Academic literature on the topic 'Nieuport, Battle of, 1600'

Abstract On September 27th, 1605 a battle between a numerically superior Swedish army and cavalry strong Polish-Lithuanian forces took place close to Kirchholm a small town just outside of Riga. The surprising defeat of the Swedes and the conclusions drawn from this encounter had a massive impact on the development of the military in the 17th century. Even though that there is a large number of publications on this topic, the contribution of the Dutchy of Courland and Semigallia as well as the Piltene district during this battle has not found adequate appreciation in modern literature. This article illustrates in detail how important the support of these troops from Livland was for the outcome of this battle at the banks of the Düna and therefore substantiates the knowledge and the image of one of the most important clashes of the Polish-Swedish War 1600-1629 on the eve of the Thirty Years‘ War.

Some 1600 years separate our world from the world of the Desert Fathers and Mothers, a world that might seem strange to us. There is much in it that does in fact seem disturbing and bizarre, especially the strict asceticism that drove these unusual saints into the wilderness. Their worldview becomes more accessible and relevant, however, if we grasp the underlying psychology of the movement, especially as it was explored and explained by one of the great theologians of the movement, Evagrius Ponticus. His description of the human soul and the eight deadly “thoughts” manifest a psychology that shows why the Desert Fathers and Mothers withdrew into the desert to fight the devil, seek for God, and practice the ascetic disciplines with such ferocity. The “Sayings” of the tradition show how it is possible to overcome these deadly thoughts. It is obvious that grace is needed, an appropriate setting (which does not necessarily require a literal desert), and spiritual discipline, which includes asceticism, to be sure, but also a calm attentiveness to God and genuine love.

AbstractSix tapestries depict the resistance of Zeeland's Sea Beggars to the Spaniards during the Eighty Years' War. Between 1572 and 1576 the fight for freedom was waged in the Scheldt delta. In 1591 the Estates of Zeeland ordered the first tapestry, a representation of the battle of Bergen op Zoom, from Francois Spierinx, a weaver in Delft. When it arrived in 1595, the Estates decided to have a series of tapestries made for the Prinsenlogement, or royal apartments, in Middelburg Abbey. The five tapestries were woven in the De Maecht workshop in less than ten years. Four of them, representing naval engagements, were designed by Hendrick Cornelisz. Vroom: The Battle of Rammekens, The Battle of Lillo, The Battle of Zierikzee and The Battle of Den Haak. The fifth, the Arms Tapestry, was woven after a design by Carel van Mander. Lord Charles Howard of Effingham, Earl of Nottingham (1536-1624) ordered from Spierinx a series of ten tapestries depicting the English victory over the Spanish Armada. These tapestries, which had hung in the House of Lords since 1650, were destroyed in a fire at the Houses of Parliament in 1834. Vroom based his designs for the Armada tapestries on maps by Robert Adams, engraved by Augustine Ryther. Compared with the Armada series, the composition of the Zeeland tapestries is fluent and vigorous. Vroom had actually visited Zeeland and spoken with eye-witnesses such as Joos dc Moor. The silhouettes of the towns are rendered in detail. Lord Thomas Howard ordered The Last Fight of the Revenge, dated 1598, from the De Maecht workshop in Middelburg. This fairly unknown tapestry, in a private collection since 1934, was on show at the Armada exhibition in the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich in 1988. It was erroneously presumed to have been woven by Spierinx in Brussels. Spierinx, however, came from Antwerp, and moved to Delft in 1591. In view of the dating and an art-historical comparison, an attribution to the Dc Maccht workshop is more likely. Hendrick Vroom designed The Revenge. It bears a marked resemblance to the Zierikzee and Den Haak tapestries in the Zeeland series; the border, too, is similar. Wool, silk, gold and silver thread were used. The latter were costly materials and rarely used in North Netherlandish tapestry production. The tapestry may have been ordered to commemorate Sir Richard Grenville's valiant action. On August 31 1591 Admiral Howard led his fleet to the Azores, off Pico island. His intention was to intercept a Spanish treasure fleet on its return voyage from the West. However, the English were taken by surprise by Armada ships. Howard ordered the retreat, but Grenville, vice-admiral and commander of the Revenge, ignored these orders. He engaged in battle with the attackers, was wounded and died on the Spanish flagship. The composition, a bird's-eye view, of the Revenge tapestry, bears a strong resemblance to the Zierikzee (1599-1603) and Den Haak (1600-1602) tapestries, both of which were woven under the supervision of Hendrick de Maecht, Jan de Maecht's successor. The borders of the tapestries woven in Middelburg echo Spierinx's Bergen op Zoom. The colours in the Bergen op Zoom tapestry are bright and soft, the figures are plastic and the surround merges harmoniously with the representation. Unfortunately this cannot be said of the Zeeland borders. Various alterations in the border of the Revenge mar the harmony and symmetry. The word 'Anno' and the year in the top corners are in the wrong order. In view of the woven rendering of the composition, the use of dark colours and the rather clumsy borders, The Last Fight of The Revenge is more likely to have come from Hendrick de Maecht's studio than from Jan de Maecht's. The latter's products are distinguished by the use of lighter colours and more accurate weaving, as is particularly evident in De Battle of Rammekens and to a lesser extent in The Battle of Lillo.

