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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Niger State'
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1
Soumana, Boubacar. "Le parlement au Niger." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2038/document.
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Ce travail est une réflexion sur la place et le rôle institutionnels du Parlement au Niger ; au-delà de la simple présentation de ses fonctions législative et de contrôle du gouvernement, qui, au demeurant, ont été amplement étudiées, mais intégrées dans une approche dynamique et globale de la question. La première partie traite de l’apport du Parlement dans l’institutionnalisation de l’État nigérien. Il y a, d’abord, le rôle historique de l’Assemblée nationale dans la formation des institutions étatiques du Niger et l’accession du pays à la souveraineté internationale, en 1960. Il y a, ensuite, le fait que les structures de l’institution parlementaire donnent véritablement forme et corps à l’État nigérien. La seconde partie traite de l’apport du Parlement dans la démocratisation de l’État nigérien. Il y a, d’une part, son rôle de modérateur de pouvoir exécutif, en veillant à ce que ce dernier n’abuse pas du pouvoir d’État dans l’exercice de ses fonctions. Être en mesure d’arrêter le pouvoir exécutif, en renversant le gouvernement et/ou en provoquant la destitution du Président de la République. Il y a, d’autre part, la participation des citoyens à l’exercice du pouvoir d’État, à travers le mécanisme d’élaboration de la loi par le Parlement, représentant le peuple souverainThis study is deals with the institutional place and role of the Nigerian Parliament. It is more than a mere presentation of its legislative and supervisory functions of government, which, have not only been extensively studied, but approached in a dynamic and comprehensive manner.This scientific work is divided into two parts. Part one deals with the Parliament’s contribution to the institutionalization of the State of Niger. It first presents the historical role of the National Assembly in establishing state institutions of Niger and attaining international sovereignty in 1960 before describing how the structures of the parliamentary institution really give shape and body to the government of Niger. Part two deals with the Parliament’s contribution in democratizating the State of Niger. It plays the role of executive power moderator as it ensures that there is no abuse of State power in the exercise of its duties by ousting the government and/or impeaching the President of the Republic. Moreover, citizens can have a say in the exercise of State power through the legislation-drafting mechanism of the Parliament which represents the sovereign people
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Reuterswärd, Fanny. "Dyadic Conflict and the State Apparatus : A study of Mali and Niger." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295394.
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The theory of dyadic intrastate conflict cause and resolution containing transnational ethnic kin is under development. One of the things current research share is the focus on the cases where conflict erupts, or where conflict resolution fails, and its causes. The aim of this study is to try to contribute and develop the generalizing theory. The focus on the study rests on the impact that state apparatus characteristic has on risk for conflict. The research builds on theoretical framework from the consociational theory. The subject is of relevance both for the field of peace and conflict research as theory development, and for policy makers. The study has resulted in two observations. First, it supports the claim of consociational theory that enhanced presence of its nine favorable factors diminishes the risk for intrastate tension and violence. Second, it proposes that a successful decentralization is the possible key explanatory characteristic of state apparatus that decreases risk for dyadic intrastate conflict. The causal mechanism here being heightened credibility and legitimacy of constitution because of increased trust and lowered fear of further ethnic discrimination. It is necessary to verify these results before further theory development can be done.
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Shittu, Whanda Ja'afaru. "Mapping oil spill human health risk in rivers state, Niger Delta, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14115/.
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Oil pipelines play a significant role in crude oil transportation and bring danger close to communities along their paths. Pipeline accidents happen every now and then due to factors ranging from operational cause to third party damage. In the Niger Delta pipeline system, interdiction is common; therefore, every length and breadth of land covered by a pipeline is vulnerable to oil pollution, which can pose a threat to land use. Weak enforcement of rights of way led to encroachment by farmers and human dwellings, thereby bringing people in close proximity to pipelines. Considering the impact exposure can have on human health, a method was developed for identifying vulnerable communities within a designated potential pipeline impact radius, and generic assessment criteria developed for assessing land use exposure. The GIS based model combines four weighted criteria layers, i.e. land cover, population, river and pipeline buffers in a multi-criteria decision making with analytical hierarchy process to develop an automated mapping tool designed to perform three distinct operations: firstly, to delineate pipeline hazard areas; secondly, establish potential pipeline impact radius; and thirdly, identify vulnerable communities in high consequence areas. The model was tested for sensitivity and found to be sensitive to river criterion; transferability on the other hand is limited to similar criteria variables. To understand spatial distribution of oil spills, 443 oil spill incidents were examined and found to tend towards cluster distribution. Meanwhile, the main causes of spills include production error (34.8%) and interdiction (31.6%); interdiction alone discharged about 61.4% of crude oil. This brings to light the significance of oil pipeline spills and the tendency to increase the risk of exposure. The generic assessment criteria were developed for three land uses using CLEA v 1.06 for aromatic (EC5-EC44) and aliphatic (EC5-EC44) fractions. The use of the model and screening criteria are embedded in a framework designed to stimulate public participation in pipeline management and pipeline hazard mitigation, which policy makers and regulators in the oil industry can find useful in pipeline hazard management and exposure mitigation.
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Mattner, Mark. "Appearing like a state: oil companies and local violence in the Niger Delta." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107641.
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What determines the extent to which communities in the Niger Delta experience violence? The dissertation addresses this question by focusing on the role of multinational oil companies in local governance, where state institutions are weak. The available literature often overlooks this important dimension. Specifically, the dissertation evaluates whether the choice of community relation policies by oil companies accounts for variations in local violence. These policies often include community development projects and attempts at strengthening local institutions. The main hypothesis is that where projects are allocated and implemented through participatory processes, informal institutions are created which substitute for weak local governments and reduce violence. The dissertation tests this contention by comparing four cases which were selected according to differences in their levels of violence. It concludes that the hypothesis is valid only in highly specific circumstances. In most cases, levels of repression and the relationship between companies and local elites are more significant explanations for violence. This is because oil companies and the state continue to rely primarily on repression and co-optation in their relationship with local communities. Community development and corporate social responsibility are secondary concerns. The central implication of this analysis is that a solution to the crisis in the Niger Delta is unlikely to lie in self-regulation and non-binding commitments by corporate actors. More promising approaches are strengthening local governments by ensuring the integrity of local elections and more stringent regulation of oil company conduct.Qu'est ce qui détermine la mesure dans laquelle les communautés dans le Delta du Niger souffrent de la violence pétrolière? Cette thèse aborde cette question en se concentrant sur le rôle des compagnies pétrolières multinationales en matière de gouvernance locale où les institutions étatiques sont faibles. La littérature disponible néglige souvent cette dimension importante. La thèse évalue si le choix des compagnies concernant leurs techniques de relations avec les communautés locales explique les variations de la violence locale. Ces techniques comprennent souvent des projets de développement local et de soutien des institutions locales. La proposition principale est que si les projets sont planifiées et mis en œuvre de manière participative, des institutions informelles peuvent être créées et ainsi se substituer aux faibles gouvernements locaux et réduire la violence. La thèse teste cette proposition en comparant quatre communautés locales qui ont été sélectionnées en fonction de leurs différences en matière de violence. Elle conclut que la proposition n'est valable que dans des circonstances très spécifiques. Dans la plupart des cas, la relation entre les compagnies et les élites locales ainsi que le niveau de répression sont des explications plus significatives. La raison est que les compagnies pétrolières et l'Etat continuent de s'appuyer principalement sur la cooptation et la répression afin de protéger l'exploitation du pétrole. Le développement local et la responsabilité sociale sont des préoccupations secondaires. L'implication centrale de cette analyse est que les engagements d'autorégulation non contraignante par les compagnies pétrolières ne représentent pas une solution réaliste à la crise dans le Delta du Niger. Le renforcement des gouvernements locaux et la réglementation plus stricte des compagnies pétrolières sont des approches plus prometteuses.
5
Okonofua, Benjamin A. "Paths to Peacebuilding: Amnesty and the Niger Delta Violence." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/62.
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This mixed-method analysis of three Nigerian states explores the ways in which a major policy shift has produced short-term peace outcomes in a vastly contested terrain entailing conflicting interests. The central argument of "Paths to Peacebuilding," is that disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration can create peace in resource-conflicted societies when there is governmental will and community and citizen involvement in both the design and implementation of the program. The overriding concern was whether the DDR process was capable of contributing to tangible improvements in real and perceived safety on the ground as well as destroying the structures that both contributed to and sustained insurgency for over two decades. The disarmament process yielded over 3,000 semi- and fully automatic weapons and other military style hardware. It also resulted in the demobilization of over 26,000 former fighters. The DDR program generated important but geographically differentiated reductions in militant violence across the three states studied.
