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Journal articles on the topic 'Nickel Laterites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gleeson, S. A., C. R. M. Butt, and M. Elias. "Nickel Laterites: A Review." SEG Discovery, no. 54 (July 1, 2003): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2003-54.fea.

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ABSTRACT Nickel laterite deposits are formed by the prolonged and pervasive weathering of Ni silicate-bearing ultramafıc rocks, generally in tropical to subtropical climates. The deposits can be further classifıed as hydrous silicate deposits (e.g., SLN Operations, New Caledonia), clay silicate deposits (e.g., Murrin Murrin, Australia), and oxide deposits (e.g., Moa Bay, Cuba; Cawse, Australia) on the basis of the ore mineralogy. The physical and chemical nature of a nickel laterite deposit is a function of many factors, including the composition of the parent rock, the tectonic setting, climate, topography (specifıcally, laterite morphology), and drainage. Nickel laterite ore is extracted using both selective and bulk mining methods in open cast mining operations. The mined ore has traditionally been processed either by hydrometallurgical leaching technology (pressure acid leach or Caron processes) to produce oxides of nickel and cobalt or mixed Ni-Co sulfıdes for market, or by pyrometallurgical smelting to produce ferronickel granules or nickel matte. However, recent advances in high-pressure acid leaching and continued testing of atmospheric leach technology should lead to a reduction in overall operating costs and increased exploitation of Ni laterite resources in the future.

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2

Stanković, Srdjan, Srećko Stopić, Miroslav Sokić, Branislav Marković, and Bernd Friedrich. "Review of the past, present, and future of the hydrometallurgical production of nickel and cobalt from lateritic ores." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 26, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/513.

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Laterite ores are becoming the most important global source of nickel and cobalt. Pyrometallurgical processing of the laterites is still a dominant technology, but the share of nickel and cobalt produced by the application of various hydrometallurgical technologies is increasing. Hydrometallurgy is a less energy-demanding process, resulting in lower operational costs and environmental impacts. This review covers past technologies for hydrometallurgical processing of nickel and cobalt (Caron), current technologies (high-pressure acid leaching, atmospheric leaching, heap leaching), developing technologies (Direct nickel, Neomet) as well as prospective biotechnologies (Ferredox process).

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3

McDonald, Robbie G., and Jian Li. "The High Temperature Co-Processing of Nickel Sulfide and Nickel Laterite Sources." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040351.

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The pressure oxidation of low-grade nickel sulfide concentrate with high iron sulfides content generates significant amounts of sulfuric acid that must be neutralized. This acid can be utilized to leach metal values from ores such as nickel laterites. The present study demonstrates the use of a low-grade nickel concentrate generated from Poseidon Nickel Mt Windarra ore to enable additional nickel and cobalt extraction from a Bulong Nickel Operation nickel laterite blend. The co-processing of these materials at 250 °C, with oxygen overpressure, using total pulp densities of 30% or 40% w/w, and a range of nickel concentrate to nickel laterite mass ratios between 0.30–0.53, yielded base metal extractions of 95% or greater. The final free acid range was between 21.5–58.5 g/L, which indicates that enough in situ sulfuric acid was generated during co-processing. The acid was shown from mineralogical analysis to be efficiently utilized to dissolve the laterite ore, which indicates that the primary iron hydrolysis product was hematite, while the aluminum-rich sodium alunite/jarosite phase that formed hosts approximately 5% of the hydrolyzed iron.

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4

Tupaz, Carmela Alen J., Yasushi Watanabe, Kenzo Sanematsu, Takuya Echigo, Carlo Arcilla, and Cherisse Ferrer. "Ni-Co Mineralization in the Intex Laterite Deposit, Mindoro, Philippines." Minerals 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070579.

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The Intex laterite deposit in Mindoro, Philippines is derived from the weathering of the ultramafic rocks under a tropical climate. This study investigates the several types of serpentines and the effect of the degree of chemical weathering of ultramafic rocks and laterites on the enrichment of Ni in the deposit. The five types of serpentines are differentiated based on their textural features and Raman spectral data. Type I, type II, type III, and type IV serpentines contain a low amount of NiO (average 0.15 wt%), and their formation is linked to the previous exhumation of the ultramafic body. Conversely, type V serpentines show the highest NiO contents (average 1.42 wt%) and have the composition of serpentine-like garnierites, indicating a supergene origin. In the limonite horizon, goethite is the main ore mineral and shows high NiO contents of up to 1.68 wt%, whereas the Mn-oxyhydroxides (i.e., asbolane and lithiophorite–asbolane intermediate) display substantial amounts of CoO (up to 11.3 wt%) and NiO (up to 15.6 wt%). The Ultramafic Index of Alteration (UMIA) and Index of Lateritization (IOL) are used to characterize the different stages of weathering of rocks and laterites. The calculated index values correspond to a less advanced stage of weathering of the Intex laterites compared with the Berong laterites. The Berong deposit is a Ni-Co laterite deposit in the Philippines, which is formed from the weathering of the serpentinized peridotite. The less extreme degree of weathering of the Intex laterites indicates less advanced leaching, and thereby the re-distribution of Ni, Si, and Mg from the limonite towards the saprolite horizon may have resulted in the poor precipitation of talc-like (kerolite-pimelite) and sepiolite-like (sepiolite-falcondoite) phases in the studied saprolite horizon. Nickel in the Intex deposit has undergone supergene enrichment similar to other humid tropical laterite deposits.

