Journal articles: 'Niger, history'

1

Lemarchand, Rene, and Finn Fuglestad. "A History of Niger, 1850-1960." American Historical Review 90, no. 3 (June 1985): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1861088.

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Vansina, Jan. "Valleys of the Niger." Journal of African History 36, no. 3 (November 1995): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700034514.

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Falola, Toyin, E. J. Alagoa, F. N. Anozie, and N. Nzewunwa. "The Early History of the Niger Delta." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 25, no. 1 (1991): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485563.

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4

Loewenberg, Samuel. "Niger welcomes largest bednet distribution in history." Lancet 367, no. 9521 (May 2006): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68630-3.

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Enemugwem, John H., and Darlington K. Okere. "The Role of N.C. Ejituwu in the Development of Niger Delta Historiography." History in Africa 35 (January 2008): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0016.

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The history of history-writing in the Niger Delta was first developed by E.J. Alagoa. However, his work, which covers the periods from 1508 to 1988, does not go into the twenty-first century. This is the case as well for N.C. Ejituwu, who extended the Delta historiography to 1999 but without including his own innovations. For this reason, this paper discusses the innovations brought by Ejituwu's role in the development of Niger Delta historiography. These are his contributions to the training of historians, the introduction of feminist history, biographical writing, and history concourse. Others include his reconstruction of the settlement histories of many Eastern and Central Niger Delta groups. Its impact on the development of the Delta historiography, analyzed here, furthered historical research in the region. Although largely a study of the work of N.C.Ejituwu, this paper is also intended as an overview of Niger Delta regional history of history writing.According to Ake, development concerns human creativity, socially or economically. N.C. Ejituwu has demonstrated his creativity in historical writing on aspects of the Niger Delta, a region of some 75,000 square kilometers stretching from the Mahin estuary in the west to the Cross River estuary in the east. This most southerly region of Nigeria has about fifty linguistic groups located on its islands and peninsulas. Historical writing in the Delta concerns these fifty clans of the Ijo ethnic nationality. Their settlement histories have been documented by Alagoa, Cookey, and Ejituwu.

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Echenberg, Myron, and Jean Filipovich. "African Military Labour and the Building of the Office du Niger Installations, 1925–1950." Journal of African History 27, no. 3 (November 1986): 533–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023318.

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In 1926, the Governor-General of French West Africa issued a decree allowing local administrations to use a portion of the annual military draft as labourers on public works programmes. The only administrations to take full advantage of this decree was that of the French Soudan, where work had already begun on the first phase of the vast Niger irrigation scheme now known as the Office du Niger. During the next twenty-five years, more than fifty thousand so-called ‘second-portion’ workers from Soudan were assigned to the Office du Niger for a period of three years' service. Ironically, this new system of forced labour to exploit the irrigated land.

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Djibo F, Hassane, Alido S, Alio A, Aboubacar S, Hassane M, Leturq F, Nana H. A Gazere, et al. "Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Niger: a family history." Journal of Neurology & Stroke 12, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jnsk.2022.12.00497.

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and usually affects boys. The authors reported at the neurology department of the national hospital in Niamey, the case of a family whose boys presented proximal motor deficits in all four limbs, and whose mothers were carriers of cardiomyopathy. The first generation consisted of seven boys and four girls, among which, three boys died of walking disability and breathing disorders, and two of unknown cause. Also, the three girls were carriers of cardiomyopathy and the other died of unknown cause. In the second generation, three boys had died (unknown cause), two were alive and aged 10 and 14 years with walking disability whose balance sheets were abnormal, including CPK (creatinine phosphokinase) and myoglobin. The genetic test showed an out-of-phase duplication of exons 8 to 18 in the latter. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rare disease. It is important to think about it when there is a family history of limb-girdle deficit in boys, and to systematically search for cardiac disorders in mothers.

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Akinola, Dr Samson Ranti. "Restructuring the Public Sphere for Social Order in the Niger Delta through Polycentric Planning: What Lessons for Africa?" African and Asian Studies 9, no. 1-2 (2010): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921010x491263.

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Abstract The increasing deprivation, neglect and orchestrated politics of exclusion by the Nigerian-state against the people of the Niger Delta can be traced to the structurally-defective and centralized governance arrangements in the Niger Delta. The consequent stiff resistance, violent reactions, militancy and hostage taking triggered by this politics of exclusion in the region have confirmed that people matter in politics. This paper argues that in some ways, the weakness of centralized and structurally-defective governance in the Niger Delta provides an opportunity for community self-governing institutions to play the role that governments and their agencies have abandoned. Using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, this paper engages in problem solving and solution seeking strategies that could help restructure the public sphere in the Niger Delta. This paper demonstrates principles and practices needed to make polycentric planning, self-governance and adaptive development strategies resolve socio-economic and political crisis. It is in light of this exigency that this paper develops an African Public Sphere Restructuring Model (APSRM) that derives inspirations and workability mechanisms from twelve (12) African development models that cut across several sectors of the economy in the Niger Delta.