Previous works demonstrated that human creative output fluctuates in periods of 500-years, and more importantly that these periods of creative output maxima occurred simultaneous with increased solar activity. Indeed, early works by Chizhevskiy pointed to the correlation between solar-and-lunar geophysical variables and human behaviour. Interestingly, Persinger, and St. Pierre demonstrated increased aggression in rats during increased geophysical activity. Using these studies as a foundation, we explored the CDB90 Battle Dataset to find a pattern or potential periodicity in large scale human aggressive behaviour – war – specifically within the duration of battles. Using the mean duration of battles for various wars from 1600 to 1950 revealed a 7-day periodicity in military conflicts during the 20th Century, with subharmonics at 14, 22, and 29-days. The existence of the 7-day period in large-scale aggregate behaviour may suggest the reflection of biological cycles also of 7-days, whose original entrainment is likely due to solar and lunar influences. Such entrainment may be why attempts to organize human societies with cycles other than 7-days become superseded by circaseptan systems as they reflect a natural, biological pattern.

AbstractThe article deals with the historical imagination in the burgher's milieu in the late Renaissance Polish kingdom. The main aim of the article is the investigation of the changes that occurred in the perception of the remote past. The article focuses on the mechanisms of a usable past construction. In 1578, in order to obtain equal economic rights with the dominant Catholic burghers – mostly of German origin – in Lemberg, local Armenians stated that their ancestors were invited by the Galician prince Daniel and were then settled by his son Lev/Leon (1264-1301) in Lviv at the time of the city's foundation. In 1597, in their complaint, Catholics allowed that the statement of the invitation of the Armenian ancestors was a real fact but accused "Armenian warriors" for participating in the hostile incursions led by Prince Daniel or Lev together with the Tatars in the 1250s-1280s against Poland. In this way, the magistrate won the trial in 1600. I argue that for their pseudo-historical argument Catholic patricians creatively reinterpreted some passages from Marcin Cromer's book "On the origins and deeds of the Poles" (1555, 1558, 1562, 1568, 1589). Then, Armenians changed their tactics and stated in 1631 that their noble ancestors took an active part in the wars between Poland and Teutonic Order in late fourteenth – early fifteenth centuries. Thus Armenians converted their ancestors into good patriots of Poland when the Germans were the main enemies. During the trials townspeople perceived changes in their past. It also reflects a level of historical reading in Polish history and the emergence of the Battle of Grunwald battle as part of a Polish national myth. Thus Renaissance book-printing and book-collecting directly influenced the burgher's historical imagination and their judicial argument. City elites "privatized" a book, which had been sacral property of Church, and made it their tool to use for their practical needs. They also privatized and instrumentalized the based-on-books past. The arguments used by both sides during their conflict correlated with the urban elites' aspirations to acquire noble status. It also reflects the process of transmission of high culture models – Sarmatian Renaissance – to the lower estates of the Kingdom.