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5

Oxley, Anne, Mark E. Smith, and Omar Caceres. "Why heap leach nickel laterites?" Minerals Engineering 88 (March 2016): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.09.018.

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6

Bustamante Rúa, Moises Oswaldo, Sindy Dayanis Gonzalez Arias, and Pablo Bustamante Baena. "Nickel laterite concentration through a non-conventional method with surface sulfidization." DYNA 87, no. 215 (October 1, 2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n215.85981.

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Nickel ores are found mainly as sulfides and laterites in oxidized ores, such as iron oxides, which are usually “Ni-bearing”. This investigation determined the physical-chemical conditions necessary to increase the tenor and recovery in lateritic deposits, with the implementation of a new technology that allows the increase of the tenor (a process called “up-grading”). The froth flotation is proposed as a concentrating process to increase the Nickel content in the lateritic deposits. By means of sulfidization and direct flotation, specific hydrophobicity of the mineral is achieved, substantially improving the nickel concentrations in the process, with recoveries close to 86%, which, compared with conventional direct and inverse floats without effecting this activation with Na2S, results in recoveries of 70% and 16%, respectively. The reverse flotation also increases the Nickel content with an approximate recovery of 70%; however, the froth flotation, with activation Na2S is still better.

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7

Pho, Nguyen Van, Pham Tich Xuan, and Pham Thanh Dang. "Occurrence of supergene nickel ores in the Ha Tri Massive, Hoa An District, Cao Bang Province." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11676.

