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1
Ayanlade, Ayansina. "Remote sensing of environmental change in the Niger Delta, Nigeria." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/remote-sensing-of-environmental-change-in-the-niger-delta-nigeria(b649a1f9-8c35-45d5-94ab-3107e4c3b0aa).html.
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This study examines landuse change (LUC) in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, focusing on the drivers of change and the societal implications on the people in the Delta. This study applies both remote sensing and social research methods to evaluate the spatial and temporal change in landuse, population change, deforestation, and degradation within forest reserves; and the impacts of oil production and the effects of the changes on the Delta. A time series of Landsat TM images was used over the period from 1984 to 2011. The study evaluates a number of classification and post-classification change detection methods to examine LUC, while NDVI is used to monitor the degradation of forests. Accuracy assessment shows that Maximum Likelihood (ML) is the most accurate method, but results were still error prone. To improve classification accuracy, a Decision Tree Reclassification (DTR) method was developed that uses prior classifications and simple rules of those LUCs, which occur over time and those that do not. DTR improves the overall accuracy of the classification from 62% to 89%. The social methods used a mixed-method approach (questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions). The methods were carefully selected and used to help explain the results of findings from remote sensing. The results are presented in two phases: (1) results of remote sensing showing the overall changes in the entire Niger Delta and specific case studies (2) results of social science survey showing the drivers of changes and their environmental and societal implications on the people in the Delta. The results show that nearly 9000 km2 forest has been lost in the Niger Delta region between 1984 and 2011, but the extent of deforestation varies from one forest type to another. Lowland rainforest is more exploited than freshwater swamp forest and mangrove forests, with approximately 40% of lowland rainforest areas lost. The urban areas expand by about 50% in lowland rainforest, but less urban expansion is noted in freshwater swamp forest (16%) and mangrove forest (38%). The study finds that assessing oil spill impacts using Landsat TM was not possible, but that oil production infrastructures (e.g. construction of canals) can be an important cause of deforestation in the Delta in exceptional cases. This is evident in the mangroves around Tsekelewu that are reduced from 200km2 in 1984 to 114km2 in 1987, because of the construction of artificial canals that have promoted regular inflow of seawater and the consequent destruction of freshwater mangroves. The results from social survey show also the drivers of LUC and deforestation in the Delta are probably multiphase including unenforced forest protection laws; corruption at all levels; pressure of immigration and increasing population; and indifference of local people to the state of the forest around them.
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Akahalu, U. A. "Interrogating frustration-aggression from environmental degradation in the Niger Delta conflict." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28027/.
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This study interrogates what motivates the major beneficiaries of the Bayelsa State (Niger Delta) environment – the multinational oil corporations (MNOCs) and the Nigerian government (NG) to degrade that environment – their benefactor. The special interest of this thesis lies in understanding why the degradation continued even with the knowledge that their actions threaten the existence of the indigenous oil-bearing host communities (OBHCs) of Bayelsa State (Niger Delta). Irrespective of the fact that the Niger Delta conflict has been a favourite subject for scholars over the years, this particular aspect of the conflict has not been found amongst the literature consulted for this study. To fill this gap, this thesis interrogates this phenomenon. To address this phenomenon, this study reviewed relevant literature to understand the dynamics of environmental degradation through the application of instrumental aggression by the major beneficiaries, and the reactive aggression employed by the OBHCs, as a response to the former. Employing ethnographic tools for data collection involving in-depth interviews, participant observation and focus group discussions, the frustration-aggression theory deployed here emphasises that an individual or a group that has experienced severe deprivations, marginalisation or obstructions in reaching its goal, may transform from a frustrated group to an aggressive one. With the use of this theoretical framework and the proposed theoretical model: Self-Inflicted-Frustration-Aggression-Theory (SIFAT), this study found that the Niger Delta’s connection with the defunct Republic of Biafra was responsible for their neglect, marginalization, violation and the despoliation of its environment. The thesis found that the obstructions to OBHCs’ constitutional means of resolving the problem was the major factor transforming frustrations into aggression and violent conflict in Bayelsa state (Niger Delta).
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England, Joseph. "The Colonial Legacy of Environmental Degradation in Nigeria's Niger River Delta." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5198.
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Nigeria's petroleum industry is the lynchpin of its economy. While oil has been the source of immense wealth for the nation, that wealth has come at a cost. Nigeria's main oil-producing region of the Niger River Delta has experienced tremendous environmental degradation as a result of decades of oil exploration and production. Although there have been numerous historical works on Nigeria's oil industry, there have been no in-depth analyses of the historical roots of environmental degradation over the full range of time from the colonial period to the present. This thesis contends that the environmental degradation of Nigeria's oil producing region of the Niger Delta is the direct result of the persistent non-implementation of regulatory policies by post-independence Nigerian governments working in collusion with oil multinationals. Additionally, the environmental neglect of Nigeria's primary oil-producing region is directly traceable back to the time of colonial rule. Vital to this argument is the view that the British colonial state created the economic institutions which promoted Nigerian economic dependency after independence was achieved in 1960. The weakness of Nigeria's post-colonial dependent system is exposed presently through the continued neglect of regulatory policies by successive post-colonial Nigerian governments.M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History; Public History
4
Shittu, Whanda Ja'afaru. "Mapping oil spill human health risk in rivers state, Niger Delta, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14115/.
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Oil pipelines play a significant role in crude oil transportation and bring danger close to communities along their paths. Pipeline accidents happen every now and then due to factors ranging from operational cause to third party damage. In the Niger Delta pipeline system, interdiction is common; therefore, every length and breadth of land covered by a pipeline is vulnerable to oil pollution, which can pose a threat to land use. Weak enforcement of rights of way led to encroachment by farmers and human dwellings, thereby bringing people in close proximity to pipelines. Considering the impact exposure can have on human health, a method was developed for identifying vulnerable communities within a designated potential pipeline impact radius, and generic assessment criteria developed for assessing land use exposure. The GIS based model combines four weighted criteria layers, i.e. land cover, population, river and pipeline buffers in a multi-criteria decision making with analytical hierarchy process to develop an automated mapping tool designed to perform three distinct operations: firstly, to delineate pipeline hazard areas; secondly, establish potential pipeline impact radius; and thirdly, identify vulnerable communities in high consequence areas. The model was tested for sensitivity and found to be sensitive to river criterion; transferability on the other hand is limited to similar criteria variables. To understand spatial distribution of oil spills, 443 oil spill incidents were examined and found to tend towards cluster distribution. Meanwhile, the main causes of spills include production error (34.8%) and interdiction (31.6%); interdiction alone discharged about 61.4% of crude oil. This brings to light the significance of oil pipeline spills and the tendency to increase the risk of exposure. The generic assessment criteria were developed for three land uses using CLEA v 1.06 for aromatic (EC5-EC44) and aliphatic (EC5-EC44) fractions. The use of the model and screening criteria are embedded in a framework designed to stimulate public participation in pipeline management and pipeline hazard mitigation, which policy makers and regulators in the oil industry can find useful in pipeline hazard management and exposure mitigation.
