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1
Liu, Gang, and Ming Chen. "Experiment Study on Machinability of Six Kinds of Wrought Nickel-Based Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 532-533 (December 2006): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.444.
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The wrought nickel-based superalloy has been the indispensable material for aviation manufacturing industry, but it is also one of extremely difficult-to-cut materials. Now many researches were focused on the machinability of wrought nickel-based superalloy, and many useful and favorable results can be collected. But most of these researches studied on single kind of wrought nickel-based superalloy, the general and integrated study is absent. In this paper, six typical wrought nickel-based superalloys (GH80A, GH738, GH3030, GH3044, GH4033 and GH4169) were studied. By means of studies on tool wear rate, cutting forces, cutting vibration and tool wear mechanism, the comprehensive comparison of the machinability of wrought nickel-based superalloys was showed. The influences of major elements on the machinability were investigated. The machinability of the six kinds of wrought nickel-based superalloys queues from easiness to difficulty as follows: GH3030, GH3044, GH4033 and GH80A, GH4169, GH738. Finally the comprehensive comparisons of tool failure modes and wear mechanism of these wrought nickel-based superalloys were also presented. Experiment results are comprehensive and have great practical significance to the high efficient machining of wrought superalloys.
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Zhang, Yuanlin, Guangrui Wen, Liangbo Li, Zihao Lei, Xiaogang Qi, Boyang Huang, Yu Su, Zhifen Zhang, Xiangfan Nie, and Zhanling Zhang. "The Generation, Measurement, Prediction, and Prevention of Residual Stress in Nickel-Based Superalloys: A Review." Machines 12, no. 10 (October 9, 2024): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines12100715.
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As a crucial high-performance material, nickel-based superalloys inevitably generate residual stresses during processing, manufacturing, and usage. The mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys are significantly reduced by residual stress, which becomes one of the important factors restricting material reliability. The systematic analysis of residual stresses in nickel-based superalloys throughout the entire manufacturing and usage processes is insufficient. The residual stress generation factors, measurement methods, prediction models, and control methods in nickel-based superalloys in recent years are summarized in this paper. The current challenge and future development trends in the research process of nickel-based superalloy residual stress are also presented. A theoretical reference for further research on residual stresses in nickel-based superalloys can be provided in this review.
3
Monteiro, Waldemar A., and Ingrid A. Dos Santos. "Microstructural evolution of a nickel-based superalloy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 936–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177817.
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Superalloys are indispensable for the superior perfomance and efficien of jet engine turbine disks,turbine blades,combustors,roket shells and many other devices and components used in various industries, in Cluding nuclear, space and aeronautics.Over the last thirty years,nickel-base superalloys has undergone more structural studies than any other superalloy as a result of attempts to correlate its properties to microstructure and heat treatment. To avoid contradictory or inconsistent findings, it is also necessary a carefully microstructural observation of the employed starting materials. In the present paper,we report morphologies relating to the as cast , forged and heat-treated Ni-base superalloy by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. This superalloy contain intermettallic compounds and carbides. The alloy in study was an as cast and also forged Ni-Fe based superalloy with the following chemical composition:
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Linjie, Li, Cui Quanwei, Lu Zhicheng, Sun Haoran, Li Qiang, and Guo Wanli. "Research status on the effect of energy density on the forming microstructure and properties of nickel-based superalloys for laser additive manufacturing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2845, no. 1 (September 1, 2024): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2845/1/012021.
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Abstract Nickel-based superalloys have excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance, and strong machinability. It is widely used in aerospace, submarine and shipbuilding, petrochemical, electronic industry and other industries. However, there are still challenges in the popularization and application of nickel-based superalloys for alloy components with complex structures and extremely harsh working conditions. In this paper, the research status of the influence of energy density on the microstructure and properties of laser additive fabrication of nickel-based superalloys at home and abroad is reviewed. The influence of energy density on the microstructure evolution behavior and mechanical properties improvement effect of laser additive manufacturing nickel-based superalloys is summarized. The mechanism of energy density was discussed from the perspectives of microstructure evolution and macroscopic performance change. Based on the individual effects and synergistic effects of each process parameter, the influence of laser energy density on dendrite growth, phase precipitation characteristics, element distribution and porosity defect control effect of nickel-based superalloy was expounded, as well as the influence mechanism on microhardness, wear resistance and residual stress. Finally, the energy density optimization and development prospect of laser additive fabrication of nickel-based superalloys are prospected.
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Sozańska, Maria, Barbara Kościelniak, and Lucjan Swadźba. "Evaluation of Hot Corrosion Resistance of Directionally Solidified Nickel-Based Superalloy." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.337.
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The turbine blades made of directionally solidified nickel-based superalloys are exposed to combination of high temperature and aircraft environment, in which appear corrosive elements like sulphur, sodium and vanadium (hot corrosion). Corrosion resistance of superalloys is mainly dependent on their structure and chemical composition. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the correlation between the hot corrosion and changes in chemical composition and morphology of a surface of the material. The following paper presents the influence of sulphur on the microstructure of directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy. The research was carried out in Na2SO4 environment at two temperatures of 850oC and 900oC (below and above the melting point of salt, 884°C). The results show scale morphology on material surface and changes in chemical composition of surface of nickel superalloy.
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Priambodo, Toni Agung, and Bambang Widyanto. "PERUBAHAN STRUKTUR MIKRO DAN SIFAT MEKANIK AKIBAT PEMANASAN DIATAS TEMPERATUR KERJA PADA MATERIAL SUDU TURBIN NICKEL BASED SUPERALLOYS SRR 99." Jurnal Teknologi Bahan dan Barang Teknik 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37209/jtbbt.v5i1.57.
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Sudu turbin merupakan komponen dari mesin pesawat yang akan terekspose pada temperatur tinggi. Material superalloys banyak digunakan sebagai bahan untuk membuat sudu turbin, karena memiliki kekuatan yang baik pada temperatur tinggi. Salah satu material superalloy yang digunakan adalah SRR 99, yang merupakan material nickel based superalloys yang memiliki butir tunggal. Namun, material ini juga akan mengalami perubahan struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik pada saat terekspose pada temperatur yang terlalu tinggi. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh pemanasan diatas temperatur kerja atau temperatur overheat terhadap struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik dari material sudu turbin Nickel Based Superalloys SRR 99. Temperatur pemanasan yang digunakan sebesar 1250oC. Dari hasil pemanasan yang dilakukan terjadi penurunan ukuran partikel γ’ sebesar 51% dan kenaikan harga kekerasan dari kekerasan awal sebesar 13% dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebelum pemanasan. Sedangkan variasi waktu yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini tidak memberikan perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap perubahan ukuran partikel γ’ dan nilai kekerasan.Kata kunci: sudu turbin, mikrostruktur, nickel based superalloys, SRR 99
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Savikovskii, Artem, Artem Semenov, and Leonid Getsov. "Analysis of crystallographic orientation influence on thermal fatigue with delay of the single-crystal corset sample by means of thermo-elasto-visco-plastic finite-element modeling." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824510006.