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Nickel (Ni) laterites are regolith materials derived from ultramafic rocks and play an important role in the world's Ni production. Ni-laterite deposits are the supergene enrichment of Ni formed from the intense chemical and mechanical weathering of ultramafic parental rocks. In Vietnam, the weathering profile containing Ni laterite was first discovered in the Ha Tri massive (Cao Bang). This profile develops on the Ha Tri serpentinized peridotite rocks classified to the Cao Bang mafic-ultramafic complex (North Vietnam) and exhibits thick weathered zone (10 - 15m). This work carried out a detailed study of the weathering profile at the center of Ha Tri massive. Samples from different horizons of the profile were collected and analyzed in detail by XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX methods to establish the relationship between the Ni-rich supergene products and the parental peridotites (lherzolite) rocks in Ha Tri massive. The results show that the saprolite horizon is most Ni-rich in the weathering profile in Ha Tri. In this horizon, Ni-silicate minerals of garnierite group such as pimelite, nepouite and other Mg-Ni silicates have been found. The appearance of minerals of garnierite group is due to the exchange of Mg by Ni during weathering of peridotite minerals, especially olivine, which leads to the enrichment of the supergene Ni. The occurrence of Ni silicates suggests the existence of the supergene Ni ore in the weathering profile of the Ha Tri massive.References Bosio N.J., Hurst J.V., Smith R.L., 1975. Nickelliferousnontronite, a 15 Å garnierite, at Niquelandia, Goias Brazil. Clays Clay Miner., 23, 400-403. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., Elias M., 1998. Nickel Laterites: Classification and features. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 17(4), 81-88. Bricker O.P., Nesbitt H.W. and Gunter W.D., 1973. The stability of talc. American Mineralogist, 58, 64-72. Brindley G.W. and Hang P.T., 1973. The nature of garnierites. Structures, chemical composition and color characteristics. Clay and Clay Minerals, 21, 27-40. Brindley G.W. and Maksimovic Z., 1974. The nature and nomenclature of hydrous nickel-containing silicates. Clay Minerals, 10, 271-277. Brindley G.W. and Wan H.M., 1975. Composition structures and thermal behavior of nickel containing minerals in thelizardite-ne´pouite series. American Mineralogist, 60, 863-871. Brindley G.W., Bish D.L. and Wan H.M., 1979. Compositions, structures and properties of nickel containing minerals in the kerolite-pimelite series. American Mineralogist, 64, 615-625. Cluzel D. and Vigier B., 2008. Syntectonic mobility of supergene nickel ores from New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). Evidence from faulted regolith and garnierite veins. Resource Geology, 58, 161-170. Colin F., Nahon D., Trescases J.J., Melfi A.J., 1990. Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goais, Brazil: The supergene behavior ofnickel: Economic Geology, 85, 1010-1023. Das S.K., Sahoo R.K., Muralidhar J., Nayak B.K., 1999. Mineralogy and geochemistry of profilesthrough lateritic nickel deposits at Kansa,Sukinda, Orissa. Joural of Geoogical. SocietyIndia, 53, 649-668. Decarreau A., Colin F., Herbillon A., Manceau A., Nahon D., Paquet H., Trauth-Badaud D.,Trescases J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in NiFe-Mg-Smectites. Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10. Freyssinet P., Butt C.R.M. and Morris R.C., 2005. Oreforming processes related to lateritic weathering. Economic Geology, 100th aniversary volume, 681-722.Garnier J., Quantin C., Martins E.S., Becquer T., 2006. Solid speciation and availability of chromium in ultramafic soils from Niquelandia, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 206-209. Garnier J., Quantin C., Guimarães E., Becquer T., 2008. Can chromite weathering be a source of Cr in soils? Mineralogy Magazine, 72, 49-53. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R. and Elias M., 2003. Nickel laterites: A review. SEG Newsletter, 54, 11-18. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R., Wlias M., 2003. Nickellaterites: a review. SEG Newsletter, Society of Economic Geology, 54. Available from www.segweb.org. Golightly J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary volume, 710-735. Golightly J.P., 2010. Progress in understanding the evolution of nickel laterite. Society of Economic Geology, In Special Publication, 15, 451-485. Manceau A. and Calas G., 1985. Heterogeneous distribution of nickel in hydrous silicates from New Caledonia ore deposits. American Mineralogist, 70, 549-558. Nguyen Van Pho, 2013. Tropic weathering in Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Pubisher Science and Technology, 365p.Ngo Xuan Thanh, Tran Thanh Hai, Nguyen Hoang, Vu Quang Lan, S. Kwon, Tetsumaru Itaya, M. Santosh, 2014. Backarc mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 90, 45-60.Pelletier B., 1983. Localisation du nickel dans les minerais ‘‘garnieritiques’’ de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sciences Ge´ologique: Me´moires, 73, 173-183.Pelletier B., 1996. Serpentines in nickel silicate ores from New Caledonia. In Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (eds): Nickel ’96, Australasian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy, Melbourne, Publication Series 6(9), 197-205. Proenza J.A., Lewis J.F., Galı´ S., Tauler E., Labrador M., Melgarejo J.C., Longo F. and Bloise G., 2008. Garnierite mineralization from Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Macla, 9, 197-198. Soler J.M., Cama J., Galı´ S., Mele´ndez W., Ramı´rez, A., andEstanga, J., 2008. Composition and dissolution kinetics ofgarnierite from the Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit,Venezuela. Chemical Geology, 249, 191-202. Springer G., 1974. Compositional and structural variations ingarnierites. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 381-388. Springer G., 1976. Falcondoite, nickel analogue of sepiolite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 407-409.Svetlitskaya T.V., Tolstykh N.D., Izokh A.E., Phuong Ngo Thi, 2015. PGE geochemical constraints on the origin of the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralization in the Suoi Cun intrusion, Cao Bang province, Northeastern Vietnam. Miner Petrol, 109, 161-180.Tran Trong Hoa, Izokh A.E., Polyakov G.V., Borisenko A.S., Tran Tuan Anh, Balykin P.A., Ngo Thi Phuong, Rudnev S.N., Vu Van Van, Bui An Nien, 2008. Permo-Triassic magmatism and metallogeny of Northern Vietnam in relation to the Emeishan plume. Russ. Geol. Geophys., 49, 480-491.Trescases J.J., 1975. L'évolution supergene des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale: Formation de gisements nikelifères de Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 259p.Tri T.V., Khuc V. (eds), 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p (in English). Villanova-de-Benavent C., Proenza J.A., GalíS., Tauler E., Lewis J.F. and Longo F., 2011. Talc- and serpentine-like ‘‘garnierites’’ in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. ‘Let’s talk ore deposits’, 11th Biennial Meeting SGA 2011, Antofagasta, Chile, 3p.Wells M.A., 2003. Goronickel laterite deposit. New Caledonia. CRC LEME, p.3.

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8

Ndlovu, Sehliselo, Geoffrey S. Simate, and Mariekie Gericke. "The Microbial Assisted Leaching of Nickel Laterites Using a Mixed Culture of Chemolithotrophic Microorganisms." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.493.

