is facing a double problem of expressiveness of queries and of efficiency. Thus, we propose a decentralized solution for biodiversity data interrogation. Our solution combines the resources of several of remote and limited machines to provide the needed computing and storage power to ensure system responsiveness for users. It also provides high-level query interface which is more expressive for users. Then, we propose a dynamic data distribution on demand approach. This approach which is based on data properties and characteristics of users analysis queries adapts dynamically machines capacities to users demands. Then, we propose a queries optimization approach that adapts dynamically data placement and machines loads according to performances in order to process users queries within deadlines. We experimentally validated our solution with real GBIF data concerning 100 million observation data
Guo, Zhiqiang. "Séparation de niche entre deux espèces invasives de gobies." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1842/.
Full textUnderstanding species coexistence and maintenance of biodiversity in nature has long been a central issue in community ecology. The niche or niche-based theory has been developed since Darwin's explanation of an amazing diversity of life on the Earth and considered as a major theory explaining the coexistence among competing species within ecological communities. Niche differentiation basically involves spatial, trophic, temporal and/or a combination of them. In the present study, habitat selections, life-history characteristics, diet compositions and feeding behaviors of two highly abundant and ecologically similar invasive goby species (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Rhinogobius giurinus) are compared to test whether niche separation is a potential mechanism allow ing the stable coexistence of them in Lake Erhai (a shallow freshwater lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China). The results demonstrated that these two species showed niche separation along habitat axis, food axis (in littoral habitat for sub-adults and adults), and temporal axis in terms of spawning cycles. Specifically, R. Giurinus mostly occupied profundal habitat (PH) while R. Cliffordpopei mainly used littoral habitat (LH). Correlation analyses revealed that the abundance of R. Giurinus was positively associated with deep water, silt and coarse sand substrata, whereas the distribution of R. Cliffordpopei was positively associated with high densities of macrozooplanktons and high abundances of other fish species, high concentration of dissolved oxygen and high densities of submerged macrophytes. For food resources partitioning, they showed a clear ontogenetic diet shifts and significantly different food partitioning patterns at different life-history stages and habitats. For both species, macrozooplanktons (Cladocera and Copepoda) were the main food for juveniles while sub-adults and adults primarily consumed Chironomidae larvae and Tubificidae. In LH, sub-adults and adults of the two species significantly differed in their diet compositions while juveniles showed similar diets. In PH and SH, however, there was no evidence for food partitioning between species at all the three life-history stages. R. Cliffordpopei and R. Giurinus showed temporal niche partitioning as they exhibited different onsets of spawning and peaks of spawning seasons, and thus different growth and population dynamics, though both of them are short-lived species with a life span of about one year. R. Cliffordpopei spawned from February to June with a spawning peak occurring in March and April. Spawning activity of R. Giurinus occurred from April to August with a peak activity during May and June. These differences resulted in a temporal partitioning for similar-sized cohorts, especially for small-sized larvae and juveniles, which were almost exclusively zooplanktivorous and exploited the same food resources in the lake. Moreover, their different spawning cycles led to different peak seasons for the highest population density of the two species. However, the diel activity (locomotory activity) and feeding rhythm varied slightly between them, i. E. Both species showed two peaks of activity (6:00 - 10:00 and 18:00 - 22:00) and two main feeding periods (6:00 - 10:00 and 18:00 - 22:00) in the four seasons. Moreover, our study provides a full understanding of habitat selection and life-history characteristics (i. E. Growth pattern, reproduction biology and population dynamic) of the two invasive gobies. These findings are crucial biological aspects for an economically and ecologically effective control programs to the two abundant pest species. The further management programs are highly recommended to give a careful consideration of these findings. Therefore, several specific remediation is suggested to improve the current management strategies from the perspective of cost-efficiency
Calenge, Clément. "Des outils statistiques pour l'analyse des semis de points dans l'espace écologique." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10264.
Full textFletcher, David. "Biological invasion risk assessment, considering adaptation at multiple scales : the case of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG029/document.
Full textIn this thesis I set out to quantify the risk of invasion from the invasive freshwater fish, Pseudorasbora parva, at a global extent, using traditional correlative ecological niche modelling approaches with the integration of surrogate data representing introduction likelihood (Chapter I). These correlative approaches rely upon key assumptions relating to the presence or absence of local or regional adaptations, and so I subsequently tested for evidence of such adaptations in genetic lineages and in individual populations. This was achieved through analyzing climatic niche differentiation of key genetic lineages in the native and invasive ranges (Chapter II) and by conducting lab experiments comparing thermal responses of important life history traits in populations from contrasting climates (Chapter III). The initial risk assessment did not account for a key factor in invasions; namely, natural dispersal. Natural dispersal has been observed to be subject to selection in vanguard populations of invasive species, and adaptation of dispersal traits can infer additional invasive vigor, allowing the species to spread across the landscape quicker. For this reason, I quantified dispersal, activity and morphological differences, often associated with differential dispersal ability, in populations along a distance-gradient from an invasion front, in order to identify if P. parva is capable of such adaptations.The initial risk mapping study showed that large areas, beyond the current distribution of the species, are climatically suitable. These areas are mainly in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand, and constitute significant scope for spread and impact of this species. When introduction likelihood was included, N. America appears most at risk. I found no evidence to suggest that native genetic lineages represented local adaptations to their respective native climates - there was little or no differentiation of the lineages’ climatic niches in the invasive range. It was also apparent, from the niche comparisons, that the climatic niche in the invaded range constituted a significant shift, compared to the native range. The thermal responses of P. parva life history traits did not differ significantly between populations from a strongly seasonal continental climate and a mild temperate maritime climate. The overall reproductive output of females did not vary according to breeding season temperature, however, temporal reproductive strategy showed a strong response, with lower temperatures inducing a protracted breeding season and higher temperatures inducing rapid and intense reproductive output. The dispersal and morphology-related study identified a strong gradient of morphological change, corresponding with distance from invasion front. This demonstrates a high degree of plasticity in P. parva’s morphology in an invasion context, however this was not linked to either dispersal or activity levels, neither of which was significantly linked to distance from invasion front. Dispersal was best explained by body size, with larger fish more likely to disperse further.Whilst I found no evidence to suggest that the model predictions (Chapter I) were hampered by differentiation at either lineage or population levels, the findings of Chapter II do highlight the uncertainties surrounding the degree of conservatism in such predictions, mainly owing to the fact that past, native, distribution did not accurately predict the current invaded distribution. The results of Chapters II-IV show broad tolerances and great plasticity in P. parva, which likely underpin this species success as a pan-continental invader. The knowledge produced in this thesis provides a useful new resource for the development of management strategies for P. parva and could be usefully enhanced by the additional of analogous studies on native populations, which could help elucidate the source of the observed plasticity
Monnet, Anne-Christine. "Apport des modèles de niche aux translocations d'espèces : cas du renforcement de populations d'Outarde houbara." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066655/document.
Full textEcological niche models (ENM) are widely used to predict the current and future distribution of species. They could be used as complementary tools to assess the niche suitability of potential release areas, a key parameter for improving success in conservation translocation. Yet, ENM are still rarely applied and general evidence about the benefit of these models in translocation is still lacking. We focused our research on reinforcement programs of two species of Houbara Bustard, the sedentary North African species (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) and the migratory Asian species (C. macqueenii). Through the extensive monitoring of remnant wild populations and captive-born released individuals over a large proportion of their distribution range, these programs provide an ideal study framework to address complex questions regarding the relevancy of ENM in translocation conservation. First, we linked individual survival, a crucial component of population dynamics, to niche suitability. Then, we performed an experimental release and monitoring of 180 individuals along a gradient of habitat suitability as predicted by ENM to test the effect of release site suitability on survival of captive-born individuals. We then tested if released houbaras use the same ecological niche than wild houbaras, as a validation step to support the subsequent use of niche modelling. Finally, we discussed the implications of global change for ongoing translocation programs of Houbara Bustard. Empirical approaches linking habitat suitability with demographic processes provide a step towards a better understanding of the relevance of ENM for conservation translocations in changing environments
Boisteau, Benjamin. "Rôle de la structure du paysage dans la distribution spatiale et la régulation des colonies de reproduction du Héron cendré (Ardea cinerea) et modélisation de son expansion future." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S037.