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The influence of a delay time at the maximum temperature on the number of cycles before the macrocrack initiation for two thermal loading programs was investigated for single-crystal nickel-based superalloy VZhM4. An analytic approximation of a delay time influence was proposed. Comparison of the computational results and analytic formula on the basis of constitutive equations with the experimental data was performed for various single-crystal nickel-based superalloys and showed a good accuracy. The influence of crystallographic orientation of the corset sample on the thermal fatigue durability with delay times was investigated for various thermal loading programs and single-crystal nickel-based superalloys.
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He, Wuqiang, Feng Liu, Liming Tan, Zhihui Tian, Zijun Qin, Lan Huang, Xiangyou Xiao, Guowei Wang, Pan Chen, and Baogang Liu. "Optimizing the Thermomechanical Process of Nickel-Based ODS Superalloys by an Efficient Method." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 4087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124087.
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Thermo-mechanical process of nickel-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) superalloys is critical to produce desired components. In this study, an efficient method of consolidating powder is introduced to optimize the preparation process, microstructure and properties of nickel-based ODS superalloys. The influences of consolidation temperature, strain rate and ball milling time on the hardness of nickel-based superalloys were studied. The relationship among process, microstructure and hardness was established, the nanoparticles strengthening and grain boundary strengthening in nickel-based ODS superalloys were discussed. The results indicate that long ball milling time, moderately low consolidation temperature and high strain rates are beneficial to improving properties of nickel-based superalloys. Moreover, dispersion strengthening of nanoparticles and grain boundary strengthening play important roles in enhancing nickel-based ODS superalloys.
9
Stewart, Calvin M., and Ali P. Gordon. "Strain and Damage-Based Analytical Methods to Determine the Kachanov–Rabotnov Tertiary Creep-Damage Constants." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 21, no. 8 (December 21, 2011): 1186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789511430519.
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In the power generation industry, the goal of increased gas turbine efficiency has led to increased operating temperatures and pressures necessitating nickel-base superalloy components. Under these conditions, the tertiary creep regime can become the dominant form of creep deformation. In response, the classical Kachanov–Rabotnov coupled creep-damage constitutive model is often used to predict the creep deformation and damage of Ni-base superalloys. In this model, the secondary creep behavior can be determined through analytical methods while the tertiary creep behavior is often found using trial and error or numerical optimization. Trial and error may produce no constants. Numerical optimization can be computationally expensive. In this study, a strain-based and damage-based approach to determine the tertiary creep behavior of nickel-base superalloys has been developed. Analytically determined constants are found for a given nickel-base superalloy. Creep deformation and damage evolution curves are compared. Methods to deal with stress dependence are introduced and studied.
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Ruzuqi, Rezza, Drs Djony Izak Rudyardjo, M.Si., and Andi Hamim Zaidan, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel-Based Superalloy Materials for Manufacturing Aircraft Turbine Blades." Indonesian Applied Physics Letters 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/iapl.v2i2.31557.
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The research has been conducted to manufacture nickel-based Superalloy materials. The purpose of this research was to find out the effects of variation of nickel composition on physical and mechanical properties of the Superalloy materials and find out the appropriate composition of Superalloy materials as materials for turbine blades. This research used nickel, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminium, and titanium commercial. The results showed that with more addition of nickel composition, the density and hardness values increased. This research showed that nickel-based Superalloy material 59 wt% was better applied as materials for turbine blades. It is also supported by the results of the test microstructure, where the structure of the sample morphology is more delicate and denser and contains smaller pores. Based on the XRD test results are also shown in the sample has been formed Superalloys phase.
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Mukhtarov, Shamil, Farid Z. Utyashev, and Ruslan Shakhov. "Microstructure Evolution of Nickel-Based Superalloys Induced by Thermomechanical Processing - Simulation and Verification." Defect and Diffusion Forum 385 (July 2018): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.385.424.
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It is known that different parts of the gas turbine engine discs are operated at different temperature and load. Therefore, it is advisable to make such components out of nickel-based superalloys with a regulated structure that provides them the best operational properties. It is important to know the thermomechanical treatment for their processing to form such structures. Research of the deformation behavior and the microstructure evolution of nickel-based superalloys were carried out on small specimens. The accumulated strains and the stress distribution in specimens were determined during simulation. It is possible to predict structure formation on the basis of a deflected mode. Verification was carried out by isothermal upsetting of specimens out of superalloys at the temperature and strain rates determined by simulation. Thermomechanical treatments of the superalloys for different microstructure formation were defined. The features of the microstructure formation are shown depending on the chemical and phase composition of the alloys. Hot deformation of the ATI Allvac 718Plus superalloy leads to dissolution of the gamma prime phase that facilitates the deformation capacity. Increasing the alloyage of superalloys, including rhenium, leads to formation of a necklace structure instead of a homogeneous fine-grained structure for less alloyed superalloys at the same strain.
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Wang, Rui, Dayong Yang, Wei Wang, Furui Wei, Yuwei Lu, and Yuqi Li. "Tool Wear in Nickel-Based Superalloy Machining: An Overview." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112380.
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Nickel-based superalloys have been widely used in the aerospace, petrochemical, and marine fields and others because of their good oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, stability, and reliability at various temperatures. However, as a nickel-based superalloy is a kind of processed material, in the cutting process a large amount of cutting heat is generated due to the interaction between the tool and the workpiece. At the same time, the low thermal conductivity of the workpiece causes a large amount of cutting heat to accumulate at the contact point, resulting in serious tool wear, reduced tool life, frequent tool changes, and other problems, which increase the production cost of the enterprise. This paper introduces the tool wear mechanisms (abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, chemical wear, etc.) in the machining process of nickel-based superalloys and summarizes the research status of failure mechanisms, tool wear optimization, etc. Based on a review of the existing research, it was found that the purpose of adding tool coatings, optimizing tool materials and cutting parameters, or improving the cutting environment is to control the heat during the processing of nickel-based superalloys to improve the tool environment and prolong the service life. The development prospects of tool wear prevention measures in the field of nickel-based alloy machining are also described.
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Sato, Atsushi, Johan J. Moverare, Magnus Hasselqvist, and Roger C. Reed. "On the Oxidation Resistance of Nickel-Based Superalloys." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.174.