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Duru, Christian Udogadi. "Environmental Degradation: Key Challenge to Sustainable Economic Development in the Niger Delta." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/114.
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Fawole, Olusegun Gabriel. "Aerosol pollution from gas flaring emissions in the Niger Delta region of West Africa." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7134/.
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Gas flaring, the disposal of gas through stacks in an open-air flame, is a common feature in the processing of crude oil, especially in oil-rich regions of the world. The rates of emission of pollutants from gas flaring depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, fuel composition and quantity, stack geometry, flame/combustion characteristics, and prevailing meteorological conditions. In this work, new estimated emission factors (EFs) for carbon-containing pollutants (excluding PAH) are derived for a specified subset of flame condition. The air pollution dispersion model, ADMS5, is used to simulate the dispersion of pollutants from gas-flaring stacks in the Niger delta. Fuel composition and flare size play significant role in the dispersion pattern and ground-level concentrations of pollutants. To assess the significance of gas-flaring to atmospheric aerosol loading, AERONET aerosol signals are clustered using trajectory analysis to identify dominant aerosol sources at the Ilorin site (4.34o E, 8.32o N) in West Africa. From 7-day back-trajectory calculations over a 10-year period calculated using the UK Universities Global Atmospheric Modelling Programme (UGAMP) trajectory model, which is driven by analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), dominant sources are identified, using literature classifications: desert dust, biomass burning, and urban-industrial. Using a combination of synoptic trajectories and aerosol optical properties, a fourth source is distinguished: that due to gas flaring. An estimation of the relative impact of these different aerosol sources on the overall radiative forcing at the Ilorin AERONET site was the carried out.
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Pitkin, Julia. "Oil, Oil, Everywhere: Environmental and Human Impacts of Oil Extraction in the Niger Delta." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/88.
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Oil extraction in Nigeria has caused extensive environmental degradation and health problems in many Nigerian communities, particularly in the ecologically sensitive Niger Delta where nearly all of the oil extraction takes place. The reasons for this are complex and have roots in Nigeria’s colonial past. The Nigerian economy is largely reliant on its petroleum resources which, in conjunction with governmental corruption and high international demand for Nigerian oil, has created a system where environmental externalities are largely ignored. Multinational oil companies with little stake in the development and environment of Nigeria are responsible for most of the extraction projects and subsequent environmental damage. However, the Nigerian federal government has failed to effectively regulate these projects. Communities in the Niger Delta bear nearly all of the environmental burden of oil extraction, but see very little of the economic benefits.
The main environmental impacts of oil extraction are oil spills, land use change, and gas flaring. Oil spills are very common in the Niger Delta. Cleanup efforts are often inadequate, resulting in loss of delicate ecosystems as well as fisheries and farmland. Large tracts of rainforest and mangrove ecosystems have been cleared or degraded by the oil extraction process. Nigeria flares more gas per barrel of oil extracted than any other country in the world, contributing to global warming and creating serious health hazards for communities located near gas flares.
Diversification of the Nigerian economy would help to alleviate many of the factors that lead to environmental degradation, including the dependence of the government on oil revenues, high unemployment, and rampant oil theft. Curbing government corruption is also vital to effective regulation of oil extraction. International consumers can help Nigeria head towards a less petroleum-driven future through an increased awareness of the origins of their oil and pressure on the Nigerian federal government and the multinational oil companies to extract oil more conscientiously or even to discontinue oil extraction. But most importantly, the solution to Nigeria’s economic concerns must ultimately come from Nigerians as international influence has been a major contributor to the environmental degradation in the first place.
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Nwankwo, Beloveth Odochi. "Conflict in the Niger Delta and corporate social responsibility of multinational oil companies : an assessment." Thesis, University of Derby, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/621397.
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The Niger Delta region of Nigeria contributes more than 95 percent of the country’s export incomes and generates more than 40 percent of the Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 85 percent of the nation’s total revenue (Karl and Gray, 2003, p. 26). Although most multinational oil companies (MNOCs) have found the Niger Delta a fertile ground for business, the region remains backward, poor and underdeveloped. The host communities have been frustrated by the effects of oil production on the environment, which include oil spillages, the reduction of arable land, and the destruction of wild life and fish reserves. As a result of the oil bearing communities’ angry sentiments towards the MNOCs and the Nigerian Government, incessant conflict, and violent crises have enveloped the region. To mitigate the anger, the MNOCs have engaged in some programs and projects intended to benefit the oil- bearing communities in the area of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This thesis is focused on how the CSR strategies of the MNOCs have contributed to the perennial conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The mixed methods descriptive design study employed involves the use of survey instruments and content analysis to interrogate the conflict situation. Findings indicate that the failure of MNOCs operating in the Niger Delta region to provide concrete and sustainable CSR, and the government’s inability to regulate the MNOCs and plough back the taxes paid by the latter to develop the region, has led to the current crises. These supported the thesis that the lack of concrete social responsibility contributes to conflicts in the Niger Delta. Building upon the stakeholders’ theory, the theory of frustration and aggression, and conflict theory, this study discovered that the cause of the conflict in the Niger Delta is not solely an issue of corporate social responsibility and revenue allocation, but it largely depends on the divergences of the different stakeholders’ interests. This study, therefore, recommends a revocation of the 60/40 ownership structure between the government and the oil companies. Instead, host communities should be considered part owners of the oil deposits in their land, which would give them a fair percentage in the ownership structure.
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Ogwu, Friday Adejoh. "Environmental justice, planning and oil and gas pipelines in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1406.
