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Journal articles on the topic 'Nickel-base superalloys'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Meher, Subhashish. "New Nickel-Base Superalloys Withstand Extreme Temperatures." AM&P Technical Articles 177, no. 4 (May 1, 2019): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2019-04.p026.

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Abstract Hot section components of next-generation energy systems call for superalloys that can handle the heat. This article describes some recent advances in superalloy research and development, including characterization and modeling tools that are key to developing and understanding the formation of new superalloys capable of withstanding extreme environments.

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2

Jiang, Zhao Jun, Jun Wang, and Dong Mei Cao. "Research Progress in Nickel Base Single Crystal Superalloys." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.113.

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Nickel base single crystal superalloy is widely used in hot end parts of aeroengine because of its excellent creep, fatigue and oxidation resistance. In the face of strong market demand and the emergence of new technologies and methods, in 2019, nickel-based single crystal superalloys have made remarkable achievements in preparation and heat treatment processes, repair techniques, test methods, characterization methods, theoretical simulation analysis and composition design, which continuously promotes the development of nickel base single crystal superalloy to the direction of high performance and low cost. The present work reviews the progresses from preparation and heat treatment process, repair technology of service alloy structure, service evaluation of alloy, high flux composition design. The progress in the design, preparation and engineering application of superalloy materials will eventually promote the development of a new generation of aeroengine.

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3

Stewart, Calvin M., and Ali P. Gordon. "Strain and Damage-Based Analytical Methods to Determine the Kachanov–Rabotnov Tertiary Creep-Damage Constants." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 21, no. 8 (December 21, 2011): 1186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789511430519.

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In the power generation industry, the goal of increased gas turbine efficiency has led to increased operating temperatures and pressures necessitating nickel-base superalloy components. Under these conditions, the tertiary creep regime can become the dominant form of creep deformation. In response, the classical Kachanov–Rabotnov coupled creep-damage constitutive model is often used to predict the creep deformation and damage of Ni-base superalloys. In this model, the secondary creep behavior can be determined through analytical methods while the tertiary creep behavior is often found using trial and error or numerical optimization. Trial and error may produce no constants. Numerical optimization can be computationally expensive. In this study, a strain-based and damage-based approach to determine the tertiary creep behavior of nickel-base superalloys has been developed. Analytically determined constants are found for a given nickel-base superalloy. Creep deformation and damage evolution curves are compared. Methods to deal with stress dependence are introduced and studied.

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4

Monteiro, Waldemar A., and Ingrid A. Dos Santos. "Microstructural evolution of a nickel-based superalloy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 936–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177817.

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Superalloys are indispensable for the superior perfomance and efficien of jet engine turbine disks,turbine blades,combustors,roket shells and many other devices and components used in various industries, in Cluding nuclear, space and aeronautics.Over the last thirty years,nickel-base superalloys has undergone more structural studies than any other superalloy as a result of attempts to correlate its properties to microstructure and heat treatment. To avoid contradictory or inconsistent findings, it is also necessary a carefully microstructural observation of the employed starting materials. In the present paper,we report morphologies relating to the as cast , forged and heat-treated Ni-base superalloy by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. This superalloy contain intermettallic compounds and carbides. The alloy in study was an as cast and also forged Ni-Fe based superalloy with the following chemical composition:

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5

Chen, Shao Hsien, Sen Chieh Su, Po Chun Chang, Shuo Yan Chou, and Kong King Shieh. "The Machinability of MAR-M247 Superalloy." Advanced Engineering Forum 1 (September 2011): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.1.155.

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Nickel-base superalloy is a special super heat resistant alloy developed by U.S in 1970s. It is mainly applied to turbine parts as well as high-temperature components. Nickel-base superalloys exhibit an excellent high strength, low thermal conductivity and creep resistance as well as work hardening. It is the most difficult to be machined with high-speed cutting among different sorts of high-temperature superalloys and is a material presenting multifold challenges for machining. The purpose of this study aims at the machinability of Nickel-base alloys. Engineering statistical analysis was employed to observe the cutting speeds, feed rates and surface roughness at first place. The researcher further applied the half-normal probability plot (HNPP), Pareto analysis and ANOVA to identify the cross effects and probed into the characteristics of Nibase alloy.