Full textHernandez, Farinas Tania. "Analyse et modélisation des évolutions à long terme de la biodiversité phytoplanctonique dans les zones côtières sous l’effet des pressions environnementales et anthropiques." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=8f70a2cc-fcf6-4828-b01d-2aef7d706346.
Full textCoastal areas are highly-dynamic systems exposed to the effect of climate variations and human impacts, influencing the community diversity. In these ecosystems, the phytoplank- ton constitutes the base of food webs and integrates the effects of global changes and quality variations of coastal waters. In this context, the general objective of this study was to assess the long-term changes in the diversity of phytoplankton communities in coastal waters at different scales and levels of organization. Firstly, the data collected by the Phytoplankton and Phycotoxin Monitoring Network from the IFREMER was examined to study the tem- poral variations of the assemblages within the last two decades along the French coast and to assess the relationship with the modifications in their environment. Generally, long-term trends are not identical across the different coastal zones, noting that these changes may have a strong local or regional component which is a characteristic of coastal ecosystems. The second part focuses on the study of environmental conditions favorable to the presence of a number of phytoplankton units. The ecological niche of these units was characterized by their marginality, their tolerance and their degree of overlap, providing information about taxon indicator of specific environmental conditions. Finally, the contribution of benthic taxa to phytoplankton assemblages has been analyzed using their life-forms and the tempo- ral dynamic of their resuspention in the water column
Ferrer, Aurélie. "Spécialisation écologique chez les insectes prédateurs." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU30105.
Full textEcological specialisation is a reduction of the size of the species niche. This phenomenon has been widely explored in phytophagous insects but not in predatory insects. Here, we choose to explore ecological specialisation in predatory insects by comparing two closely related aphidophagous species: Adalia bipunctata and A. Decempunctata. In doing so, we try to better understand the nature of this specialisation and the impact of specialisation degree of species on the evolution of their phenotypic traits. First, our work shed light on the ecological niches of both species and confirms that one species is more specialised. Then, we highlighted that specialisation has probably driven the evolution of life history and behavioural traits. Our experiments proved that the generalist species has a faster ovarian dynamic than the specialist. Moreover, specialist females invest more per offspring than generalist females. After controlling for differences in female body mass, this additional energetic investment in each egg of A. Decempunctata results in bigger larvae. These larvae are also active sooner after hatching, and stay active and survive longer under starvation. These differences between the two species are probably linked to the characteristics of their resources in terms of patch availability across the season and prey distribution. So, as already demonstrated for phytophagous insects, ecological specialisation has driven the evolution of phenotypic traits. But, in this particular case of predatory insects, our results seem also to indicate that suitability of prey does not play a major role in the determination of diet width. The trophic specialisation observed for A. Decempunctata appears more as a consequence of habitat specialisation, which reduce the number of preys that the species could meet. .
Chalghaf, Bilel. "Distribution spatio-temporelle de la leishmaniose en Tunisie et dans le Bassin Méditerranéen : apport de la géomatique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11059.
Full textAbstract : Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries with an estimated global prevalence of 12 million cases. The yearly incidence of visceral leishmaniasis is estimated to be 0.3 million cases, while cutaneous leishmaniasis affects approximately one million people each year. In Tunisia, cutaneous leishmaniasis is still a serious health problem with thousands of cases reported every year. Since its first emergence as an epidemic in Kairouan in 1982, the disease has spread in several parts of the country. Control of cutaneous leishmaniasis is mainly based on surveillance of incident cases and treatment and studies carried out to elucidate the spatio-temporal dynamics of the disease are based only on time series analysis of the incidence. The geographical distribution of sandflies during the last decades has shifted northward from latitudes below 45○N in south Europe to latitudes just above 50○N. Recent studies show that some phlebotomine sandflies were recorded in several parts of Germany and Belgium. In Central Europe, some autochthone leishmaniasis cases are being recorded in region traditionally regarded as leishmaniasis-free countries. The objective of this work, in a first step is to i) predict the geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis and P. papatasi the main vector of the disease in Tunisia. ii) Assess the importance of environmental factors influencing the vector and disease distribution using ecological niche modeling. In a second step we attempted to i) predict the actual distribution of six leishmaniasis vectors in the Mediterranean basin. ii) predict the change in the geographical distribution of these vectors under different climate change scenarios. The MaxEnt model was used to predict the distribution of P. papatasi and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases. 24 environmental variables describing topography, land use and climate were collected. A filed survey was conducted to collect P. papatasi and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occurrence points. MaxEnt showed a good performance for the prediction of the vector and the disease cases with an area under the ROC curve higher than 0.95 and a maximal Kappa coefficient higher than 0.7. Furthermore, population under the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis was assessed based on population density by district and vector distribution predicted by the model. To elucidate the effect of climate change on the distribution of various leishmaniasis vectors in the Mediterranean basin, occurrence points of the studied species were collected from scientific literature between 2006 and 2012. Moreover, series of climatic variable describing temperature and precipitation for 2020, 2050 and 2080 under two climate change scenarios were obtained from the global climate database WorldClim. A consensus model was derived from six individual model based on three modeling techniques (statistical regression, machine learning and classification). The consensus model presented a good performance with a specificity varying from 81% to 96.5% and a sensitivity varying from 88% to 100%. The study confirmed the hypothesis of large spread of leishmaniasis vectors under climate change scenario. All studied species are supposed to invade new areas, actually not favourable to the vectors survival.
Dubart, Maxime. "Coquillages et crustacés : dynamiques spatio-temporelles de métacommunautés en eau douce." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG069.
Full textSpecies communities vary as a result of many processes: filtering of species by environments, interspecific interactions, dispersal, and stochastic processes. Empiricists often try to evaluate their respective roles based on the traces they leave on the spatial structure of communities. Unfortunately these traces are often ambiguous. Temporal data (surveys repeated through time) convey historical information that may help resolve ambiguities. In this thesis, I explore and develop different methods to analyze spatio-temporal data in order to understand the dynamics of sets of communities linked by dispersal within fragmented landscapes (metacommunities). These methods are applied to three long-term datasets from freshwater metacommunities (snails in the Guadeloupe and Martinique islands and Daphnia spp. in Finland). I first analyze the metacommunity of Guadeloupe snails using both pattern-based approaches (using successive years as replicates) and joint species distribution models explicitly relating time t to time t-1. This approach documents how species interactions, filtering by local environmental conditions, and stochastic colonizations and extinctions shape spatio-temporal variation in community richness and composition. Second, I develop explicit multi-species metapopulation models to analyze two- or three-species systems (taken in Guadeloupe and Finland). The fitted parameters are used in simulations to analyze how competition and niche differences contribute to species coexistence. Remarkably, in both cases, although competition significantly limits species co-occurrence at a local scale, it is far for being strong enough to threaten coexistence at the landscape level. Regional exclusion seems to require uncommonly strong competition, in the presence of highly stochastic colonization-extinction dynamics. Such conditions (strong interactions and weak stochasticity) may characterize the Martinique dataset (a set of 11 clonal, related invasive taxa inhabiting permanent rivers). In this case, I develop an approach inspired by population genetics, inferring one- or two-dimensional competitive hierarchies among taxa and how they vary in space and time to explain exclusion and/or coexistence patterns. Overall, this work shows that the temporal dimension carries a lot of information on community processes acting both at the local and regional scales. An even more integrative view may, in the future, arise from metacommunity models explicitly coupling the dynamics of local and regional species abundances
Fromant, Aymeric. "The ecology and niche segregation of diving petrels." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03959129.
