Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nickel laterite

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Academic literature on the topic 'Nickel laterite'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Nickel laterite"

1

König, Uwe. "Nickel Laterites—Mineralogical Monitoring for Grade Definition and Process Optimization." Minerals 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111178.

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Nickel laterite ore is used to produce nickel metal, predominantly to manufacture stainless steel as well as nickel sulfate, a key ingredient in the batteries that drive electric vehicles. Nickel laterite production is on the rise and surpassing conventional sulfide deposits. The efficiency of mining and processing nickel laterites is defined by their mineralogical composition. Typical profiles of nickel laterites are divided into a saprolite and a laterite horizon. Nickel is mainly concentrated and hosted in a variety of secondary oxides, hydrous Mg silicates and clay minerals like smectite or lizardite in the saprolite horizon, whereas the laterite horizon can host cobalt that could be extracted as a side product. For this case study, 40 samples from both saprolite and laterite horizons were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in combination with statistical methods such as cluster analysis. Besides the identification of the different mineral phases, the quantitative composition of the samples was also determined with the Rietveld method. Data clustering of the samples was tested and allows a fast and easy separation of the different lithologies and ore grades. Mineralogy also plays a key role during further processing of nickel laterites to nickel metal. XRD was used to monitor the mineralogy of calcine, matte and slag. The value of mineralogical monitoring for grade definition, ore sorting, and processing is explained in the paper.
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2

Fadli, Fadli. "Hubungan Pola Penyebaran dan Ketebalan Zona Bijih Endapan Nikel Laterit dengan Topografi Permukaan Pada PT Aneka Tambang Tbk." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v1i1.18.

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Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki sumber daya nikel laterit yang berlimpah, mulai dari Sulawesi hingga ke Papua. Oleh karena itu, peneliti melakukan analisis pola sebaran dan ketebalan endapan nikel leterit untuk mendapatkan pola sebaran zona bijih dari endapan nikel laterit berdasarkan topografi permukaan. Adapun metode yang dilakukan adalah menganalisis sampel pemboran dengan X-ray spectometer, menganalisis topografi, morfologi dan membuat profil penampang antar sumbu bor untuk menganalisis pola sebaran zona bijih endapan nikel laterit. Data yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah bentuk topografi perbukitan dengan morfologi bergelombang, miring hingga melandai, dengan kemiringan lereng 20-160. Penampang endapan secara vertikal mengunakan parameter overburden dengan kadar Ni < 0.90% – > 4%. Penampang serta pola sebaran endapan nikel laterit terbagi 3 warna yaitu coklat untuk kadar Ni < 0.90%, kuning untuk kadar Ni 0,91% – 1,50%, dan hijau untuk kadar Ni > 1,51%. Berdasarkan penampang korelasi pada topografi landai, didapatkan kadar yang tinggi serta tebal dan topografi yang berbukit miring ditemukan kadar yang tinggi tetapi ketebalan yang tipis. Secara keseluruhan kadar nikel laterit berkisar 8 – 16 meter. Kata Kunci: Topografi, Nikel Laterit, Kadar, Ketebalan, Pola Penyebaran Abstract: Indonesia is a country that has abundant nickel laterite resources, from Sulawesi to Papua. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the distribution pattern and thickness of the nickel leterite deposits to obtain the distribution pattern of the ore zones of the laterite nickel deposits based on the surface topography. The method used is to analyze the drilling sample with an X-ray spectometer, analyze the topography, morphology and create a cross-sectional profile between the drill axes to analyze the distribution pattern of the laterite nickel ore deposit zone. The data generated from this study is a hilly topography with a wavy morphology, slanted, and sloping, with a slope of 20-160. The vertical cross section of the sediment uses overburden parameters with Ni content < 0.90% – > 4%. The cross-section and distribution pattern of laterite nickel deposits are divided into 3 colors, namely brown for Ni content < 0.90%, yellow for Ni content 0.91% – 1.50%, and green for Ni content > 1.51%. Based on the cross-sectional correlation on the sloping topography, it was found that high grades and thick and hilly topography found high grades but thin thicknesses. Overall, laterite nickel content ranges from 8 to 16 meters. Keywords: Topography, Nickel Laterite, Grade, Thickness, Distribution Pattern
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3

Lintjewas, Lediyantje, Iwan Setiawan, and Andrie Al Kausar. "Profil Endapan Nikel Laterit di Daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara." RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 29, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/risetgeotam2019.v29.970.