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6

Liu, Chenguang, Huan Xu, Hui Zhang, Peiyuan Liu, Gong Yang, Lili Cui, and Haiwen Wang. "Research Progress of the Effects of Trace S Element on the Microstructure of Cast Nickel-base Superalloys." E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129902004.

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In the process of alloy melting and vacuum pouring, the impurity S element will inevitably be introduced into the nickel-base superalloys, which will cause adverse effects on the microstructure and properties of the cast nickel-base superalloys. In this paper, the research progress of S element in cast nickel-base superalloys is summarized. The effects of S element on the microstructure are described in detail from experimental researches and first-principles. The reasons for the grain boundary embrittlement caused by S atom are discussed, and the authors wish to provide some references for the better development of cast nickel-base superalloys.

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7

Chapman, Neil, Simon Gray, Joy Sumner, and John Nicholls. "Surface Roughness Evolution to Identify Incubation Time for Hot Corrosion of Nickel-Base Superalloys: CMSX-4, CM247LC DS and IN6203DS at 550 °C." Oxidation of Metals 94, no. 5-6 (September 24, 2020): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11085-020-10001-y.

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AbstractIn the absence of protective scales, nickel-base superalloys have an extremely limited hot corrosion incubation period before increased rates of attack are experienced. This paper reports on the nickel-base superalloys: CMSX-4, CM247LC DS and IN6203DS subjected to 550 °C hot corrosion exposures of durations ranging from 0 to 800 h, during which none of the superalloys developed a fully protective scale. The aim of the research was to identify the incubation period of each superalloy and this was achieved by means of surface roughness evaluations. A metrology exercise was performed on the cross section of test specimens which produced Cartesian data points which were subsequently converted to Ra and Rz data. Statistical analysis of the results suggested the incubation period lasted approximately 400, 500 and 200 h, respectively, for each superalloy. It was concluded that refractory metal phases within the microstructure were associated with the relatively short IN6203DS incubation period. This paper demonstrates that monitoring the changes in surface roughness provides a plausible method to identify the transition from incubation to propagation when studying 550 °C hot corrosion attack.

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8

Dreshfield, Robert L. "Defects in Nickel-Base Superalloys." JOM 39, no. 7 (July 1987): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258034.

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9

Rettig, Ralf, Astrid Heckl, Steffen Neumeier, Florian Pyczak, Matthias Göken, and Robert F. Singer. "Verification of a Commercial CALPHAD Database for Re and Ru Containing Nickel-Base Superalloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.101.

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The addition of rhenium and ruthenium to single crystal nickel-base superalloys improves the high-temperature properties of the alloys. In this work the applicability of the database TTNi7 (ThermoTech Ltd, UK) for developing 4th generation single crystal superalloys containing rhenium (Re) and ruthenium (Ru) was investigated. We systematically compared experimentally determined alloy properties to the predictions of ThermoCalc with the database TTNi7. The investigated properties were liquidus, solidus and ´ solvus temperature as well as incipient melting point and segregation. Calculations were based on thermodynamic principles with the assumption of either equilibrium or Scheil-Gulliver conditions, i.e. no diffusion in the solid and complete diffusion in the liquid. Furthermore the composition of the  and the  phase of a Re- and Ru-containing superalloy was measured and compared to calculations. Our results show that the database is capable of simulating general trends of 4th generation superalloys up to 6 weight percent (wt.-%) Re and 6 wt.-% Ru. The present work shows that Scheil-Gulliver calculations can only be used as a first approximation for nickel-base superalloys.

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10

Zhao, Hongwei. "Hydrogen embrittlement in Nickel-base superalloys Nickel-based superalloys in the petrochemical industry." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 4, no. 1 (March 18, 2023): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.4.1.625.2023.

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Due to the excellent properties of nickel-based superalloys, it is often widely used in aircraft engines, petroleum, chemical and nuclear energy. However, the use of nickel-based superalloys in petrochemical industry is usually accompanied by hydrogen embrittlement, which will lead to a decrease in its mechanical properties. Through research, it is found that reducing the generation of σ phase in nickel-based superalloys will reduce the occurrence of hydrogen embrittlement, thereby solving this problem.