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This thesis analyses the impact of oil and gas pipelines on the environment and settlements from the perspective of environmental justice, using a case study of the oilproducing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Within Nigeria, this region is most affected by oil and gas pipeline activities, in terms of both socio-economic and environmental impacts. This state of affairs raises issues of environmental justice among the stakeholders. The research for this thesis took place in three case study areas, and included a total of 6 group discussions, 30 in-depth interviews and 2 workshops. Analysis of this data showed that the oil and gas pipeline network has not improved the environmental and economic conditions of the people in the communities it traverses. The empirical evidence equally suggests that the lack of community involvement and appropriate recognition given to some groups of stakeholders in the management of the oil and gas pipeline project is strongly related to the incidence of pipeline network sabotage. The research advocates a new approach, based on the core principles of environmental justice that promotes inclusion of the necessary stakeholders, including the physical planners, and would incorporate local knowledge and experience into the environmental management of the region. Such a framework will not only protect the environment and people from the impacts of the pipelines, but will also protect the pipelines from vandalism and save Nigeria many billions of dollars, lives and livelihoods over the coming years.
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Kalu, Kalu Ikechukwu [Verfasser]. "Environmental Ethics and Responsibilities for Multinational Corporations - The Nigeria Niger Delta Case / Kalu Ikechukwu Kalu." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188612077/34.
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Ebeku, Kaniye Samuel Adheledhini. "Legal aspects of environmental issues and equity considerations in the exploitation of oil in Nigeria's Niger delta." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274315.
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Sam, Kabari Simeon. "Environmental management of oil contaminated sites in Nigeria : improving policy and risk-based framework." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11884.
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Contaminated land management has become a major concern for Nigeria. Sites affected by petroleum hydrocarbons from oil exploitation activities have been identified as a major environmental and socio-economic problem in the Niger Delta region. Though air and water regulations have received the most attention, the regulatory system for contaminated land remains largely undeveloped. As a result, Nigeria oil contaminated land governance lacks a clear and well-established policy framework; administrative structure and capacity; technical methods; and incentive structures. A consequence of these limitations is the inevitable ad hoc management of contaminated land in Nigeria. This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive and integrated contaminated land management policy framework for Nigeria. This work adopts a qualitative approach including critical review methodology and field surveys to investigate the current practice in contaminated land management in Nigeria. Key findings from this research clearly indicate an urgent need for a regulatory policy supported by a holistic and coordinated structure, coupled with improved technical capacity and additional resources to prevent new contamination and to address legacy contaminated sites. A technical strategy to identify and characterise contaminated land in terms of Source-Pathway-Receptor (S-P-R) linkages, a liability regime and the establishment of land use standards are required in Nigeria. Field surveys were used to pilot a proposed stakeholder engagement approach that integrates consideration of social values that could influence contaminated land management policy. Top ranked social values included drinking water, soil quality, and food and local supply chain. Based on this research a pathway for improving the current policy was proposed. The pathway identifies the need to engage stakeholders, educate and improve awareness, increase trust and transparency and integrate societal values into contaminated land management decision- making. An integrated risk assessment framework for contaminated land management in Nigeria was also proposed, and completed with a pathway for integrating the social values and sustainability indicators identified previously. The study proposes a timeline for achieving comprehensive contaminated land management policy in Nigeria. Finally, a multi-attribute methodology for contaminated land prioritisation in Nigeria was developed to identify and promptly respond to sites that pose the highest risk to receptors, considering the limited nature of resources for contaminated land management.
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Ezeocha, Chisomaga Ihediohanma. "Consequences of the Niger Delta Amnesty Program Implementation on Nigeria's Upstream Petroleum Industry." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3158.
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The Niger Delta militancy ravaged the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector between 2004-2009, bringing it to a standstill. In response, the Nigerian state adopted an amnesty policy―a globally recognized tool for conflict resolution and peacebuilding―to protect the sector and the economy from collapse. Little is known, however, about the unintended consequences of the amnesty implementation for the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector. Thus, the purpose of this study was to fill this gap in the research literature on the Niger Delta amnesty program. Polarity management was the conceptual framework applied; relative deprivation and polarities of democracy constituted the theoretical foundation for this qualitative case study. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 29 purposefully selected participants from the senior ranks of the petroleum industry, sector trade unions, relevant government agencies, and a regional university. Data were inductively coded as part of content analysis, the data analysis strategy. Participants viewed the amnesty policy as being poorly conceived and implemented due to the many unintended negative consequences arising from the policy implementation. The key finding from the study indicates that both the sector and the Niger Delta region are worse off post the amnesty policy implementation. The study concludes that by adopting and implementing the study recommendations, stakeholders may be able to mitigate the identified unintended consequences, position the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector for sustainable growth, address the root causes of the militancy, and deliver a positive social change for the residents of Niger Delta.
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Ibem-Ezera, Victor. "Environmental Control in Oil & Gas Exploration & Production : A Case Study of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, West Africa." Thesis, Linköping University, Environmental Technique and Management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57601.
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The goal of this study is to examine the environmental impacts of oil and gas exploration and production (E&P), the roles of legislation, and the environmental management strategies in the petroleum industry with respect to the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study seeks to suggest sustainable solutions to the endemic economic, social, and environmental problems associated with oil and gas E&P in the region. The focus is on the environmental control in the upstream (E&P) operations of the oil and gas industry as it affects the Niger Delta region of Nigeria with a view to proffering sustainable solutions.
The heavily polluting activities and environmental impacts of the upstream oil and gas operations in the Niger Delta have over the years taken a routine dimension and are endemic as a result of inadequate environmental legislations and ineffective enforcements. Sequel to these environmental impacts is militancy, adoption of expatriates, communal conflicts, inter-ethnic conflicts, human right abuses, restiveness and other social vices as the study reveals. These social and environmental impacts of oil and gas activities in this region bring impoverishment, abject poverty, hunger, squalor, birth disease, gene mutation, and death while exposing inhabitants of the region to afflictions and diseases as the study explicitly documents.
The study also reveals that the persistence rate of unrest, restiveness, militancy and other social vices is as a result of non-dialogue status between the different stakeholders, lack of infrastructural development, lack of basic amenities, high rate of unemployment, poor policy construct, federalized mineral right / resource ownership structure, and the monopolistic nature of Nigeria’s foreign exchange earning in petroleum resources.
In this dissertation, both proactive and corrective measures to curb the menace of the social, economic and environmental impacts of oil and gas exploration & production operations in Nigeria are presented and discussed with suggestions to sustainable solution and development, better environmental legislation, and better resource policy construct while advocating for good industrial practices in the petroleum industry with emphasis on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
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Okoro, Stanley Uchenna [Verfasser], and Udo [Akademischer Betreuer] Schickhof. "Modeling Environmental and Social Impacts of Bioenergy from Oil Palm Cultivation in Nigerian Niger Delta / Stanley Uchenna Okoro ; Betreuer: Udo Schickhof." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1158899661/34.