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Nikel laterit adalah mineral logam hasil dari proses pelapukan dan pengkayaan mineral pada batuan ultramafik. Geologi di daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, disusun oleh batugamping dari Formasi Eimoko dan Formasi Langkolawa yang memiliki hubungan ketidakselarasan dengan batuan ultramafik di bawahnya sebagai pembawa endapan nikel laterit. Proses pelapukan pada batuan ultramafik menghasilkan karakter dan profil nikel laterit yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterisasi nikel laterit berdasarkan pada mineralogi dan profil dari Zona lateritisasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa jenis batuan pembawa nikel laterit di Daerah Palangga adalah harsburgit. Nikel laterit memiliki ketebalan sekitar 15 meter. Zona Limonit memiliki komposisi mineral lempung berupa kaolinit, mineral oksida berupa mineral magnetit, hematit, kromit dan mineral hidroksida berupa gutit. Kedalaman Zona Limonit yaitu sekitar 0 - 3 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe sekitar 34,10 – 48,31%, dan SiO2 sekitar 9,42 – 18,02%. Zona Saprolit memiliki komposisi mineral silikat berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Kedalaman Zona Saprolit sekitar 3 – 9 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe sekitar 10,27 – 34,52%, SiO2 sekitar 22,0 – 49,63%. Batuan dasar (Bedrock) memiliki komposisi mineral silikat, antigorit, enstatit, olivin, augit dan lisardit. Kedalaman batuan dasar (bedrock) sekitar 9 – 10 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,95 – 1,28%, Fe sekitar 7,62 – 8,29%, SiO2 sekitar 42,81 – 45,85%. Zona Saprolit merupakan Zona yang kaya akan nikel, dengan mineral penyusun berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Nickel laterite is metal mineral formed by weathering and mineral enrichment of ultramafic rocks. Geology of Palangga area, Southeast Sulawesi Province arranged by limestone of Eimoko Formation and Langkowala Formation that have unconformity relation with ultramafic rocks as source of nickel laterite. Weathering process underwent ultramafic rocks resulted in different nickel laterite characters and their profile. The study aims to identify characterization of nickel laterite based on mineralogy and lateritization profile zones. Based on the result of study, source of nickel laterite in Palangga area is harzburgite. Nickel laterite profile has around 15 meters thick. Mineral composition of Limonite Zone is clay mineral as kaolinit, oxide mineral consisted of magnetite, hematite, chromite, and hidroksida mineral as goetite. Depth of Limonite Zone around 0 - 3 meters with Ni grade around 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe around 34,10 – 48,31%, and SiO2 around 9,42 – 18,02%. Mineral composition of Saprolite Zone is silicate mineral consist of quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Saprolite Zone around 3 – 9 meters with Ni grade around 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe around 10,27 – 34,52%, and SiO2 around 22,0 – 49,63%. Mineral composition of bedrock is silikat minerals consits of antigorite, enstatite, olivine, augit, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Bedrock ar ound 9 – 10 meters with grade Ni 1,28%, Fe around 7,62 – 8,29%, and SiO2 around 42,81 – 45,85%. The Saprolit Zone is a Zone that rich in nickel, with mineral composition is quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals.
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4

McDonald, Robbie G., and Jian Li. "The High Temperature Co-Processing of Nickel Sulfide and Nickel Laterite Sources." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040351.

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The pressure oxidation of low-grade nickel sulfide concentrate with high iron sulfides content generates significant amounts of sulfuric acid that must be neutralized. This acid can be utilized to leach metal values from ores such as nickel laterites. The present study demonstrates the use of a low-grade nickel concentrate generated from Poseidon Nickel Mt Windarra ore to enable additional nickel and cobalt extraction from a Bulong Nickel Operation nickel laterite blend. The co-processing of these materials at 250 °C, with oxygen overpressure, using total pulp densities of 30% or 40% w/w, and a range of nickel concentrate to nickel laterite mass ratios between 0.30–0.53, yielded base metal extractions of 95% or greater. The final free acid range was between 21.5–58.5 g/L, which indicates that enough in situ sulfuric acid was generated during co-processing. The acid was shown from mineralogical analysis to be efficiently utilized to dissolve the laterite ore, which indicates that the primary iron hydrolysis product was hematite, while the aluminum-rich sodium alunite/jarosite phase that formed hosts approximately 5% of the hydrolyzed iron.
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5

Chu, Fan, Ying Jun Zhang, Jiang Shen, and Xue Feng Yang. "Application of Wireless Sensor Network in Shipping Laterite Nickel Ore Moisture Content Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.204.

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This paper applies wireless sensor network to the shipping laterite nickel ore moisture content monitoring, and design a set of real-time monitoring of lateritic nickel ore moisture content monitoring system in the process of actual transportation, and formulate a specific implementation plan. According to the structure of laterite nickel ore bulk carriers and the characteristics of the wireless sensor network, this paper also solve the design and layout problems of wireless sensor nodes, the problems of energy saving and data transmission from the inside cabin to the outside, etc. In addition, the system has strong portability, and can be used for monitoring in other related fields.
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6

Chang, Yong Feng, Chuan Lin Fan, Bin Chuan Li, Xiu Jing Zhai, and Ting An Zhang. "Selective Leaching Nickel from the Pre-Reduced Limonitic Laterite Ore at Atmospheric Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.494.

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In this paper a novel method for selective leaching nickel from pre-reduced laterite ore at atmospheric pressure was reported. The reduced calcine was leached in thin acid liquor to liberate the nickel and iron together firstly. By properly controlling the leaching condition, the leached iron ion could hydrolyze as goethite precipitate and regenerate the acid consumed in the leaching procedure. Finally, the nickel is selectively extracted into the leaching solution. The main factors in the leaching process, such as reduction degree of the laterite ore, acidity of the leaching solution were investigated as influence on the nickel extraction. The test results showed that selectively leaching of nickel could be achieved with an extraction degree up to 90% by reducing most of the iron in the lateritic ore to wuestite and controlling the pH value of the leaching solution below 2.5.
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7

Pho, Nguyen Van, Pham Tich Xuan, and Pham Thanh Dang. "Occurrence of supergene nickel ores in the Ha Tri Massive, Hoa An District, Cao Bang Province." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11676.