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Pollock, Darren A. "NATURAL HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, RECONSTRUCTED PHYLOGENY, AND GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF PYTHO LATREILLE (COLEOPTERA: HETEROMERA: PYTHIDAE)." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S154 (1991): 3–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123154fv.

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AbstractThe classification of the nine world species of Pytho Latreille is reviewed by study of adult, larval, and pupal stages. Keys are provided for separation of species in these three life stages. Taxonomic changes (senior synonym in brackets) include synonymy of P. fallax Seidlitz 1916 [= P. niger Kirby 1837]; P. americanus Kirby 1837 [= P. planus (Olivier 1795)]; P. deplanatus Mannerheim 1843 is transferred from a junior subjective synonym of P. depressus (Linnaeus 1767) to a junior subjective synonym of P. planus (Olivier 1795). Lectotype designations are provided for the following: P. seidlitzi Blair 1925; P. nivalis Lewis 1888; P. niger Kirby 1837; P. fallax Seidlitz 1916; P. abieticola J. Sahlberg 1875; and P. americanus Kirby 1837. Eight larval stage, and 12 adult stage characters were selected for cladistic analysis. Lacking out-group material, pupal characters were not analysed. Character states were polarized using a generalized out-group composed of the three other genera of Pythinae (all monobasic). Phylogenetic analysis based on these 18 characters suggests four monophyletic species-groups: P. seidlitzi group (P. seidlitzi Blair — North America); P. kolwensis group (P. strictus LeConte – North America, P. kolwensis C. Sahlberg —Fennoscandia and the U.S.S.R., P. nivalis Lewis — Japan); P. niger group (P. niger Kirby — North America, P. abieticola J. Sahlberg — Europe, P. jezoensis Kôno — Japan); P. depressus group [P. planus (Olivier, 1795) — North America, P. depressus (Linnaeus, 1767) — Europe and the U.S.S.R.]. Larval stage synapomorphies are relatively more important in defining the species-groups than are those of the adult stage. The ancestor of Pythidae may have been associated with Coniferae as early as the Jurassic. The common ancestor of Northern Hemisphere Pythinae became isolated upon Laurasia once separation from Gondwanaland occurred near the end of the Jurassic. Two of the species-groups have similar disjunctions in North America, Europe, and Japan. The relatively eastern distributions of the North American member of each suggests that the ancestor of each species-group was Euramerican, and underwent vicariance with the opening of the North Atlantic in the Middle Cretaceous. The present distribution of both species-groups is thought to have been caused by the same vicariant event. The ancestor of the P. depressus group, which is presently circumboreal, was probably widespread and could have been Asiamerican in distribution. In the middle to late Tertiary, evidence suggests that Beringia was covered with coniferous forest, and the ancestor of the P. depressus group probably extended across this land bridge. Final separation between any North American and European/Asian species occurred in the Late Miocene or Pliocene, when a cooling climate made possible the evolution of treeless tundra in the north.

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10

Gillin, Edward J. "Science on the Niger: Ventilation and Tropical Disease during the 1841 Niger Expedition." Social History of Medicine 31, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 605–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkx073.

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11

Masquelier, Adeline, and Jean-Marie Gibbal. "Genii of the River Niger." Journal of Religion in Africa 26, no. 1 (February 1996): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1581900.

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12

Danert, Kerstin. "A brief history of hand-drilled wells in Niger." Waterlines 25, no. 1 (July 2006): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2006.031.

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13

Idowu, A. O. "INTERPRETATIVE SEISMIC MODELING CASE HISTORY FROM THE NIGER DELTA." Geoinformatics 4, no. 3 (1993): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics1990.4.3_167.

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14

Adeyemi-Suenu, Adebowale. "Armed Rebellion and the Future of Self-Determination in the Niger Delta." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 43 (November 2014): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.43.18.

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Armed rebellion has remained a constant decimal in the relation between the states and rebel groups in contemporary strategic discourse. The resolve by the Niger people of Nigeria to resort to arms and their agitations appear to have found deeper understanding within the context of history. This paper takes a historical look at the foundations of the agitations of the people of the Niger Delta and the ultimate decision to address their displeasure through the use terror or armed rebellion. It addresses the philosophy underpinning self-determination programmes of the Niger Delta militants and the responses of Nigerian state to the agitations of the Niger Delta militants. The paper therefore concludes that the use of arms as the ultimate ratio may remain the future of relationship in the Niger Delta because of the fundamental defects in the policies of the Nigerian state.