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In this paper, the factors influencing the oxidation resistance of superalloys are studied. A model is proposed by which the Al2O3-forming properties of a given composition can be estimated, based upon the thermodynamic and kinetic factors influencing scale growth. The numerical modelling is tested by experimental work on a number of compositional variants of the newly-developed SCA425+ superalloy, which contains appreciable quantities of Cr. The modelling is shown to be in broad agreement with experiment. The effects of Al, Cr and Si on the oxidation resistance of this class of alloy have been rationalised.
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Kaya, Eren, and Birol Akyüz. "Effects of cutting parameters on machinability characteristics of Ni-based superalloys: a review." Open Engineering 7, no. 1 (December 2, 2017): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0037.
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AbstractNickel based superalloys offer high strength, corrosion resistance, thermal stability and superb thermal fatigue properties. However, they have been one of the most difficult materials to machine due to these properties. Although we are witnessing improved machining strategies with the developing machining, tooling and inspection technologies, machining of nickel based superalloys is still a challenging task due to in-process strains and post process part quality demands.Selecting optimum machining parameters for quality, productivity and profitability is of paramount importance. Many studies have been conducted on various aspects of machinability of nickel based superalloys including defining the optimum cutting parameters, to develop a better understanding of machining them. The recent studies suggest new findings, and discuss previously reported results, related to the concerns of superalloy machining. This review presents the influences of the most significant cutting parameters on various machinability characteristics with respect to the recent studies as well as the previous ones. The reviewed machinability characteristics may be listed as: tool wear, cutting forces and surface integrity.
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Szczotok, Agnieszka. "Effect of Two Different Solutionizing Heat Treatments on the Microstructure of the CMSX-4 Ni-Based Superalloy." Solid State Phenomena 246 (February 2016): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.246.15.
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The heat-treatment processes for the precipitation-strengthened nickel-based superalloys are extremely complicated. The solution heat treatments are designed to dissolve the gamma-prime and the secondary carbide phases and allow the optimum re-precipitation of these phases upon cooling or after aging, for various precipitation-strengthened superalloys. The study was conducted to examine the effects of two solutionizing heat treatments on the microstructure of the CMSX4 superalloy. A comparison between the two obtained microstructures was performed.
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Kablov, E. N., and N. V. Petrushin. "Physicochemical and technological features of creating metal-based high-superalloys." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 9 (September 30, 2004): 1679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476091679.
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The analysis of modern nickel-based superalloys evolution for casting single-crystal turbine blades was performed. The influence of rhenium as a new alloying element on the physicochemical, kinetic, and structural parameters of nickel-based superalloys and phase stability is discussed. The following experimental data are generalized: the coefficients of segregation and distribution of alloying elements in nickel-based superalloys gamma- and gamma'-phases, the influence of alloying elements on the melting temperature, gamma- and gamma'-phases crystal lattice parameters, diffusion rate of atoms and probability of topologically close-packed (TCP) phase formation. The principles of the balanced alloying and computerized design method for developing fourth-generation single-crystal nickel-based superalloys with high Re content (9 –10 %) are considered. The role of high gradient directional solidification (200 –220°C cm–1) in producing single-crystal turbine blades of nickel-based superalloys with high Re content is discussed.
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Zhou, Jinming, Zhe Chen, Henrik Persson, Ru Lin Peng, Rachid M’Saoubi, and David Gustasson. "Comparative Assessment of the Surface Integrity of AD730® and IN718 Superalloys in High-Speed Turning with a CBN Tool." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3030073.
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Nickel-based superalloys are typical materials used in components of aeroengines and gas turbine machinery. The strength properties of these alloys at high temperatures are crucial not only to the performance (e.g., power generation efficiency, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions) of aeroengines and industrial gas turbines, but also to machinability during component manufacturing. This study comparatively evaluated the surface integrity of two superalloys, AD730® and Inconel 718 (IN718), during high-speed finishing turning using cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools. IN718 is a conventional superalloy used for the hot section components of aeroengines and industrial gas turbines, while AD730® is a novel superalloy with enhanced high-temperature mechanical properties and good potential as a next-generation superalloy for these components. High-speed turning tests of two superalloys were conducted using a CBN cutting tool and jet stream cooling. The achieved surface integrity of the AD730® and IN718 superalloys was characterized and analyzed to assess the comparability of these alloys.
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Jiang, Zhao Jun, Jun Wang, and Dong Mei Cao. "Research Progress in Nickel Base Single Crystal Superalloys." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.113.
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Nickel base single crystal superalloy is widely used in hot end parts of aeroengine because of its excellent creep, fatigue and oxidation resistance. In the face of strong market demand and the emergence of new technologies and methods, in 2019, nickel-based single crystal superalloys have made remarkable achievements in preparation and heat treatment processes, repair techniques, test methods, characterization methods, theoretical simulation analysis and composition design, which continuously promotes the development of nickel base single crystal superalloy to the direction of high performance and low cost. The present work reviews the progresses from preparation and heat treatment process, repair technology of service alloy structure, service evaluation of alloy, high flux composition design. The progress in the design, preparation and engineering application of superalloy materials will eventually promote the development of a new generation of aeroengine.
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Zhao, Hongwei. "Hydrogen embrittlement in Nickel-base superalloys Nickel-based superalloys in the petrochemical industry." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 4, no. 1 (March 18, 2023): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.4.1.625.2023.
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Due to the excellent properties of nickel-based superalloys, it is often widely used in aircraft engines, petroleum, chemical and nuclear energy. However, the use of nickel-based superalloys in petrochemical industry is usually accompanied by hydrogen embrittlement, which will lead to a decrease in its mechanical properties. Through research, it is found that reducing the generation of σ phase in nickel-based superalloys will reduce the occurrence of hydrogen embrittlement, thereby solving this problem.
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Jung, Tymoteusz, and Milena Kierat. "INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF NEW COBALT MATRIX SUPERALLOYS REINFORCED WITH PHASE – L12." Journal of Metallic Materials 72, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.20.4.4.
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The article presents selected results of research on the primary structure of a new generation of cobalt-based Co-20Ni-10Al-5Mo-2Nb superalloys. Research on this group of materials was started in 2006 by J. Sato. These materials are anticipated to be able to replace nickel-based superalloys in the future due to their superior elevated temperature properties compared to the nickel-based superalloys. Today, γ’ nickel-based superalloys are still unrivalled in aerospace applications, however, cobalt-based superalloys are a response to their existing limitations, which do not allow the current pace of aircraft engine development to be maintained.
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Salwan, Geetika Kumari, Rayapati Subbarao, and Subrata Mondal. "Analysis on the Suitability of Powder Metallurgy Technique for Making Nickel Based Superalloys." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012036.