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Nickel laterite contains metal values but is not capable of participating in the primary chemolithotrophic bacterial oxidation because it contains neither Fe2+ iron nor substantial amount of reduced sulphur. Its metal value can, however, be recovered by allowing the primary oxidation of FeS2, or similar iron/sulphur minerals to provide H2SO4 acid solutions, which solubilise the metal content. This study investigated the possibility of treating nickel laterites using chemolithotrophic microorganisms. Preliminary studies conducted using H2SO4 acid, citric acid and acidified Fe2(SO4)3 gave an insight on the use of chemolithotrophic bacteria in this process,. Results showed that H2SO4 acid performed better, in terms of nickel recovery, than citric acid or acidified Fe2(SO4)3. In the bacterial leaching test works, mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus caldus and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans were used in the presence of elemental sulphur and FeS2 as energy sources. The sulphur substrate exhibited better effects in terms of bacterial growth, acidification and nickel recovery than the FeS2 substrate. Using response surface methodology, the theoretical optimum conditions for maximum nickel recovery (79.8%) within the conditions studied was an initial pH of 2.0, 63μm particle size and 2.6% pulp density.

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9

McDonald, R. G., and B. I. Whittington. "Atmospheric acid leaching of nickel laterites review." Hydrometallurgy 91, no. 1-4 (March 2008): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.11.009.

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10

Torries, Thomas F. "Comparative costs of nickel sulphides and laterites." Resources Policy 21, no. 3 (September 1995): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4207(96)89788-1.

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11

Keskinkilic, Ender. "Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090974.

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The treatment of laterites has been a research hotspot in extractive metallurgy over the past decades. Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which includes three main operations—calcination, prereduction, and smelting—followed by further refining for the removal of impurities from the raw ferro-nickel. As indicated in many studies of the RKEF process, the major downside of this method is its high energy consumption. Efforts have been made to lower this consumption. Furthermore, several new processes have been proposed. Among these, low-grade ferro-nickel production is regarded as the most widely and industrially used process after traditional RKEF operation. Although not widespread, other alternative processes of industrial scale have been generated since the start of the millennium. Recently, certain innovative processes have been tested either in the laboratory or at pilot-scale. In this paper, a literature review related to the smelting of laterites is made, and an emphasis on new processes and some examples of new developments in the RKEF process are presented.

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12

Tong, L., B. Klein, M. Zanin, W. Skinner, K. Quast, J. Addai-Mensah, and D. Robinson. "Introduction to the stirred milling of nickel laterites for upgrading nickel." CIM Journal 6, no. 1 (2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15834/cimj.2015.3.

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13

WHITTINGTON, B. I., and D. MUIR*. "Pressure Acid Leaching of Nickel Laterites: A Review." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 21, no. 6 (October 2000): 527–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827500008914177.

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14

da Costa, Geraldo Magela, Danielly Juliana Figueiredo Couto, and Francisco Pires Monteiro de Castro. "Existence of Maghemite and Trevorite in Nickel Laterites." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 34, no. 5 (August 2013): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2012.657023.

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15

Fan, R., and A. R. Gerson. "Synchrotron micro-spectroscopic examination of Indonesian nickel laterites." American Mineralogist 100, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5093.

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Lee, Hwa Young, Sung Gyu Kim, and Jong Kee Oh. "Electrochemical leaching of nickel from low-grade laterites." Hydrometallurgy 77, no. 3-4 (June 2005): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.11.011.

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Harvey, W. W., and M. A. Hossain. "Co-recovery of Chromium from Domestic Nickel Laterites." JOM 39, no. 1 (January 1987): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258090.

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Schwab, Roland Gottlieb, Nilson Pinto de Oliveira, and Sandra Lia de Almeida Correa. "The Nickel Laterites of Serra dos Carajás (Área do Vermelho) - A Geochemical Study." Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil I 1985, no. 9-10 (July 9, 1986): 1551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zbl_geol_pal_1/1985/1986/1551.

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Silva, Igor, and Flávia Baga. "ANÁLISE DOS DEPÓSITOS DE LATERITAS NIQUELÍFERAS DO BRASIL A PARTIR DO CONCEITO DE SISTEMAS MINERAIS HOLÍSTICOS." Estudos Geológicos 30, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18190/1980-8208/estudosgeologicos.v30n1p79-99.

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The concept of mineral system, which interprets mineral deposits in relation to terrestrial dynamics, is currently used to interpret the genesis of deposits holistically, being an important tool for mineral research. In this sense, the present work makes an interpretation of nickel laterite according to the precepts of mineral systems and points out potential areas for further research in Brazil. One of the main sources of nickel comes from minerals formed by surface changes of ultramafic rocks submitted to tropical climates and relative tectonic stability, with several potential regions in Brazil. The best protoliths that are registered in Brazil are stratiform ultramafic-mafic complexes. However, the ophiolitic complexes associated with the Precambrian mobile belts, correspond to an important geotectonic environment that can host significant deposits. Practically all Brazilian protoliths are serpentinized, a process that supported the precipitation and accumulation of nickel dissolved in a supergenic environment. In term of geomorphology, the lateritization profile is closely related to plane surfaces. In most Brazilian nickeliferous laterites, paleobioclimatic conditions submitted the primary silicates with ultramafic nickel, exhumed by planing surfaces, to chemical weathering, and hydrolysis, forcing the precipitation of Ni-goethite (oxidized level) and subsequently to dissolution, reprecipitation and formation of 'garnieritas' (silicate level).