Full textExploring a species’ ecological niche entails investigating at multiple scales, as different environmental threats and niche constraints between intra-species levels may lead to important ecological and conservation consequences. However, the absence of precise information about small procellariiform species ecology has greatly limited ecological niche modelling studies, directly impacting our ability to delineate proper conservation planning. Technological advancements in the miniaturisation of data loggers have made it possible to collect ecological data of such species. In the present study, a multi-tooled approach was used to investigate the ecological niche of the common and the South-Georgian diving petrels. The primary objectives were to: 1) describe their foraging ecology during the breeding and non-breeding periods, and investigate their inter-annual variations; 2) determine the ecological differences between populations throughout the Southern Ocean; and 3) study the variations in their foraging ecology throughout the entire annual-cycle in the context of niche segregation between two sibling species. The results demonstrated that diving petrels exhibit remarkable flying abilities despite their high wing loading, foraging over large areas during the breeding season, and migrating several thousands of kilometres from their colony during the post-breeding period. These analyses revealed important ecological differences throughout the species distribution, particularly in terms of phenology and migration area. Collecting data over several years substantially strengthens results and provides valuable information to understand the variations and the limits of diving petrel ecological niches. Finally, a stage-dependent and context-dependent niche segregation analysis demonstrated the importance of a multi-tooled approach to better describe and understand the co-existence of ecologically similar species
Issa, Mze Hassani. "Études écologiques des mouches des fruits (diptera tephritidae) nuisibles aux cultures fruitières aux Comores." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0001/document.
Full textNumerous invasions by fruit flies of the Tephritidae family are observed worldwide. This is particularly the case in Comoros, because of its geographical position and its imports of fresh products from neighboring countries. In order to determine the strategies necessary to reduce the populations of several species of this family, it is essential to have a current status on the ecology and distribution of the species present in the archipelago. The objectives of this thesis were to: (i) inventory the Tephritidae species present in Comoros and analyze the seasonal fluctuations of populations in relation to climatic factors and phenology of the main host plants, (ii) determine the host plants range of the main species and (iii) inventory the Tephritidae indigenous parasitoids and follow the acclimatization of theparasitoid Fopius arisanus introduced since 2013. In order to achieve these objectives, a weekly monitoring of a trapping network as well as plants phenology present in Grande-Comore, Mohéli and Anjouan islands was carried out during a period of two years. Similarly,cultivated and wild fruits were sampled in different regions of the ecoclimatic diversity of Grande-Comore island during a period of three years. Five fruit fly species were found throughout the archipelago from the trapping network: Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata, Dacus bivittatus, Dacus punctatifrons and Dacus ciliatus. High dominance of the invasive species B. dorsalis was observed at all seasons and at all sites. The density of Tephritidae species was greater during the hot and wet season than during the cool and dry season. In addition, the results showed a high abundance of B. dorsalis in humid regions of low altitudes while C. capitata, persists in dry regions of higher elevation. The results suggest a niche separation phenomenon between these two species related to climate. Among 42 fruit species sampled from 22 plant families, 22 fruits belonging to 11 families were infested with Tephritidae. Six fruit fly species have emerged with a large dominance (91%) of B. dorsalis. The latter species occupies a wide range of host plants (16 species), using fruits previously infested with C. capitata. Four parasitoids species of Braconidae subfamily Opiinae have emerged in fruits including introduced species F. arisanus. However, very few individuals have been found at this timeand it will be necessary to follow acclimatization of the parasitoid in terms of parasitism rates, distribution and host fruit and Tephritidae species range
Bili, Mikaël. "Éléments de différenciation de la niche écologique chez deux coléoptères parasitoïdes en compétition : comportement et communautés bactériennes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S119/document.
Full textWhen two species live in the same ecological niche, they compete for resources. Since a limited access to resources reduces fitness, interspecific competition represents a selection pressure that can lead to physiological or behavioral changes to share resources, because not sharing them will cause the displacement or disappearance of the weaker competitor. Aleochara bilineata and Aleochara bipustulata are two coleopteran parasitoids and attack the same host, the cabbage root fly Delia radicum. These two species have different biological parameters, particularly in their life history traits (which seem to favor A. bipustulata) and host spectrum (A. bipustulata is more generalist). These two species share the same strategy to exploit their host (idiobiont ectoparasitoid). Unlike parasitoid wasps (the object of most studies on parasitoids) coleopteran parasitoid females do not lay their eggs directly inside the host but in locations likely to harbour hosts. Aleochara first instars are mobile and need to find and select a host where they will develop. There is thus the possibility of behavioral adaptations to competition for both for adults and first instars. In this project, we have chosen to explore the ecological niche of these two species in an original way by studying behavioral changes induced by the presence of competitors both in adult females and first instars. We also studied bacterial communities associated to the two competing species but also those of their host D. radicum and of another competitor, the parasitoid wasp Trybliographa rapae, in order to later study the impacts of different bacterial partners in the ecological niche of the two beetle species in competition. Our results show that females of the specialist A. bilineata adapt their behavior to the competitors they face and select oviposition sites with the best probability of parasitism success. Moreover, first instars of A. bilineata dominate the larval competition when competing with larvae of the generalist A. bipustulata. Finally, bacterial communities of the two rove beetles are closer to each other than other members of the food web studied and their differences should be investigated. These results are discussed in the context of behavioral adaptation of specialists to the presence of generalist competitors and the coexistence of these two species in the field
Ramdarshan, Anusha. "Adaptive radiations and ecological diversity of primates during the early Tertiary." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20127.
Full textSoon after its appearance at the beginning of the Tertiary, the Primate order underwent several successive episodes of diversification which were the basis for the emergence of the higher taxonomic groups that can be observed in nature today. Despite the importance of these events, little is known regarding the factors that governed them, in particular the importance of the ecological factors involved. The Paleocene-Eocene transition in North America and Europe was marked by a period of major global warming. It was during this time that modern primates (Euprimates) appeared and dispersed before experiencing an explosive diversification throughout the Eocene. This study aims to characterize the emergence of this diversity through the identification of ecological factors, such as environment, resource partitioning and competition. In this framework, the study of dental structure and of dental microwear is used to reconstruct the diet of Paleogene primates (Adapiformes, Omomyiformes, Anthropoidea and Plesiadapiformes), one of the best indicators of the ecology of a given animal. In Europe, although exhibiting a dental morphology better suited to insect-eating, the first euprimates (e.g., Donrussellia [adapiformes]) were fruit-eaters, only supplementing their diet with insects. They mostly occupied different niches to co-occurring plesiadapiforms (leaf-, fruit- and gum-eaters). The diversification of euprimates led to the increasing competition among primate communities and to the apparition of different dietary specializations. For example, Adapines, initially having a diet based on fruit, show a dietary shift by incorporating leaves and harder objects in their diet.In Asia, the study of fossil primate communities has highlighted resource partitioning and competition among small-bodied primates (eosimiids, tarsiids, and adapids), which all had a diet based on fruit and insects. Asian anthropoids (amphipithecids) show some singular ecological specialization towards sclerocarpic foraging.In Africa, Eocene primates show a high diversity, with the colonisation of numerous ecological niches such as insect-eating (adapiformes), fruit-eating (adapiformes, strepsirhines and anthropoids) et leaf-eating (adapiformes, anthropoides).This study highlights dietary diversity and variability which can exist for a given primate (extant or fossil) according to factors which can be biological in nature (i.e., competition) or not (i.e., environment, geography). The comparison between the different continents demonstrates that primates (Adapiformes, Omomyiformes, and Anthropoidea) occupied different niches in different primate communities. These differences in resource partitioning and competition are most probably reflected in the different paths these adaptive radiations took
Molez-Verrière, Nicole. "Eco-éthologie de Galaco Alleni, comparaison avec les prosimiens sympatriques : biotope, alimentation, reproduction, comportement, ontogenèse." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100092.