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Abstract Nickel based superalloys are of a typical class of materials with an exceptional capability of retaining strength and toughness at high temperatures. Also, they have high resistance to degradation in corrosive environments. These properties of superalloys make them ideal materials for gas turbine engines used in power generation, marine engineering and aircraft applications. Earlier, researchers studied about the suitability of cast and wrought superalloys for their applicability in gas turbines. Superalloys are developed from polycrystalline to directionally solidified alloys and finally single crystal alloys by investment casting process for making turbine blade. In this work, the powder metallurgy technique is analysed for determining its appropriateness for making nickel based superalloys in gas turbines. This technique includes powder blending, compaction and sintering with or without post heat treatment for making a product. This process can offer high performance applications, where unique microstructural and mechanical characteristics are required. Refractory material can be easily alloyed by this technique, to enhance heat bearing capabilities. In this work, the development of nickel based superalloys by powder metallurgy technique, their composition as well as the influence of various elements on mechanical properties is analysed. Major defects like prior particle boundary (PPB) precipitation, thermally induced porosity (TIP), and non-metallic inclusion have to be taken care, in order to see that the mechanical properties are not deteriorated. It is observed that alloys like IN100, Rene95, and N18, Rene 88DT, ME3 and R1000 developed by powder metallurgy technique have sufficient temperature bearing capability for 1000 hr service life at 630 MPa. Alloys like U720 Li, IN 718 plus and U 720, made by casting technique and alloys like ME3, IN 100, and U720, made by powder metallurgy technique are compared on the basis of stress and temperature bearing capability. It is found that ME3 alloy prepared by powder metallurgy technique is the efficient nickel based superalloy with maximum heat bearing capability.
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Kotarska, Aleksandra, Tomasz Poloczek, and Damian Janicki. "Characterization of the Structure, Mechanical Properties and Erosive Resistance of the Laser Cladded Inconel 625-Based Coatings Reinforced by TiC Particles." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092225.
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The article presents research in the field of laser cladding of metal-matrix composite (MMC) coatings. Nickel-based superalloys show attractive properties including high tensile strength, fatigue resistance, high-temperature corrosion resistance and toughness, which makes them widely used in the industry. Due to the insufficient wear resistance of nickel-based superalloys, many scientists are investigating the possibility of producing nickel-based superalloys matrix composites. For this study, the powder mixtures of Inconel 625 superalloy with 10, 20 and 40 vol.% of TiC particles were used to produce MMC coatings by laser cladding. The titanium carbides were chosen as reinforcing material due to high thermal stability and hardness. The multi-run coatings were tested using penetrant testing, macroscopic and microscopic observations, microhardness measurements and solid particle erosive test according to ASTM G76-04 standard. The TiC particles partially dissolved in the structure during the laser cladding process, which resulted in titanium and carbon enrichment of the matrix and the occurrence of precipitates formation in the structure. The process parameters and coatings chemical composition variation had an influence on coatings average hardness and erosion rates.
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Zhao, Wen Jun, and Yang Tao Xu. "Alloying Element Ta Effect on Microstructure of Co-Al-W Superalloy by Vacuum Arc Melting." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.10.
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Co-based high temperature alloys have been widely used in aeronautics and astronautics industry, because of its high strength at high temperature, excellent resistance of hot corrosion and oxidation. Unlike the traditional Co-based superalloys, strengthened by solution and carbide strengthening, the novel Co-Al-W superalloys are strengthened by a ternary compound with the Ll2 structure γ-Co3(Al,W). And the novel Co-Al-W superalloys showing high-temperature strength greater than those of conventional nickel-base superalloys, will become the candidates for next-generation high-temperature materials. We research alloying element Ta effect on microstructure of Co-Al-W superalloys by vacuum arc melting. Compare with the microstructure before and after adding alloying element Ta of Co-Al-W superalloy, we find that most of Ta element distributed in the γ-Co substrate phase, stabilizing and reinforcement the γ phase.
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Stanners, Olivia, Sean John, Helen M. Davies, Ieuan Watkins, and Silvia Marchisio. "The Effect of Processing Variables on Powder Interlayer Bonding in Nickel-Based Superalloys." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030601.
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Powder Interlayer Bonding (PIB) has been considered as a lower-energy joining technology for nickel-based superalloys compared to conventional methods; such as friction welding. Typically; nickel-based superalloys exhibit high energy requirements for joining due to their high operating temperatures. However; PIB utilizes a localized temperature gradient created by an induction current; reducing the energy requirements for the process. PIB is a solid-state joining method that compresses and heats a powder interlayer between two faying surfaces to produce one joined workpiece. It has been successfully used to bond titanium alloys; and the objectives of this work were to explore its application as a joining method for nickel-based superalloys. Initial results showed that joining nickel-based superalloys via PIB is possible; and bondlines with very little porosity were observed. Further analysis showed that these bonded areas had lower porosity than the base material; suggesting PIB could be a successful joining method for difficult-to-join nickel-based superalloys.
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Alnaser, Ibrahim A., Mohammed Yunus, Rami Alfattani, and Turki Alamro. "High-Temperature Corrosion of APS- and HVOF-Coated Nickel-Based Super Alloy under Air Oxidation and Melted Salt Domains." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185119.
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Various thermal spraying approaches, such as air/atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying, are widely employed by plants owing to their flexibility, low costs and the high surface quality of the manufactured product. This study focuses on the corrosion behavior of a Ni superalloy coated with powder Cr3C2-25NiCr through APS and HVOF at 950 °C under air oxidation and Na2SO4 + 0.6V2O5 molten salt environments (MSE). The results show that HVOF-deposited Ni superalloys have higher hardness and bond strength than the respective APS coating. The thermo-gravimetric probe reveals that the Ni superalloys exposed to an oxidizing air environment has a minor mass gain compared to those under the MSE domain for both non-coated and coated samples, in line with the parabola curvature rate oxidizing law. The Ni superalloys show good corrosion resistance but poor oxidation resistance in APS-deposited Ni superalloys under the MSE. HVOF-coated Ni superalloys in both environments exhibit better corrosion resistance and lower mass gain than APS-coated superalloys. The excellent coating characteristics of HVOF-coated Ni superalloys lead to their better high-temperature corrosion performance than APS.
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Xiong, Wangjiao, Xing Ai, Jianfang Wang, Quanzhong Wang, Yanyun Zhao, Haiyan Zhu, Hao Cheng, and Sheng Zhang. "Study of the Creep Behavior of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloy Micro Specimens with Dimensional Effects." Crystals 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050592.