The study analyzes survey and interview data from a random sample of 346 combatants and ex-combatants and other knowledgeable informants in three Niger Delta states - Rivers, Delta, and Bayelsa. The dissertation compared DDR success rates between individuals who entered the DDR program and those who did not. An examination of the programming determinants, controlling for non-programmatic factors including community exposure to pollution reveals some evidence of macro success and micro failure. While the program has created a new sense of peace that allows oil corporations to continue oil production unhindered leading to increased oil earnings for the Nigerian state, there is lack of local level support for the program or its participants. For example, findings of significant association between participation in the program and the successful disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of ex-combatants are moderated by participation effects. While evidence of some level of macro success is clearly indicated in addition to some level of impact on the lives of program participants, the failure to adequately link DDR to broad economic and social development programs may obviate the tentative gains made and plunge the region into potentially more devastating rounds of violent insurgency and counter-insurgency.
6
Körling, Gabriella. "In Search of the State : An Ethnography of Public Service Provision in Urban Niger." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturantropologiska avdelningen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-157119.
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This study explores public health and education provision in Niamey, the capital of Niger, by merging the ethnographic study of public services with an anthropological analysis of the state and of local politics. Based on anthropological fieldwork carried out in a group of neighbourhoods in the periphery of Niamey, the study highlights the political dimensions of public service provision in a local arena where international development interventions and national plans meet local realities and where a wide range of actors and institutions, dis-courses, meanings, and practices are mobilized in the offering of and the regulation of access to public services. It focuses on the political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of public service provision, too often hidden behind contemporary buzzwords of development such as community participation and decentralization that dominate global debates about education and healthcare in developing countries. The study brings forth the strategies of urban resi-dents in dealing with daily challenges in the consolidation of service provision and in educa-tion and health-seeking trajectories. It shows that access to a satisfactory treatment of illness or a successful school career is premised on the ability to navigate on the medical and educa-tion markets, which are made up of a plurality of providers and of official and unofficial costs and transactions. Further, these public services engage different actors such as commu-nity committees, traditional chiefs, local associations, the municipality and elected municipal councillors, emergent leaders, NGOs, and international development aid. The study demon-strates that despite the uncertainty of state support in health and education provision and a widespread dissatisfaction with these public services, the image of the state as service pro-vider is reproduced on a day by day basis through local efforts at securing public services.
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Roberts, Richard L. "Warriors, merchants and slaves : the state and the economy in the Middle Niger valley, 1700-1914 /." Stanford : Calif. : Stanford university press, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349459438.
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Inuwa, Solomon. "A critical evaluation of the 2009 Niger Delta Amnesty Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration programme." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14640.
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Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) have become a key component of the postconflict peacebuilding orthodoxy. Therefore, this study evaluates the efficacy of Amnesty, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (ADDR) in conflict prevention and resolution using the 2009 Niger Delta ADDR programme as a case study. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the programme using the minimalist and maximalist framework advanced in the DDR literature. The key findings and conclusions of the Study were that a minimalist DDR would only achieve security stabilisation and return excombatants to the status quo- ante society with all the pre-conflict grievances unaddressed thereby bequeathing a high potential of relapse to violence. Furthermore, for DDR to be an effective conflict prevention and resolution mechanism and postconflict peacebuilding force, its conceptualisation, design and implementation must be maximalist in nature with a transformative agenda that aims to address the roots causes of violence.
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Ramachandran, Sumitra. "Use of spores of Aspergillus niger obtained by solid-state fermentation for the production of gluconic acid." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF21837.
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Les spores d'Aspergillus niger possèdent une glucose oxydase sous forme active. Ces spores ont été produites par fermentation en milieu solide en utilisant différents substrats. La glucose oxydase est quantitativement transférée du mycélium aux spores au cours du développement fongique sur substrat solide. Les spores se comportent comme une source d'enzyme utilisable dans la conversion du glucose en acide gluconique. L'expression de leur activité biocatalytique nécessite une perméabilisation des conidies et la prévention de leur germination. Les conditions optimales de réaction impliquent l'utilisation de spores ayant subi un cycle congélation-décongélation traité par du citral, la réaction se déroulant en fed-batch. La vitesse moyenne de réaction est de 5,3 g/l. H avec 178 g/L d'acide gluconique produit, ce qui correspond à un rendement molaire proche de 100%. Les spores peuvent être réutilisées pendant 14 cycles perte d'activité et peuvent être stockées pendant au moins un an à -20°C
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Peterek, Miroslav. "Využití odpadního papíru na mikrobiální produkci celuláz." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216832.
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Study of the employment of waste paper to microbial production of cellulase was carried out using Aspergillus niger cultivation on carbon sources that have been waste office paper and cardboard, humidified by no – carbon medium or distiled water. Cultivation took place in the SSF way in Erlenmeyer flasks and columns. Concentration of extracellular proteins, cellulase and protease activity for selected samples were monitored. It was found that the most advantageous method of cultivation in terms of cellulase activity production is the cultivation in the column washing by no – carbon medium in three day intervals.
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Unabia, Oliver Chidi. "An Analysis of the Amnesty Policy of Nigerian Government on Niger Delta Crisis." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21563.
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Oil producing communities of Nigeria known as Niger Delta region has been a region characterized with fierce violent conflict for more than a decade. The conflict is between successive Nigerian Governments and their collaborating oil companies, and militant groups from the region. And the core issues in the conflict are the socio-economic deprivations and denial of resource control which were occasioned by corporate malfeasance and indifference of successive Nigerian Governments to the plight, demands and aspirations of the people of the region. The Nigerian Government who first aggravated the violent conflict in the region through the use of violent repression as an anti-protest measure however proposed an amnesty policy in June 2009 as a non-violent measure to address the crisis in the region. The policy aimed solely at disarming, rehabilitating and reintegrating the militants into the Nigerian state. The implementation of the policy brought a relative peace to the long troubled region for the first time, with the seeming compliance of the militants. This study however argues that the policy has no feasibility of ensuring a genuine and lasting peace in the long troubled region because its focus is not on the root cause of the crisis. Thus it argues that addressing the issue of human rights whose lack is the root cause of the crisis and whose provision has always been demands and the aspirations of the people will instead engender a genuine and lasting peace in the region.
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Ige, Mayowa. "Whoever Controls Access to the Tap Collects Rent On It: How Nigeria’s Function as a Gatekeeper State Fostered Environmental Degradation by Transnational Corporations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/143.
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Every year, for the past 50 years, Nigeria’s oil-rich Niger Delta has suffered the same magnitude of oil spill in its rivers and swamps than was spilled in the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill. The damage has devastated the way of life of the Ogoni people who live in the area. They have consistently suffered environmental injustice as a result of Shell’s oil exploration, and the Nigerian government has ignored their cries for help and restitution. In fact, movements to garner support for environmental justice and fare share of oil profits and ownership from Shell and the state have been brutally shut down by the Nigerian government.
Could it be that the reason that the state is willing to allow such a grave level of environmental degradation to persist is not only because it is corrupt, but also because the Nigerian government functions as a gatekeeper state guarding its precious oil resources? Following independence, many oil-producing countries turned to spigot economies that allowed whoever controlled access to the tap to collect rent on it. Thus, as a gatekeeper state, it is not in the best interest of the Nigerian government to give up its rent-seeking behaviors with Shell to appease its citizens because it may disrupt its relationship with the outside corporations. As a result, many of the cries for environmental justice by the Ogoni people have been met with resistance from the state since their function has evolved to collect taxes on exports and imports—not to maintain the trust of its citizens.
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Řezáčová, Barbora. "Studium produkce hydrolytických enzymů pro zpracování celulosového odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216750.
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The study of production of hydrolytic enzymes dealt with the production of cellulase and polygalacturonase by two microbial strains - Aspergillus niger and Aureobasidium pullulans. The enzymes were produced in solid-state fermentation system. The wheat straw and sugar beet pulp were used as a substrate. The substrates were moistened by water, mineral solution or by medium with glucose. The effect of mineral solution and glucose on production of these enzymes were monitored during cultivation. The highest production of polygalacturonase was achieved by Aspergillus niger during cultivation on sugar beet pulp moistened by mineral solution. The highest production of cellulase was achieved by Aspergillus niger during cultivation on wheat straw moistened by medium with glucose.
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Santos, Rodrigo Rafael Mendonça dos. "Aproveitamento do caroço do açaí como substrato para a produção de enzimas por fermentação em estado sólido." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6968.
