Journal articles on the topic 'Nick Charles'

Il mio amico Nick Gill e io abbiamo dedicato piů di vent´anni di lavoro a redigere l´edizione dei Marginalia di Darwin, cioč i commenti di CD mentre leggeva ciň che leggeva. La biblioteca di Darwin era stata divisa da lui stesso in due gruppi, i libri e i cosiddetti "pamphlets", articoli, estratti e libri brevi. Abbiamo trovato anche estratti scritti a mano di libri non posseduti da CD e le sue copie del Gardner´s Chronicle. Č come se avessimo "visitato" la mente di Darwin ripercorrendo il cammino seguito nella sua vita di studi. Abbiamo potuto perciň ricostruire: le abitudini di lettura di CD; le sue reazioni a quello che leggeva; i "temi" usati come fili conduttori, cioč complesse strutture intellettuali che costituiscono le fondamenta delle sue teorie e che diventano palesi nei suoi scritti. In questo modo il Darwin "privato" dei Marginalia dŕ un senso piů compiuto al Darwin "pubblico" della Origin of Species e delle altre sue pubblicazioni.

Charles Nicholas (‘Nick’) Hales was for 40 years a leading figure in UK biomedical research, and for 25 years Head of the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at Cambridge University. During a distinguished career he made major contributions to diabetes research in three quite different fields: development and application of immunoassay methods for polypeptide hormones such as insulin; elucidation of mechanisms regulating insulin secretion; and demonstration of the role of early life nutrition in the development of metabolic disease in adulthood. He had a boundless enthusiasm for science, and especially for exploring new ideas, that infected all who had the privilege of working with him.

In the early nineteenth century, an obscure rural policeman petitioned the French government with an unusual story. Charles Fanaye had served with Napoleon's armies in Egypt. Chased by Mameluks, he was rescued in the nick of time by a black Ethiopian woman and hidden in her home. Threatened in turn by the Mameluks, Marie-Hélène (as the woman came to be called) threw in her lot with the French army and followed Fanaye to France. The couple then sought to wed. They easily overcame religious barriers when Marie-Héléne was baptized in the Cathedral of Avignon. But another obstacle was harder to overcome: an 1803 ministerial decree banned marriage between blacks and whites. Though Fanaye and Marie-Héléne begged for an exception, the decree would plague them for the next sixteen years of their romance.

Recent personal documentary works about major historical events of the twentieth century, e.g., World War II, the Holocaust and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, offer their readers a rich and multifaceted narrative, or a history that is also "his story," "her story" and that of entire families, cohorts and communities. Often, these works are accompanied by visual artifacts such as photographs, family tress, maps etc., or supported by concise historical surveys. Thus these memoirs complete the work of historians with the lived experiences of the few that represent many. Such is the case with two 2013 books by Charles Farkas and Nick Barlay depicting their mid-twentieth century Hungarian families, one Christian and one Jewish, through two World Wars and the anti-communist uprising, culminating in their escape to the West and in the two authors looking back upon the Hungarian past of their families.

The spectacular surroundings of Kielder Water & Forest Park, in Northumberland, England, are a confluence of opposing states: the man-made and natural; the utilitarian and recreational; the beautiful and isolated; shaped by weather converging from east and west. Kielder Castle was built in 1775 as the Duke of Northumberland's hunting lodge. In recent years the territory has gained notoriety for a series of innovative art and architectural commissions including Belvedere by Softroom Architects (1999), Kielder Skyspace by the American artist James Turrell (2000), Minotaur by architect Nick Coombe and artist Shona Kitchen (2003), and Kielder Observatory by Charles Barclay Architects (2008). This paper outlines one of Kielder's most recent additions – a shelter entitled 55/02 – the result of a collaboration between sixteen*(makers) and manufacturers Stahlbogen GmbH. The work rekindles the symbiotic relationship between design and making once central to the production of architecture. The reawakening of this tradition has been stimulated by the mainstream adaptation of CAD/CAM as an industrial and disciplinary medium which binds the protocols of drawing with those of fabrication. However, as this account of the project shows, the relevance of an increasingly digitised world extends beyond the production of 55/02 as an artefact – it forms the basis of the architecture's relationship with its locality as an industrial, historical, social, cultural and manufactured landscape [1].

David Scott; Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment (Shalina Puri)Rebecca J. Scott; Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery (Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha)Patrick Bellegarde-Smith (ed.); Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World (Dianne M. Stewart)Londa Schiebinger; Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World (J.D. La Fleur)F. Abiola Irele, Simon Gikandi (eds.);The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature (A. James Arnold)Sean X. Goudie; Creole America: The West Indies and the Formation of Literature and Culture in the New Republic (J. Bradford Anderson)Doris Garraway; The Libertine Colony: Creolization in the Early French Caribbean (Charles Forsdick)Adélékè Adéèkó; The Slave’s Rebellion: Fiction, History, Orature (Owen Robinson)J. Brooks Bouson; Jamaica Kincaid: Writing Memory, Writing Back to the Mother (Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert)Gary Wilder; The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars (Nick Nesbitt)Fernando Picó; History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of its People (Francisco A. Scarano)Peter E. Siegel (ed.); Ancient Borinquen: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Native Puerto Rico (William F. Keegan) Magali Roy-Féquière; Women, Creole Identity, and Intellectual Life in Early Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico (Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel)Katherine E. Browne; Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag (David Beriss)Louis A. Pérez, Jr; To Die in Cuba: Suicide and Society (Matt D. Childs)John Lawrence Tone; War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898 (Gillian McGillivray)Frank Argote-Freyre; Fulgencio Batista: From Revolutionary to Strongman (Javier Figueroa-De Cárdenas)Juanita de Barros, Audra Diptee, David V. Trotman (eds.); Beyond Fragmentation: Perspectives on Caribbean History (Bernard Moitt)Matthew Mulcahy; Hurricanes and Society in the British Greater Caribbean, 1624-1783 (Bonham C. Richardson)Michaeline A. Crichlow; Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development (Christine Chivallon)Peta Gay Jensen; The Last Colonials: The Story of Two European Families in Jamaica (Karl Watson)Marc Tardieu; Les Antillais à Paris: D’hier à aujourd’hui (David Beriss)Rhonda D. Frederick; “Colón Man a Come”: Mythographies of Panamá Canal Migration (Michael L. Conniff)James Robertson; Gone is the Ancient Glory: Spanish Town, Jamaica, 1534-2000 (Philip D. Morgan)Philippe R. Girard; Paradise Lost: Haiti’s Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hotspot (Carolle Charles)Michael Deibert; Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti (Carolle Charles)Ellen de Vries; Suriname na de binnenlandse oorlog (Aspha E. Bijnaar)In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids no. 82 (2008), no: 1-2, Leiden

Charles Quennell embodied many of the possibilities and contradictions of British architecture in the first decades of the twentieth century. He is a little-known figure today, but one who deserves further consideration, not only for his own remarkably interesting and varied career but also because of the light he sheds on some of the less explored aspects of architecture in the 1895–1935 period. Throughout his life he combined a strong interest in history with a search for efficiency and design appropriate for the modern world. Both of these preoccupations were widespread among his generation although, apart from a few notable exceptions, rarely can they be found combined to as great a degree as in Quennell. For example, in 1914 he was a keen exponent of standardization and at work on large romantic houses in Hampstead Garden Suburb. By 1918 he had designed what have been called the first modern houses in the country and had just published the first of the bestselling books in the series co-authored with his wife, A History of Everyday Things in England. In 1930 he was writing a contemporary tract The Good New Days and he built a neo-Palladian villa. He has been little studied to date, the main accounts being Alastair Service’s of his work in Hampstead, a Masters thesis by Nick Collins focused on issues of building conservation, and Graham Thurgood’s article on his 1920s work in Essex.

In a letter to Vietnam War veteran Charles McDuff, Major General Franklin Davis, Jr. said, "The United States Army has never condoned wanton killing or disregard for human life." McDuff had written a letter to President Richard Nixon in January 1971, telling him that he had witnessed U.S. soldiers abusing and killing Vietnamese civilians and informing him that many My Lais had taken place during the war. He pleaded with Nixon to bring the killing to an end. The White House sent the letter to the general, and this was his reply.&hellp; McDuff's letter and Davis's response are quoted in Nick Turse's <em>Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam</em>, the most recent book to demonstrate beyond doubt that the general's words were a lie.&hellp; In what follows, I use Turse's work, along with several other books, articles, and films, as scaffolds from which to construct an analysis of how the war was conducted, what its consequences have been for the Vietnamese, how the nature of the war generated ferocious opposition to it (not least by a brave core of U.S. soldiers), how the war's history has been whitewashed, and why it is important to both know what happened in Vietnam and why we should not forget it.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-1" title="Vol. 67, No. 1: May 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

In 1849, after teaching architectural history at the Royal Academy in London for just under a decade, the architect Charles Robert Cockerell (1788-1863) exhibited ‘The Professor’s Dream’, a graphic synopsis of the history of architecture (Fig. 1). Produced in an era dominated by historicism, the drawing operates between the two poles of historical relativism, negotiating the line between accumulation and rationalization. Some nineteenth-century architects, indiscriminately collecting, understood each style to have emerged from the particular conditions of their times, considering them distinct and yet equally valid. Other architects, critically ordering, privileged one style over another, variously justifying themselves on religious, technical, moral or structural imperatives. Cockerell’s ‘Dream’ is ambiguously positioned as a place of showing and a means of knowing, speaking both of an homage to the past and a vision of progress, apparently flattening a thousand years of history but inherently offering the depth of historical experience. David Watkin, Peter Kohane and, more recently, in the context of an exhibition at the Royal Academy, Nick Savage, have interrogated the drawing, the first two paralleling it with Francesco Colonna’s Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), the latter framing it within a tradition of systematic charting of history, and suggesting a possible link to geological charts. While all these interpretations certainly stand, it is essential to recast them within a larger discussion of Cockerell’s understanding of history. Substantiating the different readings of the drawing — against Cockerell’s earlier drawings and surveys, within his architectural theory as expounded in his Royal Academy lectures, and in the larger perspective of the interests he cultivated since the 1820s — this essay brings to the fore the tension between ordering and experiencing, revealing how the architect was interested in the latent interstices between history and time.