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15

Vikor, Knut S., Samuel Decalo, and Peter Fuchs. "Historical Dictionary of Niger." International Journal of African Historical Studies 23, no. 2 (1990): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219383.

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16

Charlick, Robert B., and Samuel Decalo. "Historical Dictionary of Niger." International Journal of African Historical Studies 32, no. 1 (1999): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220842.

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17

Sanneh, Lamin, and H. T. Norris. "Sufi Mystics of the Niger Desert." Journal of Religion in Africa 22, no. 4 (November 1992): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1581242.

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18

Lefebvre, Camille. "Archives et centres documentaires au Niger." Afrique & histoire 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afhi.005.0175.

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19

Gandah Nabi, Hassane. "Commerçants ultramarins et levantins du Niger (1920-1930)." Outre-mers 98, no. 372 (2011): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/outre.2011.4580.

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20

Sani, Abdoulwahid, Moussa Konaté, Dia Hantchi Karimou, and Peter Wollenberg. "Polyphasic tectonic history of the N70° DASA Graben (northern, Niger)." Global Journal of Earth and Environmental Science 5, no. 3 (August 30, 2020): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/gjees2020.075.

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Located in northern Niger, the N70° DASA graben is a trough discovered recently in the Tim Mersoï basin. In this study, a tectonic history of the DASA graben was presented based on the combined use of satellite imagery, field observations and measures, available literature and borehole data. These data were used to analyse the sedimentary facies and the tectonic deformations in the DASA graben, and derive their relative chronology. For this purpose, uplift and rift deformations and their interactions with sedimentation were characterized. Overall, the analyses suggest that the DASA graben was affected from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous by three major tectonic phases: the first phase was an uplifting stage with extension during the Carboniferous to Permian; the second phase was a rifting stage. The mean extension was ~ N160° and dominantly produced ENE-WSW trending normal faults; and the third phase was a postrift stage. It was characterized by a ~ N130° compression. The structural and sedimentological features defined the DASA graben as a particular type of syn-sedimentary basin evolving from a transpressive tectonic regime during the period ranging from Carboniferous to Permian to an extensive tectonic regime during the period ranging from Triassic to Lower Cretaceous. Thus, the second period marked by an extensional regime would probably be related to the initial stage of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. After this rifting period, the DASA graben was affected by a compressional phase related to the collision between Africa and Europe.

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21

Onwuka, Edwin, Emmanuel Uba, and Isaiah Fortress. "Versifying History and National Trauma in Tanure Ojaide’s The Endless Song." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401983743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019837435.

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The symbiotic relationship between literature and history is most visible in the writer’s deployment of his or her art to document experiences of the past and their impacts on the feelings and well-being of his or her people in the periods represented in the work(s). This article explores the historical content and significance of Tanure Ojaide’s The Endless Song from a new historical perspective. Most studies on Ojaide’s poetry often focus on his critique of bad leadership and his denunciation of exploitation and pillaging of Nigeria’s Niger Delta region with little attention paid to his poems as history in verse form. This article therefore contributes to criticism on the interface between literature and history. This study further highlights significant motifs in Nigeria’s history in the periods documented in The Endless Song and analyses the traumatic impacts of the events on the well-being of Nigeria and her people. These are aimed at showing that Ojaide’s The Endless Song is more than an outcry against the plundering of the Niger Delta region; it represents the spatiotemporal record of Nigeria’s turbulent history.

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22

Harrison, Chris. "Niger and the French - A History of Niger, 1850–1960. By Finn Fuglestad. Cambridge University Press, 1983. Pp. viii + 275. £20.00." Journal of African History 26, no. 2-3 (March 1985): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700037002.

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23

Dunbar, Roberta Ann, and Samuel Decalo. "Historical Dictionary of Niger." Canadian Journal of African Studies 32, no. 1 (1998): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/486238.

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24

Madubuko, Christian. "Environment pollution: The rise of militarism and terrorism in the Niger Delta of Nigeria." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (September 20, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2014.3847.

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Oil was discovered in large quantities in Nigeria in 1956 and exploration began in the same year. Before oil, agriculture and fishing had assured the Niger Delta people of a bright future. Since 1956, oil has been extracted from the Niger Delta with destructive consequences on the environment, bringing about environmental degradation and destruction of the people’s primary means of livelihood. Land and water were badly polluted, and the health of the people affected because of leaks from oil pipelines, gas flaring and acid rains. Several petitions and non-violent protests by Delta communities, women and youth against environmental destruction failed to receive attention. Rather, opposition to peaceful protests earned the people military invasions of their communities, clampdowns and jailings. The rise of militarism and terrorism in the Niger Delta was the result of the Federal Government and Oil Companies’ clampdown on non-violent protests for environmental justice in the Niger Delta. This paper discusses the history of oil exploration in the Niger Delta, oil laws, effects of oil exploration in the region, and the rise of militants and terrorists in the area. The paper uses the term, ‘environmental Justice’ to denote unfair treatment and destruction of the Delta environment resulting from oil exploration, non implementation and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, and abuse of human rights.The paper suggests solutions for peace in the Niger Delta.