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Anwana, EnoAbasi D. "Forbidden (sacred) lakes and conservation : the role of indigenous beliefs in the management of wetland resources in the Niger Delta, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2008. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6099/.
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The relationship between communities of the Niger Delta and their most important wetlands was assessed with the aim of characterizing the importance of linkages between indigenous beliefs and the conservation of biodiversity. Comparative multidisciplinary studies of the belief systems and use of four freshwater lakes, one sacred and one non-sacred, in each of two communities, Biseni and Osiama in Bayelsa State, were conducted. A combination of in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, structured questionnaires and ecological field surveys, was used. Assessment of fish biodiversity in the four lakes was conducted in conjunction with local fishermen. Results revealed a structured system of beliefs, rules and meanings within these communities which influence the communities’ use of natural resources and ensure the protection of certain reptiles, such as the threatened dwarf crocodile, Osteolaemus tetraspis. There are social sanctions and penalties for contravening the rules. Common ancestry and social connectedness among neighbouring communities link the management of some of these lakes together, forming a network of lakes reserved for periodic fishing. Measurements of fish biodiversity showed that the sacred lakes had higher diversities, as measured by both the Shannon-Weiner and Simpson-Yule indices, than the non-sacred lakes. Characiformes and Siluriformes were the predominant orders confirming observations made by fisherfolk within the study group. The culturally protected freshwater lakes studied provide insights into how biodiversity loss in the Niger Delta can be tackled through the involvement of indigenous people in the management of threatened biodiversity and watershed areas. A recommendation is made for capacity building of indigenous groups and training of common interest groups within the region for sustainable wetland resource management.
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Ige, Mayowa. "Whoever Controls Access to the Tap Collects Rent On It: How Nigeria’s Function as a Gatekeeper State Fostered Environmental Degradation by Transnational Corporations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/143.
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Every year, for the past 50 years, Nigeria’s oil-rich Niger Delta has suffered the same magnitude of oil spill in its rivers and swamps than was spilled in the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill. The damage has devastated the way of life of the Ogoni people who live in the area. They have consistently suffered environmental injustice as a result of Shell’s oil exploration, and the Nigerian government has ignored their cries for help and restitution. In fact, movements to garner support for environmental justice and fare share of oil profits and ownership from Shell and the state have been brutally shut down by the Nigerian government.
Could it be that the reason that the state is willing to allow such a grave level of environmental degradation to persist is not only because it is corrupt, but also because the Nigerian government functions as a gatekeeper state guarding its precious oil resources? Following independence, many oil-producing countries turned to spigot economies that allowed whoever controlled access to the tap to collect rent on it. Thus, as a gatekeeper state, it is not in the best interest of the Nigerian government to give up its rent-seeking behaviors with Shell to appease its citizens because it may disrupt its relationship with the outside corporations. As a result, many of the cries for environmental justice by the Ogoni people have been met with resistance from the state since their function has evolved to collect taxes on exports and imports—not to maintain the trust of its citizens.
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Kalu, George Okoro. "Towards environmental sustainability in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria : a theological framework for broader involvement of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2017. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/22559/.
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The Niger Delta environmental crisis fuelled principally by the degration from oil and gas exploration activities has had negative impact on the sustainability of the region into the long-term future. The fallout of the frequent confrontations between the government and oil companies on one hand and the communities (supported by the so-called Niger Delta militants) on the other has had adverse consequences on the wellbeing of the people and the environment. Tracing the issues that posed threats to the sustainability of the Niger Delta environment led to the discovery of a complex mix of bio-physical, economic, and socio-political factors. These factors have compounded the state of degradation. In this thesis, the response of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria (PCN) to these problems was brought under scrutiny in the light of the failure of key stakeholders, namely, the government, the oil companies and the local communities, to resolve the issues. The results from the fieldwork show that the PCN is not engaging with these issues in a rigorous and systematic manner. The thesis unravels factors militating against the PCN’s participation, and reveals opportunities open to the church. However, what is lacking is a conscious effort by the PCN to pull together a local ecological theology of creation from its inherited theology and from local wisdom. A framework for such a local holistic ecotheology (LHE) is therefore suggested to drive PCN’s involvement, and potentially step into the void left by the earlier-mentioned stakeholders. The LHE is designed to be practical and contextual, having its starting point in the local socio-cultural, economic, political, and ecclesiastical context. It draws from elements of local cultures and tradition, the lived experiences of the people at the grassroots, and from Christian theology. It is proposed as a holistic framework that factors in the challenges facing the people and the environment, and proffers practical suggestions towards resolving the problems.
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Durosaro, Wuraola Olufunke. "Bilateral investment treaty and its implications on health and environmental rights protection : a case of the Niger Delta oil and gas sector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bilateral-investment-treaty-and-its-implications-on-health-and-environmental-rights-protection-a-case-of-the-niger-delta-oil-and-gas-sector(953f633d-3e15-4240-9541-86f87d1ab4f9).html.
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This research discusses the impacts of oil and gas extraction in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria on the right to health and the right to a healthy environment of the Niger Delta people. It highlights the importance of FDI in oil and gas sector development and the responsibility of multinational corporations towards human rights and environmental rights protection in developing host States where national laws and regulations may not be properly developed and adequate in protecting the people’s human rights. The work argues that BITs should rightly be employed in efforts to protect the right to health and a healthy environment against the excesses of oil and gas multinational corporations. The Niger Delta is used as a case study.
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Omo-Irabor, Omoleomo. "A multi-criteria decision support framework for environmental impact and vulnerability assessments of oil activities : a case study of the Niger Delta." Thesis, Abertay University, 2008. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f213716d-b1f4-4ee1-9089-439b1462b10f.