Midway through his account of the reign of King Edward III, John Speed paused to remind his readers of what had gone before, an account of Edward's wars in France, by way of leading into his next subject, the king's godliness. “You have heard a part of great king Edward's victorious fortunes in battle, both by land and sea; be not ignorant of his pietie.” Speed's choice of language is striking: “You have heard.” Many early modern authors employed this same peculiar device. In 1600, Thomas Danett commenced a chapter of his A continuation of the history of France with the sentence, “You have heard how a truce for five years was concluded betweene the kings of Fraunce and Spaine.” Thomas James, translating a French work on the Stoics, wrote, “You have heard discoursed unto you the principall lawes which the Stoickes thincke expedient….” To justify the printing of a quotation from a medieval manuscript, William Camden urged his reader to “heare the verie words out of that private historic” Richard Verstegan directed the reader to “heer the testimony of sundry ancient and approved authors.” The anonymous author of The historie of Mervine (1612), a chivalric romance, reminded the reader of an earlier event with the remark: “the childe (as you have heard) was baptized….”As historians, we have all had occasion to refer the reader back to earlier points in our articles, theses, and books. As a rule, such passages begin with a phrase like “we have seen,” or “it has been shown,” not “you have heard.”

El ascenso al trono de España de Felipe V lleva aparejado la llegada junto a él de personajes de origen francés que ocupan importantes esferas de poder con la nueva dinastía. Junto a estos vienen numerosos individuos siguiendo órdenes que son quienes van a llevar a cabo un trascendental trabajo de campo clave para poder hacer frente al principal problema que debe superar durante sus primeros años el monarca, que no es otro que garantizar la defensa del territorio ante la posibilidad de un conflicto armado. Analizamos la figura de uno de estos hombres, Bernard Renau d’Éliçagaray, prestando atención singularmente a la misión que llevó a cabo en Galicia en los años 1702 y 1703. Palabras clave: fortificación, ingeniería, Guerra de SucesiónTopónimos: GaliciaPeriodo: siglo XVIII ABSTRACTPhilip V’s ascent to the throne of Spain was accompanied by the arrival of individuals of French origin who occupied important positions of power within the new dynasty. They were joined by numerous individuals, following orders, who would carry out crucial fieldwork, essential in order to address the main problem facing the monarch during his first years, which was none other than guaranteeing the defence of the territory against the possibility of an armed conflict. This work considers the contribution made by one of these men, Bernard Renau d’Éliçagaray, concentrating in particular on the mission he undertook in Galicia in 1702 and 1703. Keywords: Fortification, Engineering, War of SuccessionPlace names: GaliciaPeriod: 18th century REFERENCIASCluny, I. (2002), “A Guerra de Sucessão de Espanha e a diplomacia portuguesa”, Penélope. Revista de História e Ciências Sociais, 26, pp. 63-92.Désos, C. (2016), “Les ingénieurs du roi de France auprès de la couronne d’Espagne (1704-1715)”, Vegueta. Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia, 16, pp. 67-92.Eiras Roel, A. (2003), “Las Juntas del Reino de Galicia de 1701 a 1704”, en Actas de las Juntas del Reino de Galicia, vol. XII: 1701-1704, Santiago de Compostela, Xunta de Galicia, pp. 9-60.Ferreiro, L. D. (2007), Ships and Science. The Birth of Naval Architecture in the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1800, Cambridge (EE. UU.), The MIT Press.Fontenelle, B. de (1721), “Eloge de M. Renau”, en Histoire de l’Academie Royale des Sciences. Année MDCCXIX, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, pp. 101-120.García Hurtado, M.