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1
König, Uwe. "Nickel Laterites—Mineralogical Monitoring for Grade Definition and Process Optimization." Minerals 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111178.
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Nickel laterite ore is used to produce nickel metal, predominantly to manufacture stainless steel as well as nickel sulfate, a key ingredient in the batteries that drive electric vehicles. Nickel laterite production is on the rise and surpassing conventional sulfide deposits. The efficiency of mining and processing nickel laterites is defined by their mineralogical composition. Typical profiles of nickel laterites are divided into a saprolite and a laterite horizon. Nickel is mainly concentrated and hosted in a variety of secondary oxides, hydrous Mg silicates and clay minerals like smectite or lizardite in the saprolite horizon, whereas the laterite horizon can host cobalt that could be extracted as a side product. For this case study, 40 samples from both saprolite and laterite horizons were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in combination with statistical methods such as cluster analysis. Besides the identification of the different mineral phases, the quantitative composition of the samples was also determined with the Rietveld method. Data clustering of the samples was tested and allows a fast and easy separation of the different lithologies and ore grades. Mineralogy also plays a key role during further processing of nickel laterites to nickel metal. XRD was used to monitor the mineralogy of calcine, matte and slag. The value of mineralogical monitoring for grade definition, ore sorting, and processing is explained in the paper.
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Fadli, Fadli. "Hubungan Pola Penyebaran dan Ketebalan Zona Bijih Endapan Nikel Laterit dengan Topografi Permukaan Pada PT Aneka Tambang Tbk." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v1i1.18.
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Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki sumber daya nikel laterit yang berlimpah, mulai dari Sulawesi hingga ke Papua. Oleh karena itu, peneliti melakukan analisis pola sebaran dan ketebalan endapan nikel leterit untuk mendapatkan pola sebaran zona bijih dari endapan nikel laterit berdasarkan topografi permukaan. Adapun metode yang dilakukan adalah menganalisis sampel pemboran dengan X-ray spectometer, menganalisis topografi, morfologi dan membuat profil penampang antar sumbu bor untuk menganalisis pola sebaran zona bijih endapan nikel laterit. Data yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah bentuk topografi perbukitan dengan morfologi bergelombang, miring hingga melandai, dengan kemiringan lereng 20-160. Penampang endapan secara vertikal mengunakan parameter overburden dengan kadar Ni < 0.90% – > 4%. Penampang serta pola sebaran endapan nikel laterit terbagi 3 warna yaitu coklat untuk kadar Ni < 0.90%, kuning untuk kadar Ni 0,91% – 1,50%, dan hijau untuk kadar Ni > 1,51%. Berdasarkan penampang korelasi pada topografi landai, didapatkan kadar yang tinggi serta tebal dan topografi yang berbukit miring ditemukan kadar yang tinggi tetapi ketebalan yang tipis. Secara keseluruhan kadar nikel laterit berkisar 8 – 16 meter. Kata Kunci: Topografi, Nikel Laterit, Kadar, Ketebalan, Pola Penyebaran Abstract: Indonesia is a country that has abundant nickel laterite resources, from Sulawesi to Papua. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the distribution pattern and thickness of the nickel leterite deposits to obtain the distribution pattern of the ore zones of the laterite nickel deposits based on the surface topography. The method used is to analyze the drilling sample with an X-ray spectometer, analyze the topography, morphology and create a cross-sectional profile between the drill axes to analyze the distribution pattern of the laterite nickel ore deposit zone. The data generated from this study is a hilly topography with a wavy morphology, slanted, and sloping, with a slope of 20-160. The vertical cross section of the sediment uses overburden parameters with Ni content < 0.90% – > 4%. The cross-section and distribution pattern of laterite nickel deposits are divided into 3 colors, namely brown for Ni content < 0.90%, yellow for Ni content 0.91% – 1.50%, and green for Ni content > 1.51%. Based on the cross-sectional correlation on the sloping topography, it was found that high grades and thick and hilly topography found high grades but thin thicknesses. Overall, laterite nickel content ranges from 8 to 16 meters. Keywords: Topography, Nickel Laterite, Grade, Thickness, Distribution Pattern
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Lintjewas, Lediyantje, Iwan Setiawan, and Andrie Al Kausar. "Profil Endapan Nikel Laterit di Daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara." RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 29, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/risetgeotam2019.v29.970.
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Nikel laterit adalah mineral logam hasil dari proses pelapukan dan pengkayaan mineral pada batuan ultramafik. Geologi di daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, disusun oleh batugamping dari Formasi Eimoko dan Formasi Langkolawa yang memiliki hubungan ketidakselarasan dengan batuan ultramafik di bawahnya sebagai pembawa endapan nikel laterit. Proses pelapukan pada batuan ultramafik menghasilkan karakter dan profil nikel laterit yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterisasi nikel laterit berdasarkan pada mineralogi dan profil dari Zona lateritisasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa jenis batuan pembawa nikel laterit di Daerah Palangga adalah harsburgit. Nikel laterit memiliki ketebalan sekitar 15 meter. Zona Limonit memiliki komposisi mineral lempung berupa kaolinit, mineral oksida berupa mineral magnetit, hematit, kromit dan mineral hidroksida berupa gutit. Kedalaman Zona Limonit yaitu sekitar 0 - 3 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe sekitar 34,10 – 48,31%, dan SiO2 sekitar 9,42 – 18,02%. Zona Saprolit memiliki komposisi mineral silikat berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Kedalaman Zona Saprolit sekitar 3 – 9 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe sekitar 10,27 – 34,52%, SiO2 sekitar 22,0 – 49,63%. Batuan dasar (Bedrock) memiliki komposisi mineral silikat, antigorit, enstatit, olivin, augit dan lisardit. Kedalaman batuan dasar (bedrock) sekitar 9 – 10 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,95 – 1,28%, Fe sekitar 7,62 – 8,29%, SiO2 sekitar 42,81 – 45,85%. Zona Saprolit merupakan Zona yang kaya akan nikel, dengan mineral penyusun berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Nickel laterite is metal mineral formed by weathering and mineral enrichment of ultramafic rocks. Geology of Palangga area, Southeast Sulawesi Province arranged by limestone of Eimoko Formation and Langkowala Formation that have unconformity relation with ultramafic rocks as source of nickel laterite. Weathering process underwent ultramafic rocks resulted in different nickel laterite characters and their profile. The study aims to identify characterization of nickel laterite based on mineralogy and lateritization profile zones. Based on the result of study, source of nickel laterite in Palangga area is harzburgite. Nickel laterite profile has around 15 meters thick. Mineral composition of Limonite Zone is clay mineral as kaolinit, oxide mineral consisted of magnetite, hematite, chromite, and hidroksida mineral as goetite. Depth of Limonite Zone around 0 - 3 meters with Ni grade around 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe around 34,10 – 48,31%, and SiO2 around 9,42 – 18,02%. Mineral composition of Saprolite Zone is silicate mineral consist of quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Saprolite Zone around 3 – 9 meters with Ni grade around 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe around 10,27 – 34,52%, and SiO2 around 22,0 – 49,63%. Mineral composition of bedrock is silikat minerals consits of antigorite, enstatite, olivine, augit, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Bedrock ar ound 9 – 10 meters with grade Ni 1,28%, Fe around 7,62 – 8,29%, and SiO2 around 42,81 – 45,85%. The Saprolit Zone is a Zone that rich in nickel, with mineral composition is quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals.
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McDonald, Robbie G., and Jian Li. "The High Temperature Co-Processing of Nickel Sulfide and Nickel Laterite Sources." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040351.
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The pressure oxidation of low-grade nickel sulfide concentrate with high iron sulfides content generates significant amounts of sulfuric acid that must be neutralized. This acid can be utilized to leach metal values from ores such as nickel laterites. The present study demonstrates the use of a low-grade nickel concentrate generated from Poseidon Nickel Mt Windarra ore to enable additional nickel and cobalt extraction from a Bulong Nickel Operation nickel laterite blend. The co-processing of these materials at 250 °C, with oxygen overpressure, using total pulp densities of 30% or 40% w/w, and a range of nickel concentrate to nickel laterite mass ratios between 0.30–0.53, yielded base metal extractions of 95% or greater. The final free acid range was between 21.5–58.5 g/L, which indicates that enough in situ sulfuric acid was generated during co-processing. The acid was shown from mineralogical analysis to be efficiently utilized to dissolve the laterite ore, which indicates that the primary iron hydrolysis product was hematite, while the aluminum-rich sodium alunite/jarosite phase that formed hosts approximately 5% of the hydrolyzed iron.
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Chu, Fan, Ying Jun Zhang, Jiang Shen, and Xue Feng Yang. "Application of Wireless Sensor Network in Shipping Laterite Nickel Ore Moisture Content Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.204.