AFTER READING CHARLES RAIT’S EDITORIAL IN THE February issue of Neonatal Network,® I was prompted to write about my experience in the best NICU in America. I have been an NlCU nurse since 1975 and have worked as staff nurse, assistant manager, and clinical leader in various Level II and Level III NICUs in New York and Connecticut. In September 2000, my family and I relocated to Columbus, Ohio. In April 2001 I started working as the NICU Case Manager/Clinical Nurse Specialist in the regional Level III NICU at Columbus Children’s Hospital (CCH). The aura of excellence was apparent from the very first interview and throughout my orientation. Although I was an NICU nurse for 25 plus years, I had to attend a comprehensive NICU course. This course not only refreshed my knowledge, and skills, but oriented me to the Midwest and Children’s way of doing things. Columbus Children’s was eager for me to learn their ways and at the same time was anxious to learn about the way NICU care was managed on the East Coast.

Artykuł omawia główne tezy esejów Charles’a Journeta, poświęconych tema­tyce mesjanizmu oraz polskiej kulturze narodowej. Trzy z nich ujrzały światło dzienne w polskim tłumaczeniu po raz pierwszy w 2017 roku. Stanowią one ciekawy epizod pozytywnej recepcji polskiego romantyzmu, zwłaszcza nurtu myśli religijnej i politycznej, jakim był mesjanizm. Niniejszy szkic odsłania sposób lektury teologa i metody jego postępowania z tekstem prelekcji Adama Mickiewicza. Rekonstruując myśl Journeta, wskazuje się tu na podstawowe błędy romantycznego mesjanizmu. Równocześnie podkreśla się wiele przesła­nek świadczących o oryginalności założeń i postulatów zawartych w wykła­dach o literaturze słowiańskiej, z których najważniejsze dotyczą m.in. wątków obecnych we współczesnej społecznej nauce katolickiej.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact on healthcare utilisation frequencies and charges, and mortality of a programme for frequent hospital utilisers and a programme for patients requiring high acuity post-discharge care as part of an integrated healthcare model.DesignA retrospective quasi-experimental study without randomisation where patients who received post-discharge care interventions were matched 1:1 with unenrolled patients as controls.SettingThe National University Health System (NUHS) Regional Health System (RHS), which was one of six RHS in Singapore, implemented the NUHS RHS Integrated Interventions and Care Extension (NICE) programme for frequent hospital utilisers and the NUHS Transitional Care Programme (NUHS TCP) for high acuity post-discharge care. The programmes were supported by the Ministry of Health in Singapore, which is a city-state nation located in Southeast Asia with a 5.6 million population.ParticipantsLinked healthcare administrative data, for the time period of January 2013 to December 2016, were extracted for patients enrolled in NICE (n=554) or NUHS TCP (n=270) from June 2014 to December 2015, and control patients.InterventionsFor both programmes, teams conducted follow-up home visits and phone calls to monitor and manage patients’ post-discharge.Primary outcome measuresOne-year pre- and post-enrolment healthcare utilisation frequencies and charges of all-cause inpatient admissions, emergency admissions, emergency department attendances, specialist outpatient clinic (SOC) attendances, total inpatient length of stay and mortality rates were compared.ResultsPatients in NICE had lower mortality rate, but higher all-cause inpatient admission, emergency admission and emergency department attendance charges. Patients in NUHS TCP did not have lower mortality rate, but had higher emergency admission and SOC attendance charges.ConclusionsBoth NICE and NUHS TCP had no improvements in 1 year healthcare utilisation across various setting and metrics. Singular interventions might not be as impactful in effecting utilisation without an overhauling transformation and restructuring of the hospital and healthcare system.

On June 18, 1539, at Tlaxcala, New Spain, Indians recently converted to Christianity performed a pageant written and directed by the Franciscan missionaries. The play titled “The Conquest of Jerusalem” featured the final siege of the Holy City led by combined armies from Spain and New Spain aided by forces from France and Hungary. The drama unfolds with the army from New Spain, protected by angels and St. Hippolytus, showing the most valor. Huddled to one side of the battlefield are the Pope and his court offering prayers for a Christian victory. After several attacks, each of which ends in a miracle saving the Christian armies, the Moslems capitulate and convert to the true faith. In the final scene, the Pope causes all the new converts to be baptized after which the Sultan and his soldiers bow before Charles V and proclaim him to be “God's Captain” for all the earth. The pageant commemorated the Truce of Nice concluded on June 17, 1538, between Charles V and Francis I at the urging and coordination of Pope Paul III who wanted to free Charles V to attack the Turks and capture Jerusalem. Celebrating the Truce of Nice was a natural choice for the friars because it reflected commonly held theories of apocalypticism. The pageant exhibited salient themes of the apocalyptic conversion of non-believers and infidels, the recapture of Jerusalem, and the recognition of a “last world ruler.” Toribio de Benavente (Motolinía), who recorded the pageant, prefaced the drama by praying that this prophesied victory would soon happen and he assigned an unprecedented role to the peoples of the New World in the victory.

It is known that the Common Algorithmic Problem (CAP) has a nice property that several other NP-complete problems can be reduced to it in linear time. In the literature, the decision version of this problem can be efficiently solved with a family of recognizer P systems with active membranes with three electrical charges working in the maximally parallel way. We here work with a variant of P systems with active membranes that do not use polarizations and present a semi-uniform solution to CAP in the minimally parallel mode.

Objective To evaluate whether glucose gel as a supplement to feedings in infants admitted to the newborn nursery at risk for neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) reduces the frequency of transfer to a higher level of care for intravenous dextrose treatment. Study Design We revised our newborn nursery protocol for management of infants at risk for NH to include use of 40% glucose gel (200 mg/kg). Study population included late preterm, small and large for gestational age infants, and infants of diabetic mothers. We compared outcomes before (4/1/14–3/31/15: Year 1) and after (4/1/15–3/31/16: Year 2) initiation of the revised protocol. Our prospective primary outcome was transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for treatment with a continuous infusion of dextrose. Results NICU transfer for management of NH fell from 8.1% in Year 1 (34 of 421 at-risk infants screened) to 3.7% in Year 2 (14 of 383 at-risk infants screened). Rate of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 6% in Year 1 to 19% in Year 2. Hospital charges for the study population decreased from 801,276 USD to 387,688 USD in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively. Conclusion Our study supports the adjunctive use of glucose gel to reduce NICU admissions and total hospitalization expense.

Normy profesní etiky často stanoví advokátům při výkonu jejich profese odlišné standardy chování, než jaké by v totožné situaci platily pro obyčejného člověka. Článek se zabývá otázkou, jak můžeme tyto rozdíly ospravedlnit prostřednictvím různých etických teorií. Autor v něm nejprve charakterizuje profesní etiku advokátů jako soubor právních a morálních norem. Následně analyzuje samotný problém její justifikace. Pozornost je věnována nejprve různým deontologickým přístupům (např. Charles Fried, David Luban). Autor rozebírá jejich nedostatky a dospívá k závěru, že musí primárně zdůrazňovat význam morálního a racionálního aktérství, pokud mají být věrohodné. Vstřícně se pak staví k utilitaristickému ospravedlnění. Také to je podle něj v kombinaci s některými pragmatickými hledisky schopno profesní etiku advokátů věrohodně justifikovat. Obě skupiny přístupů lze tedy považovat za relevantní a není proto vhodné z debat o výše uvedené etice některý z nich vylučovat.

AbstractThe problem of aromaticity in heterocyclic rings of uracil and its 5-halogenoderivatives (5XU) was analyzed theoretically by calculating modified harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) for Heterocycle Electron Delocalization (HOMHED), nucleus-independent chemical shift parameters (NICS) and the so-called scan experiments, using helium-3 atom as a magnetic probe. The impact of halogen electronegativity on C5 atom’s NBO charges was also investigated. Water, as a polar environment, has a negligible impact on 5XU aromaticity. The most stable diketo tautomer shows a very low aromaticity while the “rare” dihydroxy form (tautomer No 6) is aromatic and resembles benzene. This is in agreement with traditional drawing of chemical formula of uracil’s six-membered ring, directly showing three alternating single and double bonds in its tautomer No 6. No good correlation between magnetic and geometric indexes of aromaticity for the studied 5XU tautomers was found. Linear correlation between the magnitude of NICS minimum, as well as the distance of the minimum above uracil ring plane center from 3He NMR chemical shift scan plot with respect to halogen electronegativity were observed. A strong linear dependence of magnetic index of aromaticity and the electronegativity of 5X substituent was observed.

Advertising is text in the form of images or writing to promote an item, service, job opening, and others. Print advertisements (newspapers) are useful for all people who read them. The purpose of this paper is to describe the advertisement about “Satā’ir Panasonic al-Hawā’iyah” (AC cover) contained in Egypt’s Al-Ahrām newspaper. The method used in this paper is a qualitative method with descriptive analysis. The theory used in this research is Charles Sanders Peirce’s Semiotic theory; representamen, object, and interpretant. The results in this study indicates that (1) in terms of representamen, pink flowers in the advertisement show that what is seen is something that smells nice, soft, and comfortable; (2) the object in the advertisement is all the images and writing contained in the ad; (3) while the interpretant of the advertisement shows that the Panasonic brand AC cover product is fragrant, soft, clean, fresh, and comfortable to use.