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Oxley, Anne, and Nic Barcza. "Hydro–pyro integration in the processing of nickel laterites." Minerals Engineering 54 (December 2013): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.02.012.

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Alibhai, K. A. K., A. W. L. Dudeney, D. J. Leak, S. Agatzini, and P. Tzeferis. "Bioleaching and bioprecipitation of nickel and iron from laterites." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 11, no. 1-3 (July 1993): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00271.x.

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du Plessis, Chris A., Wickus Slabbert, Kevin B. Hallberg, and D. Barrie Johnson. "Ferredox: A biohydrometallurgical processing concept for limonitic nickel laterites." Hydrometallurgy 109, no. 3-4 (October 2011): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.07.005.

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Wang, Xiaodong, Jian Li, Robert D. Hart, Arie van Riessen, and Robbie McDonald. "Quantitative X-ray diffraction phase analysis of poorly ordered nontronite clay in nickel laterites." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 5 (August 18, 2011): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811027786.

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Studies of the extraction of nickel from low-grade laterite ores require a much better quantitative understanding of the poorly ordered mineral phases present, including turbostratically disordered nontronite. Whole pattern refinements with nontronite X-ray diffraction data from a Western Australian nickel deposit (Bulong) using a nontronite lattice model (Pawley phase) with two space groups (P3 andC2/m) and a peaks phase group model were performed to improve the accuracy of quantitative X-ray diffraction of nickel laterite ore samples. Modifications were applied when building the new models to accommodate asymmetric peak shape and anisotropic peak broadening due to the turbostratic disorder. Spherical harmonics were used as convolution factors to represent anisotropic crystal size and strain and asymmetric peak shape when using the lattice model. A peaks phase group model was also developed to fit the anisotropic peak broadening in the nontronite pattern. The quantitative results of the new Pawley phase and peaks phase group models were compared and verified with synthetic mixtures of nontronite, quartz and goethite simulating various West Australian laterite ore compositions. The models developed in this paper demonstrate adequate accuracy for quantification of nontronite in the synthesized reference materials and should be generally applicable to quantitative phase analysis of nontronite in nickel laterite ore samples.

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Keskinkilic, E., S. Pournaderi, A. Geveci, and Y. A. Topkaya. "Use of colemanite in ferronickel smelting." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 1 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb181009007k.

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Use of colemanite in metal-slag systems aims primarily to decrease the viscosity of slag and, therefore, achieve better metal-slag separation. Enhanced metal-slag separation is helpful to decrease the number of suspended metal/alloy droplets in slag, i.e. the physical losses. In the literature, successful use of colemanite was reported both in steelmaking and copper matte smelting processes. Ferronickel smelting slags contain nickel in the range of 0.1-0.2% and correspondingly, metal-slag distribution ratio values of nickel are reported even above 200. On the contrary, nickel recoveries are hard to exceed 95%. This can be mostly attributed to the physical losses of nickel due to very high slag volume in ferronickel smelters; for 1 ton of ferronickel, 10-15 tonnes of slag are generated regardless of the type of the laterite, which contains significant quantity of gangue components. The authors thought that use of colemanite could be a solution to decrease physical losses. Therefore, the use of colemanite in ferronickel smelting was investigated in the present work. Laboratory-scale smelting experiments were conducted using calcined and prereduced laterites in a vertical tube furnace under different gas atmospheres. The amount of colemanite added was in the range of 0 - 2.5% of the total charge. The experiments were also performed using ferronickel and slag samples obtained from a ferronickel smelter.

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Sudibyo, A. Junaedi, A. S. Handoko, M. Amin, S. Sumardi, F. R. Mufakhir, F. Nurjaman, A. H. Tandoko, and Y. I. Supriyatna. "Nickel production from laterites using electro metal electrowinning (EMEW) process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 478 (February 26, 2019): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/478/1/012016.

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Swamy, K. M., L. B. Sukla, K. L. Narayana, R. N. Kar, and V. V. Panchanadikar. "Use of ultrasound in microbial leaching of nickel from laterites." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2, no. 1 (1995): S5—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4177(94)00003-b.

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van der Ent, A., A. J. M. Baker, M. M. J. van Balgooy, and A. Tjoa. "Ultramafic nickel laterites in Indonesia (Sulawesi, Halmahera): Mining, nickel hyperaccumulators and opportunities for phytomining." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 128 (May 2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.01.009.

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Li, Jian, Robbie G. McDonald, Anna H. Kaksonen, Christina Morris, Suzy Rea, Kayley M. Usher, Jason Wylie, Felipe Hilario, and Chris A. du Plessis. "Applications of Rietveld-based QXRD analysis in mineral processing." Powder Diffraction 29, S1 (November 17, 2014): S89—S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715614001134.