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This paper applies wireless sensor network to the shipping laterite nickel ore moisture content monitoring, and design a set of real-time monitoring of lateritic nickel ore moisture content monitoring system in the process of actual transportation, and formulate a specific implementation plan. According to the structure of laterite nickel ore bulk carriers and the characteristics of the wireless sensor network, this paper also solve the design and layout problems of wireless sensor nodes, the problems of energy saving and data transmission from the inside cabin to the outside, etc. In addition, the system has strong portability, and can be used for monitoring in other related fields.
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Chang, Yong Feng, Chuan Lin Fan, Bin Chuan Li, Xiu Jing Zhai, and Ting An Zhang. "Selective Leaching Nickel from the Pre-Reduced Limonitic Laterite Ore at Atmospheric Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.494.
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In this paper a novel method for selective leaching nickel from pre-reduced laterite ore at atmospheric pressure was reported. The reduced calcine was leached in thin acid liquor to liberate the nickel and iron together firstly. By properly controlling the leaching condition, the leached iron ion could hydrolyze as goethite precipitate and regenerate the acid consumed in the leaching procedure. Finally, the nickel is selectively extracted into the leaching solution. The main factors in the leaching process, such as reduction degree of the laterite ore, acidity of the leaching solution were investigated as influence on the nickel extraction. The test results showed that selectively leaching of nickel could be achieved with an extraction degree up to 90% by reducing most of the iron in the lateritic ore to wuestite and controlling the pH value of the leaching solution below 2.5.
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Pho, Nguyen Van, Pham Tich Xuan, and Pham Thanh Dang. "Occurrence of supergene nickel ores in the Ha Tri Massive, Hoa An District, Cao Bang Province." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11676.
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Nickel (Ni) laterites are regolith materials derived from ultramafic rocks and play an important role in the world's Ni production. Ni-laterite deposits are the supergene enrichment of Ni formed from the intense chemical and mechanical weathering of ultramafic parental rocks. In Vietnam, the weathering profile containing Ni laterite was first discovered in the Ha Tri massive (Cao Bang). This profile develops on the Ha Tri serpentinized peridotite rocks classified to the Cao Bang mafic-ultramafic complex (North Vietnam) and exhibits thick weathered zone (10 - 15m). This work carried out a detailed study of the weathering profile at the center of Ha Tri massive. Samples from different horizons of the profile were collected and analyzed in detail by XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX methods to establish the relationship between the Ni-rich supergene products and the parental peridotites (lherzolite) rocks in Ha Tri massive. The results show that the saprolite horizon is most Ni-rich in the weathering profile in Ha Tri. In this horizon, Ni-silicate minerals of garnierite group such as pimelite, nepouite and other Mg-Ni silicates have been found. The appearance of minerals of garnierite group is due to the exchange of Mg by Ni during weathering of peridotite minerals, especially olivine, which leads to the enrichment of the supergene Ni. The occurrence of Ni silicates suggests the existence of the supergene Ni ore in the weathering profile of the Ha Tri massive.References Bosio N.J., Hurst J.V., Smith R.L., 1975. Nickelliferousnontronite, a 15 Å garnierite, at Niquelandia, Goias Brazil. Clays Clay Miner., 23, 400-403. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., Elias M., 1998. Nickel Laterites: Classification and features. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 17(4), 81-88. Bricker O.P., Nesbitt H.W. and Gunter W.D., 1973. The stability of talc. American Mineralogist, 58, 64-72. Brindley G.W. and Hang P.T., 1973. The nature of garnierites. Structures, chemical composition and color characteristics. Clay and Clay Minerals, 21, 27-40. Brindley G.W. and Maksimovic Z., 1974. The nature and nomenclature of hydrous nickel-containing silicates. Clay Minerals, 10, 271-277. Brindley G.W. and Wan H.M., 1975. Composition structures and thermal behavior of nickel containing minerals in thelizardite-ne´pouite series. American Mineralogist, 60, 863-871. Brindley G.W., Bish D.L. and Wan H.M., 1979. Compositions, structures and properties of nickel containing minerals in the kerolite-pimelite series. American Mineralogist, 64, 615-625. Cluzel D. and Vigier B., 2008. Syntectonic mobility of supergene nickel ores from New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). Evidence from faulted regolith and garnierite veins. Resource Geology, 58, 161-170. Colin F., Nahon D., Trescases J.J., Melfi A.J., 1990. Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goais, Brazil: The supergene behavior ofnickel: Economic Geology, 85, 1010-1023. Das S.K., Sahoo R.K., Muralidhar J., Nayak B.K., 1999. Mineralogy and geochemistry of profilesthrough lateritic nickel deposits at Kansa,Sukinda, Orissa. Joural of Geoogical. SocietyIndia, 53, 649-668. Decarreau A., Colin F., Herbillon A., Manceau A., Nahon D., Paquet H., Trauth-Badaud D.,Trescases J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in NiFe-Mg-Smectites. Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10. Freyssinet P., Butt C.R.M. and Morris R.C., 2005. Oreforming processes related to lateritic weathering. Economic Geology, 100th aniversary volume, 681-722.Garnier J., Quantin C., Martins E.S., Becquer T., 2006. Solid speciation and availability of chromium in ultramafic soils from Niquelandia, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 206-209. Garnier J., Quantin C., Guimarães E., Becquer T., 2008. Can chromite weathering be a source of Cr in soils? Mineralogy Magazine, 72, 49-53. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R. and Elias M., 2003. Nickel laterites: A review. SEG Newsletter, 54, 11-18. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R., Wlias M., 2003. Nickellaterites: a review. SEG Newsletter, Society of Economic Geology, 54. Available from www.segweb.org. Golightly J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary volume, 710-735. Golightly J.P., 2010. Progress in understanding the evolution of nickel laterite. Society of Economic Geology, In Special Publication, 15, 451-485. Manceau A. and Calas G., 1985. Heterogeneous distribution of nickel in hydrous silicates from New Caledonia ore deposits. American Mineralogist, 70, 549-558. Nguyen Van Pho, 2013. Tropic weathering in Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Pubisher Science and Technology, 365p.Ngo Xuan Thanh, Tran Thanh Hai, Nguyen Hoang, Vu Quang Lan, S. Kwon, Tetsumaru Itaya, M. Santosh, 2014. Backarc mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 90, 45-60.Pelletier B., 1983. Localisation du nickel dans les minerais ‘‘garnieritiques’’ de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sciences Ge´ologique: Me´moires, 73, 173-183.Pelletier B., 1996. Serpentines in nickel silicate ores from New Caledonia. In Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (eds): Nickel ’96, Australasian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy, Melbourne, Publication Series 6(9), 197-205. Proenza J.A., Lewis J.F., Galı´ S., Tauler E., Labrador M., Melgarejo J.C., Longo F. and Bloise G., 2008. Garnierite mineralization from Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Macla, 9, 197-198. Soler J.M., Cama J., Galı´ S., Mele´ndez W., Ramı´rez, A., andEstanga, J., 2008. Composition and dissolution kinetics ofgarnierite from the Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit,Venezuela. Chemical Geology, 249, 191-202. Springer G., 1974. Compositional and structural variations ingarnierites. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 381-388. Springer G., 1976. Falcondoite, nickel analogue of sepiolite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 407-409.Svetlitskaya T.V., Tolstykh N.D., Izokh A.E., Phuong Ngo Thi, 2015. PGE geochemical constraints on the origin of the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralization in the Suoi Cun intrusion, Cao Bang province, Northeastern Vietnam. Miner Petrol, 109, 161-180.Tran Trong Hoa, Izokh A.E., Polyakov G.V., Borisenko A.S., Tran Tuan Anh, Balykin P.A., Ngo Thi Phuong, Rudnev S.N., Vu Van Van, Bui An Nien, 2008. Permo-Triassic magmatism and metallogeny of Northern Vietnam in relation to the Emeishan plume. Russ. Geol. Geophys., 49, 480-491.Trescases J.J., 1975. L'évolution supergene des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale: Formation de gisements nikelifères de Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 259p.Tri T.V., Khuc V. (eds), 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p (in English). Villanova-de-Benavent C., Proenza J.A., GalíS., Tauler E., Lewis J.F. and Longo F., 2011. Talc- and serpentine-like ‘‘garnierites’’ in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. ‘Let’s talk ore deposits’, 11th Biennial Meeting SGA 2011, Antofagasta, Chile, 3p.Wells M.A., 2003. Goronickel laterite deposit. New Caledonia. CRC LEME, p.3.
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Li, Xian Hai, Bi Yang Tuo, Qin Zhang, and Shen Jun Zhang. "Experimental Study on Recovery of Nickel from Nickel-Bearing Laterite." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1611.