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11

Epishin, Alexander, Thomas Link, and Udo Brückner. "Characterisation of the Structure of Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2227.

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New experimental methods developed by the authors for characterisation of the structure of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys are presented: X-ray diffraction at defined areas of the dendritic structure, none destructive SEM investigation of ’-morphology changes for different creep stresses and times with one specimen, and high resolution SEM investigations of dislocations in the ’-interfaces. Application of these techniques allowed to obtain new results, e.g. about the mosaicity of dendritic subgrains, distribution of the ’-misfit within a single dendrite and kinetics of rafting during creep in the superalloy CMSX-4 in wide temperature and stress ranges.

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12

Heinz, Paul, Andreas Volek, Robert F. Singer, Markus Dinkel, Florian Pyczak, Matthias Göken, Michael Ott, Ernst Affeldt, and Andreas Vossberg. "Diffusion Brazing of Single Crystalline Nickel Base Superalloys Using Boron Free Nickel Base Braze Alloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.294.

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Brazing is a well established repair technique for high temperature components in both industrial gas turbines and aero engines. Conventional nickel base braze alloys contain boron or silicon as melting point depressing elements. The major benefit of boron and silicon compared to other melting point depressants is its large effect on the melting point and its high diffusion coefficient in nickel base superalloys. However these elements promote precipitation of undesired brittle phases during the brazing process. To avoid these phases, transient liquid phase bonding in combination with boron and silicon free brazing alloys will be examined in this work. The influence of the brazing temperature on solidification and diffusion behaviour during transient liquid phase bonding for a single crystalline first generation and a second generation superalloy will be reported. Our experiments show that isothermal solidification without precipitation of brittle phases in the braze joint or the base material can be achieved. The brazed joint consists of fine γ/γ´ microstructure. EBSD measurements demonstrated that the single crystalline orientation of the base material was maintained throughout the joint. Electron probe micro analysis is used to characterize the diffusion behaviour. Solidification velocity will be compared with the theory of transient liquid phase bonding established by Tuah-Poku [1].

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13

Balikci, Ercan, and Arun Altincekic. "Fine Precipitates in Nickel Base Superalloys." Journal of Material Science and Technology Research 6, no. 1 (October 19, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31875/2410-4701.2019.06.1.

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14

Gilles, Ralph, Debashis Mukherji, Dominique Del Genovese, Pavel Strunz, Bruno Barbier, Winfried A. Kockelmann, Joachim Rösler, and Hartmut Fuess. "Misfit Investigations of Nickel-Base Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.821.

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15

Brückner, Udo, Alexander Epishin, Thomas Link, Bernard Fedelich, and Pedro D. Portella. "Dendritic Stresses in Nickel-Base Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.497.

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16

Choudhury, I. A., and M. A. El-Baradie. "Machining nickel base superalloys: Inconel 718." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 212, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405981515617.

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A series of machining experiments of Inconel 718 has been carried out using coated and uncoated carbides. The paper describes the effects of cutting variables (speed, feed and depth of cut) on cutting forces and tool life. Carbide tools in the form of 80° rhomboid shaped inserts without any chip breaker have been used at different cutting conditions. The machining parameters have been optimized by measuring cutting forces. Flank wear was considered as the criterion for tool life. A comparison between the uncoated and coated tools has been made using the Taylor's tool life exponents of speed, feed and depth of cut. The tool life of coated tools was not found to be better than that of the uncoated tools.

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17

HONNORAT, Y. "Recent breakthroughs in nickel base superalloys." Le Journal de Physique IV 03, no. C7 (November 1993): C7–297—C7–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1993747.

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18

Zhao, Wen Jun, and Yang Tao Xu. "Alloying Element Ta Effect on Microstructure of Co-Al-W Superalloy by Vacuum Arc Melting." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.10.

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Co-based high temperature alloys have been widely used in aeronautics and astronautics industry, because of its high strength at high temperature, excellent resistance of hot corrosion and oxidation. Unlike the traditional Co-based superalloys, strengthened by solution and carbide strengthening, the novel Co-Al-W superalloys are strengthened by a ternary compound with the Ll2 structure γ-Co3(Al,W). And the novel Co-Al-W superalloys showing high-temperature strength greater than those of conventional nickel-base superalloys, will become the candidates for next-generation high-temperature materials. We research alloying element Ta effect on microstructure of Co-Al-W superalloys by vacuum arc melting. Compare with the microstructure before and after adding alloying element Ta of Co-Al-W superalloy, we find that most of Ta element distributed in the γ-Co substrate phase, stabilizing and reinforcement the γ phase.