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The need for an environmental decision support framework that addresses sustainability issues has arisen, due to the long-term environmental and socioeconomic neglect of the Niger Delta region, over the last five decades. This research developed a multi-criteria decision support (MCDS) framework for this purpose, using remote sensing data, Geographic Information System (GIS), multicriteria analysis (MCA) and field survey. A modified Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Driving Forces-Pressure-State-Impact- Response (DPSIR) conceptual framework was applied in this research. A review of literature revealed the absence of a multidisciplinary approach, for prioritising areas that have been degraded by oil production and transportation activities. The report first establishes the plausible reasons contributory to the degeneration of the region to its present state, despite existing legislative and regulatory structures by successive governments. This thus established the Driving Forces and Pressures (D&P) attributed to oil exploration, production and transportation activities. The State (S) of the environment was revealed through a remote sensing methodology. Remote sensing methodology was used to examine, the spatial and temporal landscape changes in the study area. Also the major land cover classes (types) were established, for incorporation in the MCDS framework. The Impact (I) of oil activities on the ecosystem (especially pathways) was achieved through the analysis of the concentration of elements in soil and water samples collected from spill sites. The selection of vulnerable sources due to the proximity to oil facilities was achieved by means of Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) involving the application of Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), GIS techniques and stakeholder participation. Finally, this research approaches the Response (R) to environmental degradation through the prioritisation of contaminated areas. The involvement of multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests, coupled with the use of sustainability indicators that are intangible in monetary terms, makes the use of the developed framework a transparent and efficient tool for prioritising degraded areas.
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Moen, Siri. "Managing political risk : corporate social responsibility as a risk mitigation tool. A focus on the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20189.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The petroleum industry concern itself with natural resource extracting activities which are highly sensitive for contributing to environmental degradation by oil spills or gas flaring. A large proportion of the world’s oil and gas reserves is located in developing countries where the presence of multinational oil corporations (MNOCs) is high as host countries often lack the infrastructure needed or are financially unable to conduct extracting operations on their own. The Niger Delta in southern Nigeria has one of the largest oil reserves in Africa and is one of the world’s leading oil exporters. MNOCs like Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil and Statoil are some of the firms present in the Niger Delta region. The oil-rich area in the developing country poses high levels of political risk for the MNOCs. Local grievances, paired with environmental degradation and human rights violations by the oil companies, have led to a tense relationship between the local stakeholders and the MNOCs, with so-called petro-violence at the center of the oil conflict. Frequently, oil installations are sabotaged and crude oil is stolen, causing major financial losses for the firms, and armed attacks on oil facilities and kidnapping of MNOCs’ staff constitute the majority of political risks facing MNOCs operating in the Niger Delta. This study investigates how MNOCs can successfully manage such political risks, providing a business advantage in a challenging business environment. By addressing the companys’ own behaviour, the research analyses if social engagement through corporate social responsibility (CSR) can mitigate political risk in the Niger Delta. The study looks at two different MNOCs operating in the Niger delta, Shell and Statoil, and scrutinises their methods of implementation of their CSR initiatives. The difference in approaches to CSR is elucidated where Shell claims it has repositioned its approach from a top-down angle during the first years of conducting CSR projects, to a more stakeholder-oriented approach. Yet, their approach is still found to carry elements of the previous top-down approach, and has not resulted in satisfactory performance in relation to stated goals. Statoil undertakes a stakeholder-oriented bottom-up approach, executed with a high level of commitment. The stated CSR goals have to a great extent been met. By assessing the two companies’ CSR strategies in relation to the frequency of political risks experienced by each MNOC, the study finds that CSR has the potential to mitigate political risk depending on the approach to implementation, and could serve as a political risk management strategy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die brandstofbedryf is betrokke by die ontginning van natuurlike hulpbronne, ’n aktiwiteit wat hoogs sensitief is vir sy bydrae tot omgewingsbesoedeling as gevolg van storting van olie en opvlamming van gas. ’n Baie groot deel van die wêreld se olie en gas reserwes word aangetref in ontwikkelende lande. Die teenwoordigheid van Multinasionale Olie Korporasies (MNOKs) in hierdie lande is groot omdat daar gewoonlik ’n gebrek aan toepaslike infrastruktuur is en die lande ook nie finansieel in staat mag wees om die ontginning op hulle eie te doen nie. Die Niger Delta in die Suide van Nigerië beskik oor een van die grootste olie reserwes in Afrika en is een van die voorste olie uitvoerders in die wêreld. Shell, Chevron, Total, ExxonMobil en Statoil is van die bekende MNOK wat ontginning doen in die Niger Delta gebied. Die olieryke gebiede in ’n ontwikkelende land kan groot politieke risiko vir die MNOKs inhou. Plaaslike griewe gekoppel aan omgewings besoedeling en menseregte skendings deur die oliemaatskappye het gelei tot ’n gespanne verhouding tussen hulle en die plaaslike belange groepe, en sogenaamde “petrogeweld” staan sentraal hierin. Heel gereeld word olie-installasies gesaboteer en ru-olie word gesteel, wat natuurlik groot finansiële verliese die firmas inhou. Daarby word gewapende aanvalle op die olie-installasies uitgevoer en van die MNOKs se personeel ontvoer. Al hierdie dinge vorm die groot politieke risiko’s wat die MNOKs in die Niger Delta in die gesig staar. Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe die MNOKs met welslae hierdie politieke risiko’s kan teenwerk om vir hulle ’n suksesvolle besigheid te vestig in ’n baie mededingende bedryfsomgewing. Deur te kyk na die maatskappy se eie gedrag, sal die navorsing analiseer of gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid deur korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid (KSV) die politieke risiko in die Niger Delta kan temper. Die studie kyk na twee verskillende MNOK wat in die gebied bedryf word, Shell en Statoil, en kyk noukeurig na die manier waarop hulle KSV inisiatiewe toegepas word. Die verskil in benadering tot die probleem word toegelig deur die feit dat Shell beweer dat hulle ’n bo-na-onder benadering in die beginjare van KSV projekte verander het na ’n beleid waar meer na die betrokkenheid van belangegroepe gekyk word. Tog word gevind dat daar nog oorblyfsels is van die bo-na-onder benadering en dat doelwitte wat gestel is nie bevredigend bereik is nie. Statoil daarenteen. Implementeer ’n onder-na-bo benadering met betrokkenheid van belangegroepe en ’n hoë vlak van toewyding deur die maatskappy. Die gestelde KSV doelwitte is grootliks behaal. Deur te kyk na die twee maatskappye se ervaring van politieke risiko in verhouding met hulle KSV strategieë bevind hierdie studie dat KSV wel die potensiaal het om, as dit suksesvol toegepas word, politieke risiko te temper en dus kan die as ’n strategie om sodanige risiko te bestuur.