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It is known that to extract nickel from nickel-bearing laterite ore is not an easy job. By reducing roast-magnetic separation, an effective result is achieved in this research in dealing with nickel-bearing laterite ore due to its simple technology process and the high nickel recovery. Nickel-bearing laterite studied in this research is mainly characterized by fine disseminated grain size and easy argillation. Thus, valuable mineral (i.e. nickel oxide) can not be effectively separated from the nickel-bearing laterite ore simply by regular mineral processing technology. To solve the problem, both reducing roast and wet magnetic separation are adopted in the study with the purpose of making up the lack of dynamics so as to reduce the reduction temperature of nickel laterite. Flux catalyst is added to strengthen the reducing reaction of nickel oxide and iron oxide. The optimistic experimental conditions are determined as following: the consumption of the flux catalyst agent and the reducing agent are 5% and 4% (by weight) respectively, the reduction temperature remains at 1200°C, the reduction time is 2h, and the appropriate magnetic field intensity is 240 RA/m. The research findings show that the nickel grade of the concentrate increases from 1.58% to 5.49%, with its recovery reaching above 80 %.
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Stanković, Srdjan, Srećko Stopić, Miroslav Sokić, Branislav Marković, and Bernd Friedrich. "Review of the past, present, and future of the hydrometallurgical production of nickel and cobalt from lateritic ores." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 26, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/513.
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Laterite ores are becoming the most important global source of nickel and cobalt. Pyrometallurgical processing of the laterites is still a dominant technology, but the share of nickel and cobalt produced by the application of various hydrometallurgical technologies is increasing. Hydrometallurgy is a less energy-demanding process, resulting in lower operational costs and environmental impacts. This review covers past technologies for hydrometallurgical processing of nickel and cobalt (Caron), current technologies (high-pressure acid leaching, atmospheric leaching, heap leaching), developing technologies (Direct nickel, Neomet) as well as prospective biotechnologies (Ferredox process).
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Bahfie, Fathan, Azwar Manaf, Widi Astuti, Fajar Nurjaman, Erik Prastyo, and Ulin Herlina. "Development of laterite ore processing and its applications." Indonesian Mining Journal 25, no. 2 (December 2022): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol25.no2.2022.1261.
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Nickel ore is found in two types sulfide and laterite. The sulfide is a nickel ore that has high nickel content and low reserves of natural resources than of the zinc laterite. In contrast, the laterite is a rock mineral that contains the iron-nickel oxide compounds. There are two methods of processing nickel laterite, namely hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. The former is a method that uses leaching by a chemical solution or solid such as acid, as a reducing agent. The alkaline leaching (ammonia) is the most optimal method to obtain a nickel grade with the highest recovery but it needs more modification. Pyrometallurgical method uses high heat up to 1800°C, so it requires a lot of energy and needs improvement to decrease the carbon usage. The rotary kiln-electric furnace method is the optimal method for developing the nickel laterite. These methods generate products that can be applied to various fields. For example, the pyrometallurgy method produces nickel pig iron and ferronickel as raw materials for stainless steel and steel alloys. The hydrometallurgy method produces nickel sulfate and nickel oxide with a purity of 99% by weight as raw materials for magnets, sensors, and batteries. Hence, the hydrometallurgy method still needs improvements for the environmentally friendly reagent. Therefore, bioleaching will be a nickel laterite leaching process in the future by using bacteria as the reducing agent.
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Indra Kusuma, Riko Ardiansyah, Hashari Kamaruddin, Mega Fatimah Rosana, and Euis Tintin Yuningsih. "Geokimia Endapan Nikel Laterit di Tambang Utara, Kecamatan Pomalaa, Kabupaten Kolaka, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengara." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.20.2.85-92.
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Pomalaa is administratively located in Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The nickel mining business area in Pomalaa is managed by State-Owned Enterprises and Private Enterprises. Pomalaa is a sub-district that has natural resources in the form of nickel. Nickel Laterite deposits is a result weathering of ultramafic rock that is leaching process and accumulates in the supergen enrichment zone. The lateritization factor is controlled by lithology, morphology, and structure. In general, the profile of laterite nickel deposits in the North Mine area from top to bottom consists of top soil, limonite, saprolite, and bedrock zones. The laterite nickel precipitate in the North Mine shows varying thickness, based on color, texture, size and mineral composition. Laterite deposits from drilling results reaches an range of 25 - 30 meters. Soil and rocks sampling from each laterite zone every meter resulting from drilling are carried out by laboratory testing using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) analysis method with 283 total sample. High Ni element show enrichment in the saprolite zone, whereas in the high Fe (iron) element in the limonite zone.Keywords: nickel, laterite, geochemical, Pomalaa
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Indra Kusuma, Riko Ardiansyah, Hashari Kamaruddin, Mega Fatimah Rosana, and Euis Tintin Yuningsih. "Geokimia Endapan Nikel Laterit di Tambang Utara, Kecamatan Pomalaa, Kabupaten Kolaka, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengara." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v20i2.418.
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Pomalaa is administratively located in Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The nickel mining business area in Pomalaa is managed by State-Owned Enterprises and Private Enterprises. Pomalaa is a sub-district that has natural resources in the form of nickel. Nickel Laterite deposits is a result weathering of ultramafic rock that is leaching process and accumulates in the supergen enrichment zone. The lateritization factor is controlled by lithology, morphology, and structure. In general, the profile of laterite nickel deposits in the North Mine area from top to bottom consists of top soil, limonite, saprolite, and bedrock zones. The laterite nickel precipitate in the North Mine shows varying thickness, based on color, texture, size and mineral composition. Laterite deposits from drilling results reaches an range of 25 - 30 meters. Soil and rocks sampling from each laterite zone every meter resulting from drilling are carried out by laboratory testing using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) analysis method with 283 total sample. High Ni element show enrichment in the saprolite zone, whereas in the high Fe (iron) element in the limonite zone.Keywords: nickel, laterite, geochemical, Pomalaa
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Indra Kusuma, Riko Ardiansyah, Hashari Kamaruddin, Mega Fatimah Rosana, and Euis Tintin Yuningsih. "Geokimia Endapan Nikel Laterit di Tambang Utara, Kecamatan Pomalaa, Kabupaten Kolaka, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengara." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.v20i2.418.
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Pomalaa is administratively located in Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The nickel mining business area in Pomalaa is managed by State-Owned Enterprises and Private Enterprises. Pomalaa is a sub-district that has natural resources in the form of nickel. Nickel Laterite deposits is a result weathering of ultramafic rock that is leaching process and accumulates in the supergen enrichment zone. The lateritization factor is controlled by lithology, morphology, and structure. In general, the profile of laterite nickel deposits in the North Mine area from top to bottom consists of top soil, limonite, saprolite, and bedrock zones. The laterite nickel precipitate in the North Mine shows varying thickness, based on color, texture, size and mineral composition. Laterite deposits from drilling results reaches an range of 25 - 30 meters. Soil and rocks sampling from each laterite zone every meter resulting from drilling are carried out by laboratory testing using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) analysis method with 283 total sample. High Ni element show enrichment in the saprolite zone, whereas in the high Fe (iron) element in the limonite zone.Keywords: nickel, laterite, geochemical, Pomalaa
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Miettinen, Ville, Jarno Mäkinen, Eero Kolehmainen, Tero Kravtsov, and Lotta Rintala. "Iron Control in Atmospheric Acid Laterite Leaching." Minerals 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070404.
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Iron control in the atmospheric acid leaching (AL) of nickel laterite was evaluated in this study. The aim was to decrease acid consumption and iron dissolution by iron precipitation during nickel leaching. The combined acid leaching and iron precipitation process involves direct acid leaching of the limonite type of laterite followed by a simultaneous iron precipitation and nickel leaching step. Iron precipitation as jarosite is carried out by using nickel containing silicate laterite for neutralization. Acid is generated in the jarosite precipitation reaction, and it dissolves nickel and other metals like magnesium from the silicate laterite. Leaching tests were carried out using three laterite samples from the Agios Ioannis, Evia Island, and Kastoria mines in Greece. Relatively low acid consumption was achieved during the combined precipitation and acid leaching tests. The acid consumption was approximately 0.4 kg acid per kg laterite, whereas the acid consumption in direct acid leaching of the same laterite samples was approximately 0.6–0.8 kg acid per kg laterite. Iron dissolution was only 1.5–3% during the combined precipitation and acid leaching tests, whereas in direct acid leaching it was 15–30% with the Agios Ioannis and Evia Island samples and 80% with the Kastoria sample.
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Gleeson, S. A., C. R. M. Butt, and M. Elias. "Nickel Laterites: A Review." SEG Discovery, no. 54 (July 1, 2003): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2003-54.fea.