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19

Onyszko, Arkadiusz, Włodzimierz Bogdanowicz, and Jan Sieniawski. "Structural Perfection of a Single Crystal Nickel-Based CMSX-4 Superalloy." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.151.

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The aircraft engines turbine blades are manufactured from nickel-base superalloys and they are often in a single crystal form. This ensures the best high-temperature creep resistance as compared with blades of equiaxial grains microstructure and of columnar grains microstructure. Turbine blades were manufactured in an ALD Vacuum Technologies furnace. The study has examined structural perfection of single crystal blades obtained by Bridgeman method from CMSX-4 nickel superalloy at various withdrawal rates: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm/min.

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20

Epishin, A. I., I. L. Svetlov, N. V. Petrushin, Yu V. Loshchinin, and T. Link. "Segregation in Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 309-310 (March 2011): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.309-310.121.

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The effect and the ways of removal of the segregation of alloying elements within the dendrite cell in single-crystal nickel-base superalloys are discussed. The peculiar features of Re and Ru behavior are underlined.

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21

Heck, K., R. Blackford, and R. F. Singer. "Castability of directionally solidified nickel base superalloys." Materials Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (February 1999): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708399101505617.

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22

Elsaß, Moritz, Martin Frommherz, Alfred Scholz, and Matthias Oechsner. "Interdiffusion in MCrAlY coated nickel-base superalloys." Surface and Coatings Technology 307 (December 2016): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.09.049.

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23

Stanners, Olivia, Sean John, Helen M. Davies, Ieuan Watkins, and Silvia Marchisio. "The Effect of Processing Variables on Powder Interlayer Bonding in Nickel-Based Superalloys." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030601.

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Powder Interlayer Bonding (PIB) has been considered as a lower-energy joining technology for nickel-based superalloys compared to conventional methods; such as friction welding. Typically; nickel-based superalloys exhibit high energy requirements for joining due to their high operating temperatures. However; PIB utilizes a localized temperature gradient created by an induction current; reducing the energy requirements for the process. PIB is a solid-state joining method that compresses and heats a powder interlayer between two faying surfaces to produce one joined workpiece. It has been successfully used to bond titanium alloys; and the objectives of this work were to explore its application as a joining method for nickel-based superalloys. Initial results showed that joining nickel-based superalloys via PIB is possible; and bondlines with very little porosity were observed. Further analysis showed that these bonded areas had lower porosity than the base material; suggesting PIB could be a successful joining method for difficult-to-join nickel-based superalloys.

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24

Steuer, Susanne, Sebastian Piegert, M. Frommherz, Robert F. Singer, and Alfred Scholz. "Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of Pairings of Parent Superalloy Material with Different Composition and Grain Structure." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.454.

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Joining of different nickel-base superalloys could simplify the manufacturing of turbine blades. The used technique of choice is transient liquid phase bonding, which is an established repair technology for high temperature components. Two nickel-base superalloys with distinct composition and grain structure are bonded and the joints are analysed regarding the microstructure. To quantify the mechanical properties of these joints, tensile and short term creep rupture tests were performed at room and elevated temperatures.

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25

Wang, Jin San. "Thermodynamic Study on Equilibrium Phases in Nickel-Base Single Crystal Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.149.

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In order to improve the composition and microstructure of nickel-base single crystal superalloys, equilibrium phases of third generation single crystal superalloys RenéN6 and CMSX-10 have been researched by using thermodynamic calculation software JMatPro. The calculated results indicated that the two superalloys have the same equilibrium phases, such as liquid phase, γ phase, γ’ phase and TCP (topologically close-packed phases), however, there are differences in the quantity and temperature range. RenéN6 alloy has higher content of μ phase. And CMSX-10 alloy has higher γ’ phase precipitation temperature and more γ’ phase precipitates.