-R. (2002), El arma de la palabra. Los militares españoles y la cultura escrita en el siglo XVIII (1700-1808), A Coruña, Universidade da Coruña.— (2020), “The Greatest Treasure of the Spanish Armada in the Eighteenth Century. From the Battle of Rande (1702) to the Diving Schools (1787)”, en S. Juterczenka (ed.), The Sea: Maritime Worlds in the Early Modern Period, Köln, Böhlau, pp. 13-27.— (2021), “Bernard Renau d’Éliçagaray en España durante la Guerra de Sucesión”, Vegueta. Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia, 21.González Lopo, D. L. (2002), “Galicia na Guerra de Sucesión”, en Rande, 1702. Arde o mar, Vigo, Museo do Mar de Galicia, pp. 102-115.Hatin, L. E. (1840), Histoire pittoresque de l’Algérie, Paris, Bureau Central de la Publication.Jal, A. (1872), Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d’histoire, Paris, Henri Plon.Ladvocat, J.-B. (1822), Dictionnaire historique et bibliographique, Paris, Étienne Ledoux, t. IV.Martin, H. (1865), The Age of Louis XIV, Boston, Walker, Wise, and Company, vol. II.Ozanne, N.-M. (1762), Marine militaire ou Recueil des differens vaisseaux qui servent à la guerre, Paris, chez l’auteur.Patiño Gómez, R. (2014), Los tesoros de Rande. Relato de las expediciones realizadas para el rescate de las riquezas de la flota hispano-francesa derrotada en la batalla de Rande, Vigo, RP Edicións.Potter, J. S. (2002), En busca del tesoro de la ría de Vigo, Vigo, Museo do Mar de Galicia.Renau d’Éliçagaray, B. (1689), De la theorie de la manœuvre des vaisseaux, Paris, Estienne Michallet.Rodríguez-Villasante Prieto, J. A. (1984), Historia y tipología arquitectónica de las defensas de Galicia. Funcionalidad, forma y ejecución del diseño clasicista, Sada, Ediciós do Castro.Roncière, Ch. de la (1916), Le bombardement d’Argel en 1683 d’après une relation inédite, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale.Rouvroy, L. de (1865), Mémoires complets et authentiques du duc de Saint-Simon... Tome Onzième, Paris, L. Hachette et Cie.Saavedra Vázquez, M. C. (2013), “La élite militar del Reino de Galicia durante la Guerra de Sucesión”, en M. López Díaz (ed.), Élites y poder en las monarquías ibéricas: del siglo XVII al primer liberalismo, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, pp. 223-244.— (2014), “La Guerra de Sucesión y sus efectos sobre la organización militar peninsular”, en M. Torres Arce y S. Truchuelo García (eds.), Europa en torno a Utrecht, Santander, Universidad de Cantabria, pp. 175-204.— (2016), “Los cambios de la organización militar y los inicios de la intendencia en Galicia (1704-1716)”, en M. López Díaz (ed.), Galicia y la instauración de la Monarquía borbónica. Poder, élites y dinámica política, Madrid, Sílex, pp. 53-93.— (2017), “El papel de las élites locales en la organización militar: Galicia, 1668-1715”, en E. García Hernán y D. Maffi (eds.), Estudios sobre Guerra y Sociedad en la Monarquía Hispánica. Guerra marítima, estrategia, organización y cultura militar (1500-1700), (Valencia), Albatros, pp. 519-538.Soraluce Blond, J. R. (1985), Castillos y fortificaciones de Galicia. La arquitectura militar de los siglos XVI-XVIII, La Coruña, Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza.Sue, E. (1852), Jean Bart et Louis XIV. Drames maritimes du XVIIe siècle, Paris, Marescq et Compagnie.Tourón Yebra, M. (1995), La Guerra de Sucesión en Galicia (1702-1712), Lugo, Diputación Provincial de Lugo.Vérin, H. (1993), La gloire des ingénieurs. L’intelligence technique du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Albin Michel.Vigo Trasancos, A. (2007), A Coruña y el Siglo de las Luces. La construcción de una ciudad de comercio (1700-1808), Santiago de Compostela-A Coruña, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Universidad de A Coruña.— (dir.) (2011), Galicia y el siglo XVIII. Planos y dibujos de arquitectura y urbanismo (1701-1800), A Coruña, Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, 2 tomos.