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ABSTRACT Nickel laterite deposits are formed by the prolonged and pervasive weathering of Ni silicate-bearing ultramafıc rocks, generally in tropical to subtropical climates. The deposits can be further classifıed as hydrous silicate deposits (e.g., SLN Operations, New Caledonia), clay silicate deposits (e.g., Murrin Murrin, Australia), and oxide deposits (e.g., Moa Bay, Cuba; Cawse, Australia) on the basis of the ore mineralogy. The physical and chemical nature of a nickel laterite deposit is a function of many factors, including the composition of the parent rock, the tectonic setting, climate, topography (specifıcally, laterite morphology), and drainage. Nickel laterite ore is extracted using both selective and bulk mining methods in open cast mining operations. The mined ore has traditionally been processed either by hydrometallurgical leaching technology (pressure acid leach or Caron processes) to produce oxides of nickel and cobalt or mixed Ni-Co sulfıdes for market, or by pyrometallurgical smelting to produce ferronickel granules or nickel matte. However, recent advances in high-pressure acid leaching and continued testing of atmospheric leach technology should lead to a reduction in overall operating costs and increased exploitation of Ni laterite resources in the future.
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Nguyen, Khanh Tuan, Toi Trung Tran, and Thuat Tien Phung. "Research on treating processes of Nickel Laterite Ores in the world and Vietnam." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, no. 3b (July 20, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(3b).05.
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Laterite nickel ores, accounting for about 70% of total world nickel reserves, are very abundant and considered as an important resource of nickel. However, nickel content of laterite ores are generally low of about 0.5÷2.5% Ni. In addition, nickel minerals are very finely disseminated in the ores, so that traditional separation methods such as froth flotation, gravity method, magnetic method, and electrical separation produce very low recovery efficiency. Currently, the treatment of this type of ores is being intensively studied and directed to use common available processes including: Hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and reduction roasting - magnetic separation processes. This article aims to summarize typical studies on the characteristics of current laterite nickel ore processing technologies commonly used in the world and in Vietnam. From the review, appropriate direction for treatment of Thanh Hoa - Vietnam laterite nickel ores can be proposed.
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Rohmaningrum, Denzi Y., and Juanita R. Horman. "CUT OFF GRADE NIKEL LATERIT PADA BLOK 1A PT. ANUGRAH SUKSES MINING." INTAN Jurnal Penelitian Tambang 3, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56139/intan.v3i1.46.
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PT. Anugrah Sukses Mining (ASM) is a company engaged in laterite nickel mining. PT. ASM has a production target of 140,000 tons / month, with an average nickel content of 1.95%. PT. ASM operates mining based on the divisions of regions or blocks of mining. Block 1A is the first block mined by PT. ASM. Block 1A has a total area of 490,000 m2 and is divided into three mining areas, namely pit 1, pit 2 and pit 3. This research focuses on the pit 2 mining front where limonite and saprolite as laterite nickel zonation. This research was conducted to determine the cut off grade of the laterite nickel grade of the planned sequence. Total tonnage of laterite nickel prior to pit formation was 235,943 tons, with 86,922 tons of waste, 149,021 tons of ore, 0.58: 1 of SR, and cut off grade % Ni ≥ 1.63. The total tonnage of laterite nickel after pit formed was 231,105 tons, with 81,414 tons of waste, 149,217 tons of ore, cut off grade % Ni 1.57 and 0.54: 1 of SR.
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Chen, Song, Shu Qiang Guo, Yu Ling Xu, Lan Jiang, and Wei Zhong Ding. "Research on Selective Reduction of Laterite Nickel Ore by CO2/H2 Mixed Gas." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.814.
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In this paper, thermodynamic analysis on reduction of lateritic nickel ore by CO2/H2 mixed gas was performed based on activity theory. Effects of CO2/H2 ratio and temperature on selective reduction of laterite ore were investigated. The calculation result shows that the metallization of Fe and Ni could be promoted by each other because of the variation of the Fe and Ni activity, which accounts for the inescapability of Fe metallization. When laterite nickel ore was reduced by mixed gas with a CO2/H2 ratio of 9/1 and a gas flow of 100mL/min at 800°C for 1h, a product with a Ni metallization rate over 95% and a Ni/Fe ratio as much as 2.6 was prepared.
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Bargawa, Waterman Sulistyana. "THE PERFORMANCE OF ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR NICKEL LATERITE RESOURCE MODELING." Jurnal Teknologi 84, no. 4 (May 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.17560.
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The choice of estimation technique according to geological conditions and mineralization character is the main problem in estimating block grade of nickel laterite. CV (coefficient of variance) and variogram determine the choice of estimation technique for nickel laterite resource classification. This study aims to evaluate various techniques for estimating block grades and to select the appropriate method for the classification of nickel laterite resources. The basic statistical analysis is to find out the description of the data, while the variography is to find out the spatial correlation between the data. Nickel grade estimation results are based on Near Neighbor Polygon (NNP), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), and Ordinary Kriging (OK) techniques to determine the classification of nickel resources. Accuracy levels are based on cross-sectional visualization comparisons, plan views, probability plots and linear regression analysis. The OK technique were not superior in grade estimation, especially in nickel laterite deposits. The results showed that the IDW technique was suitable to be applied to the limonite zone, while the NNP technique was suitable to be applied to the saprolite zone. Based on the performance of the estimation technique, the weighted average method can be applied for the classification of inferred, indicated, and measurable resources. The grade-tonnage curve shows the nickel laterite resource potential in the study area.
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Firdaus, F., Suriyanto Bakri, and Muh Arman. "Mapping of Nickel Laterite Resources Using Geographical Information Systems (Sig), Case Study Koninis Region, Central Sulawesi Province." Journal of Geology and Exploration 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58227/jge.v1i2.8.
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The Map Banggai geology sheet especially Bunta has ultramafic rocks so it needs to be mapping the laterite nickel resources. This study aims to determine the spread, determine the levels of mineral elements contained and determine the estimated nickel laterite resource in the research area. The research method was carried out by taking field data and testing the sample levels then analyzed using the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The results showed that the distribution of laterite nickel was found in the ultramafic unit area with elevations between 110 - 170 m which extended from north to south of the research area with an area of 29.25 ha, levels of Ni elements for Cut Off Grade (COG) were 1.6% and Fe 34.29% with a thickness of 3 m and an estimated nickel laterite (hypothetical) resource of 1,140,750 tons.
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Nurjaman, Fajar, Anis Sa'adah, Achmad Shofi, Wuri Apriyana, and Bambang Suharno. "THE EFFECT OF ADDITIVES AND REDUCTORS IN SELECTIVE REDUCTION PROCESS OF LATERITE NICKEL ORE." Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia 20, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jsmi.2018.20.1.5404.
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THE EFFECT OF ADDITIVES AND REDUCTORS IN SELECTIVE REDUCTION PROCESS OF LATERITE NICKEL ORE. Selective reduction of laterite nickel ore followed by magnetic separation was carried out to produce ferronickel products. The effect of adding additives and reductor types in the selective reduction process was studied in this study. Reductors used were anthracite coal and palm shell charcoal with variations of 5 to 15% by weight, while the additive used was sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The reduction process was carried out at temperatures of 950 ºC, 1050 ºC and 1150 ºC for 60 minutes. The addition of 10% sodium sulfate additives by weight in the reduction process of laterite nickel ore produced higher concentrations of nickel as 6.09%, compared to no additives, i.e. 2.45%. The addition of reductors in the selective reduction process of laterite nickel ore shows that the higher the amount of reductors causes a decrease in the concentrate level of nickel. Furhtermore, the type of reductors used shows that the concentrate from the reduction result using anthracite coal reductor produces higher level of nickel and lower level of iron compared to the use of palm shell charcoal reductor.
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Onggang, S., A. Maulana, Sufriadin, and U. R. Irfan. "Preliminary Study of Scandium Enrichment in Lateritic Profile from Weathered Ultramafic Rock in Lapaopao Area Kolaka Regency of Southeast Sulawesi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 921, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012040.
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Abstract Scandium is one of the rare earth elements which is currently widely used for various needs such as the aerospace industry, solid oxide fuel cells, electronics industry and in metallurgical applications. Generally, Scandium appears in small amounts so its structural role in the host minerals cannot be readily identified. Some studies reported the scandium extraction from lateritic nickel deposit where may contain considerable amount of scandium in addition to nickel and cobalt. Preliminary research of scandium enrichment has been investigated from the ultramafik rock indicates that an enrichment of scandium concentration was found in the red limonite. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially enrichment of scandium mineral from nickel laterite in Lapaopao Area. There are a total of 38 samples from 1 (one) diamond drill holes which represent the limonite, saprolite and bedrock profiles have been collected and studied to investigate the distribution pattern of Sc grades within the lateritic profile. These samples are being analized by XRF for major and minor element and ICP-OES method for rare earth element assaying. The study has confirmed that scandium is enriched in limonite layer of weathered ultramafic laterite profile. The scandium content from the ultramafic bedrock is 15 ppm and has enriched until 81 ppm of scandium in the limonite layer.