BackgroundAssessing cfDNA at a whole-exome scale (WES) enables comprehensive immunogenomic profiling and interrogation of tumor heterogeneity. We comprehensively investigate genomic alterations and neoantigens in cfDNA at WES-scale using Personalis’ NeXT Liquid Biopsy™. Genomic alterations, neoantigens, and molecular tumor micro-environment (mTME) from matched solid tumor are evaluated using Personalis’ ImmunoID NeXT Platform®.MethodsMatched plasma, tumor, and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 13 late-stage, treatment-naive CRC patients. cfDNA was extracted and assessed exome-wide, then the mutational landscape and immunogenomic profile were analyzed.1 gDNA extracted from tumor was analyzed by the ImmunoID NeXT Platform, where somatic variants and neoantigens were evaluated. RNA analysis of the solid tumor enabled the investigation of the mTME.2 3ResultsThe average number of somatic SNVs in plasma samples was 100.5 (Range 50–250). KRAS, APC, PIK3CA, SMAD4, FBXW7, ARID1A were identified. Specifically, two components of SWI/SNF complex, ARID1A and BRD9, were both mutated in plasma samples, suggesting the potential dysregulation of epigenetic pathways. RTK-RAS and Notch pathways were also frequently mutated. Further, 1,195 somatic events were found in genes not covered by commercially available targeted panels. 27 of these SNVs are in immuno-oncology related genes, which highlight the importance of somatic evidence observable through an exome-scale cfDNA approach. In solid tumor, the average number of detected somatic SNVs was 133.4 (Range 69–230), with similar mutation landscape. Concordance is observed between tumor and plasma samples (mean: 40.6%; range: 15.13%-94.2%). However, a number of variants are plasma-specific, suggesting that cfDNA WES detects tumor mutations that might be missed by a single site biopsy. We evaluated neoantigens and determined that the fraction of variants predicted as neoantigens are similar between plasma and tumor. Importantly, several of the top neoepitopes are uniquely predicted in plasma, suggesting the potential clinical value of using WES cfDNA. RNA-sequencing of solid tumor samples enabled mTME profiling. CD8 T cell immune infiltration, TCR beta clonality and clone counts were low, suggesting these patients have cold tumors. Myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages demonstrated uniform abundance across samples, while B and T regulatory cells showed variable tumor infiltrationConclusionsResults demonstrate potential clinical utility and highlight the advantages of whole-exome scale profiling of plasma and matched tumor samples, which enables a systematic interrogation of tumor biology, including mTME. Notably, a whole-exome based liquid biopsy assay offers indispensable insights that might be otherwise missed by a single site tumor biopsy or targeted liquid biopsy panels.Ethics ApprovalThe study protocol was in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Commercial samples used in this study were procured from Bioreclamation IVT and BioChain following protocols approved by the local Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee. Informed consent forms were obtained from all the human subjects in this study.ConsentN/AReferencesSimo V. Zhang, Mengyao Tan, Josette M. Northcott, Shuyuan Ma, Christopher S. Nelson, L. Gordon Bentley, Manju Chinnappa, Devayani P. Bhave, Dan Norton, Jason Harris, Sean M. Boyle, John West, Richard Chen. Enhanced whole exome profiling of tumor circulating cell-free DNA enables sensitive assessment of tumor mutations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; Apr 27–28 and Jun 22–24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80 (16 Suppl): Abstract nr 1989.Sean Michael Boyle, Charles W. Abbott, Eric Levy, Rachel Marty Pyke, Datta Mellacheruvu, Simo V. Zhang, Mengyao Tan, Nick A. Phillips, Rena McClory, John West, Richard Chen. A pan-cancer characterization of both the tumor and micro environment highlights the importance of an integrated approach for immuno-oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; Apr 27–28 and Jun 22–24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80 (16 Suppl): Abstract nr 2512.Juan-Sebstian Saldivar, Jason Harris, Sejal Desai, Erin Ayash, Prateek Tandon, Twinkal Marfatia, Robert Power, Massimo Morra, Manju Chinnappa, Michael James Clark, Rena McClory, Richard Chen. Validation of an exome and transcriptome based diagnostic platform enabling clinical cancer therapy selection and emerging composite biomarkers for immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2020; May 29–31 and Aug 8–10: ASCO; Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020; 38, no. 15_suppl: Abstract nr e15583.

AbstractBackground:Due to the extremely low incidence of TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, herpes simplex virus) infections, diagnostic testing of all small for gestational age (SGA) infants aimed at TORCH etiologies may incur unnecessary tests and cost.Objective:To determine the frequency of urine CMV PCR and total IgM testing among infants with birth weight <10% and the rate of test positivity. To evaluate the frequency of alternative etiologies of SGA in tested infants.Methods:Retrospective chart review of SGA infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at NYU Langone Medical Center between 2007 and 2012. Subjects were classified as being SGA with or without intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The IUGR subjects were then further categorized as having either symmetric or asymmetric IUGR utilizing the Fenton growth chart at birth. Initial testing for TORCH infections, which included serum total IgM, CMV PCR and head ultrasound, were reviewed and analyzed.Results:Three hundred and eighty-six (13%) infants from a total of 2953 NICU admissions had a birth weight ≤10thpercentile. Of these, 44% were IUGR; 34% being symmetric IUGR and 10% asymmetric. A total of 32% of SGA infants had urine CMV PCR and total IgM tested with no positive results. As expected, significantly higher percentage of symmetric IUGR infants were tested compared to asymmetric IUGR and non-IUGR SGA infants, (64% vs. 47% vs. 19%) P≤0.01. However, 63% of infants with a known cause for IUGR had same testing done aimed at TORCH infections. We calculated additional charges of $64,065 that were incurred by such testing.Conclusions:The majority of infants in our study who received testing for urine CMV PCR and total IgM aimed at TORCH infections had one or more other known non-infectious etiologies for IUGR. Because the overall yield of such testing is extremely low, we suggest tests for possible TORCH infections may be limited to symmetric IUGR infants without other known etiologies. Improved guidelines testing for TORCH infections can result in reducing hospital charges and unnecessary studies.

IntroductionHealth technology assessment (HTA) bodies evaluate the clinical and/or economic impact of new therapies to inform public reimbursement decision-making. This research evaluates the value for money of current or proposed fees for HTA in countries with mandatory cost-effectiveness HTA bodies relative to their respective public drug expenditure.MethodsHTA appraisal fees were identified from publicly-available websites: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Institut National d'Excellence en Santé et Services Sociaux (INESSS), and Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC). Annual national public drug expenditure (ANPDE) were sourced from the National Health Service England, Canadian Institute for Health Information, and the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme.ResultsNICE is proposing to charge GBP 126,000 (EUR 142,582) for a single technology or highly specialized technology appraisal, CADTH charges CAD 72,480 (EUR 48,576) for a Schedule A submission, INESSS charges CAD 38,921 (EUR 26,089) for the first evaluation of a new drug or new indication, and PBAC charges AUD 136,716 (EUR 87,576) for a Major Lodgment. The ANPDE in England: GBP 16 billion (EUR 18.1 billion), Canada: CAD 14.5 billion (EUR 9.7 billion), Quebec: CAD 4 billion (EUR 2.7 billion) and Australia: AUD 8.7 billion (EUR 5.6 billion). The appraisal cost to drug expenditure ratio for these countries/regions were: 126,984, 200,055, 102,772, and 63,636, respectively.ConclusionsHTA submissions in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia require financial contributions from manufacturers. These contributions bear little relation to the market size and cumulatively exceed EUR 300,000 (assuming no resubmissions). By adopting charging/cost recovery models, HTA bodies are aiming to reinvest the proceeds to increase the efficiency and capacity of appraisals, expediting patient access. However, these fees may be burdensome, especially for SMEs with promising therapies for orphan/rare diseases, and they may thus have the potential to deter/delay their submissions.

AbstractIntroduction:Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. Numerous studies have demonstrated the use of comprehensive stroke units and neurological intensive care units (NICU) in improving outcomes after stroke. We hypothesized that an expanded neurocritical care (NCC) service would decrease resource utilization in patients with LHI.Methods:Retrospective data from consecutive admissions of large hemispheric infarction (LHI) patients requiring mechanical ventilation were acquired from the hospital medical records. Between 2011-2013, there were 187 consecutive patients admitted to the Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience (Philadelphia, USA) with AIS and acute respiratory failure. Our intention was to determine the number of tracheostomies done over time. The primary outcome measure was the number of tracheostomies over time. Secondary outcomes were, ventilator-free days (Vfd), total hospital charges, intensive care unit length of stay (ICU-LOS), and total hospital length of stay (hospital-LOS), including ICU LOS. Hospital charges were log-transformed to meet assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity of residual variance terms. Generalized Linear Models were used and ORs and 95% CIs calculated. The significance level was set at α = 0.05.Results: Of the 73 patients included in this analysis, 33% required a tracheostomy. There was a decrease in the number of tracheostomies undertaken since 2011. (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.6-0.9: p=0.02).Lower Vfd were seen in tracheostomized patients (OR 0.11; 95%CI 0.1-0.26: p<0.0001). The log-hospital charges decreased over time but not significantly (OR 0.9; 95%CI 0.78-1.07: p=0.2) and (OR 0.99; 95%CI 0.85-1.16: p=0.8) from 2012 to 2013 respectively.The ICU-LOS at 23 days vs 10 days (p=0.01) and hospital-LOS at 33 days vs 11 days (p=0.008) were higher in tracheostomized patients.Conclusion: The data suggest that in LHI-patients requiring mechanical ventilation, a dedicated NCC service reduces the overall need for tracheostomy, increases Vfd, and decreases ICU and hospital-LOS.

Cannon… is busy now bringing fern from the moor to use as bedding, he has cut it about a mile off up the lane behind Belle Green. It is a rough road to bring it down. I think I will go up next time with the cart and help the children to rake it, it is such a nice crackly fern.At the East Grinstead Petty Sessions in March 1868 Charles, sixth Earl De La Warr brought ten poor men forward charged with oak and beech underwood cutting and trespass. George Edwards the Reeve had discovered six men cutting and tying, another three with handbills but who were not actually cutting at the time, and Abraham Card ‘a woodbuyer, etc.’ loading the wood onto his wagon. Edwards had cautioned the men against cutting: ‘When I got to them I read a paragraph from Mr Hunt's letter [Hussey Hunt, De La Warr's steward, warning against litter cutting]. They laughed and went on cutting. I then gave them all into custody’. It appears that the men were handcuffed and led away. Daniel Heasman, one of the men once again, was convicted and originally imprisoned for 21 days, the other defendants were originally fined 1s. damages, 1s. penalty and costs.