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Rietveld-based quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) has been extensively used for mineralogical characterization in order to understand the reaction chemistry, and kinetics of minerals leaching and formation. This work presents examples where QXRD has been applied to understanding fundamental aspects of these two processes. Firstly, the co-processing of nickel laterites and sulphidic materials has the potential to offer several advantages that include the use of lower grade (including non-smeltable) concentrates, improvement in the rheological behaviour of the blends, and reduction in the use of sulphuric acid. The leaching kinetics and chemistry of mixed nickel laterite ore and sulphide concentrate were explored by the QXRD analysis of feed materials and, intermediates and final leach residues produced using controlled oxidation rates. Under high temperature (250 °C) and pressure oxidation (~40 to 45 atm.) conditions, sulphide minerals in the nickel concentrate underwent several oxidative hydrothermal transformations, and ferrous iron was oxidized and precipitated primarily as hematite. High recovery of nickel can be achieved with low acid consumption under these conditions. Secondly, iron precipitation/removal is an important down-stream process in hydrometallurgy. Moderate concentrations of ferrous iron can be oxidized using micro-organisms with oxidation rates several orders of magnitude faster compared with abiotic oxidation at ambient temperature and pressure. QXRD and chemical analysis have indicated that after oxidation, iron at pH ~2 mostly precipitates as jarosite with various amounts of K+, Na+, NH4+, and H3O+ incorporated into the structure. Bio-catalysed iron removal can be achieved with minimum copper and nickel losses at relatively low pH conditions.

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Mudd, Gavin M. "Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: Sulfides versus laterites." Ore Geology Reviews 38, no. 1-2 (October 2010): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.05.003.

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30

Halikia, I., K. Skartados, and P. Neou-Syngouna. "Effect of reductive roasting on smelting characteristics of Greek nickel laterites." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 111, no. 3 (December 2002): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037195502766647057.

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31

Simate, Geoffrey S., Sehliselo Ndlovu, and Lubinda F. Walubita. "The fungal and chemolithotrophic leaching of nickel laterites — Challenges and opportunities." Hydrometallurgy 103, no. 1-4 (June 2010): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.03.012.

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Simate, Geoffrey S., and Sehliselo Ndlovu. "Characterisation of Factors in the Bacterial Leaching of Nickel Laterites Using Statistical Design of Experiments." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.66.

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Identifying influential factors in the bacterial leaching of nickel laterites using a mixed culture of chemolithotrophic micro-organisms was explored using the approach of statistical design of experiments. In a series of experiments, pH, particle size, pulp density, type of substrate and inoculum size were statistically combined using a quarter fractional factorial designs 2 5−2 III and tested for their influence on nickel recovery using chemolithotrophic microorganisms. The results indicated that inoculum size was not statistically significant while the rest of the factors were statistically significant. Under the ranges studied the interaction between the variables was found to be weak. The results also showed that recovery was maximized at low pH and low pulp density. In the range studied, particles of less than 38μm had a negative influence on nickel recovery. Sulphur substrate also showed better effects than pyrite.

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33

Loveday, B. K. "The use of oxygen in high pressure acid leaching of nickel laterites." Minerals Engineering 21, no. 7 (June 2008): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2007.11.002.

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34

Luo, Wei, Dianzuo Wang, Qiming Feng, and Jiankang Wen. "Improved nickel and cobalt recovery from nickeliferous laterites in acidic fuoride media." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 27, no. 3 (August 2010): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402233.

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35

McDonald, Robbie G., Jian Li, and Peter J. Austin. "High Temperature Pressure Oxidation of a Low-Grade Nickel Sulfide Concentrate with Control of the Residue Composition." Minerals 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10030249.

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High temperature pressure oxidation of a low-grade nickel concentrate was examined to demonstrate the potential benefits and shortcomings of this approach. The high iron sulfide content ensured that acid generation was much greater than for higher grade concentrates. This results in the formation of basic iron sulfate phases and a significant amount of sulfuric acid. Kinetic sampling during pressure oxidation tests also demonstrated the transformation of sulfide minerals, including the oxidative transformations of pentlandite to violarite and then to vaesite, the latter phase not previously noted in studies of this kind. Finally, addition of a divalent metal sulfate buffer, here magnesium sulfate, mitigates the formation of basic iron sulfates but with greater generation of sulfuric acid in the leach liquor. Under the conditions employed in this study, this acid could be employed to leach other nickel-containing materials such as nickel laterites.

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36

LIU, Wan-rong, Xin-hai LI, Qi-yang HU, Zhi-xing WANG, Ke-zhuan GU, Jin-hui LI, and Lian-xin ZHANG. "Pretreatment study on chloridizing segregation and magnetic separation of low-grade nickel laterites." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20 (May 2010): s82—s86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60017-9.