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26

Chmiela, Bartosz, and Stanisław Roskosz. "Non-Metallic Inclusions in Castings Made of Nickel-Base Superalloys." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.211.

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The paper presents investigations concerning causes of non-metallic inclusions forming in castings made of nickel-base superalloys. The most common reason of inclusions forming is erosion and thermal decomposition of crucibles and molds by the action of liquid alloy. In case of superalloys containing reactive elements (Hf), many reactions at the alloy-crucible and alloy-mold interfaces take place.

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27

Guo, Xiaotong, Hao He, Fangzhou Chen, Jiahao Liu, Wendao Li, and Hao Zhao. "Microstructural Degradation and Creep Property Damage of a Second-Generation Single Crystal Superalloy Caused by High Temperature Overheating." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041682.

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Nickel base superalloys are widely used to manufacture turbine blades, and overheating poses a serious threat to the safe service of turbine blades. In this study, a second-generation nickel base single crystal superalloy was taken as the research object, and we carried out the overheating treatment at 1100 °C and 1300 °C, and then tested the creep properties at 1000 °C/300 MPa and 1100 °C/130 MPa. Through systematic analysis of creep properties, γ/γ’ phases, and creep voids, the effects of overheating on the microstructures and creep properties of the experimental superalloy were revealed. The results demonstrate that the effect of overheating at 1100 °C on the microstructure of the experimental superalloy can be ignored, and the effect on the creep property is limited. The degree of γ’ dissolution is gradually increased and the creep property is reduced with overheating time extending at the overheating temperature of 1300 °C.

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28

Zhao, Kai. "Prediction of TCP Phases in Nickel-Base Superalloys." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.120.

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PHACOMP, Equilibrated alloying method and d-electrons alloy design theory have been employed for the prediction of TCP phases in nickel-base superalloys. The prediction of d-electrons alloy design theory was agreement with the samples aged at 900°C/1000h.

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29

Wangyao, Panyawat, Tawanrat Eiriyakul, Sureerat Polsilapa, Pajaree Srigiofun, and Ornin Srihakulang. "Effect of Al Addition in Cast Nickel Base Superalloy, GTD-111 on Microstructures and Oxidation Behaviors at 900°C and 1000°C." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.268.

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The objective of this research work is to investigate the effect of Aluminum addition in cast nickel base superalloy grade GTD-111 by vacuum arc melting process on microstructural modification and oxidation behavior at elevated temperatures of 900°C and 1000°C. The Al element, basically, could be added in cast nickel base superalloys in proper amount to form precipitated intermetallic phase with nickel atoms as gamma prime phase (γ’, Ni3Al) to increase mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, Al can assist nickel base superalloy to form protective oxide film, Al2O3 for better oxidation resistance at very high temperatures. In this research, all casted samples of GTD-111 with various Al additions for 1, 2 and 3 percent by weight were solutioning treated at 1125°C for 6 hours and following with precipitatation aging at 845°C for 24 hours. The oxidation tests were carried out at temperatures of 900°C and 1000°C up to 110 hours. From all obtained results, it was found that the sample that has the most microstructural stability after long-term heating as simulated working conditions is GTD-111 sample with 2%wt. Al addition. Furthermore, more Al addition had resulted in higher oxidation resistances for both testing temperatures.

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30

Saito, Takuma, Hiroshi Harada, Tadaharu Yokokawa, Makoto Osawa, Kyoko Kawagishi, and Shinsuke Suzuki. "Raft Structure of Nickel Base Single-Crystal Superalloys." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals and Materials 86, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.j2022010.

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31

Siemers, Carsten, Badya Zahra, Dawid Ksiezyk, Pawel Rokicki, Zdeněk Spotz, Lenka Fusova, Joachim Rösler, and Karel Saksl. "Chip Formation and Machinability of Nickel-Base Superalloys." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.460.

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Nickel-base superalloys like Alloy 625 are widely used in power generation applications and in the oil and gas industry due to their unique properties especially at elevated temperatures. The chip formation process of Alloy 625 is not yet well understood. Therefore, the cutting process of this alloy has been studied in detail by means of orthogonal cutting experiments at conventional cutting speeds and in the high-speed cutting regime. Alloy 625 shows a cutting parameter dependent change in the chip formation process from continuous to segmented chips. Silver has been added to Alloy 625 to improve the machinability. During machining of these modified alloys short breaking chips develop so that cutting processes are eased and can be automated.