Choć zjawisko kumulacji detonacyjnej jest dobrze znane i wykorzystywane w technice strzelniczej na całym świecie, to branża naftowa wciąż poszukuje jak najefektywniejszego sposobu perforacji odwiertów naftowych i gazowych. Wykorzystanie materiałów wybuchowych w ładunkach kumulacyjnych przeznaczonych do prac perforacyjnych zapewnia skuteczne połączenie hydrauliczne odwiertu ze złożem, ale wciąż pozostają lokalne negatywne skutki detonacji w postaci stref zmiażdżonych i zniszczonych wokół kanałów perforacyjnych. W niniejszym referacie zaproponowano nowe spojrzenie na sposób perforacji odwiertów. Pozostając w domenie materiałów wybuchowych, przedstawiono metodę perforacji opartej na wykorzystaniu liniowych ładunków kumulacyjnych, których działanie potęguje energia spalania propelantów. W referacie przedstawiono przebieg i rezultaty czterech testów strzałowych koncepcyjnego urządzenia perforująco-szczelinującego o roboczej nazwie Szczelinogenerator, którego głównym zadaniem jest przebicie wielowarstwowego zróżnicowanego materiałowo celu, jakim jest wgłębna konstrukcja odwiertu. Przedstawione badania poświęcone są skuteczności perforowania układu stal–woda–beton. W ich toku rozwiano obawy dotyczące braku jednoczesności zainicjowania wszystkich uzbrojonych ładunków i wystąpienia działań niszczących urządzenie jeszcze przed jego pełnym zadziałaniem. Potwierdziła się jednak hipoteza o konieczności gruntownej modernizacji ładunków liniowych, które w obecnej formie uwalniają zbyt dużą ilość energii poza oś działania strumienia kumulacyjnego. Przedmiotowe straty energii, po pierwsze, osłabiają działanie ładunku, po drugie, powodują zniszczenia rury korpusowej jako urządzenia nośnego poprzez wydatne rozdęcie i rozerwanie. Analiza przekrojów powstałych szczelin kumulacyjnych pozwala stwierdzić, że są one jednorodne i nie obserwuje się w nich znaczących zmian szerokości. Głębokości czy zasięgu szczelin na tym etapie pracy nie określono z powodu zniszczenia części betonowej modeli imitujących odcinki otworu wiertniczego. Przeprowadzone badania, zrealizowane w postaci czterech testów strzałowych, potwierdzają zdolność ładunków kumulacyjnych liniowych do skutecznego penetrowania celów o budowie wielowarstwowej.

Carlos S. Alvarado is a well-known specialist of the history of parapsychology, and also famous for his pedagogical skills mostly as an affiliate of the Parapsychology Foundation and the Alvarado and Zingrone Institute for Research and Education. Most of the material used in this book was already available online on his blog (https://carlossalvarado.wordpress.com) as it is a collection of previously published essays. I’m part of the people who publicly endorsed the book because Alvarado is clearly one of the most qualified authors able to deal with this topic, but here I will provide a complementary expertise based on my reading of the book and my own work on the history of French parapsychology (Evrard, 2016). (I’m also contributed to the Appendix E “Bibliography about and by Charles Richet with emphasis on psychic phenomena”, 119-132).
 Charles Richet (1850-1935) is a French physiologist (Nobel laureate 1913) who had contributed to many fields, among them psychology and psychical research. The book gathers six essays while trying to exhaustively cover these specific contributions through various glasses: a general overview of his interest in psychic phenomena (Chap. 1, 1-26), a discussion of his metapsychic autobiography (Chap. 2, 27-44), an analysis of his early ideas on mental suggestion and his pioneering use of probabilities in human sciences (Chap. 3, 45-54), his various attempts to create gateways between psychology and psychical research (Chap. 4, 55-66), a review of his masterpiece The traité de métapsychique (Chap. 5, 67-84), and a final comment about his own conclusions about what he learnt from psychical research and the survivalist hypothesis (Chap. 6, 85-96). The first four appendices cover small historical points as Richet’s séances with famous medium Leonara Piper (97-102), one of his observation of moving ectoplasm (103-104), a note about the term “ectoplasm” which he didn’t coin (105-106), and an extract from his Traité (107-118) about the scientific statute of “metapsychics”, his own term for parapsychology, in which we have a nice illustration of his clever and Hugolian expression style.

In this work, to determine natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, solvation and substituent effects for electron-releasing substituents (CH3, OH) and electron-withdrawing derivatives (Cl, NO2, CF3) in para positions on the molecular structure of the synthesized 3-phenylbenzo[d]thiazole-2(3H)-imine derivatives 1?6 (H (1), CH3 (2), Cl (3), OH (4), CF3 (5), NO2 (6)) in the selected solvents (acetone, toluene, and ethanol) and gas-phase employing polarizable continuum method (PCM) model were studied at the M06-2x/6- -311++G(d,p) level of theory. The relative stability of the studied compounds was affected by the possibility of intramolecular interactions between substituents and the electron donor/acceptor centers of the thiazole ring. Furthermore, atomic charges electron density, chemical thermodynamics, energetic properties, dipole moments, and the nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) of the studied compounds and their relative stability are considered. The dipole moment values and the HOMO?LUMO energy gap reveal the different charge transfer possibilities within the considered molecules. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis revealed that compound 6 has very small HOMO-LUMO energy gaps in the considered phases, and thus is kinetically less stable. The obtained HOMO-LUMO energy gap corresponds to intramolecular hyperconjugative interactions ?? ?*. Finally, NBO analysis is carried out to demonstrate the charge transfer between localized bonds and lone pairs.

In a synthesis article (see ref. below), the double star expert Paul COUTEAU put the work of French pioneers of double stars observation in the perspective of the double star work carried in the world. After Antoine Yvon VILLARCEAU and Camille FLAMMARION, one prominent pioneer of double stars was Robert JONCKHEERE (1888–1974), an amateur before circumstances prompted him to become a professional astronomer, who devoted his life to double stars. Kenneth Glyn Jones wrote a biography and Charles Fehrenbach his obituary. Jean-Claude Thorel studied his life and career in double star observations (see Section 10 below). In the 1930s, another precursor of the Commission des Étoiles Doubles, Maurice DURUY (1894–1984) invented the micrometer with a comparison star, and applied the diffraction micrometer invented by Ejnar Hertzsprung to the measure of double stars, which he regularly observed at Nancy with a 275-mm telescope, at Lyon with a 162-mm telescope and in his observatory of Beaume-Mêle with a 40-cm and later a 60-cm telescope at Le Rouret (Alpes–Maritimes). He measured standard pairs of the list of Paul Muller and published his measures in the Journal des Observateurs; these measures requested by Paul Muller aimed at comparisons of between observers. He also collaborated with the Webb Society of Great Britain; Glyn Jones published his astronomical biography. Already in 1924, the pediatrician Paul BAIZE (1901–1995) had started the measurement of double stars as an amateur. He was granted permission to measure them with the 38-cm of the Paris Observatory and made an impressive number of measures during his long “career" (24044). He also made orbit calculations and established a formula for the calculation of dynamic parallaxes in 1946. He wrote articles explaining new observation techniques devoted to double stars in the magazine L'Astronomie and continued his astronomical activity until the beginning of the 1990s. Glyn Jones published an astronomical biography of Paul Baize. In the 1960s, Bernard CLOUET and the late Robert SAGOT (1910–2006) made double star observations for the book which was then in preparation under the title La revue des constellations. Their measures remained unpublished; but publication of the measures made by Robert SAGOT is in preparation. At about the same time, the neurology professor Jacques LE BEAU (1908–1998) made the acquaintance of renowned professional astronomer Paul COUTEAU and learned from him how to measure double stars. Each year, he stayed for two weeks at Nice and conducted his observations with the 50-cm refractor of the Nice Observatory. In 1978, Paul COUTEAU published the first book in French devoted to double stars: L'observation des étoiles doubles visuelles. That book triggered the interest of more amateur astronomers for double stars and indirectly influenced the creation of a group of double star observers which was transformed into the Commission des Étoiles Doubles

Benedict Anderson; Under three flags; Anarchism and the anticolonial imagination (Greg Bankoff) Leakthina Chau-Pech Ollier, Tim Winter (eds); Expressions of Cambodia; The politics of tradition, identity and change (David Chandler) Ying Shing Anthony Chung; A descriptive grammar of Merei (Vanuatu) (Alexandre François) Yasuyuki Matsumoto; Financial fragility and instability in Indonesia (David C. Cole) Mason C. Hoadley; Public administration; Indonesian norms versus Western forms (Jan Kees van Donge) Samuel S. Dhoraisingam; Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka (Joseph M. Fernando) Vatthana Pholsena; Post-war Laos; The politics of culture, history and identity (Volker Grabowksy) Gert Oostindie; De parels en de kroon; Het koningshuis en de koloniën (Hans Hägerdal) Jean-Luc Maurer; Les Javanais du Caillou; Des affres de l’exil aux aléas de l’intégration; Sociologie historique de la communauté indonésienne de Nouvelle-Calédonie (Menno Hecker) Richard Stubbs; Rethinking Asia’s economic miracle; The political economy of war, prosperity and crisis (David Henley) Herman Th. Verstappen; Zwerftocht door een wereld in beweging (Sjoerd R. Jaarsma) Klokke, A.H. (ed. and transl.); Fishing, hunting and headhunting in the former culture of the Ngaju Dayak in Central Kalimantan; Notes from the manuscripts of the Ngaju Dayak authors Numan Kunum and Ison Birim; from the Legacy of Dr. H. Schaerer; With a recent additional chapter on hunting by Katuah Mia (Monica Janowski) Ian Proudfoot; Old Muslim calendars of Southeast Asia (Nico J.G. Kaptein) Garry Rodan; Transparency and authoritarian rule in Southeast Asia (Soe Tjen Marching) Greg Fealy, Virginia Hooker (eds); Voices of Islam in Southeast Asia; A contemporary sourcebook (Dick van der Meij) Eko Endarmoko; Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia (Don van Minde) Charles J.-H. Macdonald; Uncultural behavior; An anthropological investigation of suicide in the southern Philippines (Raul Pertierra) Odd Arne Westad, Sophie Quinn-Judge (eds); The Third Indochina War; Conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972-79 (Vatthana Pholsena) B. Bouman; Ieder voor zich en de Republiek voor ons allen; De logistiek achter de Indonesische Revolutie 1945-1950 (Harry A. Poeze) Michel Gilquin; The Muslims of Thailand (Nathan Porath) Tom Boellstorff; The gay archipelago; Sexuality and nation in Indonesia (Raquel Reyes) Kathleen M. Adams; Art as politics; Re-crafting identities, tourism, and power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia (Dik Roth) Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Leo Suryadinata; Emerging democracy in Indonesia (Henk Schulte Nordholt) Casper Schuring; Abdulgani; 70 jaar nationalist van het eerste uur (Nico G. Schulte Nordholt) Geoff Wade (ed. and transl.); Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu; An open access resource (Heather Sutherland) Alexander Horstmann, Reed L. Wadley (eds); Centering the margin; Agency and narrative in Southeast Asian Borderlands (Nicholas Tapp) Marieke Brand, Henk Schulte Nordholt, Fridus Steijlen (eds); Indië verteld; Herinneringen, 1930-1950 (Jean Gelman Taylor) Tin Maung Maung Than; State dominance in Myanmar; The political economy of industrialization (Sean Turnell) Henk Schulte Nordholt, Ireen Hoogenboom (eds); Indonesian transitions (Robert Wessing) In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 163 (20075), no: 4, Leiden