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Nwadinobi, Chinedum Bede [Verfasser], Gerhard [Gutachter] Droesser, and Chibueze [Gutachter] Udeani. "Environmental problems and sustainable development (a study of the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria) : a terra incognita / Chinedum Bede Nwadinobi. Gutachter: Gerhard Droesser ; Chibueze Udeani." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1111508917/34.
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Atutu, Theresa. "The historical ecology of oil in Nigeria. : The social, economic and environmental impact in the Niger Delta and how the Nigerian government, oil companies and local communities interact because of oil." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354614.
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Akpan, Wilson Ndarake. "Between the 'sectional' and the 'national' : oil, grassroots discontent and civic discourse in Nigeria." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003082.
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This thesis examines the social character of petroleum-related grassroots struggles in Nigeria’s oil-producing region. It does this against the background of the dominant scholarly narratives that portray the struggles as: a) a disguised pursuit of an ethnic/sectional agenda, b) a 'minority rights' project, and c) a minority province’s protest against 'selective' environmental 'victimisation' by the majority ethnic nationalities. While the dominant scholarly analyses of the struggles are based on the activities of the better known activist organisations operating in the oil region, this thesis focuses primarily on the everyday 'grammar' of discontent and lived worlds of ordinary people vis-à-vis upstream petroleum operations and petroleum resource utilisation. The aim has been to gain an understanding of the forces driving community struggles in the oil region and their wider societal significance. Examined alongside the narratives of ordinary people are the legal/institutional framework for upstream petroleum operations and the operational practices of the oil-producing companies. Using primary data obtained through ethnography, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and visual sociology, as well as relevant secondary data, the researcher constructs a discourse matrix, showing how grassroots narratives in selected oilproducing communities intersect with contemporary civic discourses in the wider Nigerian context. The thesis highlights the theoretical and policy difficulties that arise when the social basis of petroleum-related grassroots struggles and ordinary people’s narratives are explained using an essentialist idiom. It reveals, above all, the conditions under which so-called 'locale-specific' struggles in a multi-ethnic, oil-rich African country can become a campaign for the emancipation of ordinary people in the wider society. This research extends the existing knowledge on citizen mobilisation, extractive capitalism, transnational corporate behaviour, and Nigeria’s contemporary development predicament. It sheds light on some of the processes through which ordinary people are forcing upon the state a change agenda that could drive the country along a more socially sensitive development and democratisation trajectory.
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Egbon, Osamuyimen. "An exploration of accountability : evidence from the Nigerian oil and gas industry." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6537.
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The economic activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the extractive industries of developing countries produce a myriad of immediate negative social, economic and environmental impacts on communities hosting their operations. Consequently, stakeholders have increasingly called for (greater) accountability of these corporations for the impacts of their operations on stakeholders and the wider society. The extent to which these MNCs are accountable for their operations' negative environmental impacts in the developing countries is underexplored as prior studies have primarily focused on corporate social responsibility rather than accountability of these corporations. However, accountability apparently means different things to different parties, and especially in a non-Western context. This thesis primarily seeks to explore the concept of accountability in a developing country context and how it is understood and practised within the Nigerian oil industry. More specifically, it seeks to understand the extent to which oil MNCs in Nigeria discharge accountability in the context of gas flaring and oil spills environmental pollution emanating from their operations. The study utilises a mixed methods approach to generate data to provide understanding on stakeholders' conceptions of accountability, the nature of accounts constructed by the MNCs on gas flaring and oil spills environmental incidents, and the plausible corporate sense-making embedded within those accounts. The empirical data produce both general and nuanced conceptions of accountability between the MNCs and stakeholders. An account-giving heuristic highlights four broad and further nuanced accounts the corporations provide on these negative environmental incidents which are largely in conflict with stakeholders' narratives. Moreover, the sense-making analysis of the MNCs' accounts suggests that those accounts apparently serve corporate self-interest rather than the discharge of accountability. However, organisational, institutional, relational, and national contextual factors apparently encourage the un-accountability of the MNCs. Accountability in the Nigerian oil industry will remain elusive without critical institutional and regulatory reforms.
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Eyitsede, Tosan S. N. "Oil pollution management and environmental assessment in the Niger Delta : a case study of operations of Chevron Nigeria LTD in Ugborodo community in Delta State of Nigeria." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4941.
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Since the discovery of oil in Nigeria, way back in 1950s, the country has invariably suffered some negative environmental consequences such as oil pollution resulting from gas flaring and oil extraction, loss of mangrove trees, which before now was a source of livelihood for the indigenous people and habitat for the area’s biodiversity. Oil production activities have caused contamination of marine life, and habitat, which in turn have had negative consequences on the health of humans, who consume the sea food. Inadequate attention had been paid by the successive Governments of Nigeria and the oil companies to these environmental problems over the years.
In this study, an assessment of the effects of oil and gas exploration and exploitation on the nearby communities in some of Chevron’s operational areas was carried out using the Ugborodo community as a case study. Furthermore, investigations were carried out on the toxicity effects of the Escravos crude oil on aquatic organisms like Tilapia and a terrestrial organism such as the Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris,). The study established the effect and the impact of crude oil when exposed to such organisms mentioned above. The rate of death of barbus fingerlings of Tilapia and the Earthworm (Lumbricus Terrestris) at different concentrations of crude oil was determined and reported. The community survey undertaken by polling data shows the dwindling of the natural resources of the area due to oil exploration and the survey indicate the impacts on natural resources from pollution by crude oil and the consequences on the affected communities using the Ugborodo community in the Chevron’s Nigeria Limited Operational base as a case study.Environmental Sciences
M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Bayowa, Adejoke Victoria. "Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marshy soils and sediments within Warri and its environs, Negeria." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18717.
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Marshy soil and sediment samples were collected during dry and rainy seasons within Warri, and Agbarho, 20km away as control. Levels of 16 USEPA priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs were determined using GC-FID. Source prediction analysis was also done. The study was in Niger Delta region, Nigeria from January to March and June to August 2012 in dry and wet seasons. Benzo(a)pyrene had highest total concentration of 3.302mg/kg and mean value of 1.651mg/kg in dry season soil samples. However, sediment samples had highest levels for total concentration of PAHs of 19.362mg/kg and mean of 4.840mg/kg for both dry and rainy seasons within Warri. PAHs concentration was higher in dry than rainy seasons for soil and sediment samples. Source prediction analysis revealed that PAHs in sediments for dry season were pyrolytic while rainy seasons were petrogenic sources. For soils, the dry season was mixed sources while the rainy season was petrogenic.Environmental Science
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Akujuru, Chinem. "Exploring the inter-relationship between oil exploitation, environmental impacts and conflicts in the Niger Delta." Thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24108.