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Bustamante Rúa, Moises Oswaldo, Sindy Dayanis Gonzalez Arias, and Pablo Bustamante Baena. "Nickel laterite concentration through a non-conventional method with surface sulfidization." DYNA 87, no. 215 (October 1, 2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n215.85981.
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Nickel ores are found mainly as sulfides and laterites in oxidized ores, such as iron oxides, which are usually “Ni-bearing”. This investigation determined the physical-chemical conditions necessary to increase the tenor and recovery in lateritic deposits, with the implementation of a new technology that allows the increase of the tenor (a process called “up-grading”). The froth flotation is proposed as a concentrating process to increase the Nickel content in the lateritic deposits. By means of sulfidization and direct flotation, specific hydrophobicity of the mineral is achieved, substantially improving the nickel concentrations in the process, with recoveries close to 86%, which, compared with conventional direct and inverse floats without effecting this activation with Na2S, results in recoveries of 70% and 16%, respectively. The reverse flotation also increases the Nickel content with an approximate recovery of 70%; however, the froth flotation, with activation Na2S is still better.
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Astuti, Widi, Fika Rofiek Mufakhir, Fajar Nurjaman, Slamet Sumardi, Ulin Herlina, Fathan Bahfie, and Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus. "Pengaruh Karakteristik Bijih pada Ekstraksi Nikel dari Bijih Limonit Indonesia menggunakan Pelindian Atmosferik." Metal Indonesia 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32423/jmi.2021.v43.9-16.
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AbstrakKebutuhan ekstraksi nikel dari bijih nikel laterit khususnya jenis bijih limonit dengan kadar nikel yang rendah sangat diperlukan karena kebutuhan nikel yang terus meningkat dengan adanya pengembangan kendaraan bermotor listrik berbasis baterai. Jenis dan karakteristik bijih laterit yang berbeda akan memberikan pengaruh pada hasil ekstraksi nikel. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi nikel dari bijih laterit jenis limonit yang berasal dari Pulau Halmahera (LH)) dan Pulau Sulawesi (LS) menggunakan pelindian atmosferik. Asam sulfat digunakan sebagai agen pelindian. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik bijih limonit (LH dan LS) pada berbagai variabel pelindian yaitu suhu (30oC, 50oC dan 80oC), konsentrasi asam sulfat (0,5M; 1M; dan 2M), waktu pelindian (15, 30, 60, 120, dan 240 menit), serta rasio bijih terhadap reagen pelindian (5, 10, dan 20% w/v) terhadap ekstraksi nikel dari bijih limonit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik bijih laterit sangat berpengaruh pada hasil pelindian dan persen rekoveri nikel. Nikel dari bijih LH yaitu jenis limonit dari Pulau Halmahera dapat diekstrak secara maksimal (100%) pada konsentrasi asam sulfat 0,5M, suhu 80oC, rasio bijih/larutan asam sulfat 10%, dan waktu pelindian 2 jam. Sedangkan persen ekstraksi nikel dari bijih LS yang terbesar adalah 95% yang diperoleh pada konsentrasi asam sulfat 2M, suhu 80oC, rasio bijih/larutan asam sulfat 5%, dan waktu pelindian 4 jam. AbstractNickel extraction from nickel laterite ores particularly low-grade limonite ore is needed along with the increase of nickel consumption on the development of battery electric vehicle. Types and characteristics of nickel laterite ores affect greatly on the nickel extraction from these ores. This research conducted the extraction of nickel from limonite ore from different areas i.e. Halmahera Island (LH) and Sulawesi Island (LS) using atmosferic leaching. Sulfuric acid (1M) was used as leaching reagent. Leaching processes were carried out for investigating the effects of limonite ore characteristics (LH and LS), leaching temperatures (30oC, 50oC dan 80oC), concentration of sulfuric acid (0.5M; 1M; 2M), leaching time (15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes), and ratio of ore amount to volume of leaching reagent on the nickel extraction from limonite ores. Experimental results showed that ore characteristic affected greatly on the leaching result and nickel leaching recovery. Nickel from LH ore could be extracted maximum (100%) using sulfuric acid 0.5M, temperature of 80oC, and leaching time 120 minutes (2 hours). Whereas, the highest nickel extraction percentage from LS ore is 95% using sulfuric acid 2M, temperature of 80oC, and leaching time 240 minutes (4 hours).
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Marzuki, Alfa Sendya Hayu, Satrio Herbirowo, Bintang Adjiantoro, Yeni Muriani Zulaida, and Efendi Mabruri. "Studi Pengaruh Paduan Cr/Mo dengan Waktu Perendaman Cryogenic Treatment terhadap Sifat Keras, Tangguh, Tahan Abrasif, dan Struktur Mikro Baja Ni berbasis Laterit." Metal Indonesia 42, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32423/jmi.2020.v42.20-27.
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Grinding ball merupakan salah satu komponen dari industri tambang dan pengolahan mineral yang mempengaruhi biaya produksi. Kebutuhan grinding ball dalam negeri saat ini masih bergantung pada produk impor. Pemilihan baja berbasis laterit karena cadangan laterit di Indonesia sangat melimpah, selain itu baja laterit sudah memiliki kandungan nikel dimana unsur paduan tersebut baik untuk meningkatkan kekerasan yang dibutuhkan pada grinding ball. Namun tingkat kekerasan baja berbasis laterit yang digunakan pada penelitian ini belum memiliki nilai yang cukup untuk digunakan sebagai material grinding ball. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses cryogenic treatment dengan variasi waktu perendaman 10, 60, dan 360 menit serta menggunakan perbedaan komposisi paduan Cr dan Mo kemudian dilakukan pengujian kekerasan, ketahanan aus, ketangguhan dan analisis struktur mikro. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan setelah perlakuan mengalami peningkatan signifikan dari 17 menjadi 33,55 HRC. Selain itu, ketahanan abrasif setelah perlakuan juga meningkat seiring dengan penambahan waktu perendaman dari 0,000603 menjadi 0,000475 mg/cm2·putaran. Peningkatan tersebut terjadi karena adanya peningkatan persentase martensit pada sampel. Nilai kekerasan dan ketahanan aus terbaik terdapat pada sampel dengan paduan CrMo pada waktu perendaman 360 menit yaitu 44,1 HRC dan 0,000475 mg/cm2·putaran. Sehingga pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa waktu perendaman cryogenic treatment dan komposisi paduan Cr dan Mo berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan, ketahanan abrasif serta ketangguhan baja nikel berbasis laterit. Grinding ball is a component of the mining and mineral processing industry that affects production costs. Grinding ball needs in Indonesia still depend on imported products. Laterite-based steel is chosen because of the resource of laterite in Indonesia are very abundant, besides laterite steel has nickel content which is great for increasing the hardness that needed in grinding ball. However, the hardness of Ni laterite steel used in this study does not have enough hardness to be used as a grinding ball material. Therefore, in this study cryogenic treatment was carried out with variations in soaking time during10, 60 and 360 minutes and also using differences in the alloying composition of Cr/Mo then performed characterization of hardness, abrasive resistance, toughness and microstructure analysis. Based on the results obtained showed that hardness after treatment increases with increasing soaking time from 17 to 33,55 HRC significantly. In addition, abrasive resistance after treatment also increases with increasing soaking time from 0,000603 to 0,000475 mg/cm2.cycle. This increase occurred because of an increase in the percentage of the martensite phase in the sample. The optimum value of hardness and wear resistance is found in samples with CrMo alloy at 360 minutes soaking time, which is 44.1 HRC and 0.000475 mg/cm2·cycle. This study shows that cryogenic treatment soaking time and Cr and Mo alloy composition affect the hardness, abrasive resistance, and toughness of laterite nickel-based steel.
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Aribowo, Yoga, Yudi Syahputra, and Dian Agus Widiarso. "Characteristics of Lateritic Nickel Mineralization In Mid Part of Madang and Serakaman Areas, Sebuku Island, South Kalimantan." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815901038.
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The research was conducted in Madang and Serakaman Tengah area, Sebuku Island Subdistrict, Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan Province which is one of the nickel potential areas in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to know the characteristic and distribution of laterite nickel mineralization. The rocks present in the study area are serpentinized dunite, serpentinized harzburgite, gabbro, silicified gabbro, tuff, and basalt. Methods used in this research were surface geological mapping, rock observation and sampling from outcrop and drill core representing each laterite horizon from limonite horizon to bedrock. Laboratory analysis consist of X-Ray Fluorescene (XRF) analysis is used to determine the abundance of certain chemical elements and compound which characterized the mineralization stage zonation in the laterite profile. The laterite deposite in the study area can be divided based on physical and chemical properties into four zones; red limonite, yellow limonite, saprolite, and bedrock. Saprolite is dominated by a group of hydrocylicic minerals (serpentine) so it can be predicted that the laterite types are developing laterite oxide and laterite silicate types.