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Nickel (Ni) laterites are regolith materials derived from ultramafic rocks and play an important role in the world's Ni production. Ni-laterite deposits are the supergene enrichment of Ni formed from the intense chemical and mechanical weathering of ultramafic parental rocks. In Vietnam, the weathering profile containing Ni laterite was first discovered in the Ha Tri massive (Cao Bang). This profile develops on the Ha Tri serpentinized peridotite rocks classified to the Cao Bang mafic-ultramafic complex (North Vietnam) and exhibits thick weathered zone (10 - 15m). This work carried out a detailed study of the weathering profile at the center of Ha Tri massive. Samples from different horizons of the profile were collected and analyzed in detail by XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX methods to establish the relationship between the Ni-rich supergene products and the parental peridotites (lherzolite) rocks in Ha Tri massive. The results show that the saprolite horizon is most Ni-rich in the weathering profile in Ha Tri. In this horizon, Ni-silicate minerals of garnierite group such as pimelite, nepouite and other Mg-Ni silicates have been found. The appearance of minerals of garnierite group is due to the exchange of Mg by Ni during weathering of peridotite minerals, especially olivine, which leads to the enrichment of the supergene Ni. The occurrence of Ni silicates suggests the existence of the supergene Ni ore in the weathering profile of the Ha Tri massive.References Bosio N.J., Hurst J.V., Smith R.L., 1975. Nickelliferousnontronite, a 15 Å garnierite, at Niquelandia, Goias Brazil. Clays Clay Miner., 23, 400-403. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., Elias M., 1998. Nickel Laterites: Classification and features. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 17(4), 81-88. Bricker O.P., Nesbitt H.W. and Gunter W.D., 1973. The stability of talc. American Mineralogist, 58, 64-72. Brindley G.W. and Hang P.T., 1973. The nature of garnierites. Structures, chemical composition and color characteristics. Clay and Clay Minerals, 21, 27-40. Brindley G.W. and Maksimovic Z., 1974. The nature and nomenclature of hydrous nickel-containing silicates. Clay Minerals, 10, 271-277. Brindley G.W. and Wan H.M., 1975. Composition structures and thermal behavior of nickel containing minerals in thelizardite-ne´pouite series. American Mineralogist, 60, 863-871. Brindley G.W., Bish D.L. and Wan H.M., 1979. Compositions, structures and properties of nickel containing minerals in the kerolite-pimelite series. American Mineralogist, 64, 615-625. Cluzel D. and Vigier B., 2008. Syntectonic mobility of supergene nickel ores from New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). Evidence from faulted regolith and garnierite veins. Resource Geology, 58, 161-170. Colin F., Nahon D., Trescases J.J., Melfi A.J., 1990. Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goais, Brazil: The supergene behavior ofnickel: Economic Geology, 85, 1010-1023. Das S.K., Sahoo R.K., Muralidhar J., Nayak B.K., 1999. Mineralogy and geochemistry of profilesthrough lateritic nickel deposits at Kansa,Sukinda, Orissa. Joural of Geoogical. SocietyIndia, 53, 649-668. Decarreau A., Colin F., Herbillon A., Manceau A., Nahon D., Paquet H., Trauth-Badaud D.,Trescases J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in NiFe-Mg-Smectites. Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10. Freyssinet P., Butt C.R.M. and Morris R.C., 2005. Oreforming processes related to lateritic weathering. Economic Geology, 100th aniversary volume, 681-722.Garnier J., Quantin C., Martins E.S., Becquer T., 2006. Solid speciation and availability of chromium in ultramafic soils from Niquelandia, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 206-209. Garnier J., Quantin C., Guimarães E., Becquer T., 2008. Can chromite weathering be a source of Cr in soils? Mineralogy Magazine, 72, 49-53. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R. and Elias M., 2003. Nickel laterites: A review. SEG Newsletter, 54, 11-18. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R., Wlias M., 2003. Nickellaterites: a review. SEG Newsletter, Society of Economic Geology, 54. Available from www.segweb.org. Golightly J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary volume, 710-735. Golightly J.P., 2010. Progress in understanding the evolution of nickel laterite. Society of Economic Geology, In Special Publication, 15, 451-485. Manceau A. and Calas G., 1985. Heterogeneous distribution of nickel in hydrous silicates from New Caledonia ore deposits. American Mineralogist, 70, 549-558. Nguyen Van Pho, 2013. Tropic weathering in Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Pubisher Science and Technology, 365p.Ngo Xuan Thanh, Tran Thanh Hai, Nguyen Hoang, Vu Quang Lan, S. Kwon, Tetsumaru Itaya, M. Santosh, 2014. Backarc mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 90, 45-60.Pelletier B., 1983. Localisation du nickel dans les minerais ‘‘garnieritiques’’ de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sciences Ge´ologique: Me´moires, 73, 173-183.Pelletier B., 1996. Serpentines in nickel silicate ores from New Caledonia. In Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (eds): Nickel ’96, Australasian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy, Melbourne, Publication Series 6(9), 197-205. Proenza J.A., Lewis J.F., Galı´ S., Tauler E., Labrador M., Melgarejo J.C., Longo F. and Bloise G., 2008. Garnierite mineralization from Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Macla, 9, 197-198. Soler J.M., Cama J., Galı´ S., Mele´ndez W., Ramı´rez, A., andEstanga, J., 2008. Composition and dissolution kinetics ofgarnierite from the Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit,Venezuela. Chemical Geology, 249, 191-202. Springer G., 1974. Compositional and structural variations ingarnierites. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 381-388. Springer G., 1976. Falcondoite, nickel analogue of sepiolite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 407-409.Svetlitskaya T.V., Tolstykh N.D., Izokh A.E., Phuong Ngo Thi, 2015. PGE geochemical constraints on the origin of the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralization in the Suoi Cun intrusion, Cao Bang province, Northeastern Vietnam. Miner Petrol, 109, 161-180.Tran Trong Hoa, Izokh A.E., Polyakov G.V., Borisenko A.S., Tran Tuan Anh, Balykin P.A., Ngo Thi Phuong, Rudnev S.N., Vu Van Van, Bui An Nien, 2008. Permo-Triassic magmatism and metallogeny of Northern Vietnam in relation to the Emeishan plume. Russ. Geol. Geophys., 49, 480-491.Trescases J.J., 1975. L'évolution supergene des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale: Formation de gisements nikelifères de Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 259p.Tri T.V., Khuc V. (eds), 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p (in English). Villanova-de-Benavent C., Proenza J.A., GalíS., Tauler E., Lewis J.F. and Longo F., 2011. Talc- and serpentine-like ‘‘garnierites’’ in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. ‘Let’s talk ore deposits’, 11th Biennial Meeting SGA 2011, Antofagasta, Chile, 3p.Wells M.A., 2003. Goronickel laterite deposit. New Caledonia. CRC LEME, p.3.
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Li, Xian Hai, Bi Yang Tuo, Qin Zhang, and Shen Jun Zhang. "Experimental Study on Recovery of Nickel from Nickel-Bearing Laterite." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1611.