Full textBarbet-Massin, Morgane. "Prédire l'impact potentiel des changements climatiques sur la distribution et la diversité des oiseaux européens." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066121.
Full textDias, Tarli Vitor. "Taxonomie, phylogéographie et distribution du genre Monastria Saussure 1864 (Insectes, Blattodea) dans la forêt atlantique brésilienne." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0004/document.
Full textThe Brazilian Atlantic forest is one of the biodiversity hotspots with the richest species diversity and threat. It is located along the Brazilian Atlantic coast going south til Paraguay and Argentina in the interior of the continent. Due to its longitudinal and altitudinal gradients, complex geology and diversity of soils it harbors an enormous diversity of landscapes and ecosystems that gave rise to its rich biodiversity. However, this biodiversity is extremely threatened because this region is the one with the highest population size and density in south America. So, the Atlantic forest is now limited to less than 5% of its original surface and distributed in scattered fragments. Despite the recognized species richness, much remains to be known about several components of this biodiversity and their origin. Among the groups still poorly known are the insects. In order to contribute to bridge this gap, in this thesis I studied one genus of cockroach endemic from the Atlantic forest, Monastria Saussure, 1864 (Blaberidae, Blaberinae). I focused on the taxonomy, phylogeography and on the contribution of the data existing in natural history collections to model the distribution range. The study of the taxonomy consisted in the revision of the genus with the re-description of already known species and description of new ones. Since the known species were described very early, the description (and re-description) comprised the definition of new characters, and consideration paid to genitalia. In addition to that, old nomenclatural problems were solved, a key to species’ identification was provided, a key to the identification of nymphs of the genera of Blaberinae endemic to the Atlantic forest were provided. The second study was aimed to understand the diversification and distribution of the genus Monastria in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This analysis indicates the importance of differential impacts of shifts in temperature between the Southern and Northeastern part of the Atlantic forest in the Last Glacial Maximum for explaining the present pattern of distribution. The third study is an evaluation of the data concerning Monastria available in Natural History Collections for estimating its distribution range based on Ecological Niche Models (ENM), and using the data from the field work designed to assess the presence of Monastria to validate the results. Here we showed that the dataset is biased in the environmental space. This oversampling in a climate class leads to models with suitable areas much smaller than that of the real distribution of Monastria. These biases increase model’s specificity and reduced sensitivity. To overcome this problem, we designed two forms of rarefaction and showed deleting points at random in the most biased climate class is very powerful to increase the sensitivity of the ENM
Ayala, Gonzalez Diego. "Mécanismes d’adaptation à l’environnement des populations d'Anopheles funestus, vecteur de Plasmodium, au Cameroun." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20217.
Full textThe diversity of environmental settings affects species distribution and abundance in nature. The species ability to spread across different habitats and to become established will affect gene flow between populations and act as an evolutionary force in speciation and adaptation. Major afrotropical malaria vectors within the genus Anopheles represent a emerging model to explore the genetics of ecological adaptation and to assess the role of ecological divergence in the speciation process. Moreover, a clear understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of these deadly pests is a requisite for the development and implementation of efficient disease control programs aiming at disrupting parasite transmission. The malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and An. Funestus are able to colonize a wide range of ecological settings in sub-Saharan Africa. This ubiquity is reflected, at the genetic level, by a large amount of chromosomal polymorphism. Polymorphic paracentric chromosomal inversions are non-randomly distributed among and between geographical populations within each species, and their role in promoting ecological divergence and speciation has been questioned. Here, we present in-depth investigations of the ecological relevance and adaptive value of chromosomal polymorphisms, with a major focus on the poorly documented An. Funestus. Based on ad-hoc sampling, we first modeled the ecological niche of the species in Cameroon, a country in Central Africa with highly contrasted environmental settings. Using presence-only data, we implemented an Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework to explore the ecological requirements of An. Funestus and compared its realized ecological niche to those of An. Gambiae and other common vector species. Through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA), we provided evidence that the realized ecological niche is dependant upon chromosomal inversions arrangements in both An. Gambiae and An. Funestus, and interpreted our findings as indicative of “ecological synteny”. We show that the distribution of chromosomal inversions in An. Funestus is highly structured among ecological domains in Cameroon, in sharp contrast with a shallow population genetic structure depicted by neutral molecular markers. These results are in agreement with a strong impact of environmental selection on inversions, supporting the adaptive value of these polymorphisms. However, our findings also demonstrate that common polymorphic inversions alone are not involved in reproductive isolation, although they might contribute to the process of speciation by promoting assortative mating between carriers of alternative chromosomal arrangements. The phenotypic effect of chromosomal polymorphism was further investigated by comparing wing size and shape of karyotyped females across the distinct ecological domains in Cameroon. Our results shed light on the adaptive potential of major malaria vectors in Africa and their underlying genetic and biological determinants. Their implications are discussed in the context of global climatologic and demographic changes that are likely to impact to a considerable extent on the epidemiology of malaria throughout the continent
Dufour, Claire. "Écologie de la divergence et de la coexistence : étude empirique chez deux espèces du genre Rhabdomys." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20233.
Full textUnderstanding how evolutionary processes allow populations persistence facing environmental changes is a primary goal for both scientists and society. Studying i) species divergence in contrasted environments and ii) species co-existence gives us a better understanding of such processes. Indeed, species co-existence, and thus their persistence, depends on their degree of ecological or reproductive divergence. In this PhD, I developed a range of empirical studies aimed at understanding the divergence of two sister species: Rhabdomys bechuanae and Rhabdomys dilectus dilectus. In the area in which the two distributions of these species abut, I was able to design empirical protocols to more thoroughly understand mechanisms involved in both divergence and coexistence at a fine scale. The species responses to the heterogeneity of the environment and the species interference were studied on four niche dimensions i) habitat selection, ii) spatial behavior, iii) diet and iv) sociality, as well as the sexual recognition system. The emerging results point out that accounting for several niche dimensions and their interactions is pivotal to understand the mechanisms underlying both divergence and coexistence. Indeed, while species divergence is determined by the allopatric evolution of habitat selection and sexual recognition system, the plasticity of the diet and social behaviors reflects the response of the organisms to the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the environment. Species' response to interspecific competition is mainly due to plasticity in spatial behaviors (home range size and overlap). I discuss the complexity of the evolutionary mechanisms leading to the divergence and coexistence of sister species and the contribution of these micro-evolutionary studies to the understanding of more general evolutionary processes such as ecological radiation
Greulich, Sabine. "Compétition, perturbations et productivité potentielle dans la définition de l'habitat d'espèces rares : étude expérimentale du macrophyte aquatique Luronium natans (L) Rafin." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10077.
Full textDufresne, Alexis. "Génomique comparée des procaryotes photosynthétiques marins " Prochlorococcus " et "Synechococcus "." Rennes 1, 2004. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01117401.