Seven derivatives of plant-derived hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA)—including 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic (2,3-DHB, pyrocatechuic), 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic (2,4-DHB, β-resorcylic), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic (2,5-DHB, gentisic), 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic (2,6-DHB, γ-resorcylic acid), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic (3,4-DHB, protocatechuic), 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic (3,5-DHB, α-resorcylic), and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic (3,4,5-THB, gallic) acids—were studied for their structural and biological properties. Anti-/pro-oxidant properties were evaluated by using DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS•+ (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric-reducing antioxidant power), and Trolox oxidation assays. Lipophilicity was estimated by means of experimental (HPLC) and theoretical methods. The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) was studied. The cytotoxicity of HBAs in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was estimated. Moreover, the structure of HBAs was studied by means of experimental (FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR) and quantum chemical DFT methods (the NBO and CHelpG charges, electrostatic potential maps, and electronic parameters based on the energy of HOMO and LUMO orbitals). The aromaticity of HBA was studied based on the calculated geometric and magnetic aromaticity indices (HOMA, Aj, BAC, I6, NICS). The biological activity of hydroxybenzoic acids was discussed in relation to their geometry, the electronic charge distribution in their molecules, their lipophilicity, and their acidity. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in the statistical analysis of the obtained data and the discussion of the dependency between the structure and activity (SAR: structure–activity relationship) of HBAs. This work provides valuable information on the potential application of hydroxybenzoic acids as bioactive components in dietary supplements, functional foods, or even drugs.

W recepcji Richarda Wagnera we Francji są dwa kluczowe momenty. Pierwszy z nich jest bardzo dobrze znany miłośnikom opery na całym świecie: skandaliczne, wrogie reakcje niektórych widzów (zwłaszcza członków Jockey Club) podczas trzech paryskich wystawień Tannhäusera w marcu 1861 r., reakcje, które zrujnowały nadzieje Wagnera na karierę w Paryżu i we Francji. Drugi, być może mniej znany, jest w rzeczywistości o wiele ważniejszy: pierwsze wykonanie Lohengrina w Palais Garnier, 16 IX 1891 r., które zapoczątkowało wielką erę wagnerowską w Opéra de Paris. Pośmiertna belle époque Wagnera, która trwała do I wojny światowej, naznaczona była niezliczonymi słynnymi produkcjami jego oper i dramatów muzycznych nie tylko w Paryżu, ale także w wielu francuskich teatrach prowincjonalnych.
 Należy jednak pamiętać, że ostateczny triumf Lohengrina w Paryżu w 1891 r. poprzedziła długa, zacięta walka między zwolennikami Wagnera i jego nieprzejednanymi wrogami.
 W artykule przytoczono kilka tekstów o Lohengrinie po światowej premierze w Weimarze w 1850 r., w szczególności artykuł Gérarda de Nervala opublikowany w La Presse oraz entuzjastyczne artykuły Franza Liszta w Le Journal des débats (Paryż) i Illustrierte Zeitung (Lipsk). Te ostatnie, opublikowane w książce Liszta Lohengrin et Tannhaüser de Richard Wagner (wydrukowana w 1851 r., także w Lipsku, ale w języku francuskim, przeznaczona głównie dla czytelników francuskich), skłoniła François-Josepha Fétisa do odpowiedzi siedmioma krytycznymi artykułami na temat Wagnera, które ukazały się w La Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris w 1852 roku. Teksty węgierskiego kompozytora Liszta i belgijskiego krytyka muzycznego Fétisa, opublikowane w języku francuskim, doprowadziły do niekończących się konfrontacji między francuskimi wagnerofilami i wagnerofobami.
 Pomimo tej ożywionej dyskusji Lohengrin nie był wystawiany w żadnym teatrze we Francji w latach pięćdziesiątych XIX w., nawet we fragmentach lub w wersji koncertowej. Francuscy miłośnicy opery musieli zadowolić się artykułami prasowymi zawierającymi zwięzłe opisy niemieckich i austriackich produkcji.
 Francuska premiera Lohengrina zapowiadana była kilka razy pod koniec lat sześćdziesiątych w Théâtre-Lyrique Impérial. Jednak ani Léon Carvalho, ani jego następca Jules Pasdeloup nie zdołali wystawić tej opery. Pojawienie się na scenach francuskich Lohengrina i innych dzieł Wagnera z tego okresu, manifestujących jego gallofobię, takich jak Eine Kapitulation, zostało opóźnione przez wojnę francusko-pruską z 1870 roku. Pierwsze francuskie wykonanie tej opery – i jedyne w życiu Wagnera – odbyło się w 1881 r. w Nicei (w wersji włoskiej Salvatore Marchesi) pod batutą Auguste Vianesi.
 Po przerwach w próbach Lohengrina w Paryżu w Théâtre-Italien, Opéra-Comique i Palais Garnier w 1884, 1885 i 1886 r., mieszkańcy stolicy mogli wreszcie, dzięki wytrwałość Charlesa Lamoureux, podziwiać tę operę 3 V 1887 r. w teatrze Eden. Dyrygent planował dać dziesięć wystawień Lohengrina w ciągu sezonu, ale gwałtowne antyniemieckie i antywagnerowskie demonstracje, podsycane przez premiera René Gobleta, zmusiły go do odwołania wszystkich oprócz pierwszego, które – z czysto artystycznego punkt widzenia – było wielkim sukcesem.
 Cztery lata później, 16 IX 1891 r., Lamoureux ponownie poprowadził Lohengrina w Paryżu, tym razem w Palais Garnier. Krytycy porównali artystyczny poziom dwóch paryskich Lohengrinów. Chwalili prawie wszystkich śpiewaków nowego spektaklu, zwłaszcza Ernesta Van Dycka, powracającego do tytułowej roli, oraz Rose Caron, która zastąpiła Fidès Devriès w roli Elsy. W 1891 r., podobnie jak cztery lata wcześniej, wokół opery odbyły się demonstracje przeciwko Lohengrinowi i jego wystawieniom, ale tym razem rząd zareagował zupełnie inaczej. Premier Charles de Freycinet, w przeciwieństwie do René Gobleta cztery lata wcześniej, wykorzystał siły bezpieczeństwa do ochrony artystów. Kilka dni później demonstranci się wycofali, gdy niezwykłe arcydzieło niemieckiego kompozytora ostatecznie podbiło paryską publiczność. To była decydująca bitwa, punkt zwrotny w przyjęciu Wagnera we Francji. Od 1891 r. jego opery i dramaty muzyczne cieszą się niezwykłą karierą na francuskich scenach, a Lohengrin zawsze jest jednym z najbardziej podziwianych. Autor wspomina kilka innych wykonań tej opery i słynnych paryskich wykonawców, takich jak Jan Reszke (Jean de Reszké) i jego brat Edward, Salomea Kruszelnicka, Lauritz Melchior, Lotte Lehmann, Germaine Lubin, Sandor Konya, Régine Crespin, Rita Görr, Wolfgang Windgassen, Elisabeth Grümmer, Siegfried Jerusalem, Jonas Kaufmann, René Pape oraz dwóch innych polskich śpiewaków: Rafał Siwek i Tomasz Konieczny.