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37

McDonald, R. G., and B. I. Whittington. "Atmospheric acid leaching of nickel laterites review. Part II. Chloride and bio-technologies." Hydrometallurgy 91, no. 1-4 (March 2008): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.11.010.

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38

Ugwu, Ifeoma Mary, and David M. Sherman. "The solubility of goethite with structurally incorporated nickel and cobalt: Implication for laterites." Chemical Geology 518 (July 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.04.021.

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39

Orberger, Beate, and Antony van der Ent. "Nickel laterites as sources of nickel, cobalt and scandium: Increasing resource efficiency through new geochemical and biological insights." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 204 (September 2019): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.06.004.

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40

Yang, K., L. Whitbourn, P. Mason, and J. Huntington. "Mapping the Chemical Composition of Nickel Laterites with Reflectance Spectroscopy at Koniambo, New Caledonia." Economic Geology 108, no. 6 (August 13, 2013): 1285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.6.1285.

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41

Watling, H. R., A. D. Elliot, H. M. Fletcher, D. J. Robinson, and D. M. Sully. "Ore mineralogy of nickel laterites: controls on processing characteristics under simulated heap-leach conditions." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 7 (October 2011): 725–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.602986.

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42

Hallberg, Kevin B., Barry M. Grail, Chris A. du Plessis, and D. Barrie Johnson. "Reductive dissolution of ferric iron minerals: A new approach for bio-processing nickel laterites." Minerals Engineering 24, no. 7 (June 2011): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.09.005.

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43

Yongue-Fouateu, R., R. T. Ghogomu, J. Penaye, G. E. Ekodeck, H. Stendal, and F. Colin. "Nickel and cobalt distribution in the laterites of the Lomié region, south-east Cameroon." Journal of African Earth Sciences 45, no. 1 (May 2006): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.01.003.

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44

Shofi, A., A. Rahmahwati, F. Nurjaman, and B. Suharno. "Effect of reduction temperature and sodium-based additives on nickel upgrading process of laterites ores." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 541 (July 3, 2019): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/541/1/012002.

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45

Quesnel, Benoît, Christian Le Carlier de Veslud, Philippe Boulvais, Pierre Gautier, Michel Cathelineau, and Maxime Drouillet. "3D modeling of the laterites on top of the Koniambo Massif, New Caledonia: refinement of the per descensum lateritic model for nickel mineralization." Mineralium Deposita 52, no. 7 (February 10, 2017): 961–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0712-1.

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46

Fadli, Fadli. "Hubungan Pola Penyebaran dan Ketebalan Zona Bijih Endapan Nikel Laterit dengan Topografi Permukaan Pada PT Aneka Tambang Tbk." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v1i1.18.

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Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki sumber daya nikel laterit yang berlimpah, mulai dari Sulawesi hingga ke Papua. Oleh karena itu, peneliti melakukan analisis pola sebaran dan ketebalan endapan nikel leterit untuk mendapatkan pola sebaran zona bijih dari endapan nikel laterit berdasarkan topografi permukaan. Adapun metode yang dilakukan adalah menganalisis sampel pemboran dengan X-ray spectometer, menganalisis topografi, morfologi dan membuat profil penampang antar sumbu bor untuk menganalisis pola sebaran zona bijih endapan nikel laterit. Data yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah bentuk topografi perbukitan dengan morfologi bergelombang, miring hingga melandai, dengan kemiringan lereng 20-160. Penampang endapan secara vertikal mengunakan parameter overburden dengan kadar Ni < 0.90% – > 4%. Penampang serta pola sebaran endapan nikel laterit terbagi 3 warna yaitu coklat untuk kadar Ni < 0.90%, kuning untuk kadar Ni 0,91% – 1,50%, dan hijau untuk kadar Ni > 1,51%. Berdasarkan penampang korelasi pada topografi landai, didapatkan kadar yang tinggi serta tebal dan topografi yang berbukit miring ditemukan kadar yang tinggi tetapi ketebalan yang tipis. Secara keseluruhan kadar nikel laterit berkisar 8 – 16 meter. Kata Kunci: Topografi, Nikel Laterit, Kadar, Ketebalan, Pola Penyebaran Abstract: Indonesia is a country that has abundant nickel laterite resources, from Sulawesi to Papua. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the distribution pattern and thickness of the nickel leterite deposits to obtain the distribution pattern of the ore zones of the laterite nickel deposits based on the surface topography. The method used is to analyze the drilling sample with an X-ray spectometer, analyze the topography, morphology and create a cross-sectional profile between the drill axes to analyze the distribution pattern of the laterite nickel ore deposit zone. The data generated from this study is a hilly topography with a wavy morphology, slanted, and sloping, with a slope of 20-160. The vertical cross section of the sediment uses overburden parameters with Ni content < 0.90% – > 4%. The cross-section and distribution pattern of laterite nickel deposits are divided into 3 colors, namely brown for Ni content < 0.90%, yellow for Ni content 0.91% – 1.50%, and green for Ni content > 1.51%. Based on the cross-sectional correlation on the sloping topography, it was found that high grades and thick and hilly topography found high grades but thin thicknesses. Overall, laterite nickel content ranges from 8 to 16 meters. Keywords: Topography, Nickel Laterite, Grade, Thickness, Distribution Pattern