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OUATTARA, Sinaly, A. Lydie MANGOU-ALLALI, A. B. AMA-CAUPHYS, and Lacina COULIBALY. "ARSENIC, NICKEL AND LEADREMOVAL FROM UNDERGROUND WELLS BY ADSORPTION ON LATERITE SOIL." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i2.2018.167.
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The pollution by heavy metal in the environment, particularly groundwater, constitutes an environmental problem and health in Côte d’Ivoire. Among methods used for removal heavy metals, adsorption by natural absorbent such as a laterite is effective and cheap when compared to other methods. So, this study evaluates the laterite reactor performance for effective removal of heavy metals viz., arsenic (As), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) from real-life groundwater. And adsorption of heavy metals was performed with laterite of different particle sizes, viz. coarse grain size of laterite (LRCOG) and laterite granules (LRG). The results obtained showed that the percentages of removal of heavy metal are higher than the size of the laterite. As, Ni and Pb removal are 98.3 ± 0.4%, 99.2 ± 0.2% and 96.1 ± 1.1% respectively in LRCOG effluents. With the laterite in form of granules, percentage removal were of 98.6 ± 0.3% for As that of the Ni is of 99.7 ± 0.2% and 97.9 ± 0.5 % for Pb. The adsorption of heavy metal on the two types of laterite particle size is in the same order of effectiveness: Ni˃As˃Pb.
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Wirawan, I. W. A., Daud K. Walanda, and Mery Napitupulu. "Extraction of Nickel from Morowali Laterite Ore with Nitric Acid." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2022.v11.i2.pp91-95.
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Nickel extraction from Morowali laterite ore has been carried out with nitric acid as the solvent. This study aims to determine the effect of nitric acid concentration, temperature, and stirring time on nickel content in laterite ore originating from Morowali. Morowali laterite seeds were extracted using the leaching method using nitric acid as the solvent with various concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2, temperatures of 30, 60, and 95, and stirring times of 3, 6, and 12. Taguchi analysis was used in this study to obtain the effect of the three parameters used. The results showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at a concentration of 2 molars nitric acid, a temperature of 95°C, and a stirring time of 12 hours, with a nickel content of 16.469 ppm and a nickel recovery percent of 3.88%.
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Baslayici, Serkan, Ozan Coban, Mehmet Bugdayci, and Mahmut Ercan Acma. "HYDROMETALLURGICAL NICKEL AND COBALT PRODUCTION FROM LATERITIC ORES: OPTIMIZATION AND COMPARISON OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE LEACHING AND PUG-ROAST-LEACHING PROCESSES." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 27, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.27.1.740.
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Corresponding to the technological developments, production and consumption of nickel have increased greatly over time due to its unique mechanical and chemical properties. Therefore, the production of nickel will always keep its importance. The availability of laterite ores, which are oxide type ores, is 86% of the nickel reserves on the Earth, and the processes used in the production of nickel from sulfide type ores have negative environmental effects. Therefore, recovery of nickel from lateritic ores has become increasingly important in recent years. In this study, the aim was to determine the optimum parameters of nickel and cobalt production from limonite type lateritic nickel ores, which were taken from Manisa Caldag region of Turkey, using atmospheric pressure sulfuric acid leaching and pug-roast-leach process. When the results obtained in these processes were compared, it was found that the Ni leaching efficiency is nearly 8% higher and iron leaching efficiency (contamination) is nearly 4% lower in the pug-roast-leach process. Furthermore, the pug-roast-leach process was completed in 33% lower time compared to the atmospheric pressure sulfuric acid leaching process.
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Nurjaman, Fajar, Yuliana Sari, Anton Sapto Handoko, Fathan Bahfie, Ulin Herlina, Muhammad Miftahurrahman, Dedi Priadi, Deni Ferdian, and Bambang Suharno. "Effect of sulfur in the reductants on sulfidation mechanism of nickel laterite." Indonesian Mining Journal 24, no. 2 (October 2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol24.no2.2021.1216.
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Processing nickel laterite conventionally, namely by pyrometallurgy method, requires high temperature and energy, results in a costive process. Due to its lower temperature reduction process, selective reduction with additives could be an alternative in nickel ore processing. Additives such as sulfur/sulfate have a critical role in promoting the low melting point phase. Sulfur is also found in coal. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effect of sulfur content in reductant on selective reduction of lateritic nickel ore. In this work, the effect of sulfur content (2.68% and 5% S) in anthracite coal as a reductant on selective reduction of limonitic ore was studied clearly. Nickel ore, reductant and sodium sulfate were mixed homogenously and pelletized up to 10-15 mm in diameter. Pellets were reduced using a muffle furnace at 950 to 1150°C for 60 min. Reduced pellets were crushed into -200 mesh before separating the ferronickel and its impurities using a wet magnetic separation process. The result showed that the anthracite coal with 5% S produced concentrate containing 3.56% Ni with 95,97% recovery, which is higher than 2.68% S. The sulfur content in reductant could replace the addition of sulfur/sulfate as the additives in the selective reduction of lateritic nickel ore.
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Li, Bo, Hua Wang, Yong Gang Wei, and Jian Hang Hu. "Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Nickel Laterite Ore Powder." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1741.
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The physicochemical properties of nickel laterite ore powder were investigated by XRD, SEM and TG/DSC characterization techniques. The mechanical properties including repose angle and friction angle were measured by powder performance tester and direct shear apparatus. The result of XRD showed that the main phases of nickel laterite ore powder were lizardite and quartz. The SEM indicated that the internal structure of nickel laterite ore powder was loose relatively, samdwich and granular structures were found in microstructure. The results of TG/DSC indicated that the crystal water was removed at 610°C, and cristallographic transformation of antigorite to forsterite was occurred at 820°C. Repose angle and friction angle were influenced intensively by moisture content. Repose angle increased with the increasing of moisture content, dynamic repose angle was less than that of static repose angle, the fluidity of nickel laterite ore powder could be improved by the decreasing of moisture content. Internal friction angle and wall friction angle decreased with the increasing of moisture content because water acted as the lubrication action in mineral powder materials and decreased the friction coefficient of mineral powder materials.
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Fernandez, Oscar, Tatianne Nunes, and Herbert Pöllmann. "COMPORTAMENTO TÉRMICO DE 25°C A 1100°C DO MINÉRIO DE NÍQUEL DA MINA ONÇA-PUMA EM CARAJÁS." Boletim do Museu de Geociências da Amazônia 9, Special (December 24, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31419/issn.2594-942x.v92022ispeciala2ojcf.
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Ferronickel alloys are produced by pyrometallurgical processes from nickel-bearing hydrous magnesium silicates occurring in the saprolite in laterite deposit of the Serra de Onça-Puma/Pará-Brazil. The ore is treated by RKEF process. It consists of drying, calcination and reduction, however, the processing of lateritic nickel ore is quite difficult since the Ni-bearing minerals are finely disseminated in the ore bodies. In this work was studied the influence of thermal treatment between 25°C and 1100°C in nickel lateritic ore, evaluated through thermal analysis (Tg/DTA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analyses of raw samples without thermal treatment showed that they are mixture of serpentine, smectite and chlorite. After starting thermal treatment, the curves of Tg/DTA revealed to have two endothermic peaks at 60°C to180°C and 594°C to 613°C due to release the adsorbed and crystalline water, respectively, followed by an exothermic peak at 820ºC which can be attributed to the change in crystal structure and consequent formation of a new mineral phases. Weight differences can be observed when the adsorbed water removed, without phase changes in the range of 60°C to 180°C, indicated stability of nickel ore. Phase changes and weight loss were observed at 594°C to 613°C with clear crystalline breaking of the serpentines and smectite forming amorphous substances. Above this temperature new phases are crystallized until 820°C, when is formed forsterite (trevorite), enstatite and hematite, remaining unchanged quartz. On the analyzed conditions might infer that the pyrometallurgical to iron nickel production through this type of laterite ore effectively corresponds to RKEF process.
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Guo, Xiaoshuang, Zhengyao Li, Zijun Wang, and Tichang Sun. "Effect of Co-Reduction Conditions of Nickel Laterite Ore and Red Mud on Ferronickel Particle Size Characteristics and Grindability of Carbothermic Reduction Products." Minerals 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030357.