Full textBeisel, Jean-Nicolas. "Microrépartition des invertébrés benthiques en eau courante : caractéristiques des microhabitats et organisation de leurs peuplements." Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Beisel.Jean_Nicolas.SMZ9626.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this is to examine and to understand more accurately (1) the invertebrate communities organization into the different microhabitats of a river bottom, and (2) environmental factors which affect the organization of these communities. A separate sampling of microhabitats was realized on spring and autumn 1993 and 1994 in 12 stations. Community structure was summarized with biocenotic indices for which we have specify the main performances. Simulations allowed us to consider that the mesological traits of the sampled microhabitats influence strongly the appraisal of the study-site community structure, principally because invertebrates display an aggregate distribution. The study of microdistribution factors show that "substrate type", "current velocity" and, to a less extent, "water death" are of primary importance for the organization of microhabitat communities. These mesological traits focus in fact on three ecological characteristics of the habitat :(1) its capacity to offer a great variety of ecological niches for macroinvertebrates, (2) its trophic potentialities and (3) its temporal stability, which respectively determine the total abundance, the taxonomic richness and the equitability of the community. By another way, the different microhabitat types were described by specific taxa which were sampled on. This method allowed us to draw up their qualities for macroinvertebrate. An original approach of spatial heterogeneity of the substrate mosaic allowed us to show the secondary influence of the environmental characteristics of microhabitat surrounding on the community in place. The community organization seems to be related to the number of potential sources of colonization by invertebrates of neighbouring habitats, and by the stability of its environment. Finally, results obtained at a station scale demonstrate in particular that the faunistic equitability depends on the patchiness of the substrate mosaic, which probably highlights, at this scale but also at the microhabitat scale, the environmental stability concept
Doré, Hugo. "Adaptation à la niche écologique chez deux représentants majeurs du phytoplancton marin, Synechococcus et Prochlorococcus : des gènes à l'écosystème." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066512/document.
Full textThe marine picocyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are the two most abundant photosynthetic organisms on earth and are present in almost all oceans. During this PhD thesis, I explored the links between genetic diversity and niche adaptation in these two genera. First, the analysis of the distribution of picocyanobacterial populations at the global scale using a high-resolution taxonomic marker allowed me to define ecologically significant taxonomic units, to improve the delineation of their ecological niches and to identify the main abiotic factors influencing their in situ distribution. The second part of this work aimed at identifying the genetic bases of adaptation of marine picocyanobacteria to distinct niches. The comparative analysis of 81 non-redundant genomes of these organisms revealed the combined role of gene gains and losses and of substitutions in protein sequences in the diversification of both genera, and the analysis of the distribution of all known picocyanobacterial genes in the global ocean allowed me to show that each community, adapted to specific environmental conditions, possesses a distinct gene repertoire. Finally, the last part of this work has consisted in the physiological and transcriptomic characterization of five Synechococcus strains, which were submitted to light and thermal stresses in order to better understand the ecotypic variability of the stress response in this genus. Altogether, results obtained during this PhD provided many new insights into the ecological niches occupied by marine picocyanobacteria and the mechanisms allowing them to adapt to these various niches
Khimoun, Aurélie. "Histoire évolutive, contexte spatial et écologique de la divergence de deux sous-espèces d'Antirrhinum majus." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2280/.
Full textThis thesis sought at understanding how evolutionary and ecological processes lead to population divergence and ultimately speciation. To this aim, i integrated the different components of speciation - ecological, spatial and matting isolation - ina temporal framework to gain a better understanding of their dynamicinteraction through time. I studied the ongoing divergence of two snapdragon subspecies of Antirrhiunum majus pseudomajus and A. M striatum. I tested the relative role of historical processes of colonasation (post-glacial colonisation scenario), contemporary barriers to gene flow and local adaptation to explain the current patterns of subspecies distribution and the distribution of their genetic diversity. I also investigated the extent of gene flaw between the two subspecies in the contact zones and the role of environmental factors on the direction of gene flow and the maintenance of disjunct distributions despite gene flow. Finally, i studied the relative roles of neutral processesof dispersal and selective processes in the maintenance of a stable hybrid zone between the two subspecies
Faivre, Bruno. "Coexistence et écologie de deux espèces jumelles d'hippolais." Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOS014.
Full textMastrorillo, Sylvain. "Profils écologiques du vairon (Phoxinus phoxinus L. ), de la loche franche (Barbatula barbatula L. ) et du goujon (Gobio gobio L. ) à l'échelle du microhabitat dans trois rivières pyrénéennes." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT009A.
Full textFried, Guillaume. "Variations spatiales et temporelles des communautés adventices des cultures annuelles en France." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS085.
Full textPoyet, Mathilde. "L'opportunité de niche favorise l'invasion de Drosophila suzukii en France." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10169/document.
Full textSuccessful biological invasion is divided into three stages: the introduction of a non-native population on a new geographical area, the establishment of viable populations and their exponential growth in the area of introduction. In 2002, Shea and Chesson proposed the Opportunity Niche Hypothesis in order to explain the success of the establishment and the spread of invasive species. According to these authors, alien species introduced into a new range can jointly benefit from a decrease of the pressure applied by natural enemies and from an increase in the availability of resources. Drosophila suzukii has been reported to be an invasive species. Native of Asia, it has been now widely observed in North America and throughout Western Europe. Since its introduction in 2008, especially in Europe, the invasion of D. suzukii is particularly rapid and, as it grows on ripe fruits, a lot of concerns have been raised on the damage it causes on crops. In our work, we have highlighted some characters of this species as elements that facilitate the success of its invasion. D. suzukii is highly resistant against parasitoids, known as its major natural enemies. We have then showed the existence of a link between the ability to resist to larval parasitoids and a high hemocyte load. Furthermore, thanks to a very large sample, we have illustrated the great polyphagia of this species. This property provides available resources throughout the year. Finally, with a study of tritrophic interactions, we have shown that the nutritional quality of host plants used by D. suzukii can have an impact on the level of resistance to entomophages. Indeed, D. suzukii increases its resistance to several species of parasitoids when it growths on an alkaloid-rich substrate. Our recent results suggest that it would even be able to achieve a form of self-medication. The different studies performed in this thesis seem to confirm that D. suzukii makes the most of niche opportunity to efficiently invade temperate Europe
Guillon, Michaël. "De la physiologie à la répartition : adaptations climatiques et sensibilité thermique chez une relique glaciaire." Phd thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00996071.
Full textLauzeral, Christine. "Prédiction du potentiel d'invasion des espèces non natives par des modèles de niche : approches méthodologiques et applications aux poissons d'eau douce sur le territoire français." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1876/.
Full textFreshwaters are among the most anthropogenicaly threatened ecosystems in the world. They especially face serious threats due to invasive species. Efforts are thus needed to control invasions and increase the accuracy of the models used to predict the potential distribution of invasive species. We showed that: - the area of the observed distribution, and thus the area of the distribution predicted by correlative models, increases exponentially with the spatial grain of the data. However, model quality is little affected by the grain of the data and decreases only for the largest grains. - coarse-grained occurrence data remain useful in identifying the species that experience niche shifts. - most of the six fish species that we have studied were able to establish in France under climate change, even without niche shift. - the iterative ensemble modeling method that we developed increases the accuracy of predictions as soon as the occurrence data set contained abundant non environmental absences. This new method is of interest for invasive species niche modeling but also to model the distribution of difficult to detect or endangered species
Le, Gall Philippe. "Spécificité trophique des Orthoptères acridomorpha d'une savane préforestière tropicale (Lamto, Rép. De Côte d'Ivoire) : contribution à l'étude de la niche écologique." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112065.
Full textThe diet of 39 grasshoppers species from the tropical savanna (Located in Ivory Coast) is described thanks to the analysis of feculae contents. For some of them, as well as for the species studied (Humelen and Gillon, 1968), we calculate the breadth and the overlap of the trophic niches. For 7 representative species of the defined strategies, the daily consumption and the Coefficient of Digestive Utilization is measured. A review of literature will assess our knowledge as far as biochemical relations between grasshoppers and plants are concerned. Then, the different technics permitting to visualize osidases after proteins electrophoresis will be presented. The structure of Acridoidea community where diets were studied is described. The relations between spatial and trophic niche will be analyzed. A marking experiment will describe the sedentarity behaviour of Stenocrobylus festivus, a stenophagous species. The defensive strategies of grasshoppers towards their predators will be presented
Pierrat, Benjamin. "Macroécologie des échinides de l'océan Austral : Distribution, Biogéographie et Modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717643.