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Previous issue date: 2010-10-14The açaí agroindustry is the most important productive chains in northern Brazil. The residues in the marketing of açaí consists mainly of its pits, which are discarded in landfills and waterways without any treatment. A possible application to açaí pits is its use as substrate for solid state fermentation (SSF) for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes as CMCase and xylanase, which act in the conversion of lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars. Currently, the cost of production of these enzymes has emerged as the biggest obstacle to the use of agro-industrial waste and the process of SSF gained prominence in this context due to several advantages over other technologies. The SSF process presents a large number of variables that affect the production of metabolites of interest, highlighting the sources of carbon and nitrogen, inducing growth and mineral salts. This study aimed to evaluate the use of pits of açaí as substrate for enzyme production by SSF evaluating the influence of the composition of culture medium for SSF through application of the methodology of statistical design full factorial 24 for selection of significant variables. The variables studied were the initial medium moisture and the concentrations of meat peptone extract, yeast extract, and CMC. After extraction of the enzyme complex and quantification of CMCase and xylanase activities, the variables of concentration of meat peptone extract and yeast extract were significant for enzyme production. Subsequently, a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was made to achieve the optimization of the process parameters. The highest activities were obtained by increasing the concentration of meat peptone extract and yeast extract, reaching 8.24 U g-1 and 8.08 U g-1, to CMCase and xylanase, values, respectively. Additional tests were made at concentrations three times higher than those used at the midpoint of the CCRD, which indicated an increase of 1.59 and 1.16 times in the enzymatic activities of CMCase and xylanase, respectively. However, by Tukey test, these increases did not differ statistically in comparison to the tests results obtained using concentrations of reagents encoded at +1.41, giving economic advantage to the tests made with smaller amounts of reagents. The pit of açai has shown promising as a substrate for SSF, but additional studies are performed to define and optimize the process parameters.
A agroindústria do açaí é uma das cadeias produtivas mais importantes da região Norte do Brasil. O excedente da comercialização do açaí é constituído principalmente de seus caroços, os quais são descartados em aterros sanitários e cursos d água, sem qualquer tratamento. Uma possível aplicação para o caroço do açaí é sua utilização como substrato para fermentação no estado sólido (FES) para a produção de enzimas lignocelulolíticas, como CMCases e xilanases, as quais atuam na conversão de materiais lignocelulósicos em açúcares fermentescíveis. Atualmente, o custo de produção destas enzimas tem se apresentado como o maior entrave para o aproveitamento dos resíduos agroindustriais e o processo de FES ganha destaque neste contexto por apresentar algumas vantagens sobre outras tecnologias. No processo de FES um grande número de variáveis afeta a produção de metabólicos de interesse, destacando-se as fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, indutores de crescimento e sais minerais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar o caroço do açaí como substrato para a produção de enzimas por FES avaliando-se a influência da composição do meio de cultivo através da aplicação da metodologia de planejamento estatístico fatorial 24 completo para seleção das variáveis significativas. As variáveis estudadas foram a umidade inicial do meio e as concentrações de extrato de peptona de carne, extrato de levedura e CMC. Após a extração do complexo enzimático e quantificação das atividades da CMCase e xilanase, as variáveis concentração de extrato de peptona de carne e extrato de levedura mostraram-se significativas para a produção enzimática. Posteriormente, buscou-se a otimização dos parâmetros do processo através de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR). As maiores atividades foram atingidas com o incremento da concentração de extrato de peptona de carne e extrato de levedura chegando a 8,24 U g-1 e 8,08 U g-1, de CMCase e xilanase, respectivamente. Testes complementares foram feitos em concentrações 3 vezes maiores que as utilizadas no ponto central do DCCR, os quais indicaram um aumento de 1,59 e 1,16 vezes nas atividades enzimáticas da CMCase e xilanase, respectivamente. Porém, através do teste de Tukey, estes aumentos não apresentaram diferença estatística em relação aos resultados obtidos nos ensaios utilizando concentrações de reagentes ao nível codificado +1,41, conferindo vantagem econômica aos ensaios feitos com menores quantidades de reagentes. O caroço do açaí mostrou-se promissor como substrato para FES, porém novos estudos devem realizados visando à definição e otimização dos parâmetros do processo.
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Carboué, Quentin. "Mise au point d'un bioréacteur de fermentation en milieu solide fonctionnant en continu pour la production de métabolites secondaires antioxydants par Aspergillus niger G131." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0136.
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Aspergillus niger souche G131 est un champignon qui produit en quantité des métabolites secondaires appartenant à la famille des naphtho-gamma-pyrones (NγPs). Ces NγPs sont des pigments qui présentent des intérêts industriels de par leurs importants potentiels antiradicalaires. L’objectif de ce doctorat est la production à l’échelle pilote et en continu de NγPs à travers la culture du champignon sur milieu solide. Le choix de la fermentation en milieu solide (FMS) comme processus de culture repose sur des aspects d’ordre qualitatif et quantitatif de production, ainsi que sur des raisons économiques et éthiques, relatives à la protection de l’environnement avec notamment la possibilité de valoriser des coproduits agricoles comme milieu de culture pour le champignon. Dans un premier temps, ce travail s’intéresse à la caractérisation de la composition et des potentialités associées aux molécules produites par la souche. Ces potentialités incluent les activités anti-radicalaires et les mesures de cytotoxicité. La thèse porte également sur la caractérisation de la physiologie de croissance de la souche en FMS et sur l’optimisation des conditions de culture par la méthodologie des plans d’expériences pour l’augmentation de la production de NγPs. Une stratégie originale d’optimisation adaptée aux contraintes posées par la FMS est d’ailleurs proposée. Finalement, un transfert d’échelle de production est réalisé au moyen d’un bioréacteur prototype innovant permettant la production à l’échelle pilote de milieu fermenté en continu. Dans son dernier chapitre, ce travail s’intéresse donc à la mise au point des paramètres opératifs qui entourent la production continue de NγPs par FMSAspergillus niger strain G131 is a non-ochratoxigenic filamentous fungus producing high quantities of secondary metabolites known as naphtha-gamma-pyrones (NγPs). NγPs are pigments of industrial interest in reason of their high antioxidant properties. The aim of this dissertation is the continuous, pilote-scaled production of these NγPs through the cultivation of the fungus on solid medium. The choice of solid state fermentation (SSF) as cultivation method is not only driven by quantitative and qualitative considerations, but also by economical and ethical concerns related to environmental protection. SSF allows, in fact, a direct valorization of agricultural byproducts as the solid medium for the fungal growth. First, this work deals with the characterization of the composition and potentialities associated with the molecules produced by the strain, which include antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Second, the dissertation focuses on the characterization of the fungal growth’s physiology on solid medium and on the optimization of the culture conditions using experimental methodology in order to increase NγPs production. For this purpose, an original optimization strategy is proposed to overcome specific constraints connected to SSF. Finally, a scale transfer of the production is advanced by means of an innovative prototype bioreactor continuously producing fermented material. The final chapter of this work addresses the development of parameters regarding the continuous NγPs production using SSF
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Slivinski, Christiane Trevisan. "PRODUÇÃO, PURIFICAÇÃO PARCIAL E CARACTERIZAÇÃO BIOQUÍMICA DE GLUCOAMILASE DE Aspergillus niger OBTIDA POR FERMENTAÇÃO EM ESTADO SÓLIDO." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2007. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/717.
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Previous issue date: 2007-08-29Glucoamylase is one of main enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of starch to form the glucose syrup, raw material used by the food industry for the production of cool drinks, ice creams, sauces, breads and as carbon source in fermentations. The enzyme is normally produced by filamentous fungi. In the present work glucoamylase was produced by Aspergillus niger through solid-state fermentation, using the industrial waste of potato processing, during a period of 48 h at 32 ºC. The biochemical characterization of the rude enzymatic preparation showed as the optimum performance pH band near 5,0 and as the optimum temperature 60 ºC, with an average activity of 11,87 U/mL. After 26 hours of incubation of this preparation, the glucoamylase kept 58,75 % (9,70 U/mL) and 60,33 % (9,96 U/mL) of its activity at 35 and 60 ºC respectively; after 28 hours of incubation in pH 4,6, it kept 72,87 % (8,88 U/mL) of residual activity. The kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of soluble starch were Km = 1,68 mg/mL and Vmáx = 41,15 U/mL. The enzyme was partially purified through i) precipitation with ammonium sulphate between 60-85 % of saturation ii) anion-exchange chromatography in Q-Sepharose and iii) gel filtration chromatography in Sephadex G-100, with a purification factor of 109,23 fold and a yield of 11,71 %. The eletrophoretic analyses demonstrated that the studied glucoamylase presents molar mass around 130,88 kDa. After submitted to the purification steps, the enzyme kept the same optimum conditions of pH and temperature of the raw preparation, with 152,85 U/mL of average activity. With regard to stability, after 4 hours of incubation in pH 5,0, the glucoamylase presented 83 % (124,99 U/mL) of residual enzymatic activity, whereas after 8 hours only 22,72 % (34,22 U/mL) remained. Concerning temperatures, greater stability was observed at 35 and 15 ºC, in which after 24 hours of incubation 87 % (131,14 U/mL) and 85 % (127,77 U/mL) of the catalytic capacity remained, respectively. The values of Km and Vmáx for the partially purified glucoamylase were 0,049 mg/mL and 163,93 U/mL.