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It is known that to extract nickel from nickel-bearing laterite ore is not an easy job. By reducing roast-magnetic separation, an effective result is achieved in this research in dealing with nickel-bearing laterite ore due to its simple technology process and the high nickel recovery. Nickel-bearing laterite studied in this research is mainly characterized by fine disseminated grain size and easy argillation. Thus, valuable mineral (i.e. nickel oxide) can not be effectively separated from the nickel-bearing laterite ore simply by regular mineral processing technology. To solve the problem, both reducing roast and wet magnetic separation are adopted in the study with the purpose of making up the lack of dynamics so as to reduce the reduction temperature of nickel laterite. Flux catalyst is added to strengthen the reducing reaction of nickel oxide and iron oxide. The optimistic experimental conditions are determined as following: the consumption of the flux catalyst agent and the reducing agent are 5% and 4% (by weight) respectively, the reduction temperature remains at 1200°C, the reduction time is 2h, and the appropriate magnetic field intensity is 240 RA/m. The research findings show that the nickel grade of the concentrate increases from 1.58% to 5.49%, with its recovery reaching above 80 %.
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Stanković, Srdjan, Srećko Stopić, Miroslav Sokić, Branislav Marković, and Bernd Friedrich. "Review of the past, present, and future of the hydrometallurgical production of nickel and cobalt from lateritic ores." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 26, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/513.

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Laterite ores are becoming the most important global source of nickel and cobalt. Pyrometallurgical processing of the laterites is still a dominant technology, but the share of nickel and cobalt produced by the application of various hydrometallurgical technologies is increasing. Hydrometallurgy is a less energy-demanding process, resulting in lower operational costs and environmental impacts. This review covers past technologies for hydrometallurgical processing of nickel and cobalt (Caron), current technologies (high-pressure acid leaching, atmospheric leaching, heap leaching), developing technologies (Direct nickel, Neomet) as well as prospective biotechnologies (Ferredox process).
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10

Bahfie, Fathan, Azwar Manaf, Widi Astuti, Fajar Nurjaman, Erik Prastyo, and Ulin Herlina. "Development of laterite ore processing and its applications." Indonesian Mining Journal 25, no. 2 (December 2022): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol25.no2.2022.1261.

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Nickel ore is found in two types sulfide and laterite. The sulfide is a nickel ore that has high nickel content and low reserves of natural resources than of the zinc laterite. In contrast, the laterite is a rock mineral that contains the iron-nickel oxide compounds. There are two methods of processing nickel laterite, namely hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. The former is a method that uses leaching by a chemical solution or solid such as acid, as a reducing agent. The alkaline leaching (ammonia) is the most optimal method to obtain a nickel grade with the highest recovery but it needs more modification. Pyrometallurgical method uses high heat up to 1800°C, so it requires a lot of energy and needs improvement to decrease the carbon usage. The rotary kiln-electric furnace method is the optimal method for developing the nickel laterite. These methods generate products that can be applied to various fields. For example, the pyrometallurgy method produces nickel pig iron and ferronickel as raw materials for stainless steel and steel alloys. The hydrometallurgy method produces nickel sulfate and nickel oxide with a purity of 99% by weight as raw materials for magnets, sensors, and batteries. Hence, the hydrometallurgy method still needs improvements for the environmentally friendly reagent. Therefore, bioleaching will be a nickel laterite leaching process in the future by using bacteria as the reducing agent.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nickel laterite"

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Goodall, Graeme. "Nickel recovery from reject laterite." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99763.

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Falconbridge Dominicana C. Por A. operating in the Dominican Republic produces nickel as an iron-nickel alloy from laterite ore. Material that is rejected from their mining operations due to its incompatible chemistry is currently being stockpiled against mine depletion. Recent interest in recuperating nickel from this reject material led to the examination of the suitability of carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation for nickel recovery from this reject ore. Five parameters were considered in a Design of Experiment framework, namely: heating time; temperature; material type, coke addition and oxygen partial pressure. Magnetic separation was conducted with a Davis Tube and a low intensity hand magnet.
It was found that this reject material can successfully be treated using a carbothermic reduction process to produce 50 to 75 mum diameter metallic components within a gangue matrix. The recovery of nickel ranged from 61.7% to 21.9% to 16.4% in the high, low and non magnetic fractions, respectively, separated from the reduced material. The grade of nickel ranged from 1.97 wt% Ni to 1.58% to 0.75 wt% Ni in the high, low and non magnetic fractions, respectively.
Heating temperature had the greatest positive influence on the performance of the process followed by material type and heating time. Oxygen activity and coke addition were seen not to influence the performance. The Boudouard reaction was considered to be the rate controlling step and a maximum possible operating temperature was considered to depend on the physical properties of the material, specifically the softening temperature.
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2

Wang, Kai. "Impurity rejection in the nickel laterite leach system." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2130.