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25

Conrad, David C., Jean-Marie Gibbal, and Beth G. Raps. "Genii of the River Niger." International Journal of African Historical Studies 28, no. 2 (1995): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221645.

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26

Cookey, S. J. S., and Geoffrey L. Baker. "Trade Winds on the Niger: The Saga of the Royal Niger Company, 1830-1971." International Journal of African Historical Studies 32, no. 1 (1999): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220857.

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27

Onumonu, Ugo Paschal. "The Concept of Niger Delta and Oil Politics in Nigeria from the Pre-colonial Era to the Recent Past." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 133–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211415.

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Nigerian Niger Delta is known across the globe due to its economic importance related to oil exploration by multinational companies and the related massive coverage of news about the region by international press. A lot has therefore been written about the region, but scholarship is yet to systematically examine the history of the Niger Delta and oil politics in the area during the post-colonial era. This paper therefore critically examines how the concept of the Niger Delta developed and how it has been a factor in the Nigerian politics. The paper adopts an historical-analytical approach, relying on information obtained from primary and secondary sources from archives, newspapers, oral interviews, online sources, and different publications. The paper sheds light on various challenges in the region which over the years have heightened the discourse on the Niger Delta. It argues that the firm grip exacted on the concept of Niger Delta by many forces clearly demonstrates the resilience of multiple stakeholder interests over the region. Although the article focusses on Nigeria, the thrust of its analysis and argument is relevant to Africa in general, and specifically to countries such as Tanzania, Uganda, Southern Sudan and Kenya, where an extraction-based economy has been evolving in recent decades.

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28

Xin, Xueyan, Mina Nan, Yang Bi, Huali Xue, Yuan Zhang, Jiajie Wang, and Zhiwei Lu. "Effects of Aspergillus niger Infection on the Quality of Jujube and Ochratoxin: A Cumulative Effect." Toxins 15, no. 7 (June 21, 2023): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070406.

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The jujube is one of the most popular fruits in China because of its delicious taste and high nutritional value. It has a long history of usage as an important food or traditional medicine. However, the jujube is easily infected by fungi, which causes economic losses and threatens human health. When the jujube was infected by Aspergillus niger (H1), the changes in nutritional qualities were determined, such as the content of total acid, vitamin C, reducing sugar, etc. In addition, the ability of A. niger (H1) to produce ochratoxin A (OTA) in different inoculation times and culture media was evaluated, and the content of OTA in jujubes was also analyzed. After jujubes were infected by A. niger (H1), the total acid, and vitamin C contents increased, while the total phenol content decreased, and the reducing sugar content increased after an initial decrease. Although A. niger (H1) infection caused the jujubes to rot and affected its quality, OTA had not been detected. This research provides a theoretical foundation for maximizing edible safety and evaluating the losses caused by fungal disease in jujubes.

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29

WALRAVEN, KLAAS VAN. "DECOLONIZATION BY REFERENDUM: THE ANOMALY OF NIGER AND THE FALL OF SAWABA, 1958–1959." Journal of African History 50, no. 2 (July 2009): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853709990053.

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ABSTRACTThis article deals with the 1958 referendum that the French held in Niger to gain approval for the Fifth Republic and reorganization of their empire. It reassesses the French record in Niger, where more people voted ‘No’ – in favour of immediate independence – than in other territories, except Guinea. It does this on the basis of research on the history of the Sawaba movement, which led Niger's autonomous government until the plebisicite. It shows that the French forcibly intervened in the referendum to realize a ‘Yes’ vote and preserve Niger for their sphere of influence after independence in 1960. In detailing the violence and manipulation of the referendum and its aftermath, the article criticizes a revisionist viewpoint which disputed the significance of French intervention. The analysis draws on research on the Sawaba movement, benefiting from insights of social history into the grassroots forces in the nationalist movements of the 1950s. It discusses the historiography of Niger's referendum in relation to new archival sources and memoirs, drawing parallels with other territories, notably Guinea. It concludes that France's interventions in 1958 are crucial for understanding the long-term consequences of the transformations of the independence era.

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Peek, Philip M., and John Picton. "The Resonance of Osun across a Millennium of Lower Niger History." African Arts 49, no. 1 (March 2016): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00269.

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31

Harouna, M., J. D. Pigott, and R. P. Philp. "BURIAL HISTORY AND THERMAL MATURITY EVOLUTION OF THE TERMIT BASIN, NIGER." Journal of Petroleum Geology 40, no. 3 (June 20, 2017): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12676.