A glucoamilase, enzima normalmente produzida por fungos filamentosos, é uma das principais responsáveis pela hidrólise do amido para a formação de xarope de glucose,matéria-prima utilizada pela indústria de alimentos na produção de refrigerantes, sorvetes, molhos, pães e como fonte de carbono em fermentações. No presente trabalho, a lucoamilase foi produzida por Aspergillus niger através de fermentação em estado sólido, utilizando como substrato resíduo de uma indústria de processamento de batata, por um período de 48 horas a 32 ºC. A caracterização bioquímica da preparação enzimática bruta mostrou como faixa de pH ótimo para atuação, valores próximos a 5,0 e temperatura ótima 60 ºC, com atividade média de 11,87 U/mL. Ensaios de estabilidade térmica indicaram que após 26 horas de incubação a glucoamilase manteve 58,75 % (9,70 U/mL) e 60,33 % (9,96 U/mL) de sua atividade a 35 ºC e 60 ºC respectivamente. Ensaios de pH mostraram como o de maior estabilidade 4,6, no qual após 28 horas obteve-se 72,87 % (8,88 U/mL) de atividade residual. Os parâmetros cinéticos para a hidrólise do amido solúvel foram Km = 1,68 mg/mL e Vmáx = 41,15 U/mL. A enzima foi parcialmente purificada através de i) precipitação com sulfato de amônio entre 60-85 % de saturação, ii) cromatografia de troca aniônica em Q-Sepharose e iii) cromatografia de filtração em gel em Sephadex G-100 com um fator de purificação de 109,23 vezes e rendimento de 11,71 %. As análises eletroforéticas estimaram a massa molecular da glucoamilase estudada em torno de 130,88 kDa. Após ser submetida às etapas de purificação, a enzima manteve as condições ótimas de pH entre 4,5 e 5,0 e de temperatura 60 ºC, com atividade média de 152,85 U/mL. Com relação à estabilidade, após 4 horas de incubação em pH 5,0, a glucoamilase apresentou 83 % (124,99 U/mL) de atividade enzimática residual e após 8 horas no mesmo pH apenas 22,72 % (34,22 U/mL). Foram testadas e encontradas como temperaturas de estabilidade 15 e 35 ºC, remanescendo após 24 horas de incubação 85 % (127,77 U/mL) e 87 % (131,14 U/mL) da capacidade catalítica, respectivamente. Os valores de Km e Vmáx para a glucoamilase parcialmente purificada foram 0,049 mg/mL e 163,93 U/mL.
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Bakayoko, Seydou. "L'encadrement juridique international du bassin du fleuve Niger : contribution à l'étude du droit international des cours d'eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080062.
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La gestion du bassin du fleuve Niger constitue pour les neuf États le partageant un enjeu majeur au niveau régional. Dans la perspective de la stabilisation de leurs relations, les États riverains du bassin ont élaboré un cadre juridique de coopération dans l’utilisation de leurs ressources en eau. Le régime juridique repose ainsi sur un double cadre de coopération - une coopération normative et une coopération institutionnelle - qui pose la question de sa véritable spécificité. Si le régime juridique du bassin du Niger est perçu comme une contribution à l’étude du droit international des cours d’eau, le cadre juridique n’est pourtant pas conçu dans une perspective de dépassement du droit international fluvial. Ce cadre juridique confine ainsi la gestion des eaux du bassin fluvial dans la sphère classique des rapports interétatiques. Le cadre juridique du bassin du fleuve Niger ne révèle donc pas l’existence d’un véritable régime juridique spécifique de gestion des cours d’eau. Cette absence de spécificité ne permet pas de conclure au défaut de pertinence du régime juridique. Sa pertinence réside dans l’encadrement des rapports entre les États et dans l’outil de prévention des différends que représente ce régime. La recherche de la véritable spécificité du régime juridique passe nécessairement par une évolution nouvelle vers une gestion des ressources en eau dans l’intérêt collectif des États riverains. La réception du modèle d’intégration juridique dans le cadre du bassin du fleuve Niger serait un moyen pertinent pour recouvrer la véritable spécificité recherchée. Le cadre normatif et institutionnel pourrait ainsi s’appuyer sur les implications juridiques de la qualification de l’eau du fleuve Niger de « patrimoine commun des États riverains »The management of the Niger River basin is a major issue for the nine States sharing it at the regional level. In order to stabilize their relations, the riparian States of the Niger River basin have developed a legal framework for cooperation in the use of their water resources. The Niger Basin regime thus relies on a dual framework of cooperation – both normative and institutional – which raises the question of the true specificity of this legal regime. While the legal regime of the Niger River Basin is seen as a contribution to the study of international watercourse law, the international legal framework of the Niger River Basin is not conceived in a perspective of going beyond the traditional tenets of international watercourse law. This legal framework thus confines the management of the waters of the river basin in the classical sphere of interstate relations.The legal framework of the Niger River Basin does not therefore reveal the existence of a specific legal regime for the management of rivers. This lack of specificity does not lead to the conclusion that this legal regime is irrelevant. Its relevance lies in the framework of relations between States and in the dispute prevention instrument that this regime provides. The search for the true specificity of the legal system necessarily involves a new development towards the management of water resources in the collective interest of the riparian States. The reception of the legal integration model in the context of the Niger River basin would be a relevant means to develop a genuine expected specificity. The normative and institutional framework could thus be based on the legal implications of qualifying the water of the Niger River as a "common heritage of riparian States”
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Sidibe, Mariame. "Une approche sociopolitique de la question des réfugiés dans la crise de l'Etat au Mali : Cas des réfugiés maliens de la région de Tillabéri au Niger." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0078/document.
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Le Mali a connu en 2012 un conflit qui est sans précédent, même s’il s’inscrit dans la lignée de plusieurs mouvements de rébellion des populations touareg de la partie nord du pays depuis l’indépendance. La crise qui en découle n’est pas résorbée encore. La reconstruction de l’Etat et le retour des populations malienne déplacées et réfugiées sont au coeur de la problématique du post conflit. Ces deux enjeux sont liés, et de longue date. La défaillance et la faiblesse de l’Etat malien, qui n’était pourtant pas considéré avant 2012 comme un Etat fragile, est une des causes des migrations forcées des populations du Nord. La crise depuis 2012 peut se lire comme la crise de l’Etat m alien, crise de légitimité, d’effectivité et d’efficacité. En étudiant la trajectoire des réfugiés maliens dans les camps de Abala et Tabarey-barey au Niger, en décryptant les conditions posées à leur retour, nous pouvons dessiner « en creux » un « besoin d’Etat » matériel et symbolique, exprimé de manière plus ou moins consciente par les réfugiés. Mais le processus de reconstruction de l’Etat malien, conditionné par la temporalité et les modalités de la sortie du conflit, façonné par les rapports de force internes et externes esquisse une toute autre réalité étatiqueIn 2012, Mali experienced a conflict that was unprecedented even in a string of rebellious movements by the Touareg population since the country’s independence. The ensuing crisis has not yet been resolved. The reconstruction of the state and the return of the displaced and refugee populations of Mali are at the heart of the post-conflict problem. These two issues are related and have affected each other for a long time. The failure and weakness of the Malian state, which was not considered fragile before 2012, is one of the causes of forced migration of northern populations. The crisis since 2012 can be interpreted as the crisis of the Malian state: a crisis of legitimacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. By studying the trajectory of Malian refugees in the camps of Abala and Tabarey-barey in Niger; by decrypting the conditions laid down for their return, we can draw "in hollow" a "need of State" material and symbolic, expressed more or less consciously by the refugees. However, the process of reconstruction of the Malian state, conditioned by the temporality and modalities of the exit from the conflict, shaped by the internal and external power relations, sketches a completely different state reality
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Imerane, Maiga Amadou. "La Cour Constitutionnelle de la 5ème République du Niger : 2000 - 2009 : Une expérience de la démocratie constitutionnelle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22001.