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32

Ohta, Yoshio, Yukiya G. Nakagawa, and Junji Tsuji. "Recrystallization Behavior of Nickel-base Single Crystal Superalloys." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 54, no. 1 (1990): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.54.1_84.

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33

Dyson, B. F., and S. Osgerby. "Modelling creep-corrosion interactions in nickel-base superalloys." Materials Science and Technology 3, no. 7 (July 1987): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.1987.11782266.

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34

James, A. "Review of rejuvenation process for nickel base superalloys." Materials Science and Technology 17, no. 5 (May 2001): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708301101510168.

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35

Ueki, M., T. Inazumi, T. Matsuo, and R. Tanaka. "Strengthening of nickel-base superalloys by niobium additions." High Temperature Technology 3, no. 1 (February 1985): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619180.1985.11753275.

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36

Pound, Bruce G., and Christopher H. Becker. "Composition of Surface Films on Nickel Base Superalloys." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2085660.

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37

Wöllmer, Silke, Stefan Zaefferer, Mathias Göken, Thomas Mack, and Uwe Glatzel. "Characterization of phases of aluminized nickel base superalloys." Surface and Coatings Technology 167, no. 1 (April 2003): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(02)00843-5.

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38

Feng, Q., L. J. Carroll, and T. M. Pollock. "Soldification segregation in ruthenium-containing nickel-base superalloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 37, no. 6 (June 2006): 1949–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0137-4.

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39

Montakhab, M., and E. Balikci. "Integrated Computational Alloy Design of Nickel-Base Superalloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 50, no. 7 (May 13, 2019): 3330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05252-7.

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Lecomte-Beckers, J. "Study of microporosity formation in nickel-base superalloys." Metallurgical Transactions A 19, no. 9 (September 1988): 2341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02645058.

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Gayda, John, Pete Kantzos, and Jason Miller. "Quench crack behavior of nickel-base disk superalloys." Practical Failure Analysis 3, no. 1 (February 2003): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02717409.

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42

Ahmed, Shaffiq. "The design and fabrication of nickel-base superalloys." JOM 42, no. 8 (August 1990): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03221048.

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Lee, Sang-Yul, Philip Nash, and S. Bradley. "Microstructural characterization of rapidly solidified nickel-base superalloys." Journal of Materials Science 25, no. 2 (February 1990): 1219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00585428.

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Kozar, R. W., A. Suzuki, W. W. Milligan, J. J. Schirra, M. F. Savage, and T. M. Pollock. "Strengthening Mechanisms in Polycrystalline Multimodal Nickel-Base Superalloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 40, no. 7 (May 28, 2009): 1588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-9858-5.

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Ge, YongCheng, Zengwei Zhu, and Yongwei Zhu. "Electrochemical deep grinding of cast nickel-base superalloys." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 47 (November 2019): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.10.007.

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46

Wangyao, Panyawat, Sureerat Polsilapa, Aimamorn Promboopha, Pajaree Srigiofun, and Ornin Srihakulung. "Effect of Al Addition in Cast Nickel Base Superalloys, Inconel-738 on Microstructures and Oxidation Behaviors at 900°C and 1000°C." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.39.

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Abstract:

The objective of this research work is to investigate the effect of Aluminum addition in cast nickel base superalloy grade Inconel-738 by vacuum arc melting process on microstructural modification and oxidation behavior at elevated temperatures of 900°C and 1000°C. The Al element, basically, could be added in cast nickel base superalloys in proper amount to form precipitated intermetallic phase with nickel atoms as gamma prime phase (γ’, Ni3Al) to increase mechanical properties by blocking dislocation movements at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, Al can assist nickel base superalloy to form protective oxide film, Al2O3 for better oxidation resistance at very high temperatures (over 980°C). In this research, all casted samples of Inconel-738 with various Al additions for 1, 2 and 3 percent by weight were standard heat treated consisting of solution treating at 1125°C for 6 hours and following with precipitate aging at 845°C for 24 hours. The oxidation tests were carried out at temperatures of 900°C and 1000°C up to 110 hours. From all obtained results, it was found that the sample that has the most microstructural stability after long-term heating as simulated working conditions is Inconel-738 sample with 2%wt. Al addition. Furthermore, more Al addition had resulted in higher oxidation resistances for both testing temperatures.