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The carbothermic co-reduction of nickel laterite ore and red mud realized the simultaneous reduction of nickel, iron in laterite ore, and iron in red mud at high efficiency. Nickel and iron in nickel laterite ore and iron in red mud were recovered in the form of ferronickel. The size characteristics of ferronickel particles and grindability of carbothermic reduction products are essential for obtaining good technical indicators. The influence of co-reduction conditions on ferronickel particle size and relative grindability was investigated by a carbothermic reduction test, particle size analysis, and relative grindability determination. The mean size of ferronickel particles increased and the proportion of coarse particles grew with improving carbothermic reduction temperature, increasing appropriately anthracite dosage, and prolonging carbothermic reduction time. However, the relative grindability of carbothermic reduction products deteriorated when reduction temperature was improved and the reduction time was extended. The relative grindability was negatively correlated to the ferronickel particle size. The carbothermic reduction temperature had the most dominant effect on the ferronickel particle size and relative grindability, followed by the anthracite dosage and reduction time. More nickel-bearing and iron-bearing minerals were reduced to metallic state with raising reduction temperature and increasing appropriate anthracite dosage. The fine ferronickel particles agglomerated and merged into bulk ferronickel grains with a prolonged reduction time. The results will provide theoretical guidance for the recovery of nickel and iron by co-reduction of nickel laterite ore and red mud.
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Liu, Yan, Yan Wen Tian, and Yu Chun Zhai. "A Comprehensive Utilization of Laterite Nickel Ore." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.934.
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Nickel is difficult to be enriched from laterite nickel ore with mineral processing. The traditional processes used for manufacturing nickel need high energy consumption and yield a large amount of metallurgy waste residue. A new method was developed. Nickel and iron was enriched firstly by leaching laterite nickel ore in concentrated alkali solution. In the process, silicon entered to the solution in the form of sodium silicate, and nickel and iron were remained in the residue in form of simple oxides due to the destroying of silicate structure. Ferronickel was obtained by magnetic separation after reducing the residue with carbon. The silicon dioxide was prepared using carbonation decomposition from the leaching solution. The alkali used in the leaching process was recycled and reused using causticizing technology.
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Shi, Ruimeng, Xiaoming Li, Yaru Cui, Junxue Zhao, Chong Zou, and Guibao Qiu. "Coupled Preparation of Ferronickel and Cementitious Material from Laterite Nickel Ores." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 4992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214992.
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Nickel slags can be produced through ferronickel preparation by the pyrometallurgical processing of laterite nickel ores; however, such techniques are underutilized at present, and serious environmental problems arise from the stockpiling of such nickel ores. In this study, a modification to the process of ferronickel preparation by the direct reduction of carbon bases in laterite nickel ores is proposed. The gangue from the ore is used as a raw material to prepare a cementitious material, with the main components of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. By using FactSage software, thermodynamic calculations are performed to analyze the reduction of nickel and iron and the effect of reduction on the formation of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. The feasibility of a coupled process to prepare ferronickel and cementitious materials by the direct reduction of laterite nickel ore and gangue calcination, respectively, is discussed under varying thermodynamic conditions. Different warming strategies are applied to experimentally verify the coupled reactions. The coupled preparation of ferronickel and cementitious materials with calcium silicate and calcium aluminate as the main phases in the same experimental process is realized.
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Ju, P., K. Ryom, and K. Hong. "Separation of iron-nickel alloy nugget from limonitic laterite ore using self-reduction." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 54, no. 3 (2018): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180709028j.
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To efficiently extract nickel from low grade limonitic laterite ore, a separation method of iron-nickel alloy nugget by selfreduction of coal composite limonitic laterite ore briquette was investigated. In this investigation, in order to decrease the separation temperature of iron-nickel alloy nugget, the selective reduction by control of C/O ratio was introduced and reductant added in the briquette was inadequate for the reduction of nickel and iron. Nickel was preferentially reduced in the reduction process, while iron was partially reduced due to the lack of reductant. After reduction, a certain amount of FeO existed in the reduced product. This residual FeO had a great role in the formation of low melting point slag, which could promote the formation and the separation of iron-nickel alloy nugget at relatively low temperature. In this investigation, the reduction experiments were all conducted at 1300?C. To evaluate the formation and the separation of iron-nickel alloy nugget in the reduction process, we observed the patterns of reduced products under different C/O ratio, CaO addition ratio and holding time conditions. And then the effect of C/O ratio and CaO addition ratio on nickel content of nugget and nickel recovery ratio were investigated. The results showed that 0.7 of C/O ratio, 8% of CaO addition ratio and 40min of holding time were suitable for the separation of iron-nickel alloy nugget from limonitic laterite ore. Nickel and iron content of the nugget and the nickel recovery ratio were 4.75%, 89.51% and 85%, respectively. Nuggets were easily separated from slag by crushing and screening. This separation method could be applied to any limonitic laterite ore by adjusting C/O ratio and CaO addition ratio.
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Elliott, R., and C. A. Pickles. "Thermodynamic Analysis of the Selective Reduction of a Nickeliferous Limonitic Laterite Ore by Hydrogen." High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, no. 8 (September 26, 2017): 835–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0208.
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AbstractNickeliferous limonitic laterite ores are becoming increasingly attractive as a source of metallic nickel as the costs associated with recovering nickel from the sulphide ores increase. Unlike the sulphide ores, however, the laterite ores are not amenable to concentration by conventional mineral processing techniques such as froth flotation. One potential concentrating method would be the pyrometallurgical solid state reduction of the nickeliferous limonitic ores at relatively low temperatures, followed by beneficiation via magnetic separation. A number of reductants can be utilized in the reduction step, and in this research, a thermodynamic model has been developed to investigate the reduction of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite by hydrogen. The nickel recovery to the ferronickel phase was predicted to be greater than 95 % at temperatures of 673–873 K. Reductant additions above the stoichiometric requirement resulted in high recoveries over a wider temperature range, but the nickel grade of the ferronickel decreased.
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Tupaz, Carmela Alen J., Yasushi Watanabe, Kenzo Sanematsu, Takuya Echigo, Carlo Arcilla, and Cherisse Ferrer. "Ni-Co Mineralization in the Intex Laterite Deposit, Mindoro, Philippines." Minerals 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070579.
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The Intex laterite deposit in Mindoro, Philippines is derived from the weathering of the ultramafic rocks under a tropical climate. This study investigates the several types of serpentines and the effect of the degree of chemical weathering of ultramafic rocks and laterites on the enrichment of Ni in the deposit. The five types of serpentines are differentiated based on their textural features and Raman spectral data. Type I, type II, type III, and type IV serpentines contain a low amount of NiO (average 0.15 wt%), and their formation is linked to the previous exhumation of the ultramafic body. Conversely, type V serpentines show the highest NiO contents (average 1.42 wt%) and have the composition of serpentine-like garnierites, indicating a supergene origin. In the limonite horizon, goethite is the main ore mineral and shows high NiO contents of up to 1.68 wt%, whereas the Mn-oxyhydroxides (i.e., asbolane and lithiophorite–asbolane intermediate) display substantial amounts of CoO (up to 11.3 wt%) and NiO (up to 15.6 wt%). The Ultramafic Index of Alteration (UMIA) and Index of Lateritization (IOL) are used to characterize the different stages of weathering of rocks and laterites. The calculated index values correspond to a less advanced stage of weathering of the Intex laterites compared with the Berong laterites. The Berong deposit is a Ni-Co laterite deposit in the Philippines, which is formed from the weathering of the serpentinized peridotite. The less extreme degree of weathering of the Intex laterites indicates less advanced leaching, and thereby the re-distribution of Ni, Si, and Mg from the limonite towards the saprolite horizon may have resulted in the poor precipitation of talc-like (kerolite-pimelite) and sepiolite-like (sepiolite-falcondoite) phases in the studied saprolite horizon. Nickel in the Intex deposit has undergone supergene enrichment similar to other humid tropical laterite deposits.
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Putera, Andreas Diga Pratama, Edi Sugiarto, Sutijan, I. Wayan Warmada, and Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus. "Coconut Shell Charcoal as a Bioreductor in Roasting Process of Nickel Laterite from Pomalaa, Southeast Sulawesi: Performance and Kinetics Study." Materials Science Forum 901 (July 2017): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.901.182.
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In facing the scarcity of sulfide nickel ore, processing nickel laterite to form nickel pig iron becomes an important issue. Also, Indonesia inherits 10% of nickel laterite in the world, assigning as the third biggest country of nickel laterite possession in the world. Nickel pig iron is one of nickel products involving massive high-grade metallurgical coke consumption that is commonly being used as stainless steels. Consequently, high amount of carbon dioxide is also produced in this process. And so, substituting of the coke using bioreductor material – in this study, Coconut Shell Charcoal – is important. The study is done by conducting several variables. The reductors used were Coconut Shell Charcoal and Anthracite Coal. The process was conducted in 800°C and 1000°C, in a muffle furnace, and between 15 to 240 minutes of reduction time. Results from all reductors show that higher temperature indicates a better reduction process. Moreover, X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis data shows that there is no significant difference in the final product between two reductors. By replacing metallurgical coke using bioreductor, the carbon emission in the process can be reduced. Hence, providing a better process and environment to the next generation.