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Atmospheric leaching (AL) of low-grade nickel laterite ores can produce a pregnant leach solution (PLS) containing significant amounts of impurities such as trivalent iron, aluminium and chromium ions. Purification of PLS by precipitation of the impurities with an alkaline reagent often causes an associated loss of nickel. This thesis documents an investigation of the physicochemical processes that occur during the precipitation of iron, aluminium and chromium from both synthetic and real nickel laterite AL leach liquors and associated nickel losses.A chemical equilibrium model in the Fe(III)–Ni(II)–H2SO4–H2O system was developed with the effects of ionic strength and temperature taken into account. This model was able to calculate the concentration distribution of iron and nickel species over the pH range from 0 to 4 and temperature from 25 to 100 °C, and predict the pH value of the solution. In addition, the model can calculate the saturation index of iron oxides such as goethite, ferrihydrite and schwertmannite to predict whether a specific iron oxide will precipitate or dissolve under particular conditions. The solubility of goethite, ferrihydrite and schwertmannite decreased substantially with increasing pH value. Goethite, ferrihydrite and schwertmannite were all undersaturated below pH 2. With increasing pH, ferric ions tended to precipitate first in the form of ferrihydrite followed by goethite and schwertmannite. A mixture was formed above pH 2.5, of which schwertmannite was the dominant phase.Considerable effort has been put into the experimental study on the relationships between impurities removal and nickel losses from nickel laterite AL liquors. The precipitation experiments were conducted in either single- or multi-stage simulation using synthetic and real PLS. For the single-stage precipitation experiments conducted using a synthetic PLS containing Fe(III)+Ni(II), the effects of the factors governing the iron precipitation process upon nickel losses were investigated by statistical analysis and modelling. Temperature, pH and the initial Fe/Ni ratio in PLS were found to be the important factors affecting iron removal efficiency and the level of nickel loss to solid. These factors were studied using a three-level Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. Quadratic models were fitted to the experimental data, to enable construction of 3D response surfaces and corresponding contour plots. These graphs clearly demonstrated the links between responses and the interactions of factors.Further single-stage precipitation experiments performed using PLS containing Fe(III)+Ni(II)+Al(III), Fe(III)+Ni(II)+Cr(III), and Fe(III)+Ni(II)+Al(III)+Cr(III) showed that greater losses of nickel to solids occurred in the presence of aluminium and chromium. Increasing the pH value of solution and precipitation temperature favored the removal of iron, aluminium and chromium, but at a cost of greater nickel losses. By carefully controlling pH and temperature using a multi-stage precipitation process, however, the iron, aluminium and chromium can be effectively rejected with a minimal nickel loss and desirable sludge properties. The optimum conditions for a multi-stage precipitation process were found to be at pH 3 and 55 ºC in the first stage followed by a second stage operated at pH 3 and 85 ºC. Using this precipitation procedure, as much as 95% iron and chromium together with above 80% aluminium can be removed; the level of nickel loss to the solid can be reduced to below 1%. The sludge showed a fast settling rate of 5.05 m/h with the addition of a cationic flocculant. Similar satisfactory results were also obtained when performing this multi-stage precipitation procedure on real leach solutions.The effect of water salinity on impurities removal and nickel losses was also examined due to variable nature of process water available in Western Australia to process nickel laterite during atmospheric leaching. This was achieved by conducting single-stage precipitation experiments in Fe(III)+Ni(II)+Al(III)+Cr(III) systems with various amounts of sodium chloride added. The presence of high concentration of salts resulted in higher removal efficiencies for iron, aluminium and chromium, and less nickel losses to the solids, particularly when the precipitation reactions were carried out at 85 ºC. XRD analysis of the residues confirmed that the poorly structural-ordered schwertmannite and/or ferrihydrite were the dominant phases. Natrojarosite (NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) can be detected when the precipitation reaction was conducted at pH 2 and 85 ºC from synthetic solution with high salinity.The presence of large amounts of poorly structural-ordered schwertmannite and ferrihydrite in the iron-rich residues complicates mineralogical identification using routine XRD technique. A comprehensive characterization was performed using a combination of several techniques that include selective Acidified Ammonium Oxalate (AAO) dissolution, differential XRD, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. These techniques in combination allowed reliable mineralogical identification for samples containing high proportions of schwertmannite and ferrihydrite. The effects of foreign metallic cations on the crystallization, dissolution behaviour and surface sulphate coordination were investigated. The results suggested that the presence of goethite in the precipitates can be identified after removing the schwertmannite and/or ferrihydrite. Nickel, aluminium and chromium retarded the transformations of schwertmannite and/or ferrihydrite to goethite, but aluminium and chromium supressed the formation of 6-line ferrihydrite. Also, aluminium and chromium influenced the symmetry of the sulphate absorbed onto the iron-rich precipitates. The structural order of the phases became less pronounced with the presence of foreign metallic cations, particularly aluminium and chromium. Aluminium and chromium can strongly stabilize iron-rich precipitates making these resistant to leaching by AAO solution. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of goethite in the bi-metallic precipitates and suggested that the sulphate is present to a greater extent in lower symmetry environments.
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Gencturk, Bilgehan. "Nickel Resource Estimation And Reconciliation At Turkmencardagi Laterite Deposits." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614978/index.pdf.