- Martin Baier, Sri Kuhnt-Saptodewo, Zum Seelengeliet bei den Ngaju am Kahayan; Auswertung eines Sakraltextes zur Manarung-Zeremonie beim totenfest. München: Akademischer Verlag,1993 (PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universitiy München). - H.J.M. Claessen, Annette B. Weiner, Inalienable Possessions; The paradox of keeping-while-giving. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, 232 pp. Bibl. Index - Charles A. Coppel, Wang Gungwu, Community and Nation; China, Southeast Asia and Australia. Sydney: Asian studies of Australia in association with Allen & Unwin, 1992 (2nd revised edition), viii + 359 pp - Heleen Gall, W. J. Mommsen, European expansion and Law; the encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th- and 20th- century Africa and Asia. Oxford; Berg publishers, 1992, vi + 339 pp, J.A. de Moor (eds.) - Beatriz van der Goes, C. W. Watson, Kinship, Property and inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra. Canterbury:University of Kent, Centre for Social Anthropology and computing Monographs no: 4. South-East Asian Series, 1992, ix + 255 pp - Kees Groeneboer, Tom van der Berge, Van Kenis tot kunst; Soendanese poezie in de koloniale tijd. Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Lieden, November 1993, 220 pp - Kees Groeneboer, J.E.A.M. Lelyveld, ‘... waarlijk geen overdaad, doch een dringende eisch..’’; Koloniaal onderwijs en onderwijsbeleid in Nederlands-Indië 1893-1942. Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, 1992. - Marleen Heins, R. Anderson Sutton, Variation in Central Javanese gamelan music; Dynamics of a steady state. Northern Illinois University: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Monograph series on Southeast Asia, (Special Report 28 ),1993. - Marleen Heins, E. Heins, Jaap Kunst, Indonesian music and dance; Traditional music and its interaction with the West. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute/Tropenmuseum, University of Amsterdam, Ethnomusicology Centre `Jaap Junst’, 1994, E. den Otter, F. van Lamsweerde (eds.) - David Henley, Harold Brookfield, South-East Asia’s environmental future; The search for sustainability. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993, xxxii + 422 pp., maps, tables, figures, index., Yvonne Byron (eds.) - Antje van der Hoek, Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, De emancipatie van Molukse vrouwen in Nederland. Utrecht: Van Arkel,1992, Francy Leatemia-Toma-tala (eds.) - Michael Hitchcock, Brita L. Miklouho-Maklai, Exposing Society’s Wounds; Some aspects of Indonesian Art since 1966. Adelaide: Flinders University Asian studies Monograph No.5, illustrations, 1991, iii + 125 pp - Nico Kaptein, Fred R. von der Mehden, Two Worlds of Islam; Interaction between Southeast Asia and the Middle East.Gainesville etc: University Press of Florida 1993, xiii + 128 pp - Nico Kaptein, Karel Steenbrink, Dutch Colonialism and Indonesian Islam; Contacts and Conflicts 1596-1950. Amsterdam-Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1993. - Harry A. Poeze, Rudolf Mrázek, Sjahrir; Politics and exile in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, 1994. - W.G.J. Remmelink, Takao Fusayama, A Japanese memoir of Sumatra 1945-1946; Love and hatred in the liberation war. Ithaca: Cornell University (Cornell Modern Indonesia Project Monograph series 71), 1993, 151 pp., maps, illustrations. - Ratna Saptari, Diana Wolf, Factory Daughters; Gender, Household Dynamics, and Rural Industrialization in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. - Ignatius Supriyanto, Ward Keeler, Javanese Shadow Puppets. Singapore (etc.): Oxford University Press, 1992, vii + 72 pp.,bibl., ills. (Images of Asia). - Brian Z. Tamanaha,S.J.D., Juliana Flinn, Review of diplomas and thatch houses; Asserting tradition in a changing Micronesia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992. - Gerard Termorshuizen, Dorothée Buur, Indische jeugdliteratuur; Geannoteerde bibliografie van jeugdboeken over Nederlands-Indië en Indonesië, 1825-1991. Leiden, KITLV Uitgeverij, 1992, 470 pp., - Barbara Watson Andaya, Reinout Vos, Gentle Janus, merchant prince; The VOC and the tightrope of diplomacy in the Malay world, 1740-1800. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1994, xii + 252 pp.

Accounting for the prevalence of enmityin nineteenth-century Western culture, Peter Gay evinces some surprise at the tenacious grip of the meek upon their aggression, which appears to satisfy a basic necessity of life. Uriah Heep alone attests to the harmony between Charles Dickens's social imagination and Gay's critical assessment that the Victorians had cause to treat their self-effacing neighbors with as much caution as the bellicose. But what about the more resignedly “umble” and solemnly self-diminishing denizens of Dickens's fictional world: the good girls at the center of so many novels? Why do aggression and resentment seem less compatible with their humility than with Heep's? Because, I would suggest, they are little. Littleness is certainly an idealized quality of girls in Dickens's novels. In particular, Nell Trent and Amy Dorrit share the epithet “little” as an indication of their preciousness, physical smallness, modesty, and, most importantly, self-abnegation in service of others. As a number of critics have observed, this selflessness takes many forms, including starvation, over-work, and self-erasure. Such extremes of compassionate resolve and willful self-limitation, however, intimate the strictness of the nice girl and the difficulty of measuring up to her (as a) standard. Dickens himself set this bar – if not precisely high, at so low a level as to require painstaking self-contortion to pass under it – in an 1847 speech to the Mechanics’ Institution at Leeds where he described women as “those who are our best and dearest friends in infancy, in childhood, in manhood, and in old age, the most devoted and least selfish natures that we know on earth, who turn to us always constant and unchanged, when others turn away” (Fielding 83). This definition of the best feminine endowments recognizes no difference between girls and women, because the female half of the human population remains “constant and unchanged” in service of male needs. Although Dickens calls upon women to be the bigger person in a moral sense, for girls, growing up appears a matter of remaining little, selfless, “constant.” For good self-effacing Victorian girls like Little Nell and Little Dorrit, aggression thus is necessary because enforcing self-negation requires enormous will power, but also perhaps because aggression guards the last modicum of selfhood belonging to those for whom selflessness is socially prescribed.

Amount raised: Approximately 37,000 lacs individually in past four years. Background and context: Cancer Aid Society an ISO 9001 organization having consultative status of U.N. working since 1987 nationwide in tune with guidelines of World Health Organization and National Cancer Control Program running by government of India. We are organizing cancer awareness lectures at community level in school, colleges, offices, banks, village areas etc. throughout the country. We are also organizing time to time rallies, painting and essay competition on cancer prevention. In school lecture we are addressing on good dietary habits, healthy living habits, active and passive smoking, tobacco abuse, etc. After our program we had appeal with community or school students if they wish they can contribute voluntarily for this noble cause for running advocacy program easily. Aim: As we know the cancer is the biggest killer disease and we diagnosed in early stage the cure is possible but due to lack of knowledge in people we loss the precious human life so by doing awareness we save the human life. After our workshop we provide literatures also in community in which do´s and don´t, early signs and symptoms of cancer are there for public awareness. The fund which is collected voluntarily is used for conducting workshops on cancer prevention, for palliative care treatment and other advocacy programs. Strategy/Tactics: We have our team and we make our tour plan district wise each individual targets min. 20 cities for six months and covered that much of area by doing free of cost cancer awareness program. After that we target the community and mass for awareness program. Program process: It’s just a simple process just to take permission from the institutional head, fix the date and time for program. We have a format of appointment we called it booking means taken permission for conducting workshop. Costs and returns: Costs include salary of social worker there accommodation cost, T.A./D.A., stationery cost, etc. 30% of cost of total fund raised. What was learned: With this work we are exploring our country, daily we are meeting with number of big officials and with this work we are serving the society free of cost without any charges so overall it’s a nice experience for me until now may be in future because saving human life is a work of God.