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47

Simate, Geoffrey S., and Sehliselo Ndlovu. "Bacterial leaching of nickel laterites using chemolithotrophic microorganisms: Identifying influential factors using statistical design of experiments." International Journal of Mineral Processing 88, no. 1-2 (August 2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2008.06.001.

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48

Garces-Granda, A., G. T. Lapidus, and O. J. Restrepo-Baena. "The effect of calcination as pre treatment to enhance the nickel extraction from low-grade laterites." Minerals Engineering 120 (May 2018): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.02.019.

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49

Cheng, Chu Yong, Mark D. Urbani, Michael G. Davies, Yoko Pranolo, and Zhaowu Zhu. "Recovery of nickel and cobalt from leach solutions of nickel laterites using a synergistic system consisting of Versatic 10 and Acorga CLX 50." Minerals Engineering 77 (June 2015): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.01.015.

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50

Lintjewas, Lediyantje, Iwan Setiawan, and Andrie Al Kausar. "Profil Endapan Nikel Laterit di Daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara." RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 29, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/risetgeotam2019.v29.970.

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Nikel laterit adalah mineral logam hasil dari proses pelapukan dan pengkayaan mineral pada batuan ultramafik. Geologi di daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, disusun oleh batugamping dari Formasi Eimoko dan Formasi Langkolawa yang memiliki hubungan ketidakselarasan dengan batuan ultramafik di bawahnya sebagai pembawa endapan nikel laterit. Proses pelapukan pada batuan ultramafik menghasilkan karakter dan profil nikel laterit yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterisasi nikel laterit berdasarkan pada mineralogi dan profil dari Zona lateritisasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa jenis batuan pembawa nikel laterit di Daerah Palangga adalah harsburgit. Nikel laterit memiliki ketebalan sekitar 15 meter. Zona Limonit memiliki komposisi mineral lempung berupa kaolinit, mineral oksida berupa mineral magnetit, hematit, kromit dan mineral hidroksida berupa gutit. Kedalaman Zona Limonit yaitu sekitar 0 - 3 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe sekitar 34,10 – 48,31%, dan SiO2 sekitar 9,42 – 18,02%. Zona Saprolit memiliki komposisi mineral silikat berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Kedalaman Zona Saprolit sekitar 3 – 9 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe sekitar 10,27 – 34,52%, SiO2 sekitar 22,0 – 49,63%. Batuan dasar (Bedrock) memiliki komposisi mineral silikat, antigorit, enstatit, olivin, augit dan lisardit. Kedalaman batuan dasar (bedrock) sekitar 9 – 10 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,95 – 1,28%, Fe sekitar 7,62 – 8,29%, SiO2 sekitar 42,81 – 45,85%. Zona Saprolit merupakan Zona yang kaya akan nikel, dengan mineral penyusun berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Nickel laterite is metal mineral formed by weathering and mineral enrichment of ultramafic rocks. Geology of Palangga area, Southeast Sulawesi Province arranged by limestone of Eimoko Formation and Langkowala Formation that have unconformity relation with ultramafic rocks as source of nickel laterite. Weathering process underwent ultramafic rocks resulted in different nickel laterite characters and their profile. The study aims to identify characterization of nickel laterite based on mineralogy and lateritization profile zones. Based on the result of study, source of nickel laterite in Palangga area is harzburgite. Nickel laterite profile has around 15 meters thick. Mineral composition of Limonite Zone is clay mineral as kaolinit, oxide mineral consisted of magnetite, hematite, chromite, and hidroksida mineral as goetite. Depth of Limonite Zone around 0 - 3 meters with Ni grade around 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe around 34,10 – 48,31%, and SiO2 around 9,42 – 18,02%. Mineral composition of Saprolite Zone is silicate mineral consist of quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Saprolite Zone around 3 – 9 meters with Ni grade around 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe around 10,27 – 34,52%, and SiO2 around 22,0 – 49,63%. Mineral composition of bedrock is silikat minerals consits of antigorite, enstatite, olivine, augit, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Bedrock ar ound 9 – 10 meters with grade Ni 1,28%, Fe around 7,62 – 8,29%, and SiO2 around 42,81 – 45,85%. The Saprolit Zone is a Zone that rich in nickel, with mineral composition is quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals.

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