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32

Idowu, A. O. "RESERVOIR FLUID DIFFERENTIATION CASE HISTORY FROM AN ONSHORE NIGER DELTA FIELD." Geoinformatics 4, no. 3 (1993): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics1990.4.3_291.

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McIntosh, Susan Keech, and Roderick J. McIntosh. "Recent Archaeological Research and Dates from West Africa." Journal of African History 27, no. 3 (November 1986): 413–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023252.

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This article reports over 250 new radiocarbon dates relevant to recent archaeological research in West Africa. Thanks to the continuing trend towards series of dates from either single sites or groups of related sites, some major blanks on the archaeological map of West Africa have been replaced by well-dated regional sequences. An example is the Malian Sahara, where palaeoenvironmental and archaeological investigations at a large number of sites have clarified the relationship between Holocene climatic change and Late Stone Age occupation. Other areas that were largely archaeological unknowns until the research reported in this article was undertaken include the middle Senegal valley, the Inland Niger Delta, and the Bassar region in Togo. Other research included here reinterprets previously studied, ‘classic’ Late Stone Age sequences, such as Adrar Bous, Kintampo and Tichitt. There are also new dates and details for early copper in Niger and Mauritania which prompt a reconsideration of the true nature of this proposed ‘Copper Age’. Of particular significance to general reconstructions of West African prehistory is the documentation of regional and long-distance trade accompanying the emergence of complex societies along the Middle Senegal and Middle Niger in the first millennium A.D.The article begins with a brief commentary on calibration, in view of the recent publication of high-precision calibration curves. Several prevalent misconceptions of what calibration is and what it ought to do are addressed. We suggest that archaeologists and historians should routinely make reference to calibration in order to avoid misinterpreting radiocarbon results.

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McIntosh, Roderick J. "The Pulse Model: Genesis and Accommodation of Specialization in the Middle Niger." Journal of African History 34, no. 2 (July 1993): 181–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033326.

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By the mid-first millennium a.d., Middle Niger cities took the form of many separate mounds clustered together. Many of these mounds may have been settlements of specialists. This distinctive city form may have had its origin in segmented, but articulated, Late Stone Age communities in the southern Sahara. The Pulse Model is an attempt to reconstruct the circumstances of environmental change and interactions among these communities that encouraged occupational specialization. The model predicts the best locations to search for evidence of early specialization, namely the several north–south trending palaeochannels of the southern Sahara. There, groups increasingly concerned with intensification of production within separate microenvironments would nevertheless have been in close contact. Climate shifts over the past several millennia create a ‘pulse’ of population movements, or shifts of ecological adaptations, along these long corridors. However, adaptation to climate change and stress incompletely explains the emergence of specialization. Tradition, myths, legends and material reinforcements of divisions between present-day ethnic and artisan groups in the Middle Niger suggest the ways in which corporate identity may have been constructed and maintained in the very distant past. If corporate identity can emerge in a form that discourages conflict between groups, the result might be increasingly specialized responses to climate change and to the economic and social opportunities of early urbanism. There should be no sharp discontinuity between the emerging specialization of the last millennia b.c. and the earlier clustered urbanism of cities such as Jenne-jeno. Middle Niger urbanism is an intensification of prehistoric social dynamics, not a revolutionary process.

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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Quand le Niger aidait la France Le parrainage de Rosières-en-Santerre par la colonie du Niger (1942-1952)." Afrique & histoire 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2010): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afhi.007.0131.

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WARIBOKO, WAIBINTE E. "I REALLY CANNOT MAKE AFRICA MY HOME: WEST INDIAN MISSIONARIES AS ‘OUTSIDERS’ IN THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY CIVILIZING MISSION TO SOUTHERN NIGERIA, 1898–1925." Journal of African History 45, no. 2 (July 2004): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703008685.

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Informed by the notion of racial affinity, the European managers of the Church Missionary Society Niger Mission had required all black West Indians in their employ to make Africa their home. However, because the African posting involved a substantial devaluation in the material benefits to be derived from missionary service, West Indians vigorously objected to the idea of making Africa their home. They demanded instead to be perceived and treated as foreigners on the same footing as Europeans. Although they were subsequently defined as part of the expatriate workforce of the Mission, they were still denied parity with Europeans in the allocation of scarce benefits on the basis of racial considerations. Unresolved tensions over the redistribution of scarce resources led to the premature collapse of the West Indian scheme. This essay is an analysis of how the pursuit of socioeconomic self-interest affected the construction and representation of race and identity among the West Indians in the Niger Mission.