Ovanstående citat ger en bild av hur snabbt förändringarna sker i vår omvärld idag. Förr varframtiden enkel att förutspå och de planer som gjordes sträckte sig över flera år, men idag ärdet en förändrad värld vi lever i och förändringarnas vindar blåser allt starkare även kringFörsvarsmakten. Detta har inneburit ett stort omställningsarbete för Försvarsmakten och detär en process som går framåt om än i långsam takt. Samtidigt kommer allt fler och snabbarekrav på förändring från den politiska nivån. Ett sådant inspel är ovan nämnda EU BattleGroup koncept där Sverige tillsammans med Finland och Norge och Estland skall sättasamman ett förband som skall vara insatsberett 2008.I denna uppsats studeras hur denna beslutsprocess sett ut och hur den påverkats av de kortatidsförhållandena och den politiska styrningen från EU.Denna beslutsprocess avviker till stor del från andra typer av beslut eftersom den har varitmycket kort och möjligheterna att analysera tänkbara konsekvenser av beslutet har varit små.Därför är det intressant att se om detta är ett trendbrott för hur den politiska styrningenkommer att se ut för Försvarsmakten i framtiden.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 03-05

Diploma thesis focuses its attention on life and work composer, poet, music theorist Christoper Demantius and his two collections compositions Tympanum militare (1600, 1615). First part of diploma thesis brings on updated composers biography, evaluation his creation and detection of all contexts with bohemian music culture in age before the Battle of White mountain. In the second part author makes thorough text and music analysis of both collections Tympanum militare. The obtained results includes into wider music-historical context. The part of this thesis is edition of collection from 1600.

Heralds, among other duties, announced hostilities to adversaries. This essay unpacks the agency of heralds by figuring them as vessels of the sovereign’s auratic personhood. Heralds were ciphers, but potent ones. That potency served them in international disputes as harbingers of war, particularly when delivering the gage of battle – commonly a bloody glove – to opponents. As became clear by the fifteenth century, the ancient Romans once had a college of priests, the fetials, to declare war and manage treaties. This discovery extended the claims that modern heralds made about their role in war; they could supplement fanciful ancestries of their profession with solid ancient precedent. We conclude with a case study of a herald at work in the Italian Wars.

Five archaeological sites were sampled across China and Mongolia to document non-traditional burials in the region. The earliest levels of the Jinlianshan site of the Dian culture (206 BC–220 AD) in Yunnan Province, China consisted of secondary burials with up to 22 individuals; these interments may have been evidence of cemetery relocations during the process of colonization and state expansion. In the Henan Province, China, the Yangshao period burials at Mianchi Duzhong (3500–3000 BC) show evidence of conflict, with several individuals killed and thrown down wells, while the Longhu Xingtian is a mass grave that includes decapitated Han soldiers who tried to retreat during the battle between Qin and Han state (230–221 BC). The burials at Hulin Am, Mongolia are from the Uighur Khanate (744–840 AD), which is a unique site in that over 80 percent of the burials are infants. One burial from a Koguryo culture (37 BCE–221 AD) fortress was beheaded, which was a form of execution reserved for defeated military, while some of the earliest evidence for possible corporal punishment comes from the Qijia culture (1900–1600 BC) in Gansu Province, China, where several individuals had their hands and feet tied, and were left within family crypts.