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Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016Nigeria has earned huge revenues from the exploitation of oil resources in the Niger Delta since the discovery of oil in 1956. These huge economic gains have however, not been translated into sustainable growth and development. The Niger Delta is characterized by poverty and squalor which has been attributed to environmental degradation from the activities of oil exploitation by the Nigerian government and multi-national companies in the area and also poor governance. This study adopts an exploratory case study method to explores the interrelationship between Oil Exploitation, Environmental Impacts and Conflicts in the Niger Delta and tries to answer the question what is the nature of and inter-relationships between conflicts associated with oil exploitation in the Niger Delta Area? The Niger Delta area has experienced a lot of oil related conflicts over the decades, which have manifested in the form of peaceful protests, violence, combat with Nigerian military forces, rise of youth militia groups, illegal oil markets, vandalism of oil pipelines, hijacking of offshore and onshore oil vessels, hostage taking, kidnapping of expatriates and oil company workers in the region. Conflicts have also taken the form of inter-communal conflicts, intra-communal conflicts, inter-state conflicts and conflicts between the Nigerian Government Oil Companies and the affected communities. The root causes of conflicts include; the high dependence of the Niger government on oil revenue for economic growth, marginalisation and underdevelopment of the Niger Delta region, struggle for resource control and derivation formula, existing systems of neo-patrimonialism, corruption, land decrees and poor governance. The major findings include; the presence of crude oil in the Niger Delta is strongly linked to conflicts experienced in the area, rent seeking practices such as oil theft and bunkering, political thuggery, corruption and the struggle for economic and political power by political elites characterise the Niger Delta region.
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Allen, Fidelis. "Implementation of oil-related environmental policy in Nigeria : government inertia and conflict in the Niger Delta." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/679.
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Abejide, Taiye Samuel. "Oil and the Ijaw people of the Niger Delta States : 1956 to 1998." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12505.
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D.Litt.et. Phil. (Historical Studies)This thesis focuses on Oil and the Ijaw people of Niger Delta States: 1956 to 1998. The rationale and motivating factor is to trace the general environmental problems associated with oil production in the Ijaw village communities that have impacted on the livelihood of the Ijaw people. The thesis is the product of research conducted into the Ijaw environment before the discovery of crude oil, to determine whether their socio-economic and political activities impacted on it through conflict as a result of oil-related pollution and degradation in the 1990s. Oil was discovered in commercially viable quantities in 1956 in the Oloibiri Ijaw community. Extraction by Shell-BP and Chevron started soon afterwards. It examines the complexities of the operations, management and control strategy employed by the federal government under a joint venture agreement with the oil multinationals, particularly through the various regulatory laws passed to protect the Ijaw inhabitants and their environment. This thesis explores and investigates the impact of oil production, particularly of the perennial pollution and flaring of gas, on the soil, vegetation and climate in areas allocated to major oil producers in the Ijaw community. It contributes to existing knowledge on the responses of the federal government and the oil multinationals to pollution and its impact on the traditional fishing and farming of most Ijaws. It explains the main reason the Ijaws demanded greater control of oil resources and a fair share of revenue in the 1990s. The government’s repressive responses exacerbated the environmental struggle by the local protesters against both government and oil companies. This thesis explores the various steps undertaken by the federal government to resolve the conflict associated with environmental problems in Oloibiri, Nembe, Otuasega, Imiringi, Anyama, Kolo-Creeks, which constitute some Ijaw oil-producing communities. The performances and functioning of government agencies, such as NDDB (1961), FEPA (1988) and OMPADEC (1992), at local level are investigated. The main reason for survival strategy in adapting to the environmental problems associated with oil pollution by the Ijaws, and why they were unsuccessful, is also examined.
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Nwadinobi, Chinedum Bede. "Environmental problems and sustainable development (a study of the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria) : a terra incognita." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117624.
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The tendency towards the exploitation of the resources of creation is the result of a long historical and cultural process. The modern African Communities have witnessed man’s growing capacity for environmental transformative intervention. The aspect of the conquest and exploitation of resources in rural communities such as in the Niger Delta of Nigeria has become predominant and invasive, and has even reached the point of threatening the environment’s hospitable function: the environment only as resource risks threatening the environment as home. In this respect, the ethical judgement of the social realities on ground is very decisive. And this is the very important aspect where the Catholic Social Ethics has a role to play. Because of the environmental crisis in this region through technological advancement, there is urgent need for a balance through the introduction of the model of a sustainable development. The socio-ethical model of sustainability in this work is a framework so constructed that women, men, families and communities in the Niger Delta are to be the agents which determine what their developmental strategies are. Although their developmental opportunities and decisions are sometimes constrained by various factors, it remains the fact that they alone bear responsibility for their environment and must live with the consequences. So if sustainable development in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is to extend beyond narrow technical understanding, it must one that generally seek to embrace the cultural and social systems of the people. This will go a long way in reducing dependency and increase self-empowerment and will place more value on what the people understand and practice. Bede Chinedum Nwadinobi, a native of Alike Obowo in Imo State (Nigeria), is a Catholic Priest of Okigwe Diocese (Nigeria). He studied Philosophy and Theology at St. Joseph Major Seminary Ikot-Ekpene. He also worked as a Vice-Principal of Queen of Apostles College Okigwe (Nigeria). At the University of Würzburg (Germany), he earned his doctorate in Catholic Theology specializing in Catholic Social ScienceUmweltprobleme und nachhaltige Entwicklung (eine Studie des Niger Delta Region von Nigeria)
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Oyebanjo, Olaonipekun Moses. "Paleo-environmental conditions and tectonic settings of cretaceous-tertiary kaolins in the Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins in Nigeria." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1104.