Full textPicot, Aurore. "Implications des dynamiques éco-évolutives de la construction de niche pour la structure des (méta)communautés." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS407.
Full textThe ecological niche of an organism correponds to the biotic and abiotic environment in which it evolves, and to which it is adapted. Organismes modify their environments, and consequently the selective pressures acting upon them, through niche construction. Niche construction examples are numerous : construction of physical structures, agriculture and pastoralism, nutrient recycling, abiotic environment alterations… In this thesis we investigae the ecological and evolutionary consequences of niche construction both for the species perfoming it, and for the community and ecosystem levels. For instance, agriculture in humans has major effects on biodiversity and is causing evolution in humans and other species (through artificial selection and adaptation to the agricultural modified environment). In this thesis, we develop several niche construction models. The main model consists of a trophic module in which a consumer interacts with two resources, one of them being helped through consumer niche construction (as in agriculture in humans or in the ant-aphids interaction). We study the consequences of feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary dynamics of niche construction for the species coexistence and community structure, in spatial and non-spatial contexts. Two other models are investigated : the first one is focusing on microbial niche construction, and the second one is focusing on niche modification caused by an ontogenetic change of interaction type in Lepidopteran lifecycle
Weideli, Ornella Céline. "Les mécanismes de la coexistence : une étude multidisciplinaire sur des requins de récif juvéniles vivant en sympatrie." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03176052.
Full textIn areas of sympatry, closely related and morphologically similar species are expected to occupy different ecological niches in order to avoid competition. However, without knowledge on competitive abilities (e.g. dominance hierarchies) and population characteristics (e.g. growth rates, fitness traits), the origin and the potential effects of niche pattern (segregation and overlap) are unknown. I found compelling evidence that juvenile blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus and juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens from St. Joseph Atoll, Seychelles exhibit fine-scale segregation patterns as a means to avoid competition. In contrast, slight differences in population characteristics were more likely to be caused by prey availability, intraspecific competition, and anthropogenic impacts. This thesis highlights the need for multi-disciplinary investigations to unveil the underlaying mechanisms of coexistence
Bazile, Vincent. "Diversité des stratégies de nutrition chez les plantes à urnes du genre Nepenthes : le rôle du fluide digestif, de ses propriétés physicochimiques et biotiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS290.
Full textThe Nepenthes carnivorous plants genus encompasses about 160 species growing mostly in Southeast Asia in habitats characterised by their scarcity in absorbable nutrients. The leaf apex is modified into a tendril bearing a pitcher trap which allows the plant catching its prey and taking up the nutrients indispensable for its growth, mainly nitrogen. Reputed to be insectivorous, bearing traps equipped with a slippery wax covering the inner pitcher wall and with an enzymatic liquid involved in the digestion, Nepenthes species actually have a more diverse diet. Coprophagous, detritivorous, and insect-guild specialised species have been reported. These plants grow in more or less open environments, on sandy or peaty soils. Nepenthes traps show an inter-specific diversity of functional traits, bearing or not an attractive collar, a slippery waxy zone, and a viscoelastic liquid, which shelters a species-specific living infauna. Such different traits may reflect as many adaptations attesting to a diversity of nitrogen-sequestration. Many studies have focused on the role of slippery walls in insect capture but few of them have investigated the importance of the digestive fluid in both capture and digestion. Do the quantity of nitrogen available in the environment and the form of its availability influence the nitrogen foliar concentration of these plants, the source of their nitrogen supply and their carnivorous habit? How does the fluid influence prey capture and digestion? Can it contribute to the nitrogen-sequestration strategy of the plant? Do the fluids differ in their acidity, viscoelasticity, enzymatic pool, and in the abundance and species diversity of their infauna? What are the consequences of all these differences in terms of nitrogen recycling for the host plant?This PhD thesis explores the contribution of the digestive fluid and its physico-chemical and biotic properties on prey capture and digestion in 7 Nepenthes species in Brunei (Borneo).The first part shows that Nepenthes species have adapted to habitat differing in edaphic and biotic nitrogen available through distinct strategies of nitrogen acquisition. Pitcher contents’ analyses show that plants vary for their degree of insectivory. The variety of functional traits could explain the differences in their capture efficiency and prey diversity. While extrafloral nectar, slippery epicuticular wax and acidic fluid pH are associated with ants’ capture, cylinder-shaped traps, glandular trichomes and ant-association increase termites’ capture. Yellow colour, acidic pH and fluid viscoelasticity but above all, pitcher conicity, wide aperture diameter and magnitude of floral odour account for the abundance of flying insects. These Nepenthes species also strongly vary in their enzymatic secretions and inquilines spectra.In a second part, we show in situ how such differences in physico-chemical and biotic properties of the fluid partly account for the differences in nitrogen-sequestration strategy in these plants. Fluid pH and viscoelasticity influence the quantity and the nature of prey. Those physico-chemical properties also condition the richness of the aquatic ecosystem associated to the fluid, with an aquatic macrofauna more abundant and diverse in pitchers with lowly-acidic liquids and wide pitcher-openings. This inquiline macrofauna plays an essential role in prey degradation, and the presence of a top-predator is crucial for the nitrogen recycling to the plant.We finally discuss the major contribution of the fluid in the plant’s diet and its role in the probable adaptive radiation of the Nepenthes genus and conclude by a survey of the various forms of carnivory in these plants and their digestive systems, which range from an autonomous aggressive strategy to a mutualistic strategy, thus redefining the concept of carnivory in the plant’s world
Barnagaud, Jean-Yves. "L'avifaune commune face aux changements anthropiques : comprendre les facteurs de vulnérabilité à travers la structure et les variations de la niche écologique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677223.
Full textMesnil, Aurélie. "Émergence, dynamique évolutive et écologie de lignées pathogènes de bivalves marins au sein de l’espèce bactérienne Vibrio aestuarianus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS050.
Full textThe oyster Crassostrea gigas is the most cultured species of bivalve in the world and is confronted with infectious diseases involving bacteria of the genus Vibrio. Among these Vibrio, the species V. aestuarianus, initially described in 1983 as a bacterium of estuarine environments, has been associated with mortality of adult oysters in Europe since 2001. In 2012, mortality of adult cockles Cerastoderma edule associated with this species have also been reported. However, the processes leading to the emergence of pathogenic bivalve lineages have remained unknown. During this thesis, we sought to clarify (1) the population structure of V. aestuarianus and their genomic determinants, (2) the evolutionary events that participated in the emergence and evolution of the subspecies, and (3) the habitats, cycles and species sensitive toV. aestuarianus. We have shown that pathogenic V. aestuarianus strains fall into two subspecies withdifferent evolutionary histories. V. aestuarianus francensis, described in 2008, includes pathogenic oyster strains while V. aestuarianus cardii includes pathogenic cockle strains. Both subspecies cause disease in their host populations in summer, and temperature has been identified as a favorable factor for disease development. V. aestuarianus francensis impacts oyster farming and we show that two distinct lineages have spread across Europe for at least 20 years. This subspecies is characterized by low genetic diversity and essentially clonal evolution. Strains of V. aestuarianus francensis have a specialist lifestyle, with a habitat restricted to oysters. One of the events that favored its emergence could be the acquisition and genomic integration of a mobile genetic element containing genes coding for proteins involved in copper export. Currently, the subspecies V. aestuarianus cardii impacts cockles only in France. The phenotypic and genetic diversity in this subspecies is greater than in the subspecies V. aestuarianus francensis. Several genetic groups with different levels of virulence towards cockles could be identified and the comparison of genomes between these groups made it possible to identify potential virulence factors
Gazaix, Antoine. "Ecologie des Lythrum annuels des mares temporaires méditerranéennes : applications à la conservation de L. thesioides dans les Costières de Nîmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG054.