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Toma, Maria Afroz, K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir, Md Muket Mahmud, Pravin Mishra, Md Kowser Ali, Ajran Kabir, Md Ahosanul Haque Shahid, Mahbubul Pratik Siddique, and Md Abdul Alim. "Isolation and Identification of Natural Colorant Producing Soil-Borne Aspergillus niger from Bangladesh and Extraction of the Pigment." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061280.

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Natural colorants have been used in several ways throughout human history, such as in food, dyes, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and many other products. The study aimed to isolate the natural colorant-producing filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger from soil and extract pigments for its potential use specially for food production. Fourteen soil samples were collected from Madhupur National Park at Madhupur Upazila in the Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. The Aspergillus niger was isolated and identified from the soil samples by following conventional mycological methods (cultural and morphological characteristics), followed by confirmatory identification by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of conserved sequences of ITS1 ribosomal DNA using specific oligonucleotide primers. This was followed by genus- and species-specific primers targeting Aspergillus niger with an amplicon size of 521 and 310 bp, respectively. For pigment production, a mass culture of Aspergillus niger was conducted in Sabouraud dextrose broth in shaking conditions for seven days. The biomass was subjected to extraction of the pigments following an ethanol-based extraction method and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Aspergillus niger could be isolated from three samples. The yield of extracted brown pigment from Aspergillus niger was 0.75% (w/v). Spectroscopic analysis of the pigments was carried out using a UV–VIS spectrophotometer. An in vivo experiment was conducted with mice to assess the toxicity of the pigments. From the colorimetric and sensory evaluations, pigment-supplemented products (cookies and lemon juice) were found to be more acceptable than the control products. This could be the first attempt to use Aspergillus niger extracted pigment from soil samples in food products in Bangladesh, but for successful food production, the food colorants must be approved by a responsible authority, e.g., the FDA or the BSTI. Moreover, fungal pigments could be used in the emerging fields of the food and textile industries in Bangladesh.

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Gandah Nabi, Hassane. "La Compagnie française de l'Afrique occidentale du Niger (1926- 1998)." Outre-mers 91, no. 342 (2004): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/outre.2004.4096.

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Painter, Thomas M. "Rediscovering Sources of Nigerien History: The Dosso Archives." History in Africa 12 (1985): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171732.

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This is a report on provisional efforts to reorganize a regional archive in Dosso, Niger. The information is provided in hopes that it will be of some use to students of West African history, and will arouse the interest of archivists.While conducting research in the Dosso region of Niger during 1981 and 1982, I had occasion to work with historical materials in the Prefectural archives of the Department of Dosso. At the time of my arrival in Dosso, the archival documents were stored in more than twenty metal and wooden cabinets and files, and on open shelves. These were located inside a very large room without electric lights, illuminated dimly during the daylight hours by a single small window, permanently open and paneless, high on as eastward facing wall. The disorder of the cabinets inside the room was such at the beginning that it was impossible to penetrate more than a few feet. In some cabinets the contents were more or less uniform, but in most there was considerable disarray, said to date from the late 1970s when a national youth festival was held in Dosso. As a result, it was not uncommon to find mimeographed reports from the 1970s alongside registers of handwritten.entries dating from the early 1900s, and typescripts from the 1930s and 1940s. In others, voracious termites left for years to eat as they liked, had caused considerable destruction, consuming the documents, and in the case of wooden construction, the cabinets and shelves that contained them.

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Nwaezeigwe, Nwankwo T. "The Feminist Dimension of Niger River Exploration: Accounts of memorable confrontations between the African woman and the Nineteenth Century European Explorer Mungo Park." Integrity Journal of Arts and Humanities 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/ijah2022.069.

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The exploration of West Africa through the tortuous search of the once elusive River Niger by Europeans is no doubt a popular theme in the history of West Africa. But very little has been written about the significant roles of the African woman in the overall process of the various expeditions by European explorers in search of the Niger. That there is therefore a lacuna in the presentation of the African woman in this aspect of West African history is a fact which needs to be addressed. In addressing this lacuna, the present study takes a look at the fundamental roles women played during the first expedition to the Niger by Mungo Park that profoundly assured his survival and subsequent success of the expedition. In doing this, the work re-enforces the concept of “Mother Africa” against the modern and often fanciful concept of feminism imposed from without. It shows that the African woman defined conceptually as “Mother” under traditional African historical setting has never seen herself in conflict with the men folk but rather sees her role as complimentary and often times decisive when the roles of the men folk fails to present the desired result. As a historical work, every aspect of its approach is predicated on historical methodology.

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NAFRÍA, JUAN M. NIETO, NICOLÁS PÉREZ HIDALGO, SERGIO GARCÍA-TEJERO, SARA I. LÓPEZ CIRUELOS, and M. PILAR MIER DURANTE. "Contribution to the knowledge of North-American species Hyperomyzus subgenus Neonasonovia (Aphididae, Aphidinae, Macrosiphini)." Zootaxa 4294, no. 2 (July 18, 2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4294.2.7.