In my article, "A New Sound; a New Sensation: A Cultural and Literary Reconsideration of the Motorcar in Modernity" (Ryder), I propose that "a range of semiotic engines" may be mobilised "to argue that, in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the motorcar is received as relatum profundis of freedom". In that 2019 article I further argue that, as Roland Barthes has indirectly proposed, the automobile fits into a "highway code" and into a broader "car system" in which its attributes—including its architectural details—are received as signs of liberation (Barthes Elements, 10, 29). While extending that argument, with near exclusive focus on F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) and with special reference to the hero’s Rolls Royce, I argue here that the automobile is offered as a sign of both conquest and destruction; as both dream machine and vehicle of nightmare. This is not to suggest that the motorcar was, prior to 1925, seen in absolutely idealistic terms. Nor is it to suggest that by the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century the automobile had been unequivocally condemned. As observed in my 2019 article for the Southern Semiotic Review, while The Wind in the Willows (1908) is the first novel written in English to deal with the deleterious effects of the motorcar, "it is [nonetheless] impossible to find a literary text from the early part of the twentieth century that flatly condemns the machine". So, from Gatsby’s emblematic "circus wagon" to narrator Nick Carraway’s equally symbolic "Dodge", I argue that the motorcar is represented by Fitzgerald as an emblem of both dreams and wreckage.The first motorcar noted in The Great Gatsby is the "old Dodge" belonging to Nick Carraway—the novel’s narrator and greatest dodger (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 17). Dreaming of success, and having declared himself restless, Nick claims to have come East to try his luck in the bond business (16). But, reflecting a propensity to dishonesty, the unreliable narrator (Abrams, 168) eventually reveals that at least one of the reasons for his migration East is to escape his emotional responsibilities to a girl "out West" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 30); a girl to whom he continues to write letters signed "Love, Nick" (61). While these notions of being dodgy and dodging—and their connection to Carraway’s car—seem to have escaped the attention of commentators, several have nonetheless observed that the make suits its owner for another reason: a work-a-day mass-produced machine, the vehicle is surely a sign of the narrator’s conservatism. Tad Burness, for instance, notes that in the early twentieth century the Dodge was a make that particularly appealed to conservative and careful drivers (91). Certainly, the Dodge brothers’ advertising of the nineteen-twenties, which steadfastly emphasised staunchness and stability, reinforces this conclusion. The make, therefore, is entirely appropriate to Nick: a man who evades the vicissitudes of romance; who shuns excitement, who aligns himself with mainstream Midwestern values, who identifies more with the mechanical than with the human, and who, until the very end, fails to commit to the extraordinary. Apropos, in reviewing the manuscript of Gatsby, Keath Fraser records an exchange between Jordan Baker and Nick Carraway that was finally, and perhaps unfortunately, excised: "You appeal to me,” she said suddenly as we strolled away.“You’re sort of slow and steady ... you’ve got everything adjusted just right.” (Qtd. in Bloom, 67)To have been included at the end of the third chapter, Jordan’s assessment of Nick suggests that the narrator has over-tuned the cognitive machinery necessary to navigation through a social milieu to which he does not belong. While Fitzgerald may have felt this to be too blunt a narrative tool, the ‘slow and steady’ approach to life attributed to Nick in the finished novel clearly suggests that the narrator lives life by the manual.It may be argued, then, that while ostensibly facilitating a new start and an associated desire for upward social mobility, Nick’s old Dodge symbolises a perfunctory approach to the business of living, a shabby escape from a "tangle back home", and an escape from self (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 61). Certainly, it represents no "on the road" conquest. Indeed, Nick’s clinical and mechanical approach to life comes close to ruining him. Short of his identification with Gatsby at the end—and the subsequent telling of a tragic tale—Nick is an archetypal loser. While claiming to identify with the "racy, adventurous" feel of New York (59), his instinct is to fall back on "interior rules that act as brakes on [his] desires" (61). He therefore fails to connect with Jordan Baker—his racy and attractive would-be lover, herself named after the Jordan Playboy automobile: the "first car to be marketed on emotional appeal alone" (Heimann and Patton, 14). So, it turns out that Nick is one of life’s "rotten drivers" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 60)—an accusation he ironically levels at Jordan Baker who eventually tackles him on this point:"You said a bad driver was only safe until she met another bad driver? Well, I met another bad driver, didn’t I? I mean it was careless of me to make such a wrong guess. I thought you were rather an honest, straightforward person." (154)As Fraser has pointed out, the mechanical and shifty Nick is far from honest (Bloom, 68). Rather than achieving any sort of emotional consummation, his already muted desires idle, misfire, or stall. Declaring himself to be "one of the few honest people that [he has] ever known" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 154), Nick’s self-deception is, from the outset, complete. Left without the stimulus of the hero, one wonders if perhaps Nick might become a George B. Wilson.Despite his dream of pecuniary success (something shared with Nick Carraway), garage proprietor George B. Wilson is impoverished by the automobile. A dissolute dealer in second-hand machines, this once-handsome but "spiritless man" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 33) has worked for years on scant margins. James Flink notes that dealers in used automobiles had a particularly hard time in the mid to late 1920s when profits on sales were very slight (144). The fact that Wilson is a second-hand car dealer also reinforces that everything else in his life is second-hand: built on the enterprise of others, his dream is second hand; his premises are second-hand; even his wife is second-hand. And, of course, he himself is used. Fitzgerald, then, is at pains to highlight the cultural meaning of the common or inferior car. Indeed, in the dark recesses of Wilson’s garage—which itself rests precariously on the edge of a wasteland under the faded and failed eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg—sits a "dust-covered wreck of a Ford" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 33). Emblematic of the garage proprietor’s broken dreams, Wilson’s psychic paralysis is variously foregrounded—principally by the broken car. Here we have nothing less than Heidegger’s das Gestell: the mechanised consciousness as discussed in his essay "The Question Concerning Technology" (in Krell, 227). Significantly, only automobiles elicit a spark of interest from Wilson—but the irony, as suggested above, is that these are signs of the technical spirit to which he has so utterly acquiesced.It is often, if not always, the case in Gatsby that automobiles signpost derailed agency and, therefore, broken dreams. After all, Gatsby’s own death and funeral are foreshadowed through the automobile. In the first chapter, for example, Nick tells his cousin Daisy that "all the cars in Chicago have the left rear wheel painted black as a mourning wreath" for her (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 22). More portentously, during Nick and Gatsby’s drive to Astoria, "a dead man" passes the hero’s Rolls-Royce "in a hearse heaped with blooms" (68). While Myrtle’s death and Gatsby’s murder are contemporaneously suggested, in this emblematic tableau Gatsby’s Rolls-Royce is also overtaken by a limousine—and so the final chapter’s depressing "procession of three cars" is subtly anticipated (153). A "horribly black and wet" motor hearse bears Gatsby’s corpse to the cemetery while the narrator arrives with Gatsby’s father and the minister in a limousine. Then come the servants and the postman in Gatsby’s yellow station wagon. That the yellow and black cars are so incongruously and so tragically juxtaposed is a structurally and semantically significant feature of the text. The yellow car that once bore cheerful guests to Gatsby’s parties now follows the black hearse—the novel’s ultimate and, arguably, most awful death car. Thus, Fitzgerald presents us with one last reminder that, corrupted by our materialistic drives, our dreams wither and die; that there is, in the end, no magic.As Robert Long points out, however, the manuscript of Gatsby confirms that Fitzgerald had originally intended such foreshadowing to be much more obvious. For instance, in the manuscript, when Gatsby drives Nick to New York he declares his car to be "the handsomest in New York" and that he "wouldn’t want to ride around in a big hearse like some of those fellas do" (Long, 193). Further confirmation of Fitzgerald’s determination to mute the novel’s funereal symbolism is provided in chapter two when, along with the word "sepulchrally", the phrase "reeks of death" is crossed out (Long, 194). As published, then, the automobile travels much more subtly in The Great Gatsby. While a ghostly machine turns up to the hero’s house shortly after the funeral, the end of the road for Nick is suggested when he sells his plain old Dodge to a plain old grocer (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 157-158).The counterpoint to Nick’s old Dodge is, of course, Gatsby’s magnificent Rolls Royce: literature’s ultimate dream car. C.S. Rolls knew very well that his automobile was the new haute couture of the privileged. In his famous article on motorcars in the 1911 edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica, he declares the upmarket machine to be "the private carriage of the wealthier classes to be used on all occasions" (223). To set it apart from competitors, the Rolls Royce not only offered an extraordinarily robust and responsive chassis, but boasted bodywork hand-crafted by a range of highly skilled artisans. W.A. Robotham writes that "one of the more fascinating aspects of Rolls-Royce car production in the twenties was the manufacture of the body at the many coachbuilding establishments that existed in London, the provinces, and Paris" (14). Once an order for a chassis was placed, an appointed carrossier would prescribe and detail coachwork and agonise over every internal appointment. With its "interior of glittering plate glass and rich morocco", the unnamed machine that so hopelessly besots the Toad in the third chapter of The Wind in the Willows is undoubtedly the result of such a special order—and seems likely to have goaded Fitzgerald into a fit of imitation (Grahame, 30). Apposite to a novel that contrasts dream and reality and pertinent to the near nonchalant agency of its wraithlike, almost ethereal, hero, Gatsby’s car is a cream-yellow Rolls Royce: a Silver Ghost. When C.S. Rolls conceived the model, he wrote: "the motion of the car must be absolutely silent. The car must be free from the objectionable rattling and buzzing and inconvenience of chains. ... The engine must be smokeless and odourless" (Robson, 27). Reflecting its whisper-quiet locomotion and its extensive use of silver, nickel, and aluminium plating, Rolls’s partner Claude Johnson gave the model its perfect name. Manufactured between 1906 and 1925, the Silver Ghost was the automobile of choice for F. Scott Fitzgerald himself. In 1922, the year in which Gatsby is set, Scott and his wife Zelda owned a second-hand Silver Ghost which they drove, with much joy, between Great Neck and New York. Here, then, lies one of those rare and fortuitous connections between one’s personal drives and one’s work; really, the hero of Fitzgerald’s third novel could have no other motorcar.Like the machine he drives, and in keeping with Roland Barthes’ idea that automobiles are somehow "magical" (Mythologies, 88), Gatsby would appear to have arrived from the heavens. Ghost-like, he glides in and out of the narrative and is, moreover, ineluctably associated with silver. He has pursued silver for much of his life and is, on numerous occasions, specifically identified with this powerful symbol of privilege and betrayal. While Nick finds him "regarding the silver pepper of the stars" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 31), later the "pale", wraithlike hero wears a "silver shirt" (80). So much the object of Gatsby’s yearnings, along with Jordan Baker, Daisy Buchanan is likened to a "silver idol" (105), has a "voice full of money", and wears a hat of "metallic cloth" (109). A trophy held in hopeless memory, Daisy may be said to be one of an extensive collection of enchanted objects beheld and worshipped by an all-too-flawed hero—but while Fitzgerald’s numerous references to silver undoubtedly highlight a double-edged significance, it is nonetheless suggestions of glamour that first strike us. Early in the novel, then, aside from the portentous foreshadowing of disasters to come, Gatsby’s car emerges as a powerful archetype: an image coupled with enormous emotive significance (Jung, 87); a sign of uncompromised and near-miraculous opulence. Terraced with windshields and sporting a green leather interior, his magnificent cream-yellow Rolls Royce is "bright with nickel" (a very expensive plating used for Rolls Royce radiators) and is "swollen here and there in its monstrous length with triumphant hat-boxes and supper boxes and tool boxes" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 64). Fitzgerald’s parataxis here seems to encourage breathless awe at the near obscene luxury of the vehicle, yet the depiction is historically accurate.In an Autocar article of 1921 there appears a closely-annotated plan of a two-seater Rolls Royce. Numerous fittings are noted: food lockers, tool cupboards, hot-and-cold water-locker, wash-basin compartment, spares cupboard, kodak photography compartment, cooking utensil compartment, suit and dressing cases, spare accumulator compartment, and recess for spare petroleum tins (Garnier and Allport, 50). Like Toad’s, Gatsby’s chimerical car is undoubtedly the creation of a carrossier. Its standard of appointment, moreover, suggests royal status. Since the Rolls-Royce is an English car, its presence in America, where it was manufactured under licence for a time, also points to a desire to recapture something left behind. This, as all readers of Fitzgerald will know, is a major thematic thread in Gatsby. To be explored in a forthcoming article, the relationship between this theme of "backing up" (that is, recapturing the past) and representations of the motorcar in the novel is profound, but for the moment I focus on the Silver Ghost as a sign of Gatsby’s outrageous aristocratic pretensions. Perhaps an expression of Fitzgerald’s own fantasy that he wasn’t the son of his parents at all, but the child of a world-ruling king, Gatsby claims to have lived "like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 65). If not actually a Rolls-Royce-loving rajah, Gatsby certainly lives like a king and even signs himself "in a majestic hand" (47). Indeed, in these senses and more, the hero is "circus master" and performer par excellence.As a letter from Fitzgerald to Maxwell Perkins tells us, Petronius’s Satyrica furnished one of several alternative titles for Gatsby (Fitzgerald Letters, 169). Pointing to a delight in comedic hedonism, "Trimalchio in West Egg" was one of several titular options entertained by Fitzgerald (Gatsby is actually referred to as Trimalchio at the start of the novel’s seventh chapter) and so it is fitting that Brian Way declares Gatsby’s Rolls Royce to be "not so much a means of transport as a theatrical gesture"—one commensurate with the hero’s "non-stop theatrical performance" (Way in Bloom, 102). Similarly, in their 2019 article "Comfortably Cocooned: Onboard Media and Sydney’s Ongoing Gridlock", Richardson and Ryder argue that the automobile is far greater than the sum of its collective parts. In a similar vein, Leo Marx writes that Gatsby has about him a "gratifying sense of a dream about to be consummated" and argues that the hero’s dream car is one of many objects in the novel that speak to Gatsby’s attempt to locate, in the real world, the stuff of unutterable visions (Marx, 77). As "circus wagon" (Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, 109), the machine also makes a substantial contribution to Fitzgerald’s comedy of the excess: cars driven by clowns at circuses stereotypically seem to operate according to a set of physical laws distinct from those governing the real world. However, with its "fenders spread like wings" (67), the hero’s car seems destined to fly. But, like Daisy’s white roadster, a machine that ironically bespeaks innocence and purity while sitting portentously "under … dripping bare lilac-trees" (81), Gatsby’s machine—one of the most heavenly automobiles in literature—is also literature’s most famous death car. While, in the end, the make of the killing machine is not spelled out for us, we may nonetheless be sure that it is Gatsby’s ever-so-aptly owned Silver Ghost. After the dreadful accident in the seventh chapter, the fender of the hero’s carefully hidden open car is in need of repair. That the death car is an open one is highlighted for us before the accident, when Gatsby feels the pleated leather seats of the machine that will mow Myrtle down. The point is reinforced in chapter eight, after the accident, when Gatsby orders that his open car not be taken out. Moreover, while automobile upholstery specification varied in the nineteen-twenties, open cars generally had pleated leather seat cushions while mohair or broadcloth featured in closed tourers. This, too, narrows down the options confronting readers. Finally, the focus on the Rolls Royce’s great fenders (these are referred to at least three times before Myrtle is killed) also establishes a clear connection between the calamity and Gatsby’s "winged" Rolls. And, finally, there is the crucial matter of the ambiguous paintwork.Nick tells us that Gatsby’s Rolls-Royce is a "rich cream colour" (64) while Mavro Michaelis claims that the death car is "light green" (123). Another witness to the accident claims that the vehicle involved is "a yellow car"; "a big yellow car" (125). In fact, they are all right. Like Gatsby himself, his motorcar suggests one thing at one time and another at another. From about the mid-nineteen-tens, Rolls-Royce painted a good many Silver Ghosts a rather uncertain cream-yellow and, in fading light, the lacquer betrays a greenish hue. We remember that the party drives "towards death through the cooling twilight" (122); that Myrtle runs out "into the dusk"; and that the death car comes "out of gathering darkness" (123). While an earlier 1914 model, there is an excellent example of this ambiguous colour used on a Silver Ghost in Turin’s Museo dell’automobile. Finally, of course, the many references to ‘ghosts’ and to ‘silver’ connected with both the hero and Daisy Buchanan cannot be considered accidental. In one of modern literature’s greatest novels, then, behind the dream of the automobile falls the depressingly foul dust of betrayal and death.ReferencesAbrams, Meyer H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1957/1993.Barthes, Roland. Elements of Semiology. Trans. A. Lavers. NY: Hill and Wang, 1964/1977.———. Mythologies. Trans. A. Lavers. NY: Hill & Wang, 1957/1974.Bloom, Harold, ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby: Modern Critical Interpretations. NY: Chelsea House, 1986.Burness, Tad. Cars of the Early Twenties. NY: Galahad, 1968.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. London: The Folio Society, 1926/1968.———. The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Ed. A. Turnbull. London: The Bodley Head, 1964.Flink, James. The Car Culture. Mass.: MIT Press, 1975.Garnier, Peter, and Warren Allport. Rolls Royce: From the Archives of Autocar. London: Hamlyn, 1978.Grahame, Kenneth. The Wind in the Willows. NY: Methuen, 1908/1980.Heimann, Jim, and Phil Patton. 20th Century Classic Cars. Köln: Taschen, 2009/2015.Jung, Carl G. Man and His Symbols. NY: Dell, 1964/1984.Krell, David, ed. Heidegger: Basic Writings. London: Routledge, 2011.Long, Robert E. The Achieving of The Great Gatsby. London: Bucknell UP., 1979.Marx, Leo. "The Puzzle of Anti-Urbanism in Classic American Literature." Literature & Urban Experience: Essays on the City and Literature. Eds. M.C. Jaye and A.C. Watts. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1981.Richardson, Nicholas, and Paul Ryder. "Comfortably Cocooned: Onboard Media and Sydney’s Ongoing Gridlock." Global Media Journal (Australian Edition) 13.1 (2019). 1 Mar. 2020 <https://www.hca.westernsydney.edu.au/gmjau/?p=3302>.Robotham, W. Arthur. Silver Ghosts & Silver Dawn. London: Constable & Co., 1970.Robson, Graham. Man and the Automobile. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill, 1979.Rolls, Charles S. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911.Ryder, Paul. "A New Sound; A New Sensation: A Cultural and Literary Reconsideration of the Motorcar in Modernity." Southern Semiotic Review 11 (2019). 1 Mar. 2020 <http://www.southernsemioticreview.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Ryder_Issue-11_1_-2019-SSR.pdf>.