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Nickel-based single-crystal superalloys are widely used in aeroengine hot-end components, owing to their unique crystal structure and outstanding high-temperature mechanical properties. In the present study, round rod specimens of different sizes were subjected to high temperature creep tests at 980 °C/300 MPa of a second-generation nickel-based single crystal superalloy. The effect of size on the creep behavior of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys was studied with reference to the creep curves and microstructure morphologies. Creep interruption tests of 3-mm micro-round rod specimens were performed for 30, 60, and 90 h until creep fracture occurred. It was found that for nickel-based single crystal superalloys, the smaller the diameter of the specimen, the longer its creep life. Furthermore, the creep fracture morphology showed obvious creep cavitation in the fracture region. The law of organization evolution was used to analyze the rafting phenomena during the creep process. A typical “N”-type drifting strip structure was found during the creep process. Meanwhile, the width of the γ-phase channel increases continuously with creep, and the rate of change of the width of the matrix phase was fastest at the earliest stage of creep, slowing significantly during the middle and late stages of creep with the completion and appearance the rafting phenomenon.
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Tarasov, Dmitry, Andrey Tiagunov, and Oleg Milder. "Modeling the Tensile Strengths of Nickel-Based Superalloys at a Wide Range of Isothermal Exposures by Artificial Neural Networks." Key Engineering Materials 888 (June 9, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.888.85.
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The nickel-based superalloys are unique high-temperature materials that are applied in gas-turbine engine manufacturing. The superalloys are compositions with complex doping. The master mechanical property of the alloys is the heat resistance, which is depicted by the values of the tensile strength after long isothermal exposures. However, for each superalloy, only certain temperature-time exposure parameters are known. The availability of information on the properties in the entire range of temperatures and holdings would significantly expand the possibilities of the superalloys applications. We have applied the artificial neural network to predict the missing tensile strength values for superalloys based on the chemical composition and the known tensile test conditions. The additional data preprocessing and the bootstrap have improved the model performance. A comparison of the modeled and the real experimental data has shown their convergence. The model verification has been carried out on the set of 10 common cast superalloys.
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Schafrik, Robert, and Robert Sprague. "Superalloy Technology - A Perspective on Critical Innovations for Turbine Engines." Key Engineering Materials 380 (March 2008): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.380.113.
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High temperature structural materials, such as nickel-based superalloys, have contributed immensely to societal benefit. These materials provide the backbone for many applications within key industries that include chemical and metallurgical processing, oil and gas extraction and refining, energy generation, and aerospace propulsion. Within this broad application space, the best known challenges tackled by these materials have arisen from the demand for large, efficient land-based power turbines and light-weight, highly durable aeronautical jet engines. So impressive has the success of these materials been that some have described the last half of the 20th century as the Superalloy Age. Many challenges, technical and otherwise, were overcome to achieve successful applications. This paper highlights some of the key developments in nickel superalloy technology, principally from the perspective of aeronautical applications. In the past, it was not unusual for development programs to stretch out 10 to 20 years as the materials technology was developed, followed by the development of engineering practice, and lengthy production scaleup. And many developments fell by the wayside. Today, there continue to be many demands for improved high temperature materials. New classes of materials, such as intermetallics and ceramic materials, are challenging superalloys for key applications, given the conventional wisdom that superalloys are reaching their natural entitlement level. Therefore, multiple driving forces are converging that motivate improvements in the superalloy development process. This paper concludes with a description of a new development paradigm that emphasizes creativity, development speed, and customer value that can provide superalloys that meet new needs.
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Zhou, Wei, Xiaohua Chen, Yanlin Wang, Kaixuan Chen, Yuzhi Zhu, Junwei Qin, Zidong Wang, and Lingli Zuo. "Microstructural Evolution of Wrought-Nickel-Based Superalloy GH4169." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111936.
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To investigate the microstructural evolution of wrought-nickel-based superalloy GH4169 from the original ingot to the finished product of manufacturing processes, different kinds of etchants and etching methods were used to show the fine precipitates and their morphologies. The obtained microstructures can vary in size, type, distribution, location, formation, and interactions of multiple phases, which were observed and analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The dendrite segregation behavior of as-cast superalloy GH4169 was investigated. In addition, the microstructural evolution mechanism of second-phase particles during dynamic recrystallization was analyzed. This work sheds light on the evolution of the second-phase structure of nickel-based superalloys during the preparation process, providing guidance for process development and visual interpretation of the relationships between microstructure and properties.
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Rettig, Ralf, Astrid Heckl, Steffen Neumeier, Florian Pyczak, Matthias Göken, and Robert F. Singer. "Verification of a Commercial CALPHAD Database for Re and Ru Containing Nickel-Base Superalloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.101.
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The addition of rhenium and ruthenium to single crystal nickel-base superalloys improves the high-temperature properties of the alloys. In this work the applicability of the database TTNi7 (ThermoTech Ltd, UK) for developing 4th generation single crystal superalloys containing rhenium (Re) and ruthenium (Ru) was investigated. We systematically compared experimentally determined alloy properties to the predictions of ThermoCalc with the database TTNi7. The investigated properties were liquidus, solidus and ´ solvus temperature as well as incipient melting point and segregation. Calculations were based on thermodynamic principles with the assumption of either equilibrium or Scheil-Gulliver conditions, i.e. no diffusion in the solid and complete diffusion in the liquid. Furthermore the composition of the and the phase of a Re- and Ru-containing superalloy was measured and compared to calculations. Our results show that the database is capable of simulating general trends of 4th generation superalloys up to 6 weight percent (wt.-%) Re and 6 wt.-% Ru. The present work shows that Scheil-Gulliver calculations can only be used as a first approximation for nickel-base superalloys.
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Pytel, Maciej, Andrzej Nowotnik, Dariusz Szeliga, and Jan Sieniawski. "Microstructural Investigations of Nickel-Based Superalloys with Different Structure." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.557.
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This paper presents the results of analysis of superalloys microstructures with different structures: polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy René 80, Mar-M 200Hf directionally solidified with columnar grains and single crystal CMSX-4. Microstructure studies were performed using a scanning electron microscope Hitachi FE-SEM SU-70 and S-3400N equipped with a Thermo Scientific Noran System for analysis of chemical composition by X-ray dispersion. Metallographic microsections of the rods before and after heat treatment was performed, which were electrolytically etched using different reagents. The morphology of γ phase precipitates in the interdendritic areas and dendritic cores was analyzed. Single crystal rods of nickel superalloy CMSX-4 were cast by Bridgman technique in a vacuum furnace of ALD Vacuum Technologies. Rods were withdrawn with rate: 1mm/min and 5mm/min. EDS X-ray microanalysis showed significant differences in chemical composition between the cores dendrites and eutectic regions. Significant differences in the number of dendrites, the shape and length of the arms were observed. A lower speed rate causes that amount of eutectic is lower but value of primary dendrite arm spacing is higher, while a higher withdraw rate increases the amount of eutectic and decreases primary dendrite arm spacing.