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Cette thèse met en lumière l’apport considérable du juge constitutionnel de la 5ème République nigérienne, dans l’œuvre de la protection audacieuse du principe de la suprématie de la Constitution (du 09 août 1999). L’exposition du schéma organisationnel de la justice constitutionnelle s’opère sans préjudice du nécessaire rappel de l’histoire socio-politique mouvementée du Niger, qui n’est pas étrangère dans l’originalité qui fonde le modèle nigérien. L’évocation de l’activité constitutionnelle va s’atteler à la mise en évidence des grandes décisions de la Cour, aussi bien dans le cadre de la défense des droits fondamentaux garantis, que celui de la régulation constitutionnelle du fonctionnement des institutions de la République. La jurisprudence relative au Président de la République, qui bénéficie d’un chapitre entier est au cœur de la problématique de la consolidation de la démocratisation du Niger post-Conférence nationale de 1991. L’étude fait ressortir une trajectoire d’analyse ambivalente. D’une part, la ré-fondation de la justice constitutionnelle par la consécration d’une juridiction spécialisée et indépendante, a eu pour effet de plonger le Niger dans l’ère de la démocratie constitutionnelle. D’autre part, l’audace du juge constitutionnel s’est avérée insuffisante, face à la dérive autoritaire du Président de la République de l’été 2009 (dissolution de la Cour). Il n’en demeure pas moins que, le constitutionnalisme démocratique ébauché sous la 5ème République semble bien demeurer la révolution appropriée de lutte contre toute résurgence autoritaireThis dissertation highlights the considerable contribution of the constitutional judge of the 5th Republic of Niger, in the audacious protection work of the supremacy of the Constitution principle (the 9th of August, 1999). The presentation of the organizational structure of constitutional law requires taking into account Niger’s sociopolitical history, which has contributed to the model of constitutional justice of Niger. The evocation of constitutional activity underlines the major decisions of the Court, regarding the defense of the guaranteed basic rights as well as the constitutional regulation of the functioning of the Republic's institutions. An entire chapter is dedicated to the case law regarding the President of the Republic, which has been in the center of the issue of strengthening the democratization of Niger since the National Conference of 1991. The research results in the ambivalent analysis. On the one hand, the re-foundation of the constitutional justice through the institution of a specialized and independent jurisdiction marked Niger's entry into an era of constitutional democracy. On the other hand, the constitutional judge audacity has proved deficient facing the authoritarian trend of the President of the Republic in 2009 (dissolution of the Court). Nonetheless, the democratic constitutionalism designed under the 5th Republic of Niger seems to remain an appropriate revolution to fight against any authoritarian resurgence
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Santos, Sharline Florentino de Melo. "Estudo da produ??o de pectinase por fermenta??o em estado s?lido utilizando ped?nculo de caju como substrato." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15876.
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Previous issue date: 2007-12-20Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Pectinolytic enzymes, or simply pectinases, are complex enzymes that degrade pectic polymers. They have many uses, such as fruit juice extraction and purification, textile fiber treatment and vegetal oil extraction. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of pectinases production by solid-state fermentation, using dry cashew apple residue as substrate and the microorganism Aspergillus niger CCT 0916. The influence of the initial medium moisture and medium supplementation with a source of nitrogen and phosphorus was evaluated using the factorial experimental planning and response surface methodology. Ammonia sulphate and potassium phosphate were used as nitrogen and phosphorus source, respectively. The variables time of contact (T) and ratio volume solvent/fermented medium (RZ), in systems with and without agitation, were evaluated in order to study the best extraction condition of the produced enzyme. Washed and unwashed cashew apple residues were tested as the growth medium. The unwashed residue was obtained by drying the residue after the extraction of the juice, while the washed residue was obtained by water washing 5 times using the proportion of 1 kg pulp/2 liters of water. Samples were taken every 12 hours for moisture content, pH, protein, reducing sugars, polygalacturonase activity (PG) and viscosity reduction. The physical-chemical composition of the residues had different sugar and pectin levels. For the unwashed residue, the peak activity was reached with 40% of initial moisture content, 1% of nitrogen supplementation without phosphorus addition after 30 hours of process. These conditions led to 16 U/g of PG activity and 82% of viscosity reduction. The calculated models reached similar values to the experimental ones in the same process conditions: 15.55 U/g of PG and 79.57% of viscosity eduction. Similarly, the greatest enzyme production for washed residue was reached with 40% initial moisture content, 1% nitrogen supplementation without phosphorus addition after 22 hours of cultivation. In this condition it was obtained polygalacturonase activity of 9.84 U/g and viscosity reduction of 81.36%. These values are close to experimental values that were of 10.1 U/g and 81%, respectively. The conditions that led to the best PG activity results was the agitated one and the best extraction condition was obtained with 100 minutes of solvent/medium contact and RZ of 5 (mL/g)
As enzimas pectinol?ticas ou pectinases formam um grupo heterog?neo de enzimas que hidrolisam as subst?ncias p?cticas, s?o usadas na extra??o de suco de fruta e sua clarifica??o, tratamento de fibra t?xtil e extra??o de ?leo vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da produ??o de pectinases (cin?tica fermentativa) atrav?s da fermenta??o em estado s?lido, usando como substrato o ped?nculo de caju seco e como agente da fermenta??o o microrganismo Aspergillus niger CCT 0916. Utilizando a metodologia do planejamento experimental fatorial e an?lise de superf?cie de resposta estudou-se a influ?ncia da umidade inicial do meio, suplementa??o do meio com fonte de nitrog?nio e fonte de f?sforo. Como fonte de nitrog?nio foi utilizado o sulfato de am?nia e como fonte de f?sforo o fosfato de pot?ssio monob?sico. Estudou-se, tamb?m, a melhor condi??o de extra??o da enzima produzida do meio de fermenta??o. Neste caso, foram estudadas as vari?veis: raz?o volume de solvente/gramas de meio fermentado e tempo de contato entre as fases, utilizando-se dois sistemas de extra??o com e sem agita??o. Como meio de cultivo foram utilizados dois res?duos do ped?nculo de caju: res?duo sem lavar e res?duo lavado. Estes res?duos diferem devido ao tratamento dado antes da secagem. O sem lavar foi obtido secando o res?duo ap?s a extra??o do suco, enquanto que o lavado, foi obtido lavando-se com ?gua, cinco vezes, ap?s a extra??o do suco, na propor??o 1 kg de baga?o para 2 litros de ?gua. A caracteriza??o f?sico-qu?mica dos res?duos mostrou composi??es diferentes, principalmente em rela??o aos teores de a??cares redutores e pectina. Durante o cultivo foram analisados, em intervalos de aproximadamente 12 horas, umidade do meio, pH, teor de prote?na, a??cares redutores, atividade da poligalacturonase (PG) e o percentual de redu??o de viscosidade. Para o res?duo sem lavar o pico de atividade foi com 40% de umidade e 1% de nitrog?nio, sem adi??o de f?sforo, com 30 horas de cultivo sendo 16 U/g de atividade de PG e 82% de redu??o de viscosidade. As equa??es emp?ricas obtidas fornecem valores bem pr?ximos aos experimentais nas mesmas condi??es de processo, 15,55 U/g de PG e 79,57% de redu??o de viscosidade para o res?duo sem lavar. Assim como para o res?duo sem lavar, para o res?duo lavado os picos de produ??o da enzima ocorreram para as mesmas condi??es de processo: umidade de 40%, nitrog?nio de 1%, sem adi??o de f?sforo, com 22 horas de cultivo. Nesta condi??o, obteve-se atividade da poligalacturonase de 9,84 U/g e percentual de redu??o de viscosidade de 81,36%. Estes valores est?o bem pr?ximos aos valores experimentais que foram de 10,1 U/g de PG e 81%, respectivamente. Na extra??o da PG o sistema que apresentou os melhores resultados de atividade foi o operado com agita??o e a melhor condi??o de extra??o foi com o tempo de contato solvente com o meio de fermenta??o de 100 minutos e a raz?o volume de solvente com o meio fermentado 5 (mL/g)
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Abba, Gana Souleymane. "Economie des guerres civiles : analyse économique des conflits armés intra-étatiques en Afrique Occidentale." Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0103.