Full textThe vegetation of Mediterranean temporary pools is characterized by the dominance of annual species with a perennial seed bank whose germination is cued with cyclic flooding and drying. Although small in size and patchy in the landscape they have a riche flora. They have however suffered much from habitat loss and degradation and many species specialized to this habitat have become rare and endangered. Among these species are found six annual Lythrum species in the South of France. The objectives of this thesis were to quantify the ecological niche of these species in order to inform management action for their conservation. Management of these ecosystems and species conservation depend on knowledge the ecology of regeneration and survival in the changing environment of this ecosystem. The first step here was to clarify the distribution of the six species in the Mediterranean region and in particular L. thesioides, a species thought to be extinct in the wild and rediscovered in three Mediterranean temporary pools in France since 1998, two of which are still visible. This was accompanied by a phylogenetic study of the relationships among these six species and 13 other species in the genus studied previously. Comparison of the regeneration niche illustrated the importance of several variables for germination, principally the optimal temperature that was different among the species and in particular for the very rare L. thessioides. Examination of the micro-niche of adult plants also revealed a clear differentiation of the species in terms of soil properties and less notably the presence and phenology of associated species. The combined results of this work have been used in the construction of a management action plan composed of several scenarios for the conservation of L. thessioides at its primary site of occurrence in the South of France
Serebryakova, Alexandra. "Acclimation and adaptation of invasive seaweeds - a case study with the brown alga sargassum muticum." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066475.
Full textNon-indigenous seaweeds impact natural communities worldwide, affecting biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services, resulting in significant economic and social consequences. Among major impacts are the displacement of native species, a threat to endangered species, and effects on ecological and evolutionary processes within the invaded communities. While critical to predict the fate of introduced species, understanding the mechanisms of acclimation and adaptation following introduction represents a great challenge in seaweeds. In this thesis, we investigated some acclimation processes, with an emphasis on the role of associated microbiota, and examined their effects with Sargassum muticum as a model species. This brown seaweed native to Asia, is an emblematic invader among seaweeds, with a distribution now ranging from Mexico to Alaska in America and from Morocco to Norway in Europe. We first reviewed the competitive advantages and traits that may contribute to its invasiveness. We then showed that acidification has no significant effects on associated bacteria, although seasonal changes in the microbiome have been observed. Finally, we applied ecological niche modelling, but innovatively accounting for phenology, to project the distribution of S. muticum under two future climate change scenarios. According to our projections, by 2100 the distribution of S. muticum is expected to shift northwards along its European, North American and Asian distributions with partial retreat from the currently occupied areas
Mendez, Fernandez Paula. "Ecological segregation inferred using chemical tracers and contamination assessment of five toothed whales in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00973748.
Full textCroteau, Dany, and Dany Croteau. "Succession saisonnière et écophysiologie des diatomées arctiques : relation entre l'habitat, la niche lumineuse et la stratégie photoadaptative." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37724.
Full textL’environnement lumineux de l’Océan Arctique est unique en raison d’interactions complexes entre la lumière et le couvert de glace de mer enneigé, et les oscillations de photopériodes extrêmes. Le succès des organismes photosynthétiques arctiques suggère donc des mécanismes de régulation flexibles qui permettent la survie lors de longues périodes d’obscurités, la capture de photons dans la pénombre sous la glace et la photoprotection rapide lors d’éclairements excessifs soudains. Les diatomées sont les producteurs primaires arctiques principaux. Elles exploitent le continuum de niches lumineuses induit par la transformation saisonnière de leur habitat au cours d’une succession de formes de vie sympagiques (glace) et planctoniques (eau). Lorsque la photosynthèse sature, les diatomées dissipent l’énergie lumineuse excessive en chaleur via le quenching non-photochimique (NPQ), principalement contrôlé par l’action du cycle des pigments xanthophylles (XC). Généralement, chez les diatomées, l’opération de ces mécanismes de photoprotection est finement adaptée à leur niche lumineuse. Cependant, peu d’études se sont intéressées aux souches arctiques, malgré les profonds contrastes de niches lumineuses qu’elles surmontent (glace, sous la glace, eaux de fontes, eaux libres). Ce manque de données entrave nos capacités à anticiper l’impact de l’intensification de l’environnement lumineux de l’océan Arctique, causée par la réduction de la superficie et de l’épaisseur du couvert neige-glace, sur l’intégrité écosystémique. Nous avons étudié les réponses à la lumière de cinq espèces de diatomées arctiques représentatives des différentes phases et habitats de leur succession saisonnière. Les espèces sympagiques ont exprimé une stratégie photoadaptative survivaliste, caractérisée par une croissance saturée à faible éclairement et un fort NPQ longuement maintenu à l’obscurité. Les espèces planctoniques ont montré une plus grande flexibilité d’exploitation de la lumière et une importante photoprotection activée par des éclairements intense et l’obscurité prolongée. Ces stratégies photoadaptatives divergentes gouverneront probablement des réponses hétérogènes à l’intensification de l’environnement lumineux arctique.
Over their highly productive seasonal succession, Arctic diatoms occupy shifting habitats and contrasted light climates defined by snow/ice cover dynamics and extreme photoperiod variations. These unique light environment features suggest Arctic diatoms are well adapted to survive prolonged darkness periods, exploit minimal light in snow-covered sea-ice and overcome spontaneous excessive, and potentially harmful, light exposures. Diatoms mitigate photooxidative damages by dissipating oversaturating light energy as heat via the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), mainly regulated by the xanthophyll cycle (XC). How heterogeneous light niches influence Arctic diatoms photoadaptative traits remains largely unknown and a crucial missing link to apprehend Arctic Ocean’s response to shrinking sea-ice and increasing illumination. To address this question, we selected five Arctic diatoms species harbouring diverse life traits and representative of distinct phases across the seasonal light niche continuum: from snow-covered dimly lit bottom sea-ice to summer stratified waters. To access how Arctic diatoms cope with a heterogeneous light environment, we studied their acclimation to two light intensities and subsequent darkness incubations, and parametrized NPQ-XC induction upon light shifts. Our results highlight the sea-ice cover as a strong selective force shaping Arctic diatoms photoadaptative strategies. Ice-related species exhibited a survivalist photoadaptive strategy with growth saturating at low irradiance and strong photoprotective capabilities sustained even in darkness. Open-water species photophysiology was more dynamic, expressing flexible light utilisation capacities and great photoprotection capacities triggered by high light and darkness. Ice-edge species showed strong adaptation to light fluctuations and dark physiology fine-tuned depending upon light history. We argue that diverging photoadaptative strategies foster Arctic diatom success in their respective seasonal niches and will likely drive uneven responses to a transforming Arctic Ocean.
Over their highly productive seasonal succession, Arctic diatoms occupy shifting habitats and contrasted light climates defined by snow/ice cover dynamics and extreme photoperiod variations. These unique light environment features suggest Arctic diatoms are well adapted to survive prolonged darkness periods, exploit minimal light in snow-covered sea-ice and overcome spontaneous excessive, and potentially harmful, light exposures. Diatoms mitigate photooxidative damages by dissipating oversaturating light energy as heat via the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), mainly regulated by the xanthophyll cycle (XC). How heterogeneous light niches influence Arctic diatoms photoadaptative traits remains largely unknown and a crucial missing link to apprehend Arctic Ocean’s response to shrinking sea-ice and increasing illumination. To address this question, we selected five Arctic diatoms species harbouring diverse life traits and representative of distinct phases across the seasonal light niche continuum: from snow-covered dimly lit bottom sea-ice to summer stratified waters. To access how Arctic diatoms cope with a heterogeneous light environment, we studied their acclimation to two light intensities and subsequent darkness incubations, and parametrized NPQ-XC induction upon light shifts. Our results highlight the sea-ice cover as a strong selective force shaping Arctic diatoms photoadaptative strategies. Ice-related species exhibited a survivalist photoadaptive strategy with growth saturating at low irradiance and strong photoprotective capabilities sustained even in darkness. Open-water species photophysiology was more dynamic, expressing flexible light utilisation capacities and great photoprotection capacities triggered by high light and darkness. Ice-edge species showed strong adaptation to light fluctuations and dark physiology fine-tuned depending upon light history. We argue that diverging photoadaptative strategies foster Arctic diatom success in their respective seasonal niches and will likely drive uneven responses to a transforming Arctic Ocean.