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American specimens of the Hyperomyzus subgenus Neonasonovia conserved in the collections of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris, France) and the Natural History Museum (London, United Kingdom), have been studied. Data to complement previous descriptions of apterous and alate viviparous females of H. nabali and of apterous viviparae of H. nigricornis, H. inflatus, H. niger and H. pullatus, are presented. Apterous and alate virginogeniae females of H. nigricornis, alate viviparous females of H. inflatus, H. niger and H. pullatus, plus oviparous females of H. nabali, are described for the first time. The morphological and biological variability of H. pullatus is discussed. An identification key for viviparous females of the American species of Neonasonovia is presented for the first time. Microphotographs of apterous and alate viviparous females of H. nabali, H. nigricornis, H. inflatus and H. niger, alate viviparous females of H. pullatus, and oviparous female of H. nabali, are presented.

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Bird, S. Elizabeth, and Fraser Ottanelli. "The History and Legacy of the Asaba, Nigeria, Massacres." African Studies Review 54, no. 3 (December 2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2011.0048.

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Abstract:In early October 1967, four months into the Nigerian Civil War, federal troops massacred hundreds in Asaba, a town in southeast Nigeria on the west bank of the Niger. While ethnically Igbo, Asaba was not part of Igbo-dominated Biafra. Through the reconstruction of this event, the article fills a significant gap in the historical record and contributes to the discussion on the impact of traumatic memory at the local and national levels. It also suggests that the Asaba massacres speak to larger issues of potential reconciliation that extend beyond Asaba and Nigeria.

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Diala, Isidore. "Nigeria and the Poetry of Travails: The Niger Delta in the Poetry of Uche Umez." Matatu 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-033001036.

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Especially since the execution of the writer and Ogoni activist, Ken Saro–Wiwa, international attention has been drawn to the plight of the Niger Delta. Oil-rich but cynically plundered and exploited, the Niger Delta has become symbolic of the Nigerian nation itself, fabulously endowed yet, paradoxically, virtually a beggar nation. This accounts in part for the increasing fascination of a growing number of Nigerian poets, Deltans and non-Deltans alike, with the representative plight of the Niger Delta. In , the first published volume of the emergent Nigerian writer Uche Peter Umez, Nigeria's characteristic social ills are etched in memorable lines. But Umez's special focus is on the Niger Delta. Given his own position as a non-Deltan from a part of Igboland that has been the target of punitive cartography, this concern foregrounds the varied dimensions of Nigeria's oil politics.

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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Democracy and Adjustment in Niger: A Conflict of Rationales." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 12, 2021): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000183.

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AbstractIn the early 1990s, Niger saw growing anger towards the military regime in power, not only because of police violence, but also due to its economic and social policies, particularly its first structural adjustment programme. After several months of revolts, the regime fell, giving way to a democratic government in 1991. Under pressure from international financial institutions, the new government quickly embarked on the same economic and social path as the previous one and adopted an adjustment policy, resistance to which had played a fundamental role in its accession to power. The government faced increasing street protests, and was overthrown by the army in January 1996, with most of the population not mobilizing to protect the democratic institutions. This article examines the conflicts of rationales that marked these few years, and shows how, by whom, and to what extent these rationales were opposed in practical terms. It also offers a social history of the adjustments by looking at how they were received by the people. By so doing, it looks back at a moment that has profoundly marked Niger's recent history: in this country, as in others, the adjustments have reconfigured rivalries, produced violence, and left an indelible mark on the political imaginary up to the present day.

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Sarker, MAR, N. Sultana, and K. Akhter. "Biological Efficacy of Mycoflora Isolated from Mushroom Substrate Against Pathogenic Fungi." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 19, no. 2 (March 2, 2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v19i2.57672.

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Four fungi isolates, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium sp. were isolated from mushroom substrates and identified. Biological activities these fungi were evaluated against three plant pathogens namely against Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum corchori. Among the fungal isolates, Trichoderma harzianum showed the highest antagonistic activity against all three pathogens, Penicillium sp. showed less significant antagonistic activity than Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Trichoderma harzianum showed the highest inhibitory effect in case of Fusarium oxysporum (71.75%) followed by Sclerotium rolfsii (61.64%) and Colletotrichum corchori (57%). SAARC J. Agric., 19(2): 73-84 (2021)

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Chenchouni, Louiza, Mohamed Karim Kheder, and Haroun Chenchouni. "When the Blessed Resource “Oil” Curses." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.292076.