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Les guerres civiles en Afrique sont multiples, désastreuses et multicausales. Cependant les analyses privilégient fréquemment les causes identitaires liées à l‟ethnique ou à des faits historiques. Il est proposé ici, une analyse différente par une approche économique. Si au sens de l‟économie classique ou néoclassique, les ressources naturelles sont une dotation constituant un avantage absolu ou comparatif, en Afrique, elles contribuent à alimenter les guerres intra-étatiques pénalisant ainsi tout effort de développement. L‟exploitation d‟uranium au Niger, loin de permettre une performance économique grâce aux revenus qu‟elle génère, représente a contrario une double source de « malédiction » : Conforme au « syndrome hollandais » accompagné de la médiocrité économique qui le caractérise mais constitue également un enjeu autour duquel se fonde la rébellion arméeThe civil wars in Africa are multiple, disastrous and multicausal. However analyses privilege frequently the identical causes connected to the ethnic or to the historic facts. It is proposed here, a different analysis by an economic approach. If in the sense of the classic or neo-classic economy, natural resources are an endowment constituting an absolute or comparative advantage, in Africa, they contribute to feed the intra-state wars punishing any effort of development. The exploitation of uranium in Niger, far from allowing an economic performance thanks to the income which it generates, represents a double source of "curse": in compliance with the "dutch disease" accompanied with the economic mediocrity which characterizes it but also constitutes a stake in which bases the armed rebellion
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França, Hiléia Camargo Ribeiro. "Produção de ácido cítrico a partir do cultivo de Aspergillus niger e Trichoderma reesei em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e fermentação etanólica do extrato fúngico." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7976.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Solid-state cultivation (SSC) are characterized by microbial growth on solid supports, often agroindustrial by-products, in conditions of absence of free water. Citric acid and ethanol are important commercial bioproducts used in various industrial sectors, which could be obtained by SSC of fungi from bagasse sugarcane and vinasse, with subsequent fermentation, minimizing the cost of production with the use two industrial byproducts. Fungi consortium has advantages over the isolated cultures, highlighting the best use of substrates due to enzyme supplementation, especially in terms of hydrolases. In this sense, the aim of this research was to evaluate the SSC of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei alone for the production of citric acid from sugarcane bagasse impregnated with different solutions (sucrose and vinasse) and the consortium of these fungi followed by ethanol fermentation of fungal yeast extract. The experimental steps set up the cultivation of A. niger for production of citric acid from submerged particles of sugarcane bagasse; SSC of A. niger and T. reesei alone and mixed using as impregnating with and without sucrose solution and vinasse pretreated with acid hydrolysis; ethanol fermentation of fungal extract by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results indicate the feasibility of Aspergillus niger´growth on submerged particles of sugarcane bagasse for citric acid production in medium with addition of sucrose. SSC of this fungus from sugarcane bagasse resulted in 103 mg L-1 of citric acid content in 4 days without addition of sucrose to the solid medium. Similarly, SSC of Trichoderma reesei in sugarcane bagasse leads citric acid production around 67 mg L-1 with raw vinasse in the first growth day. Specific production of 2.51 mg g-1 h-1 in terms of citric acid was obtained from the fungal consortium higher than that obtained using the two fungi alone. Ethanol fermentation tests by Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the fungal extract obtained by the SSC indicated that it is feasible to obtain a second bioproduct, especially high yield of glucose into ethanol to extract condition obtained from T. reesei without sucrose in 5 days. Results suggests the viability in the use of two important by-products of the sugarcane industry via microbial consortium by SSC, leading an interesting research field with various scientific and regional aspects.
O cultivo em estado sólido (CES) caracteriza-se pelo crescimento microbiano em suportes sólidos, muitas vezes subprodutos agroindustriais, em condições próximas da ausência de água livre. Ácido cítrico e etanol são importantes bioprodutos comerciais utilizados em vários setores industriais, os quais poderiam ser obtidos agregando o CES de fungos a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e vinhaça, com posterior fermentação, minimizando o custo de sua produção com o aproveitamento de dois subprodutos industriais. O consórcio de fungos apresenta vantagens sobre as culturas isoladas, destacando-se no melhor aproveitamento dos substratos devido à complementação enzimática, principalmente em termos de hidrolases. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o CES de Aspergillus niger e Trichoderma reesei isoladamente para a produção de ácido cítrico a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar impregnado com soluções distintas (sacarose e vinhaça), assim como o consórcio destes fungos, seguido de fermentação etanólica do extrato fúngico por leveduras. As etapas experimentais desta dissertação compreendem o cultivo de A. niger para produção de ácido cítrico a partir de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar submersas; CES de A. niger e T. reesei isoladamente e consorciados utilizando como soluções impregnantes água deionizada com e sem sacarose e vinhaça bruta e pré-tratada com hidrólise ácida; fermentação etanólica do extrato fúngico por Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade do cultivo de Aspergillus niger em partículas de bagaço de canade- açúcar submersas com produção de ácido cítrico em meio com adição de sacarose. O CES deste fungo a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar levou a uma produção máxima de 103 mg L-1 de ácido cítrico em 4 dias sem adição de sacarose ao meio sólido. Da mesma forma, Trichoderma reesei apresentou crescimento em bagaço de cana-deaçúcar, com destaque para a produção de ácido cítrico em torno de 67 mg L-1 com vinhaça bruta em 1 dia. A produção específica de 2,51 mg g-1h-1 em termos de ácido cítrico foi obtida com o consórcio fúngico, superior ao obtido empregando os dois fungos isoladamente. Os ensaios de fermentação etanólica por Saccharomyces cerevisiae a partir do extrato fúngico obtido pelo CES indicaram que é viável a obtenção de um segundo bioproduto, com destaque para o elevado rendimento de glicose em etanol para a condição de extrato obtido a partir de T. reesei sem sacarose em 5 dias. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram a viabilidade no aproveitamento de dois subprodutos importantes do setor sucroenergético via consórcios microbianos por CES, possibilitando um campo de pesquisas interessante devido aos seus diversos aspectos científicos e regionais.
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Habáníková, Kamila. "Využití odpadů rostlinného původu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216669.
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Production of cellulase and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger and Aureobasidium pullulans was studied in submerged (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) systems. Substrates used in fermentation systems were mandarin peels and grape pomace. With Aspergillus niger used on grape pomace as a sole carbon source, cellulase production was detected after 72 hours in SSF and after 24 hours in SmF systems. The activity of cellulase per gram of substrate was higher in a submerged than in a solid state fermentation system. The longer time for higher polygalacturonase production was necessary in submerged fermentation systems and polygalacturonase activity was higher in SmF. The SSF fermentation with mandarin peels as a sole carbon source was similar, the highest detected activity of cellulase was determined after 72 hours. Different production of polygalacturonase was observed on mandarin peels in SmF systems. A comparison of enzyme productivities on grape pomace and mandarin peels showed that polygalacturonase activity per gram of substrate is highest in SmF system with mandarin peels as a sole carbon source. With Aureobasidium pullulans used on grape pomace as a sole carbon source, cellulase production was detected after 48 hours in SmF and SSF fermentation systems. The activity of cellulase per gram of substrate was higher in solid state system than in a submerged fermentation system. Longer time for higher polygalacturonase production was necessary in both fermentation systems. Polygalacturonase activity was higher in SmF. The SSF fermentation with mandarin peels as a sole carbon source was similar, the highest detected activity of cellulase was determined after 48 hours. Different production of polygalacturonase was observed on mandarin peels in SmF systems. A comparison of enzyme productivities on grape pomace and mandarin peels showed that polygalacturonase activity per gram of substrate is highest in SmF system with mandarin peels as a sole carbon source. For both systems and both substrates manganese-dependent peroxidase was detected for the first time. Differences in the enzyme synthesis by Aspergillus niger and Aureobasidium pullulans depend on both the substrates used as well as on the fermentation system.
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Özel, Feryal, Dimitrios Psaltis, Zaven Arzoumanian, Sharon Morsink, and Michi Bauböck. "MEASURING NEUTRON STAR RADII VIA PULSE PROFILE MODELING WITH NICER." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622456.
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The Neutron-star Interior Composition Explorer is an X-ray astrophysics payload that will be placed on the International Space Station. Its primary science goal is to measure with high accuracy the pulse profiles that arise from the non-uniform thermal surface emission of rotation-powered pulsars. Modeling general relativistic effects on the profiles will lead to measuring the radii of these neutron stars and to constraining their equation of state. Achieving this goal will depend, among other things, on accurate knowledge of the source, sky, and instrument backgrounds. We use here simple analytic estimates to quantify the level at which these backgrounds need to be known in order for the upcoming measurements to provide significant constraints on the properties of neutron stars. We show that, even in the minimal-information scenario, knowledge of the background at a few percent level for a background-to-source countrate ratio of 0.2 allows for a measurement of the neutron star compactness to better than 10% uncertainty for most of the parameter space. These constraints improve further when more realistic assumptions are made about the neutron star emission and spin, and when additional information about the source itself, such as its mass or distance, are incorporated.
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Faivre, Pierre-Marie. "Le traitement des questions de sécurité dans la région sahélo-saharienne : étude des approches malienne, nigérienne et burkinabè." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB171.