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In recent years nickel is mostly produced from lateritic ore deposits such as nontronite, limonite, etc. Resource estimation is difficult for laterite deposits as they have a weak and heterogeneous form. 3D modeling software are rather suitable for deposits having tabular or vein type ores. In this study the most appropriate estimation technique for resource estimation of nickel laterite deposits was investigated. One of the known nickel laterite deposits in Turkey is located at Tü
rkmenç
ardagi - Gö
rdes region. Since the nickel (Ni) grade recovered from drilling studies seem to be very low, a reconciliation pit having dimensions of 40 m x 40 m x 15 m in x-y-z directions was planned by Meta Nikel Kobalt Mining Company (META), the license owner of the mine, to produce nickel ore. 13 core drilling and 13 reverse circulation drilling (RC) and 26 column samplings adjacent to each drillholes were located in this area. Those three sampling results were compared to each other and as well as the actual production values obtained from reconciliation pit. On the other side 3D computer modeling was also used to model the nickel resource in Tü
rkmenç
ardagi - Gö
rdes laterites. The results obtained from both inverse distance weighting and kriging methods were compared to the results of actual production to find out the applicability of 3D modeling to laterite deposits. Modeling results showed that Ni grade of the reconciliation pit in Tü
rkmenç
ardagi - Gö
rdes, considering 0.5% Ni cut-off value, by using drillholes data, inverse distance weighting method estimates 622 tonnes with 0.553% Ni and kriging method estimates 749 tonnes with 0.527% Ni. The actual production pit results provided 4,882 tonnes of nickel ore with 0.649% Ni grade. These results show that grade values seem to be acceptable but in terms of tonnage, there are significant differences between theoretical estimated values and production values.
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Francke, Jan C. "The application of geophysics to Nickel Laterite resource evaluation." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Geology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6417.

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With the dramatic growth of interest in nickel laterite resource exploitation, fueled by increasing demand and new processing technologies, the need for accurate resource delineation and careful mine planning becomes paramount. The traditional use of borehole grids to calculate mineral resources has proven to be neither sufficiently accurate nor cost-effective at many sites due to the complexity of tropical weathering profiles. Although an unconventional approach to laterite mine planning and resource delineation, emerging near-surface geophysical methods, particularly ground penetrating radar (GPR), hold tremendous potential for addressing project geology, resource delineation, and mine planning issues. GPR acquisition and processing techniques have been developed specifically for laterite applications and have been successfully utilized in the field. Preliminary test work has been performed at varied sites in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Venezuela, Guatemala, the Philippines, and Brazil. Two projects in New Caledonia were selected as comprehensive test sites for experimentation with GPR. Test surveys with GPR were performed at these sites to determine the effectiveness of the method in mapping the lateritic weathering profile. A description of the geology of various humid laterite deposits and the geophysical consequences of their complex nature is discussed, as well as the correlation of the acquired geophysical data to geological borehole information. Geophysics in general, and GPR in specific, has been proven to increase the database of knowledge with respect to project geology, as well as provide invaluable assistance in mine planning by high resolution imaging of the bedrock depth and texture as well as the accurate location of subsurface pinnacle structures at many sites.
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Colebrook, Marjorie Helen. "Rheology and electro-acoustic characterization of laterite slurries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2454.

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A systematic research study was carried out in order to characterize the rheology of concentrated slurries prepared from eight nickel laterites. The experiments were carried out using a rotational viscometer, and the behavior of the laterites was evaluated in terms of the apparent viscosity and yield stress obtained through flow curve modeling. An attempt was made to correlate the results obtained for the laterite samples with data obtained for model single mineral systems as well as for model mixed mineral systems. In combination with detailed mineralogical characterization of the laterite samples, all the rheological results allowed a rheology-based laterite classification system to be proposed. Accordingly, the laterite samples gave the following responses: the SAPSIL samples (high-quartz) generally producedl ow yield stress values, the SAPFE samples (high-iron) were characterized by intermediate to high yield stress values, while the SAP samples (saprolite) gave the highest yield stress values. Interestingly, these dominant rheological responses of laterites could actually be predicted based on rheological tests carried out on model mineral suspensions (particularly goethite and quartz). Since the rheology of fine mineral suspensions is largely determined by the surface properties (surface charge) of the particles, a series of electro-acoustic measurements were also performed on model minerals and laterite samples to analyze the surface charge characteristics of the tested samples. It was demonstrated that the current electro-acoustic theory developed for single mineral systems can readily be used for modeling the behavior of mixed mineral systems. The modeling and experimental data agreed exceptionally well when constituent minerals were of the same surface charge under given pH. Clear but rather small deviations between experiment and theory were observed under conditions when the minerals were oppositely charged. This observation strongly suggested that inter-particle aggregation was most likely responsible for the observed discrepancies. Overall, the results of this thesis show that laterite slurries exhibit a wide range of rheological responses due to highly variable mineralogy, differences in particle size distributions, and difference in the surface properties of the many constituent minerals. It also shows that the surface properties of the minerals relates to rheology.
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Nimah, Ulfa. "Investigation of Secondary Reactions in Bioleaching of Nickel Laterite Ores." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/21124.