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Miller, M. K., L. S. Lin, A. D. Cetel, H. Harada, and H. Murakami. "Partitioning behavior of alloying elements in PWA 1484." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 1012–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167524.
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In order to achieve a desired set of properties, such as high creep strength and oxidation resistance, a variety of alloying elements are typically added to commercial nickel-based superalloys. Since single crystal superalloys do not require the inclusion of alloying elements to improve the grain boundary properties, there is significant scope in optimizing the composition and heat treatment of these alloys. The effectiveness of these alloying elements depends on their level and location in the different phases present in the microstructure. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to accurately measure and theoretically predict their distribution within the microstructure.The partitioning behavior of the alloying elements in nickel-based superalloy PWA 1484 has been determined with the atom probe field ion microscope. These results have been compared with predictions generated from the “Alloy Design Program”. This computer program is based on regression analysis.
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Dubiel, Beata, and Jan Sieniawski. "Precipitates in Additively Manufactured Inconel 625 Superalloy." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071144.
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Laser-based additive manufacturing processes are increasingly used for fabricating components made of nickel-based superalloys. The microstructure development, and in particular the precipitation of secondary phases, is of great importance for the properties of additively manufactured nickel-based superalloys. This paper summarizes the literature data on the microstructure of Inconel 625 superalloy manufactured using laser-based powder-bed fusion and directed energy deposition processes, with particular emphasis on the phase identification of precipitates. The microstructure of Inconel 625 manufactured by laser-based directed energy deposition in as-built condition is investigated by means of light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Phase analysis of precipitates is performed by the combination of selected area electron diffraction and microanalysis of chemical composition. Precipitates present in the interdendritic areas of as-built Inconel 625 are identified as MC and M23C6 carbides as well as the Laves phase.
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Chaturvedi, Mahesh C. "Liquation Cracking in Heat Affected Zone in Ni Superalloy Welds." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1163.
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Precipitation hardened nickel-based superalloys are widely used in aero and industrial gas turbine engines due to their excellent high temperature strength and remarkable hot corrosion resistance. A drawback of many of these alloys is that they are very difficult to weld due to their high susceptibility to heat affected zone (HAZ) cracking, both during welding and post weld heat treatments (PWHT). Weld cracking in many of these alloys has been attributed mostly to constitutional liquatioin of grain boundary NbC precipitates. however, HAZ cracking has been observed in carbon-free superalloys as well, Therefore, research was initiated to examine grain boundary liquation and cracking in HAZs in a variety of Ni-based superalloys. It was found that intergranular cracking of grain boundaries involved liquation of several other phases, in addition to NbC, that were present in pre-weld microstructure of the alloy. These even included the primary strengthening phase,γ’, in a very widely used superalloy, Inconel 738. In addition, segregation of melting point depressant element B was also observed at gain boundaries in other superalloys, which also caused grain boundaries in HAZ to liquate and resulting in their cracking. An overview of microstructural aspects of different liquation phenomena involved and characteristics of the liquid film contributing to the HAZ microfissuring of nickel superalloys will be discussed in this presentation
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de Faria Cunha, Filipe Augusto, Rodrigo de Andrade Reis, Samantha Pinto Gonçalves, Frederico Augusto Pires Fernandes, Renato Baldan, and Artur Mariano de Sousa Malafaia. "Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of Conventional and Niobium-Modified MAR-M246 Superalloy at 900 and 1000 °C." Coatings 13, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030519.
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Nickel-based superalloys have excellent properties at high temperatures, which makes them appropriate for applications such as turbocharges and aeronautic gas turbines. MAR-M246 is a superalloy developed for these kinds of applications. The objective of this work was to study the total replacement of Ta by Nb in atomic percentage for this superalloy, regarding the oxidation resistance. Although both elements have the same role (form the γ’ precipitates) in nickel-based superalloys, Ta is more expensive than Nb. Thus, this replacement leads to the possibility of a price reduction. This work studied both conventional MAR-M246(Ta) and experimental MAR-M246(Nb) on cyclic oxidation tests at 900 and 1000 °C for up to 180 cycles. The oxide products were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD analysis. The products of oxidation were mainly TiO2, Al2O3, Cr2O3, NiO, and Ni(Co)Cr2O4. Mass gain variation per unit area was stable for both materials and temperatures. However, spalled areas were detected for tests performed at 1000 °C. The results obtained here suggest that use of Nb instead of Ta can be considered regarding high temperature oxidation for MAR-M246 superalloy.
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Onyszko, Arkadiusz, Włodzimierz Bogdanowicz, and Jan Sieniawski. "Structural Perfection of a Single Crystal Nickel-Based CMSX-4 Superalloy." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.151.
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The aircraft engines turbine blades are manufactured from nickel-base superalloys and they are often in a single crystal form. This ensures the best high-temperature creep resistance as compared with blades of equiaxial grains microstructure and of columnar grains microstructure. Turbine blades were manufactured in an ALD Vacuum Technologies furnace. The study has examined structural perfection of single crystal blades obtained by Bridgeman method from CMSX-4 nickel superalloy at various withdrawal rates: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm/min.
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Kvapilova, Marie, Petr Kral, Jiri Dvorak, and Vaclav Sklenicka. "High Temperature Creep Behaviour of Cast Nickel-Based Superalloys INC 713 LC, B1914 and MAR-M247." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010152.
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Cast nickel-based superalloys INC713 LC, B1914 and MAR-M247 are widely used for high temperature components in the aerospace, automotive and power industries due to their good castability, high level of strength properties at high temperature and hot corrosion resistance. The present study is focused on the mutual comparison of the creep properties of the above-mentioned superalloys, their creep and fracture behaviour and the identification of creep deformation mechanism(s). Standard constant load uniaxial creep tests were carried out up to the rupture at applied stress ranging from 150 to 700 MPa and temperatures of 800–1000 °C. The experimentally determined values of the stress exponent of the minimum creep rate, n, were rationalized by considering the existence of the threshold stress, σ0. The corrected values of the stress exponent correspond to the power-law creep regime and suggest dislocation climb and glide as dominating creep deformation mechanisms. Fractographic observations clearly indicate that the creep fracture is a brittle mostly mixed transgranular and intergranular mode, resulting in relatively low values of fracture strain. Determined main creep parameters show that the superalloy MAR-M247 exhibits the best creep properties, followed by B1914 and then the superalloy INC713 LC. However, that each of the investigated superalloys can be successfully used for high temperature components fulfils the required service loading conditions.