There are certain discourses operating in contemporary western culture that are granted tremendous power and authority to speak about those issues that cut across the racial, class, and gender boundaries of a culture. Life, death and politics are all central and legitimate categories for the discourses generated by media institutions. As we slide from the 'factual' realm (which the news media is taken to represent) into the fictional, the authority to speak of these categories steadily declines. Certain films and television dramas have this legitimacy, provided that they retain a certain verisimilitude that is seen as factual. A bit further down this scale are sitcoms. Sitcoms are often criticised when they attempt to shift the comedic tone into a moralising one -- or as in the case of Ally McBeal, attempts at covering serious topics are trivialised by media hype about the lead character’s skirt length. At the very bottom of this discursive scale come adventure stories -- fantasy and action films and television shows, frequently targeted and marketed to teenagers and young adults. Regardless of content, these texts are the focus of continual derision and contempt for the representational strategies that they employ to address the issues named above. Despite this contempt, these subordinate texts and discourses are paradoxically also granted a good deal of causative power. Moral outrage invariably turns to violent and fantastic media as a cause whenever horrific violence is committed in real life. The most clear and shocking example of course have been the recent high school shootings in Littleton, Colorado, and what follows is a brief case study of the discursive hierarchy in operation in North American media cultures. The news media, in covering the shootings, had what appeared to be utterly free and unquestioned access to investigate, examine, and even influence the situation as it happened. Reporters were on the scene, as usual, asking painfully obvious questions of the traumatised teachers and students. It was not until some time later that slightly bemused mutterings were heard from the police forces that, for instance, a local television station had somewhat overstepped its poorly defined boundaries when it broadcast the frantic telephone calls of a student trapped in the school while the killers were still at large. Following the factual reports, the desperate search for causation began. And the usual suspects were rounded up with considerable haste. The killers played Doom and other video games to improve their sharp-shooting abilities. The Gothic-industrial music of Marilyn Manson and KMFDM filled them with hatred for all humanity. Surfing the 'net had sapped their social skills. Wearing black trench coats had overheated their brains and made them want to be more like Keanu Reeves in The Matrix. Or perhaps not. Interviews with survivors and evidence gathered by police seemed to suggest that the motivational triggers were to be found in the two killers' social environment. The boys' diaries revealed their rage at the alienation and bullying they suffered at the hands of the school's elite jock culture. And yet such findings are almost completely ignored in the discourses of gossip and current affairs analysis. It's as if space to interpret and interrogate the evidence isn't available in the discourses used to represent this event. In a move clearly inspired by the cascading moral panic, the Warner Brothers network in the US removed several episodes of their hit show, Buffy the Vampire Slayer from the schedules. The network made the claim that the episodes, depicting armed teenagers fighting demons on a high school campus, were pulled because of sensitivity to the grief of the bereaved families. I find it suggestive that, while the Buffy episodes were pulled outright, a police drama on the same network is merely being placed under greater executive scrutiny. It's obviously inadequate from a cultural studies perspective to locate the reasons for these events purely in the discourse of moral panic in the USA. It’s time, then, to take a closer look at the processes and conditions that structure the media hierarchy. Network news programmes employ a range of signification systems designed to embody certain values; authority, credibility and responsibility. These systems are frequently expressed in the production values of the programmes, and the businesslike, middle class (and middle-aged), appearance of the presenters. Any correspondence of these values with the actual production practices employed by the programmes is increasingly accidental in a market driven and structured by insatiable demands for entertainment over knowledge. This of course was clearly seen in the thirst for spectacle that accompanied the initial reports from the Columbine massacre. Popular drama shows that are based on a science fictional or fantasy premise, and are geared towards teenagers and young adults, typically have no access to those signifiers of high status. The concerns that they deal with are marginalised and representations of them in the wider media focus on their violent content and supposed ludicrousness of the situations depicted. And so a TV show which shows violence but is always careful to also depict the emotional consequences of violence, is trivialised and scapegoated because it employs a different discourse of realism than a news broadcast operating almost purely in the register of spectacle (self-important moralising aside). Clearly the triggers for violence, especially of the kind that prompted this media panic, are many and interact in complex ways. What is not clear is that the popular culture texts discussed are in any way prominent as triggers. The fact that they are represented as such in the news media and the discourses of common-sense indicates a tremendous anxiety at work. This anxiety seems to frequently congeal around fantasy texts. Images of the fantastic disrupts the hierarchy of realist discourses that order and regulate the media and must be continually subjected to disavowal and dismissal. Perhaps, then, real violence can only be seen in these terms as a pretext for this process. References Katz, Jon. "Voices from the Hellmouth." Slashdot.org. 25 Apr. 1999. 13 June 1999 <http://slashdot.org/articles/99/04/25/1438249.shtml>. Fiske, John. Television Culture. London: Routledge, 1987. Martin, Adrian. "In the Name of Popular Culture." Australian Cultural Studies: a Reader. Ed. John Frow and Meaghan Morris. Urbana: Illinois UP, 1993. 117-32. Stevenson, Nick. Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. London: Sage, 1995. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. "By the Numbers: Science Looks at Littleton, and Shrugs." The New York Times on the Web. 9 May 1999. 13 June 1999 <http://www.nytimes.com/library/review/050999colo-shooting-odds-review.php>. Taylor, Charles. "The WB's Big Daddy Condescension." Salon Magazine. 26 May 1999. 13 June 1999 <http://www.salon.com/>. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Nick Caldwell. "Seen But Not Heard: Pop Culture Scapegoats and the Media Discourse Hierarchy." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.4 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/seen.php>. Chicago style: Nick Caldwell, "Seen But Not Heard: Pop Culture Scapegoats and the Media Discourse Hierarchy," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 4 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/seen.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Nick Caldwell. (1999) Seen but not heard: pop culture scapegoats and the media discourse hierarchy. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(4). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/seen.php> ([your date of access]).