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This thesis investigated the impact of secondary reactions; adsorption and precipitation, on nickel and cobalt recovery from bioleaching of nickel laterite ores. Although bioleaching is considered an ecologically and energy friendly technique to process laterite ores, low recoveries of target metals have inhibited its commercialisation. The secondary reactions occurrence in bioleaching of limonite, fresh and weathered saprolite ores was verified by performing chemical leaching tests using sulphuric and citric acid that would be generated by chemolithotrophs and heterotrophs respectively. The following leaching parameters were kept constant; pulp density at 10 (g/ml)%, particle size of the ore at 64 – 180 µm and stirring speed at 500 rpm. Metal loss was observed typically after 5 – 10 days and it increased as the acid to ore (A/O) ratio was reduced. At the lowest A/O ratio (0.1:1 (g/g)), up to 74% of nickel and 89% of cobalt were lost from target metals leached from saprolites while only 9% of nickel and negligible cobalt were lost from limonite. The mineralogical transformation of the residues resulting from the leaching process contributed to the alteration of the mineral isoelectric point (IEP) and consequently adsorption behaviour. The lower IEP in the saprolite residue (2.5 – 3.5) were attributed to the residual serpentine mineral (3.3) and quartz (2.2). While goethite (6.1 – 6.7) contributed to the higher IEP of the limonite residue (6.9). Systematic tests verified that adsorption can be overcome by maintaining the solution pH below the IEP of residues and adding complexing agent, 15 g/L of citric acid. A simulation of iron precipitation revealed little effect on metals recovery suggesting adsorption was as the primary secondary reaction affecting nickel laterite bioleaching. It is concluded that secondary reactions can have a huge impact on the metal recoveries and controlling its effect is critical in driving the commercialisation of the laterite bioleaching
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Field, Karen Louise. "Atmospheric leaching of a saprolytic nickel laterite ore in chloride solutions." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5612.

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Gaw, Daryl Corbin. "Manganese Removal from Sulfuric Acid Leach Solutions of Nickel Laterite Ores." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/81026.

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An oxidative precipitation technique using potassium permanganate was explored for the removal of manganese from pregnant leach solution (PLS) generated from the pressure acid leaching (PAL) of nickel laterite ores. The results revealed that the right combination of pH and molar ratio is important in order to achieve maximum removal of manganese (II) with minimum nickel (II) and cobalt (II) losses.
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Murphy, Mark P. "Geostatistical optimisation of sampling and estimation in a nickel laterite deposit." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1295.

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Nickel and cobalt are key additives to metal alloys in modem industry. The largest worldwide nickel-cobalt resources occur in nickel laterite deposits that have formed during the chemical weathering of ultramafic rocks at the Earth's surface. At the Murrin Murrin mine in Western Australia, the nickel laterite deposits occur as laterally extensive, undulating blankets of mineralisation with strong vertical anisotropy, near normal nickel distributions, and positively skewed cobalt distributions. The mineral resources in nickel laterite deposits in Murrin Murrin are usually estimated from drilling and sampling on relatively wide-spaced drill patterns that are supported by local clusters of close-spaced sampling. The combination of deposit geometry and sampling configuration presents several estimation challenges for geostatistical resource estimation methods. In this thesis, close-spaced grade control drill sampling data from Murrin Murrin is used to quantify the estimation effectiveness of the wider spaced actual exploration pattern used to define the original resource, and an alternative cost saving stratified sampling pattern. Additionally, an unfolding of the laterite blanket by vertical data translation prior to nickel and cobalt grade estimation is tested for each exploration pattern. The unfolding essentially removes undulations in the laterite blanket prior to grade estimation by vertical translation of the sample data relative to a surface of high grade nickel-cobalt connectivity. Unfolding is expected to improve estimation accuracy in terms of grade and volume, as well as improve the quality of variography analyses. The stratified pattern is expected to give similar estimation accuracy to the actual exploration pattern. The effectiveness of ordinary kriging and full indicator kriging estimation algorithms from GSLIB software are compared for the combinations of in situ and unfolded cases of the actual sampling pattern used to define the deposit and an alternative stratified sampling pattern. For each combination, the estimates are made at the data locations of closed spaced grade control ‘reality'. The accuracy of each estimate is quantified by comparing the error, degree of bias and pseudo grade-volume relationships of the estimate to the 'reality' data. Additionally, the quality of exploration pattern variography is assessed against the grade continuity of the grade control information. Importantly, the main focus of these comparisons is on the correct estimation of local high grade nickel and cobalt resources that are preferentially processed in the early years mining. The results of comparisons between estimation methods and sample configuration combinations investigated show that the combination of unfolding and indicator kriging gives the best correspondence (in terms of grade and volume) of the various estimates to the grade control reality. The results of comparisons between the actual and the alternative stratified exploration pattern show that the cost saving' alternative pattern produces estimates similar to the actual exploration estimates.
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Hutton-Ashkenny, Michael Douglas. "Recovery of nickel and cobalt from nitrate-based nickel laterite leach solutions using direct solvent extraction." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/174.

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A direct solvent extraction system was developed to recover nickel and cobalt from nitrate-based nickel laterite liquors, as opposed to traditional sulphate-based liquors. The development and optimisation of promising solvent systems is reported, along with a comparison of three potential options to inform recommendations for commercial applications. Finally, an investigation into the chemical stability of the solvent extraction reagents is detailed to determine if a nitrate-based process affected reagent stability compared to a sulphate-based process.
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Books on the topic "Nickel laterite"

1

Burger, Peter. ALTA Nickel/cobalt laterites project development: May 15, 1996, Hyatt Hotel Perth, Western Australia. Victoria: Alta Metallurgical Services, 1996.