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Oil industry has impacted both economy and ecology of oil-producing states in the Niger Delta region in Nigeria. The environmental detriments caused by gas flaring and oil spills develop violent ethnic agitations, through long lasting history area of conflicts, for economic, social, political, and environmental rights. This paper examines the history of oil and gas exploitation, in Niger Delta region, and its role to cause environmental degradations in the region. The study argued that multinational oil corporations’ activities were the first intriguing violence in local communities based on environmental approach. Also, the paper indicates that the conflict had many drivers related to different components of indigenous people. The tendency of violence escalated over time, in strength of acts from demonstrations and grievances to militant operations, and demands from self determination to justice, revenues equity and environmental rights, in order to reshape oil-bearing communities’ old motivations about self-governance.

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Liu, J., G. Zhang, Z. Li, Y. Tang, H. Xiao, H. Lai, and C. Yang. "Oil charge history of Paleogene–Eocene reservoir in the Termit Basin (Niger)." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 66, no. 4 (February 27, 2019): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2019.1568301.

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Rossi, Jean-Pierre, and Gauthier Dobigny. "Urban Landscape Structure of a Fast-Growing African City: The Case of Niamey (Niger)." Urban Science 3, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020063.

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Combining multivariable statistics and geostatistics with landscape metrics, we attempted to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in the city of Niamey, Niger. Landscape metrics provided local quantification of both landscape composition and physiognomy while the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) yielded a multivariable summary of the main source of landscape metrics variation across the city. We used the variogram (geostatistics) to analyze the spatial pattern of the PCA outcomes and to characterize the associated spatial scales of variation. In Niamey, the main urban structure corresponded to a gradient ranging from highly diversified, fragmented, and both wooded and built-up areas in the city center and along the Niger River, to less green zones gathering steel-roofed houses whose density diminished towards the periphery. This concentric structure centered on the Niger River clearly reflected the history of Niamey. PCA and geostatistics provided appealing quantitative estimates of spatial patterns, scales, anisotropy and intensity of urban structures. Although these different tools are known in landscape ecology, they are rarely used together. The present paper illustrates how they allow characterizing the marked spatial variation of the urban landscape of the fast-growing African city of Niamey (Niger). Such a quantification of the urban landscapes may be extremely useful for future correlative investigations in various fields of research and planning.

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Cooper, Barbara M. "Women's Worth and Wedding Gift Exchange in Maradi, Niger, 1907–89." Journal of African History 36, no. 1 (March 1995): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700027006.

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Wedding gift exchange from the turn of the century to the present has served as a medium through which women in the Maradi valley of Niger could assert their worth, create social ties and respond to a shifting political economy. Rather than exploring the implications of ‘bridewealth’ and ‘dowry’ in isolation, this paper sees wedding prestations as an ongoing and evolving dialogue in which women's roles and worth are contested, the nature of wealth is redefined and the terms of marriage are negotiated. The crisis in domestic labor which arose with the decline of slavery in the early decades of the century gave rise to informal unions through which the labor of junior women could be controlled. Women responded to these informal marriages by staging highly visible ceremonies which established the worth and standing of the bride. With the growth of an increasingly urban-centered commercial and bureaucratic economy, women have been drawn into a desperate ‘search for money’ to continue to meet their obligations in the gift economy. While the outward form of wedding gift exchange appears unchanged, the importance of cash to the acquisition of goods, services, and productive resources has radically altered both the content and the significance of gift exchange. Gifts no longer embody wealth in people derived from ability within an agro-pastoral economy. Instead they reveal the giver's access to the resources of the state and the market. Women's eroding position within the economy since 1950 has drawn them further and further into gift exchange, both in order to build a safety net in the form of exchange value stored in a woman's dowry and to secure the social ties which can ensure their continued access to increasingly contested resources.

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Sounaye, Abdoulaye. "Salafi Aesthetics: Preaching Among the Sunnance in Niamey, Niger." Journal of Religion in Africa 47, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 9–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340101.

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Abstract In their effort to contribute to Islamic reform in Niamey, young Salafi (Sunnance) have embraced preaching and have made it part of their religious practice. As preachers or audience members, they invest time and energy to imagine various ways to popularize the Sunna, the tradition of the prophet Muhammad. Because of the jokes, mimicry, and theatrics that characterize their preaching style, their critics have rejected their initiatives, claiming they are unqualified and therefore should not be allowed to preach. In response, Sunnance have argued that an effective sermon (wazu) requires art, skills, ingenuity and know-how (iyawa, hikma in Hausa). By examining how aesthetics are central to Sunnance popular and street preaching, this article invites a reexamination of Salafism through its aesthetic forms. Wazu is not just a gathering that seeks to deliver a message, be it divine; it is also a way to promote religiosity through particular cultural and aesthetic performances.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Niger, history'

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