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Zhu, Qiang, Gang Chen, Chuanjie Wang, Heyong Qin, and Peng Zhang. "Tensile Deformation and Fracture Behaviors of a Nickel-Based Superalloy via In Situ Digital Image Correlation and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomography." Materials 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 2461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152461.
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Nickel-based superalloys have become key materials for turbine disks and other aerospace components due to their excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. Mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys are closely related to their microstructures. Various heat treatment processes were conducted to obtain the desired microstructures of a nickel-based superalloy in this study. The effect of the initial microstructures on the tensile deformation and fracture behaviors was investigated via in situ digital image correlation (DIC) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography (SRXT). The results showed that the size and volume fraction of γ″ and γ′ phases increased with the aging time. The yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength increased due to the precipitation strengthening at the expense of ductility. The surface strain analysis showed severely inhomogeneous deformation. The local strains at the edge of specimens were corresponded to higher void densities. The fracture of carbides occurred owing to the stress concentration, which was caused by the dislocation accumulation. The fracture mode was dimple coalescence ductile fracture.
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Zhao, Yunsong, Siliang He, and Longfei Li. "Application of Hot Isostatic Pressing in Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloys." Crystals 12, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060805.
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Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology can effectively reduce microstructure defects such as micropores, which are formed during solidification and hominization heat treatment, and thus further improve the high temperature performance of nickel-based SX superalloys. This paper reviews the application of HIP treatment in nickel-based SX superalloys, focusing on the dislocation-creep closure and diffusion-creep closure mechanisms and the kinetics of annihilation of micropores by HIP. The effects of different scheme on pore closure and high temperature mechanical properties are compared. The advantages and disadvantages of different schemes are summarized. In addition, the application of HIP treatment in additive manufacturing (AM) of nickel-based SX superalloys is also discussed.
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Szczotok, A. "Metallographic Study of the Casting Made from CMSX-6 SC Nickel-Based Superalloy." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0086.
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AbstractMicrostructural characterization is an important tool to optimize the properties of engineering materials. Quantitative metallography is a common technique, which provides three-dimensional estimations of phases and structure elements from two-dimensional images. Metallography has been described as both a science and an art [1].Superalloys are high-performance alloys which exhibits excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance at high temperatures, good surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance. Temperature and corrosion resistant materials such as nickel-based superalloys are prepared mostly with standard metallographic techniques. However, the results can be significantly improved by using finely graded CMP (chemical mechanical polish) polishing solutions on a high napped polishing pad.Sample preparation requires a certain degree of skills and experience, due to the high chemical resistance of most superalloys. Some chemical solutions are able to dissolve theγmatrix and recover theγ'residue, and some others solutions can be used to obtain a contrary effect – dissolve theγ'phase precipitates and recover theγmatrix residue. The aim of the presented research is to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the as-cast microstructure of CMSX-6 SC superalloy. The author’s attention has been concentrated on theγ'phase precipitates morphology. The results of using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are presented.
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Qin, Zijun, Qianyi Li, Guowei Wang, and Feng Liu. "Microstructural Characterization and Prior Particle Boundary (PPB) of PM Nickel-Based Superalloys by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 4664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134664.
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This research investigates the microstructure and defects of powder metallurgy (PM) nickel-based superalloys prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The densification, microstructural evolution, and precipitate phase evolution processes of FGH96 superalloy after powder heat treatment (PHT) and sintering via SPS are specifically analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate that SPS technology, when applied to sinter at the sub-solidus temperature of the γ’ phase, effectively mitigates the formation of a prior particle boundary (PPB). Based on experimental and computational findings, it has been determined that the presence of elemental segregation and Al2O3 oxides on the surface of pre-alloyed powders leads to the preferential precipitation of MC-type carbides and Al2O3 and ZrO2 oxides in the sintering necks during the hot consolidation process, resulting in the formation of PPB. This study contributes to the understanding of microstructural modifications achieved through SPS technology, providing crucial information for optimizing sintering conditions and reducing the widespread occurrence of PPB, ultimately enhancing the material performance of PM nickel-based superalloys.
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Nowotnik, Andrzej, Krzysztof Kubiak, Jan Sieniawski, Paweł Rokicki, Paweł Pędrak, and Grazyna Mrówka-Nowotnik. "Development of Nickel Based Superalloys for Advanced Turbine Engines." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2491.
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Superalloys have been developed for specific, dedicated properties and applications. One of the main application for this material is advanced, high-performance aircraft engines elements. Turbine engine creates harsh environments for materials due to the high operating temperature and stress level. Hence, as described in this article, many alloys used in the turbine section of these engines are very complex and highly optimized. This article provides an overview of structural changes that occur during the aging process of wrought and cast alloys and provides insight into the use of precipitated particles to achieve desired structures. Example will focus on alloy Inconel 718 and CMSX-4. Functional properties of these alloys can be achieved by choosing proper heat treatment parameters to obtain required rate between secondary phases. The paper also attempts to determine structural perfection and changes of crystallographic orientation along the axis of growth of single crystal nickel superalloys cast using X-ray topography and Laue diffraction method. Single crystal bars and turbine blades were manufactured in VIM furnace using the Bridgeman method. Withdrawing rates typical for CMSX-4 superalloy were used. It has been found that with increasing withdrawing rate the nature of distribution along the axis of growth of the angle of [001] direction deviation from the axis of single crystal blades growth had changed. The change of the withdrawing rate results also in the rotation of γ’ phase in the form of cubes against the axis of single crystal blades growth.
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Leni, Desmarita, Yuda Perdana Kusuma, Muchlisinalahuddin Muchlisinalahuddin, Ruzita Sumiati, and Hendri Candra Mayana. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PANDAS PROFILING AS A TOOL FOR ANALYZING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DATA OF NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS BASED ON ALLOY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION." International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials 4, no. 3 (May 31, 2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/ijimeam.v4i3.19439.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys with variations in alloy chemical compositions using the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) method with the assistance of the pandas profiling library on Google Colab. In this study, data from 312 tensile tests of nickel-based superalloys were used as research samples, with alloy chemical compositions including carbon (C), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), nitrogen (N), niobium (Nb), cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti), as well as mechanical properties such as yield strength (YS), tensile strength (TS), and elongation (EL). The methodology used in this study was the EDA method with the assistance of the pandas profiling library on Google Colab, which enables the automatic creation of a dataset report, presenting information on various aspects such as data structure, descriptive statistics, correlation, distribution, and missing values. The results show that yield strength has a fairly high correlation with titanium (0.51), medium correlations with nickel (0.25), vanadium (0.2), and cobalt (0.2). Tensile strength in nickel-based superalloys has a fairly high correlation with yield strength (0.88), carbon (0.49), and cobalt (0.55), and medium correlations with titanium (0.25) and vanadium (0.25). Elongation in nickel-based superalloys has a negative and fairly high correlation with tensile strength (-0.62) and yield strength (-0.58). Some warnings for missing data and zero values in some variables were identified. These results indicate that the pandas profiling library can be used as a tool to analyze the data of mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys quickly and easily, and provide clear information on data patterns, data structure, and correlation among data.