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La récurrence des crises politiques et sécuritaires dans la région sahélo-saharienne continue de mettre en lumière les multiples facteurs d'instabilité qui la touchent. Plaçant l'État au centre de notre réflexion, nous verrons que, si ces fragilités peuvent être le fruit de facteurs exogènes, elles constituent surtout le résultat de décisions endogènes. Partant de ce constat, cette étude analysera les politiques mises en place par les autorités du Burkina Faso, du Mali et du Niger, le cadre régional dans lequel elles s'inscrivent et les interdépendances qu'elles contractent. Face à la faiblesse de ces pays, la solution d'une approche régionale a été plébiscitée mais son efficacité se heurte à la défense des intérêts particuliers des États et de leurs gouvernantsThe repetition of political and security crisis in the Sahel region highlights the multiplicity of factors of instability. The State being at the center of our study, we will observe that, despite exogenous threats, its fragility is mostly the result of endogenous decisions. This said, our work will analyze policies implemented by the authorities of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, the regional frame in which they place themselves and the mutual dependence they contracted. To counter the weakness of these countries, the regional approach has benne praised. Its effectiveness must, however, face the defense of rulers' and States' particular interests
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Omeje, Kenneth C. "The State, Conflict and Evolving Politics in the Niger Delta Nigeria." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3052.
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NoThe prime concern by the Nigerian state in the management of the oil conflicts in the Niger Delta has been to maximise oil revenues. What is probably most confounding about this strategy is the evolving tendency to twist and treat every conflict in the Niger Delta, including some episodic 'epi-oil' conflicts abetted or orchestrated by the state itself, as oil conflicts. In other words, there is a tendency on the part of the state to wittingly 'oilify' some apparently extra-oil conflicts. Compared to other regimes before it, the present civilian administration has probably contributed most to the fast-tracking of this evolving phenomenon. This article unravels and analyses the evolving politics of oilification of extra-oil conflicts in the Niger Delta, its underlying rationale and consequences. Oilification, as the study demonstrates, is yet another in the series of dangerous contradictions engendered by the Nigerian state. How this and other dangerous contradictions could possibly be solved is a research conundrum for the relevant cognoscenti of state-society relations and conflicts in Nigeria. But would the Nigerian state take on board any useful and promising solutions materialising from such studies? This is most unlikely in the present conjuncture given the prevailing configuration of interests in the state.
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Price, Michael Scott. "Characterization of aspergillus niger for removal of copper and zinc from swine watstewater." 2000. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/etd/public/etd-59291513310041031/etd.pdf.
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Wang, Yi-Chen, and 王苡蓁. "Enhanced Transglucosidase activity and arbutin production from Aspergillus niger by solid-state fermentation strategy." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xt3zsb.
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Lin, Sheng-Yen, and 林聖晏. "Wheat Bran as the Substrate for Cellulase Production by Aspergillus niger Under Solid-State Fermentation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99705278755872948515.
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碩士大同大學
生物工程學系(所)
101
Wheat bran was used as substrate for cellulase production using Aspergillus niger . A circular bamboo steamer (9 cm ID) was used in the solid culture under the following culture condition: initial substrate pH 4.8; temperature 30°C; 40% moisture content, incubation time 6 days. Ten percent (v/w) of liquid seed culture was inoculated to the wheat bran. The maximum cellulase activity was 18.4 FPU/g-DW in 3 days, and ??glucosidase 189.4 U/g-DW, CMCase 108.8 U/g-DW, xylanase 245.2 U/g-DW were concurrently obtained after 4-6 days of cultivation. The culture was scaled up to 300 g wheat bran using a koji buta (wood tray). The maximum celluase and ??glucosidase activity were 20.5 FPU/g-DW and 255 U/g-DW respectively. When water content of the solid medium was replaced by 10% (w/v) cellulose hydrolysate, the cellulase increased to 27.1 FPU/g-DW. Alkali-treated sugar cane bagasse, mixed with wheat bran in various ratios, was used as substrate for solid culture to produce cellulase. Cellulase activity decreased with increasing content of sugar cane bagasse. Cellulase activity of 9.6 FPU/g-DW was achieved using sugar cane bagasse supplememnt with wheat bran in the ratio of 4:1. Cellulase activity (FPU) could increase up to 1.36 fold by addition of commercial beta-glucosidase to the crude extract of the solid culture. The present study showed the possibility of industrial scale production of cellulase using Aspergillus niger. The cellulase activities produced from lab scale to pilot scale are high compared with many published articles. Further investigation of the properties of the cellulase is needed in applying to ethanol production using lignocellulose.
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Chen, Yuan-chi, and 陳淵琪. "Cellulase production by Aspergillus niger under solid-state fermentation and applied in cellulosic ethanol production." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38aat6.
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碩士大同大學
生物工程學系(所)
102
Wheat bran was used as substrate for Aspergillus niger TU-17 to produce cellulase. A circular bamboo steamer (9 cm ID) was used in the solid culturing process under the following culture condition: initial substrate pH 4.8; temperature 30°C; 40% moisture content, incubation time 6 days. 10% (v/w) of liquid seed culture was inoculated to the wheat bran. The maximum cellulase activity was 26 FPU/g-DS on the 4th day, and 刍-glucosidase 130 U/g-DS, CMCase 62.3 U/g-DS, xylanase 250.8 U/g-DS were concurrently obtained after 4-6 days of cultivation. The cellulase was extracted from the solid substrate and concentrated, the specific activity of FPU, 刍-glucosidase, CMCase, and xylanase were 17.7 U/mg, 87.8 U/mg, 42.1 U/mg, 169.5 U/mg respectively. The individual specific activity of cellulase in this study was compared to some commercial cellulases. The cellulase of this study was employed to produce ethanol from 脉-cellulose. This process was carried out by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using a thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus at 40 牵C. A 112.5 FPU cellulase from Asp. niger was added to 100 ml medium with 7.5, 5, and 2.5 g 脉-cellulose (Sigma). The theoretical yields of ethanol production were 56, 42, 24 % from 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% 脉-cellulose respectively. The supplement of commercial 刍-glucosidase increased the ethanol conversion yield to 82 % in 7.5% 脉-cellulose. The results indicated that cellulase produced from Asp. niger in this study can be used in ethanol production using the lignocellulose of agricultural wastes.
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Eyitsede, Tosan S. N. "Oil pollution management and environmental assessment in the Niger Delta : a case study of operations of Chevron Nigeria LTD in Ugborodo community in Delta State of Nigeria." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4941.
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Since the discovery of oil in Nigeria, way back in 1950s, the country has invariably suffered some negative environmental consequences such as oil pollution resulting from gas flaring and oil extraction, loss of mangrove trees, which before now was a source of livelihood for the indigenous people and habitat for the area’s biodiversity. Oil production activities have caused contamination of marine life, and habitat, which in turn have had negative consequences on the health of humans, who consume the sea food. Inadequate attention had been paid by the successive Governments of Nigeria and the oil companies to these environmental problems over the years.
In this study, an assessment of the effects of oil and gas exploration and exploitation on the nearby communities in some of Chevron’s operational areas was carried out using the Ugborodo community as a case study. Furthermore, investigations were carried out on the toxicity effects of the Escravos crude oil on aquatic organisms like Tilapia and a terrestrial organism such as the Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris,). The study established the effect and the impact of crude oil when exposed to such organisms mentioned above. The rate of death of barbus fingerlings of Tilapia and the Earthworm (Lumbricus Terrestris) at different concentrations of crude oil was determined and reported. The community survey undertaken by polling data shows the dwindling of the natural resources of the area due to oil exploration and the survey indicate the impacts on natural resources from pollution by crude oil and the consequences on the affected communities using the Ugborodo community in the Chevron’s Nigeria Limited Operational base as a case study.Environmental Sciences
M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Eze, Jude Nwafor. "Vulnerability and adaptation to climate variability and extremes: A case study of flooding in Niger state, Nigeria." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1517.
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Student Number : 0413447J -
MSc research report -
School of Geography and Environmental Studies -
Faculty of ScienceThis research analyses the vulnerability and adaptation of communities living along the River Kaduna floodplain at Shiroro Local Government in Niger State to flood occurrences. These communities are one of the most flood-prone areas in Niger State, with fertile alluvial deposits for agricultural production. The analysis of rainfall and flood flow into the Kaduna River System shows that there is an increasing flood frequency and flood magnitude along the River Kaduna for the past two decades because of slight increase in rainfall amount. Although there is a slight increase in rainfall amounts, the flooding of the Kaduna River could be regarded as normal. This is because there is no major change in rainfall amounts. Therefore, any slight increase in rainfall may cause flooding. The 1990s with slight increase in rainfall coincides with the period of abundant flood flow in the Kaduna River System and very significant runoff into the Kaduna reservoir. Floods have impacted negatively on the life of the people living on the floodplain resulting into food insecurity, poverty and vulnerability to malnutrition and other health problems among the communities in Shiroro Local Government Area. There are three vulnerable groups identified within the communities (the very poor, those residing on the floodplain and those that depend only on agriculture). These three groups identified lack accesses to good shelters and social amenities like electricity, good water, roads, health facilities and schools. Moreover, this research shows that the adaptive capacity of these communities is being severely compromised by factors such as poverty, poor infrastructure, weakening social networks and environmental degradation.