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Korsunsky, Alexander M., Xu Song, Jonathan Belnoue, Leo D. G. Prakash, Daniele Dini, and Michael J. Walsh. "Modeling Crack Initiation and Propagation in Nickel Base Superalloys." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.53.

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Nickel base superalloys are the primary class of materials used in the manufacture of high temperature components for gas turbine aeroengines, including combustion casings and liners, guide vane and turbine blades and discs, etc. These components are subjected to complex cyclic loading induced by the combination of mechanical loading, changing temperatures and thermal gradients, inducing plastic deformation and creep, that ultimately may lead to crack initiation and propagation. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a necessarily brief overview of recent modeling activities in this field, including polycrystalline crystal plasticity modeling for the study of crack initiation, coupled non-local damage-plasticity modeling for crack initiation and propagation studies, and the incorporation of time and environment dependent processes (creep and oxidation) in the predictive modeling of fatigue crack growth rates in nickel base superalloys.

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Lacaze, Jacques, and Alain Hazotte. "Directionally Solidified Materials: Nickel-base Superalloys for Gas Turbines." Textures and Microstructures 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.13.1.

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From the first forged turbine blades made of iron base alloys to the present nickel base single-grain turbine blades and vanes manufactured by directional solidification, an enormous amount of research has been directed to attaining the hottest possible combustion chamber temperatures in jet engines. Temperature has been increased by about 15 K each year for the last two decades, improving the thermodynamic efficiency of the engines. The more recent developments concern the manufacturing of single-grain parts made of nickel base superalloys with large amount of the γ′ hardening phase.This paper first presents the directional solidification process used to produce single-grain parts, the formation of as-cast microstructures and the defects that can arise during solidification. In the second part the thermal treatments that are applied to the nickel base superalloys in order to enhance their mechanical properties are detailed. The effect of crystallographic orientation and of the γ/γ′ microstructure on the mechanical properties is briefly presented, as well as the. microstructural changes that can possibly arise during service.

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Dong, Cheng Li, Hui Chen Yu, and Ying Li. "Anisotropic Life Prediction for Single Crystal Nickel-Base Flat Plate with a Hole." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1033.

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The material properties of single crystal (SC) superalloys are orientation-dependent. To fully exploit the material capacity, the life modeling needs to consider the anisotropy. In the present study the life modeling of SC nickel-base superalloys is considered by employing the modified Mücker's anisotropic theory in which a Hill type function is utilized for describing the anisotropic failure. Strain-controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) experiments of SC nickel-base superalloys at different crystallographic orientations (i.e.[00, [01 and [11) under high temperatures (i.e.760°C) are carried out to verify the modeling availability for the modified Mücker's anisotropic theory. Further, based on the stress-strain field obtained by the anisotropic elastoplastic constitutive model coupled with the finite element method (FEM), the modified Mücker's anisotropic theory is employed to predict the fatigue life for SC flat plate with a hole.

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Hutařová, Simona, Tomás Vlasák, Tomáš Podrábský, Jan Hakl, and Martin Juliš. "Influence of Al-Si Layer on Structure and Properties of Cast Ni-Based Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 567-568 (December 2007): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.273.

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High-temperature constructional parts of aircraft engines and energy units are exposed to high dynamic stress (fatigue processes and creep) and various temperatures in dioxide-corrosion condition (hot corrosion, oxidation and erosion). The improvement of aero-engine and turbine efficiency is possible through the increase of temperature in front of turbine. This requires the use of heat-resistant and creep-resistant materials, especially nickel-base superalloys which resist mentioned effects for a limited period of time. A deposition of protective layers should improve hot corrosion resistance. This paper is focused on microstructure of protective layers created by codeposition of Al and Si on nickel-base superalloys INCO 713 LC and INCO 738 LC after thermal and thermal-stress exposition and on microstructure of basic materials (substrates). The contribution also shows creep tests results for both superalloys with and without a protective layer.

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