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Olufayo, Oluwole A., Hanqing Che, Victor Songmene, Christina Katsari, and Stephen Yue. "Machinability of Rene 65 Superalloy." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12122034.
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Nickel-based superalloys are heavily used in the aerospace and power industries due to their excellent material and mechanical properties. They offer high strength at elevated temperatures, high hardness, corrosion resistance, thermal stability and improved fatigue properties. These superalloys were developed to address the demand for materials with the enhanced heat and stress capabilities needed to increase operational temperatures and speeds in jet and turbine engines. However, most of these properties come with machining difficulty, high wear rate, increased force and poor surface finish. Rene 65 is one of the next generation wrought nickel superalloys that addresses these demands at a reduced cost versus powder metallurgy superalloys. It is strengthened by the presence of gamma prime precipitates in its microstructure, which enhance its strength at high temperatures. Notwithstanding its advantages, Rene 65 must also deal with the reality of the poor workability and machinability generally associated with Ni-based superalloys. This study examines the machinability—using drilling tests—of Rene 65 and seeks to establish the influence of hardness (with varying microstructure) and cutting conditions on machinability indicators (surface finish, forces and chip formation). The experimental setup is based on a set of experimental drilling tests using three different heat-treated samples of varying hardness. The results indicate a negligible effect from material hardness, ranging from 41 HRC to 52 HRC, on generated cutting forces and a similarly low effect from cutting speeds. The feed rate was identified as the main factor of relevance in cutting force and chip morphology during the machining of this new superalloy.
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Guo, Zhan Li, N. Saunders, Alfred Peter Miodownik, and J. P. Schille. "Quantification of High Temperature Strength of Nickel-Based Superalloys." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1319.
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The strength of nickel-based superalloys usually consists of solid solution strengthening from the gamma matrix and precipitation hardening due to the gamma' and/or gamma" precipitates. In the present work, a model was developed to calculate the high temperature strength of nickel-based superalloys, where the temperature dependence of each strengthening contribution was accounted for separately. The high temperature strength of these alloys is not only a function of microstructural changes in the material, but the result of a competition between two deformation modes, i.e. the normal low to mid temperature tensile deformation and deformation via a creep mode. Extensive validation had been carried out during the model development. Good agreement between calculated and experimental results has been achieved for a wide range of nickel-based superalloys, including solid solution alloys and precipitation-hardened alloys with different type/amount of precipitates. This model has been applied to two newly developed superalloys and is proved to be able to make predictions to within useful accuracy.
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Rowe, Russell A., Paul G. Allison, Anthony N. Palazotto, and Keivan Davami. "Adiabatic Shear Banding in Nickel and Nickel-Based Superalloys: A Review." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111879.
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This review paper discusses the formation and propagation of adiabatic shear bands in nickel-based superalloys. The formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) is a unique dynamic phenomenon that typically precedes catastrophic, unpredicted failure in many metals under impact or ballistic loading. ASBs are thin regions that undergo substantial plastic shear strain and material softening due to the thermo-mechanical instability induced by the competitive work hardening and thermal softening processes. Dynamic recrystallization of the material’s microstructure in the shear region can occur and encourages shear localization and the formation of ASBs. Phase transformations are also often seen in ASBs of ferrous metals due to the elevated temperatures reached in the narrow shear region. ASBs ultimately lead to the local degradation of material properties within a narrow band wherein micro-voids can more easily nucleate and grow compared to the surrounding material. As the micro-voids grow, they will eventually coalesce leading to crack formation and eventual fracture. For elevated temperature applications, such as in the aerospace industry, nickel-based superalloys are used due to their high strength. Understanding the formation conditions of ASBs in nickel-based superalloys is also beneficial in extending the life of machining tools. The main goal of the review is to identify the formation mechanisms of ASBs, the microstructural evolutions associated with ASBs in nickel-based alloys, and their consequent effect on material properties. Under a shear strain rate of 80,000 s−1, the critical shear strain at which an ASB forms is between 2.2 and 3.2 for aged Inconel 718 and 4.5 for solution-treated Inconel 718. Shear band widths are reported to range between 2 and 65 microns for nickel-based superalloys. The shear bands widths are narrower in samples that are aged compared to samples in the annealed or solution treated condition.
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Yamabe-Mitarai, Y., Y. F. Gu, and H. Harada. "Two-Phase Iridium-Based Refractory Superalloys." Platinum Metals Review 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214002x4627481.
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A new class of alloys based on platinum group metals, which are called refractory superalloys, is proposed. These refractory superalloys have a f.c.c. and Ll2 coherent two-phase structure (similar to that of nickel-based superalloys), high melting temperatures, and good potential as structural materials for use at temperatures up to 1800°C. In this paper, we report our results on the strength behaviour, creep property, ductility and fracture mode of iridium-based refractory superalloys.
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Chmiela, Bartosz, Maria Sozańska, and Kinga Rodak. "Phase Identification in Nickel-Based Superalloys Using EBSD/SEM and Electron Diffraction in STEM." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.58.
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Aero engine turbine blades made of nickel-based superalloys are critical components in flight safety. Therefore, it is very important to make sure that the chemical composition, phase composition and microstructure are suitable. However, due to their chemical compositions, superalloys are prone to many transformations and the formation of deleterious phases, which deteriorate the mechanical properties. Hence, investigations concerning the structural stability and phase identification—especially topologically close-packed phases (TCP)—are necessary. Because the volume fractions of these phases are generally small, phase identification should be performed by nanodiffraction techniques in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope (EBSD/SEM). These methods complement each other, but each of them is characterized by different difficulties and limitations. In this paper we present the possibilities and limitations of phase identification in single crystal CMSX-4 superalloy after long thermal exposure.
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Khajavi, M. R., M. H. Shariat, and A. Pasha. "Aluminide Coatings for Nickel Based Superalloys." Surface Engineering 20, no. 4 (August 2004): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708404x4672.
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Das, Niranjan. "Advances in nickel-based cast superalloys." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 63, no. 2-3 (April 2010): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-010-0036-7.
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