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PhDENV (Geology)Department of Mining and Environmental Geology
The Cretaceous period marked the breaking up of Gondwana, giving rise to the separation of the African and South American continents with the subsequent emergence of the South Atlantic Ocean. Most correlation studies between the two continents with respect to paleoenvironmental conditions and tectonic settings during the Cretaceous- Tertiary periods have been concentrated more on the use of flora and fauna as indicators with less application of kaolinite as paleoenviromental proxies, hence, this study. The research involved the evaluation of paleoenvironmental conditions and tectonic settings of four (4) selected Cretaceous-Tertiary kaolin deposits with two (2) each from the Eastern Dahomey (Eruku and Lakiri) and Niger Delta (Awo-Omama and Ubulu-Uku) Basins in Nigeria. Representative kaolin samples collected from the selected deposits were analysed for physico-chemical, mineralogical, geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological data. The geochemical data obtained by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAICPMS) were used in unraveling the provenance and tectonic settings of the kaolins. The kaolinite stable isotopic data for oxygen and hydrogen determined using a Finnigan Delta XP Mass Spectrometer were used to assess the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions under which the kaolins were formed. The detrital zircon geochronological data acquired by laser ablation – single collector – magnetic sectorfield – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-SFICP-MS) as well as kaolinite stable isotopic data were employed in constraining the probable timing of kaolinisation. The industrial applications of the kaolins were assessed based on the physico-chemical (Colour, particle size distribution (PSD), pH, electrical conductivity, and Atterberg limits), mineralogical, and geochemical data. The mineralogical data were obtained through x-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Correlative studies between selected Cretaceous African and South American kaolins were conducted. The results showed that the dominant colour in the studied kaolins was pale red (39 %) followed by pinkish and light grey (35 %) as well as reddish yellow, light pink, light brown, vii reddish brown, and pinkish white. The pH and EC values generally ranged from 4.27 to 5.29 and 0.2 to 13.1 μS/cm, respectively. The kaolins predominantly have clay to sandy clay textures with plasticity indices between 10 and 22 wt %. Bulk mineralogical quantitative results indicated that the Cretaceous kaolins have kaolinite, quartz, and muscovite present in that decreasing order with anatase, goethite, and hematite in traces whereas Tertiary kaolins have kaolinite and quartz present in that decreasing order with anatase and goethite in traces. In the silt fractions, kaolinite and quartz were the dominant mineral constituents, whereas in the clay fractions, the dominant clay mineral was kaolinite accounting for 69 to 99 wt % with the non-clay minerals like quartz, anatase, hematite and goethite accounting for percentages between 1 to 28 wt % in the Cretaceous – Tertiary kaolins. Morphologically, the studied kaolins were characterised by pseudohexagonal stacks to books and thin platy kaolinite particles with moderate structural order. The chemical compositions of the Cretaceous-Tertiary kaolin deposits were identical to hydrated alumino-silicates based on the dominance of SiO2, Al2O3 and LOI. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) and chemical index of weathering (CIW) values varied between 96.98 to 99.39 % and 98.95 to 99.89 %, respectively. The clay fractions were enriched in Cr, Nb, Sc, Th, U, V, Zr, and LREE and depleted in Ba, Co, Rb, Sr, and HREE, respectively, relative to the average Upper Continental Crust (UCC). The Th/Sc, La/Sc, Th/Cr, and Eu/Eu* ratios were within the range of sediments derived from felsic rocks. The TiO2 versus Al2O3 and La-Th-Sc plots indicated source rocks with granitic – granodioritic - gabbroic compositions. Geochemical discrimination plots showed that the Cretaceous and Tertiary kaolins were deposited in passive margin tectonic settings. The stable isotopic results indicated that the values of the Cretaceous kaolins ranged from – 47 to – 57 ‰ and 19.1 to 19.8 ‰, respectively, with paleotemperatures between 29.0 and 32.2 ˚C, whereas the δD and δ18O corresponding values for the Tertiary kaolins ranged from – 54 to – 66 ‰ and 20 to 21.5 ‰, respectively, with paleotemperatures between 17.0 and 23.9 ˚C. viii The U-Pb dating of the detrital zircons showed that the Cretaceous - Tertiary kaolins have inputs from rocks of Eburnean (2500 – 2000 Ma) and Pan African (750 – 450 Ma) ages. The age of maximum deposition determined from the least to statistically robust approach corresponds to the Ediacaran Period (645 – 541 Ma) of the Neoproterozoic Era (1000 – 541 Ma). The Cretaceous – Tertiary kaolins were formed under intense anoxic chemical paleoweathering conditions of predominantly felsic rocks in addition to contributions from intermediate and mafic rocks in passive margin tectonic settings. The Cretaceous kaolins were formed under warmer conditions relative to the Tertiary kaolins. The West African Massif rocks were the main sediment sources for the Cretaceous kaolins, whereas both the West African and Northern Nigerian Massif rocks were the major sediment sources for the Tertiary kaolins. The most probable timing of kaolinisation for the Cretaceous – Tertiary kaolins occurred between the Ediacaran (645 – 541 Ma) and Early Cretaceous Periods for the Cretaceous kaolins and between the Ediacaran Period (645 – 541 Ma) and Oligo – Miocene age for the Tertiary kaolins. The Nigerian and Brazilian Cretaceous kaolins formed under similar warm tropical paleoclimate. The study corroborated the occurrence of the Eburnean (Transamazonian) and Pan African (Brasiliano) orogenic events across the African and South American continents. Beneficiation of the Cretaceous – Tertiary kaolins will allow large scale industrial applications in paper coating, ceramics, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The major contributions from this study have been: the better understanding of the past environmental conditions and tectonic settings, the dating of the possible timing of kaolinisation, and improvement on the potential industrial applications of the Cretaceous – Tertiary kaolins.
NRF
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Ugochukwu, Collins Norberth Chinedu [Verfasser]. "Sustainable environmental management in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: effects of hydrocarbon pollution on local economy / by Ugochukwu, Collins Norberth Chinedu." 2008. http://d-nb.info/990945510/34.
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Oyende, Kayode Babatunde. "An appraisal of the law relating to oil pollution in the inland, territorial and maritime waters of Nigeria." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10811.
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This dissertation titled ‘An appraisal of the law relating to oil pollution in the inland, territorial and maritime waters of Nigeria’ examines whether the law governing oil pollution in Nigeria is satisfactory in so far as determining issues of liability and compensation for oil pollution are concerned. The thesis examines a research hypothesis on the determination of the question whether the law adequately caters for victims of oil pollution occurring in the inland, territorial and maritime waters of Nigeria and if not, what are the observable defects and how can these defects be remedied.
Not only has there been a considerable environmental degradation in Nigeria occasisoned by oil exploration and exploitation, particularly in the areas around the Niger Delta, but there has been serious socio-economic consequences pertinent to sustainable development of Nigeria as a nation. These impacts and the government’s attempts to tackle the problems have been the focus of this thesis.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.