Zhao, Tian. "Effets des invasions biologiques sur les patrons de diversité fonctionnelle et la structure trophique des communautés de poissons d'eau douce." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30120.
Full textUnderstanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is a central question in modern ecology. This question is particularly crucial in the general context of human perturbations on both biodiversity and ecosystems. Biological invasions are considered as one of the leading causes of the ongoing taxonomic diversity crisis and the modification of ecosystems. This is especially true in freshwater ecosystems since the widespread introductions of non-native fish can modify recipient communities notably by changing the biotic interactions between species. Trophic interactions represent the linkage between the structural characteristics of biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems, describing the network of species and the energy links between them. Identifying the impacts of non-native fish species on the trophic structure of recipient communities is therefore crucial to estimate how ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services might respond to biological invasions. In the present study, fish communities from 18 gravel pit lakes were selected and monitored during two consecutive years to test the effects of biological invasions on functional diversity patterns and the trophic structure of fish communities. We first investigated the environmental determinants of fish community composition and structure in these gravel pit lakes. Our results demonstrated that fish community structure significantly differed between lakes and we notably found that lakes highly managed for angling hosted higher levels of taxonomic diversity. We also found that native and non-native species were dominant in lakes with different environmental conditions, while management practices play a critical role in shaping fish species composition. Overall, these findings demonstrated that fish community composition followed a predictable shift along an environmental gradient linked to the natural maturation of gravel pit lakes and the associated human practices. Second, we quantified the importance of intraspecific variability in functional traits in a model species, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We sampled a whole population in a private pond and found that functional trait variability among individuals within the same population could affect estimates of functional diversity. Moreover, the extremely low overlap for both functional and stable isotope niches between age-classes indicated that different age classes within a species should be considered as distinct functional entities. We also demonstrated the existence of a significant correlation between functional traits and stable isotope values, suggesting the existence of a linkage between trophic specialization and differences in functional traits within each life stage. Third, incorporating intraspecific variation in functional traits at the community level, we examined the functional attributes of fish communities in the studied lakes. Our results demonstrated that native and non-native fish significantly differed in terms of functional traits. We also demonstrated that niche partitioning was the principal mechanism allowing the coexistence of native and non-native fish with similar functional traits
Mayrand, Flavie. "Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrologique du sol et de la biodiversité des communautés végétales. Application à l'analyse de la performance écologique d'un aménagement paysager autoroutier." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00948342.
Full textCachera, Marie. "Implications of morphological and functional traits for trophic relationships within fish communities and marine trophic network architecture." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10122.
Full textA current issue in ecology is to understand the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning and notably to comprehend how inter- and intra-specific trait variation affects trophic interactions between individuals and species, the trophic organization of communities and trophic network architecture. Particularly, morphology has historically been considered as a main determinant of organisms’ ecology, which led to the field of ecomorphology, and, from a functional perspective, is expected to influence trophic relationships and other ecological functions performed by species. This thesis aimed at studying the trophic organization of a marine fish community and its dependency on morphological and functional trait variation between and within species. The associated trophic network revealed a meta-community structure, including two sub-networks along a coastal-offshore gradient. Species trophic niche breadth and individual trophic niche variation increased together, a pattern relying partly on species functional identity and the sex, body size and habitat of individuals. Contrary to phylogeny, species morphology was a relevant proxy for functional identity. Finally, morphology seemed the main source of variability in individual trophic relationships within the assemblage, but a large part of diet variation remained unexplained suggesting that critical factors had been neglected, notably behaviour. These results allow understanding better the role of morphological and functional diversity in the structure of marine trophic networks and may help to predict their spatio-temporal dynamics and their responses to perturbations
Carolan, Kevin. "Ecological niche modelling and its application to environmentally acquired diseases, the case of Mycobacterium ulcerans and the Buruli ulcer." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20178/document.
Full textThe Buruli ulcer is an emerging environmentally acquired infectious neglected tropical disease. It causes permanent disability and disfigurement in victims. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans; however the environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of this bacterium are not known. Attempts to manage the disease have been hampered by lack of knowledge of the mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir of M. ulcerans. Certain environments have been associated with the disease, notably disturbed aquatic environments composed of small bodies of stagnant water. There is no known vector, though aquatic insects have been implicated as possible vectors. A full understanding of the distribution and mode of transmission of the bacterium would help in management of the disease.In this thesis, we use the tools developed in ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of M. ulcerans. Following the construction of a model in Cameroon, Central Africa, and tested against a second database in French Guiana (South America), the pathogen is found to have notable seasonal changes in its distribution in our study sites in Cameroon. In the wet season, M. ulcerans is more common in large watersheds, while in the dry season the bacterium is more common in small watersheds. This enabled the generation of hazard maps of the pathogen distribution in the study region, which will be used in future studies and management of the disease. Following this we undertook ecological niche modelling to describe the distribution of the aquatic insects suspected to be vectors of M. ulcerans. Based on a sampling protocol that spanned the country of Cameroon, we undertake maximum entropy modelling, which enabled us to interpolate our model across all of West Africa. With these maps we explore the correlation between the predicted distribution of the insects to the prevalence of the Buruli ulcer. We find a significant positive correlation between the distribution of the insects and the distribution of the disease, and find that this correlation undergoes significant changes in space and time, consistent with the model of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease.Finally, in collaboration with other authors, we have assisted in exploring how the distribution of M. ulcerans changes according to community structure networks, how the distribution of the Buruli ulcer disease changes in our study region of Akonolinga, Cameroon, and how the distribution of the disease changes at a larger scale, between Benin and Nigeria. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the distribution and drivers of Mycobacterium ulcerans and the Buruli ulcer, providing evidence of multi-vectorial transmission of the disease, and the first hazard maps of the pathogen for Akonolinga, Cameroon
Fabri-Ruiz, Salomé. "Modèles de distribution et changements environnementaux : Application aux faunes d'échinides de l'océan Austral et écorégionalisation." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK070/document.
Full textCurrent environmental changes, which impact marine environments, cover major scientific and societal issues, especially as these environmental changes are expected to accelerate along the 21st century. Understanding and forecasting the response of marine biodiversity to these changes is a pregnant scientific issue. Biogeographic and macroecological approaches provide a scientific framework for that purpose. They allow describing and understanding species distribution patterns at large spatial scale as well as estimating their potential shift with regards to environmental change. This is particularly true in the Southern Ocean, where the effects of climate change are already occurring and where environmental changes could have a deep and manifold impact on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. Despite recent sampling efforts, our knowledge of the Southern Ocean species distributions still faces many shortcomings due to the rather recent discovery of this ocean, its isolation and remoteness along with difficult access conditions. In this context, the aims of this thesis are to better understand the factors that drive species distribution patterns at the Southern Ocean scale, and to assess the impact of climate change on their distribution. For this purpose, different types of Species Distribution Models (SDM) have been used. Echinoids (sea urchins), which are common organisms of benthic communities in the Southern Ocean, have been used as a biological model for this work