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P, Imrie William, Lane David M, Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. Extraction and Processing Division., Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (U.S.), and Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. Meeting, eds. International Laterite Nickel Symposium--2004: Proceedings of symposium held during the 2004 TMS Annual Meeting in Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A., March 14-18, 2004. Warrendale, Pa: TMS, 2004.

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Georgiou, Dimitri. Kinetics of nickel dissolution during sulphuric acid pressure leaching for a limonitic laterite. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1995.

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Anderson, William Thomas. Reduction studies on low iron lateritic nickel ores. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1995.

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(Editor), W. P. Imrie, and David M. Lane (Editor), eds. International Laterite Nickel Symposium--2004: Proceedings of Symposium Sponsored by the Extraction and Processing Division (Epd) of Tms (The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society). Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society, 2004.

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Services, ALTA Metallurgical, ed. ALTA Nickel/cobalt laterites: The how to's of project development. Victoria: Alta Metallurgical Services, 1995.

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Cheung, Miranda. Modelling of the nickel and cobalt kinetics during pressure acid leaching of laterites using Aspen Plus 11.1TM and OLI. 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nickel laterite"

1

Li, Tao, Xuan Chen, Bo Zhang, and Xin Hong. "Characterization of Laterite Nickel Ore." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2014, 541–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888056.ch63.

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Guo, Enguang, Mei Liu, Cheng Pan, Qiugang Yuan, and Xuewei Lv. "Sintering Process for Limonitic Nickel Laterite." In Celebrating the Megascale, 623–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48234-7_62.

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Guo, Enguang, Mei Liu, Cheng Pan, Qiugang Yuan, and Xuewei Lv. "Sintering Process for Limonitic Nickel Laterite." In Celebrating the Megascale, 623–30. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118889657.ch62.

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Wu, Chao, Hongxu Li, Yu Chen, Chao Li, and Zhiqian Zhang. "The sintering character of limonitic nickel laterite." In Ni-Co 2013, 279–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48147-0_20.

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Janwong, Adirek, Nikhil Dhawan, Thien Vethsodsakda, and Michael S. Moats. "Characteristics of Nickel Laterite Crushed Ore Agglomerates." In Ni-Co 2013, 125–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48147-0_8.

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Wu, C., H. Li, Y. Chen, C. Li, and Z. Zhang. "The Sintering Character of Limonitic Nickel Laterite." In Ni-Co 2013, 279–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118658826.ch20.

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Janwong, Adirek, Nikhil Dhawan, Thien Vethsodsakda, and Michael S. Moats. "Characteristics of Nickel Laterite Crushed Ore Agglomerates." In Ni-Co 2013, 125–39. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118658826.ch8.

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PAN, Jian, Xianlin ZHOU, Deqing ZHU, and Guolin ZHENG. "Study of Strengthen Pelletization of Nickel Laterite." In 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 355–62. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062081.ch42.

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Lv, Wei, Junyi Xiang, Jinsheng Wang, Xueming Lv, Xuewei Lv, and Chenguang Bai. "Analysis of Microwave Drying Behavior of Nickel Laterite." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 691–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72138-5_66.

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Li, Guanghui, Jun Luo, Mingjun Rao, Zhiwei Peng, and Tao Jiang. "An Overview of Nickel Utilization from Laterite Ore." In Advances and Innovations in Ferronickel-Making, 1–30. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5227-2_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nickel laterite"

1

Sofrà, Fiona. "Understanding Feed Rheology in Nickel Laterite Processing." In International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/563_2.

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Francke, Jan C., and David C. Nobes. "Preliminary evaluation of GPR for nickel laterite exploration." In 8th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, edited by David A. Noon, Glen F. Stickley, and Dennis Longstaff. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.383544.

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Choi, Yuri, Insung Lee, and Jihun Lee. "Mineralization of Garnierite in Morowali Nickel Laterite Deposit, Indonesia." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.434.

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Rhamdani, Ahmad Rizky, Himawan T. B. M. Petrus, and Moh Fahrurrozi. "Characterization of nickel laterite reduction from Pomalaa, Sulawesi Tenggara." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHEMICAL AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING (ICCME) 2015: Green Technology for Sustainable Chemical Products and Processes. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938348.

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Wang, Xiaoping, Tichang Sun, Chao Chen, and Tianyang Hu. "Current Studies of Treating Processes for Nickel Laterite Ores." In 2nd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmeit-17.2017.27.

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Wang, Weiwei, Shangchao Du, Guo Liu, Jianwen Tang, Yeda Lu, and Dong Lv. "Extraction of nickel from Ramu laterite by sulphation roasting-water leaching." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL MATERIALS AND PROCESS (ICCMP 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5000474.

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Aswad, Sabrianto, Yudi Surawan, Muh Altin Massinai, and Wanni. "Scenario to optimize nickel laterite exploration using ERT with gradient configuration." In Proceedings of the 12th SEGJ International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 18-20 November 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segj122015-052.

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Munoz, Manuel, Marc Ulrich, Michel Cathelineau, and Olivier Mathon. "Crystal chemistry and concentration process of nickel in New Caledonia laterite." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.10128.

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Yunita, F. E., and M. Z. Mubarok. "Nickel leaching from laterite ores by combination of organic and sulfuric acid." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2020): Accelerating Research and Innovation on Metallurgy and Materials for Inclusive and Sustainable Industry. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0060750.

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"Taguchi Optimization for Nickel-Cobalt Extraction Process using Cyanex 272 from Laterite." In Bali 2017 International Conference Proceeding. EIRAI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eirai.iae1017101.

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