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Wu, Wen-Shin, and 吳文歆. "Evaluation of the physiological properties of fermented soybean hypocotyl in solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger M46." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kw27mh.
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碩士國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
99
The purpose of the study was to determine the contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in the extracts of the fermented soybean hypocotyl in solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger M46, and evaluating their physiological properties. In this study, 95%ethanol, 99.9%methanol and 70% methanol were used as the solvent to extract the fermented soybean hypocotyl. The results showed that the DPPH radical scavenging ability was 42.58, 44.93 and 56.28%, respectively, at the extract concentration of 0.53 mg/mL. Significantly higher (p<0.05) of DPPH scavenging ability of 70% methanol extracts was found when compared to the other two solvents. After solid-state fermentation, the total polyphenolic content of fermented hypocotyl was approximately 3 fold higher than non-fermented samples. The content of flavonoids in fermented hypocotyl was 3.9 fold higher than non-fermented ones. The DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power of fermented sample was 6.49 and 8.12 fold higher than non-fermented hypocotyl, respectively. The growth of cancer cell was inhibited at 81.53 and 51.47% when treated with 1.3333 mg/mL for AGS and Caco-2 cells, respectively. However, hypocotyl without fermentation had no inhibition effect on those cancer cell. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, methanol extracts of fermented and non-fermented hypocotyl could suppress NO production in LPS-induced macrophages, and fermented sample showed 1.61 fold higher than non-fermented hypocotyl. In addition to suppression of NO production, fermented hypocotyl extracts could suppress IL-1b production significantly; however, for suppression of IL-6 and TNF-a production in LPS-induced macrophages, significant effect was observed only at extract concentration of 400 ug/mL. For 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, the hypocotyl extract had no suppressive effect on their differentiation, but high dose could cause the death of the cells. Methanol extracts of fermented hypocotyl were chromatographed and separated using HPLC. Fractions at retention times of 23, 25, 34 and 35 min. were collected to evaluation their functionality. The results showed that the fraction at 34 min. retention time had the best DPPH radical scavenging ability and NO production suppression ability. The fraction of fermented hypocotyl at 34 min. retention time showed potential to be the functional ingredient and further studies are needed.
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Tsai, Ching-Hsuan, and 蔡靜萱. "Production of mannan oligosaccharide using β-mannanase produced by Aspergillus niger on palm kernel cake in solid state fermentation." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cmwjgq.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
食品科學系所
106
Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries are the main production areas of palm oil. Palm kernel cake (PKC), a waste product of the palm kernel oil extraction process contains more than 70% mannan of non-starch polysaccharides and therefore can serve as an excellent low-cost substrate for mannan oligosaccharide production. Mannan oligosaccharide can be used by probiotics in animal intestine to improve the composition of flora, and can stimulate the secretion of cytokines and chemokines from macrophages to enhance the immune response. In Southeast Asia, PKC is usually added into feed to increase the quality and nutritional value, but there is no reference demonstrated the application of enzyme on PKC for mannan oligosaccharide production. The objective of this study is to produce mannan oligosaccharide using β-mannanase produced by Aspergillus niger on PKC in solid state fermentation. The proximate analysis of PKC showed it contained 68.69±0.08% of carbohydrate, 15.43±0.18% of crude protein, 10.03±0.05% of moisture, 4.54±0.11% of crude ash and 1.31±0.24% effect of enzyme content by adding guar gum and locust bean gum as co-factor. The highest enzyme activity was shown when adding 1.5% of both carbon source co-factors. After PKC was hydrolyzed by crude enzyme solution for 30 minutes, 53.38±3.24 mg/g of total sugar, 34.58±0.17 mg/g of reducing sugar and 26.51±0.18 mg/g of mannan oligosaccharide were obtained. Mannobiose and mannotriose were the main contents of mannan oligosaccharides in the hydrolyzed product. The utilization of PKC could be enhanced by production of mannan oligosaccharide using β-mannanase.
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Raymond, Akinbinu Tope. "Knowledge of Computer Vision Syndrome among computer users in the workplace in Abuja, Nigeria." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9780.
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Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge and extent of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) among computer users in the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Abuja, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to 100 computer users aged between 18 and 40 years. The study findings revealed that 40 respondents (40%) were aware of CVS and 27 (27%) of them had knowledge of the disorder. 74 (74%) of the respondents experienced at least one symptom of CVS. Headache and eyestrain were the most common symptom of CVS among the population. The study also revealed that the internet (accounting for 50%) was the major source of information about CVS awareness. The study concluded that 27% knowledge level is too low and much emphasis is needed to educate the people at risk of CVSHealth Studies
M.A. (Public Health)
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Atu, Eko. "Policy Assessment of Casualization of Labour in Industries: A case Study of Niger Mills Company Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/994.
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Nyirakamana, Colette. "La décentralisation au Niger : le cas de la mobilisation des ressources financières dans la ville de Niamey." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11992.
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La décentralisation implantée en 2004 au Niger, a pour objectif de promouvoir le développement « par le bas » et de diffuser les principes démocratiques dans les milieux locaux, afin d’améliorer les conditions de vie des populations. Les recherches sur le sujet font état d’un écart considérable entre les objectifs et les réalisations de la décentralisation. Les facteurs avancés pour expliquer cet écart sont entre autres, le faible appui technique et financier de l’État envers les collectivités territoriales ou encore la quasi-inexistence d’une fonction publique locale qualifiée et apte à prendre en charge les projets de décentralisation. Toutefois, ces observations s’avèrent insuffisantes pour rendre compte des difficultés rencontrées par les acteurs de la décentralisation au Niger. Nous affirmons que les partis politiques jouent un rôle fondamental dans le processus de décentralisations. Ceux-ci diffusent des stratégies d’influence politique et de patronage dans les arènes locales. Les stratégies des partis politiques entravent les initiatives des acteurs locaux, notamment leur capacité de mobilisation des ressources financières.Decentralization began in 2004 in Niger, aims to promote development "from below" and spreading democratic principles in local communities, in order to improve the living conditions of populations. Research available shows a considerable gap between goals and achievements of decentralization. Factors presented by researchers to explain this difference are the weak technical and financial support of the State toward local authorities, or the quasi-absence of a qualified local civil service, able to support decentralization projects. However, these arguments are insufficient to explain the difficulties encountered by decentralization actors. Thus, I argue that political parties play a key role in the decentralization process. They disseminate political influence strategies and patronage practices in local arenas. Therefore, their strategies hinder local actors’ actions, especially their ability to mobilize financial resources.
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Abejide, Taiye Samuel. "Oil and the Ijaw people of the Niger Delta States : 1956 to 1998." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12505.
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D.Litt.et. Phil. (Historical Studies)This thesis focuses on Oil and the Ijaw people of Niger Delta States: 1956 to 1998. The rationale and motivating factor is to trace the general environmental problems associated with oil production in the Ijaw village communities that have impacted on the livelihood of the Ijaw people. The thesis is the product of research conducted into the Ijaw environment before the discovery of crude oil, to determine whether their socio-economic and political activities impacted on it through conflict as a result of oil-related pollution and degradation in the 1990s. Oil was discovered in commercially viable quantities in 1956 in the Oloibiri Ijaw community. Extraction by Shell-BP and Chevron started soon afterwards. It examines the complexities of the operations, management and control strategy employed by the federal government under a joint venture agreement with the oil multinationals, particularly through the various regulatory laws passed to protect the Ijaw inhabitants and their environment. This thesis explores and investigates the impact of oil production, particularly of the perennial pollution and flaring of gas, on the soil, vegetation and climate in areas allocated to major oil producers in the Ijaw community. It contributes to existing knowledge on the responses of the federal government and the oil multinationals to pollution and its impact on the traditional fishing and farming of most Ijaws. It explains the main reason the Ijaws demanded greater control of oil resources and a fair share of revenue in the 1990s. The government’s repressive responses exacerbated the environmental struggle by the local protesters against both government and oil companies. This thesis explores the various steps undertaken by the federal government to resolve the conflict associated with environmental problems in Oloibiri, Nembe, Otuasega, Imiringi, Anyama, Kolo-Creeks, which constitute some Ijaw oil-producing communities. The performances and functioning of government agencies, such as NDDB (1961), FEPA (1988) and OMPADEC (1992), at local level are investigated. The main reason for survival strategy in adapting to the environmental problems associated with oil pollution by the Ijaws, and why they were unsuccessful, is also examined.