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Marrero, Jeannette, Orquidea Coto, and Axel Schippers. "Reductive Dissolution of Ferric Iron in Laterite Overburden Using Acidithiobacillus Spp. and Neutrophilic Iron-Reducing Consortia." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.351.
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Cuba is considered as one of the top world producer of nickel and cobalt. The laterite ore containing nickel and cobalt is mined after first removing an overburden of a long strip of soil and rock. The laterite has a high content of iron oxide (63%), which has to be removed in order to recover the nickel and cobalt. This study reports on the kinetics of reductive dissolution of the Fe(III) from the overburden by two native neutrophilic iron-reducing consortia as well as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. All of the organisms mobilized the ferric iron in the laterite by reducing it to Fe(II). The AeRD process using At. thiooxidans was far more efficient in extracting total iron than the AnRD process using At. ferrooxidans.
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Hang, Guihua, Zhengliang Xue, Jinghui Wang, and Yingjiang Wu. "Mechanism of Calcium Sulphate on the Aggregation and Growth of Ferronickel Particles in the self-Reduction of Saprolitic Nickel Laterite Ore." Metals 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040423.
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Saprolitic nickel laterite is characterized by relatively low iron and nickel contents. Iron and nickel oxides are reduced to form fine ferronickel particles that disperse and embed in silicates in the reduction process, limiting the application of magnetic separation to extract ferronickel. Additives are applied to promote the aggregation and growth of ferronickel particles, then the large ferronickel particles will be separated by fine grinding and recovered via magnetic separation. Calcium sulphate is considered to be capable of increasing the size of ferronickel particles considerably. Due to the decomposition of calcium sulphate in the reduction process, the mechanism of calcium sulphate on the aggregation and growth of ferronickel particles should be conducted studied in-depth. The current work explores the effects of calcium sulphate, elemental sulphur, and calcium oxide on the formation of ferronickel particles in a saprolitic nickel laterite ore. The results showed that the formation of an Fe-FeS eutectic and the mineral structure transformation contributed by calcium oxide were all conducive to the mass transfer of ferronickel particles in gangue, ferronickel particles aggregated and grew up at the boundary between the hole and the gangue. The self-reduction, fine grinding, and magnetic separation of nickel laterite ore in the presence of three types of additive were examined. Nickel laterite ore with 7.88 wt% coal, 12 wt% calcium sulphate reduced at 1200 °C for 30 min, a ferronickel concentrate of Ni 8.08 wt%, and Fe 79.98 wt% was obtained at a nickel and iron recovery of 92.6% and 79.9%, respectively.
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Wang, Xiaodong, Jian Li, Robert D. Hart, Arie van Riessen, and Robbie McDonald. "Quantitative X-ray diffraction phase analysis of poorly ordered nontronite clay in nickel laterites." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 5 (August 18, 2011): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811027786.
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Studies of the extraction of nickel from low-grade laterite ores require a much better quantitative understanding of the poorly ordered mineral phases present, including turbostratically disordered nontronite. Whole pattern refinements with nontronite X-ray diffraction data from a Western Australian nickel deposit (Bulong) using a nontronite lattice model (Pawley phase) with two space groups (P3 andC2/m) and a peaks phase group model were performed to improve the accuracy of quantitative X-ray diffraction of nickel laterite ore samples. Modifications were applied when building the new models to accommodate asymmetric peak shape and anisotropic peak broadening due to the turbostratic disorder. Spherical harmonics were used as convolution factors to represent anisotropic crystal size and strain and asymmetric peak shape when using the lattice model. A peaks phase group model was also developed to fit the anisotropic peak broadening in the nontronite pattern. The quantitative results of the new Pawley phase and peaks phase group models were compared and verified with synthetic mixtures of nontronite, quartz and goethite simulating various West Australian laterite ore compositions. The models developed in this paper demonstrate adequate accuracy for quantification of nontronite in the synthesized reference materials and should be generally applicable to quantitative phase analysis of nontronite in nickel laterite ore samples.
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Abdul, Fakhreza, Sungging Pintowantoro, and Ari Maulidani. "Analysis the Effect of Charcoal Mass Variation to Ni Content, Sinter Strength and Yield on Sintering Process of Limonitic Laterite Nickel Ore." Key Engineering Materials 867 (October 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.867.25.
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The depletion of sulfide nickel ore and the growing of stainless steel demand each year cause the use of low-grade laterite nickel ore continues to increase. Due to very low nickel content, there is no optimal process to extract them. One of the alternative processes being developed now is the sintering-blast furnace process which produces Nickel Pig Iron (NPI). This research was conducted by sintering limonitic laterite nickel ore using charcoal as fuel and limestone as a flux. This research aims to analyze the effect of charcoal mass variation on Ni content, sinter strength, and the yield on the sintering process of limonitic laterite nickel ore. Charcoal and limestone demand calculated using energy balance and mass balance, then varied charcoal mass to feed material. Feed materials are fed in the furnace, heated at a temperature of 1200oC with 4 hours holding time. Next, the sinter yield was calculated. EDX, XRD, and Drop tests were also performed to determine Ni content, sinter compounds, and strength. The highest Ni content was 3.66% which was obtained by adding 9.9 kg charcoal. The highest sinter strength and yield also obtained by adding 9.9 kg charcoal (72.30% and 86.44%, respectively). Mayor phases which formed on sinter with 9.9 kg charcoal addition is nickel-iron oxide.
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Febriana, Eni, Agus Budi Prasetyo, Wahyu Mayangsari, Januar Irawan, Muhammad Ikhwanul Hakim, Tiffany Ary Prakasa, Andinnie Juniarsih, Ariyo Suharyanto, Iwan Setiawan, and Rudi Subagja. "Effect of Sulfur Addition to Nickel Recovery of Laterite Ore." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 1 (November 17, 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.1.14-20.
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This research studied the effect of the addition of sulfur on the reduction process of limonite nickel laterite ore with Ni content of 1.11wt% and Fe 48.7wt%. The stages of the research included the characterization of ore materials, preparation, mixing, pelleting, reduction, and magnetic separation. The reduction stage was carried out with several experimental variables, which were the time and temperature of the reduction, as well as the addition of reducing agents and sulfur additives. Products from the reduction process were separated magnetically, and the concentrate was then analyzed using XRD and AAS. The results showed that the addition of sulfur additives to a certain amount could cause the formation of FeS and Fe-silicate, which could increase the content and percentage of nickel recovery by suppressing the metallization of iron. The optimum conditions were obtained in the reduction process with a temperature of 1100°C for 60 minutes, with the addition of graphite reductant and sulfur additives each of 7% of the sample weight. Ni contents in the reduction product concentrate obtained were 1.98% with 96% gain, while Fe could be reduced to 29.2% with an extraction percentage of 76.1%.
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Hernández Díaz, Ianeya, Federico Galizia, Orquidea Coto, and Edgardo R. Donati. "Improvement in Metal Recovery from Laterite Tailings by Bioleaching." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.489.
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In previous studies it has been showed that sulphuric bio-acid is a good leaching agent for laterite tailings. In this work we evaluated nickel and cobalt recoveries from tailings of Caron technology process using sulphuric acid produced by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans cultures under different conditions. In studies where tailings were initially added to the cultures, high nickel and cobalt recoveries (about 60 % for cobalt and 85-100 % for nickel) were reached after 13 days when low pulp densities (1 % and 2.5 %) of laterite tailings were used. These high recoveries fitted very well with the low pH values measured in these cultures. However, metal recoveries were negligible when higher pulp densities were used. Due to such reason, the performance of pre-cultivation configuration was evaluated; for that laterite tailings were added to the cultures after 24 or 48 hours of bacterial growth. This configuration was very efficient even at high pulp density (like 10 %) reaching recoveries (almost 50 % for cobalt and 80 % for nickel) close to those observed where tailings at low pulp densities were initially added to the cultures.
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Pintowantoro, Sungging, and Fakhreza Abdul. "Selective Reduction of Laterite Nickel Ore." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 60, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 2245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mt-m2019101.
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Bhattacharya, I. N., D. Panda, and P. Bandopadhyay. "Rheological behaviour of nickel laterite suspensions." International Journal of Mineral Processing 53, no. 4 (May 1998): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-7516(98)00003-9.
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Moskalyk, R. R., and A. M. Alfantazi. "Nickel laterite processing and electrowinning practice." Minerals Engineering 15, no. 8 (August 2002): 593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(02)00083-3.
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Butt, C. R. M., and D. Cluzel. "Nickel Laterite Ore Deposits: Weathered Serpentinites." Elements 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.9.2.123.
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Subagja, Rudi. "KINETIKA REAKSI PELARUTAN NIKEL DARI KALSIN NIKEL LATERIT [Kinetics of Nickel Dissolution from Nickel Laterite Calcine]." Metalurgi 30, no. 2 (December 3, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v30i2.38.
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