Journal articles: 'Nigeria – Colonization'

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Astuti, Anjar Dwi. "A PORTRAYAL OF NIGERIAN AFTER CIVIL WAR IN CHINUA ACHEBE’S CIVIL PEACE (1971)." Journal of Culture, Arts, Literature, and Linguistics (CaLLs) 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/calls.v3i2.875.

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African literature has strong relation with colonialism, not only because they had ever been colonized but also because of civil war. Civil Peace (1971), a short story written by Chinua Achebe, tells about how Nigerian survive and have to struggle to live after Nigerian Civil War. It is about the effects of the war on the people, and the “civil peace” that followed. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, 6 July 1967–15 January 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted annexation of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. Knowing the relation between the story and the Nigerian Civil War, it is assured that there is a history depicted in Civil Peace. In this article, the writer portrays the history and the phenomenon of colonization in Nigeria by using new historical and postcolonial criticism approaches.Keywords: history, colonization, civil war

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Anyanwu, Ogechi E. "Crime and Justice in Postcolonial Nigeria: The Justifications and Challenges of Islamic Law of Shari'ah." Journal of Law and Religion 21, no. 2 (2006): 315–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400005646.

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Nowhere, in recent times, has the question of the Islamic Law of Shari’ah produced such a crescendo of concern, posed such a challenge to the prevailing justice system, as in Nigeria. In "modern" societies, the criminal justice system not only produces social solidarity by reaffirming the society's bond and its adherence to certain norms, but also serves to legitimize the political authority of the state. In the postcolonial pluralistic society of Nigeria, the criminal justice system has been fundamentally influenced by the ascendancy of Western penology. During the era of European colonization of Africa, existing systems of justice were suppressed; in Nigeria's case, by the British imperial power. Predictably, the British system of justice clashed with the indigenous systems. Nowhere is this historical conflict more manifest than in the ongoing challenge Shari’a has posed to the Nigerian state. Shari’ah was an incendiary issue during the colonial period (1900-60) in Nigeria, and has continued to challenge the classical view of the modern state ever since. This challenge has reshaped Nigeria's postcolonial criminal justice system. Here religion, politics, and society intersect, shedding light on the arrival, reactions, and crises of modernity, themes that run through the Shari’ah controversy like interwoven threads.

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Searight, H. Russell. "Culture, Colonization, and the Development of Psychiatry in Nigeria." Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 39, no. 1 (November 21, 2014): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-014-9422-7.

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Okolo, OM, MG Ayanbimpe, AB Toma, AE Envulado, I. Olubukunnola, A. Izang, FE Obishakin, et al. "Neonatal Oral Colonization with Candida in Jos, North-Central Nigeria." Journal of BioMedical Research and Clinical Practice 3, no. 4 (December 24, 2020): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jbrcp.198.

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Candida tropicalis exists as part of the community of fungi that colonize the oral cavity. The acquisition of the oral colonizers may be altered by factors such as pregnancy events and outcomes, mode of delivery. This pilot study aimed to determine the Candida species that colonize the oral cavity of neonates and some maternal/neonatal factors that affect neonatal oral colonization. This was a cross sectional study in three tertiary health care facility in Jos, North-Central Nigeria. Oral swab samples were collected from the neonates and processed using both phenotypic and molecular techniques. The rate of neonatal oral colonization was 6.9%. The four Candida species isolated and characterized were Candida tropicalis as confirmed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Candida tropicalis is one of the major neonatal oral colonizers. This pilot study emphasizes the need for routine determination of common agents of oral colonization to predict the impact on adult health.

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Iyun, Omobolaji Ibukun, Olubunmi Bankole, Obafunke Olufunmilayo Denloye, and Bamidele Olubukola Popoola. "Mutans streptococci colonization in early childhood caries in Ibadan, Nigeria." Pediatric Dental Journal 24, no. 3 (December 2014): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdj.2014.08.001.

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Poulsen, Casper S., Akinwale M. Efunshile, Jenna A. Nelson, and Christen R. Stensvold. "Epidemiological Aspects of Blastocystis Colonization in Children in Ilero, Nigeria." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, no. 1 (July 6, 2016): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0074.

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Maikanti, Sale, Austin Chukwu, Moses Gideon Odibah, and Moses Valentina Ogu. "Globalization as a Factor for Language Endangerment: Nigerian Indigenous Languages in Focus." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i9.1055.

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Globalization can be viewed from economic, cultural and socio-political perspectives including information and communication technology (ICT). In view of this, it is seen as the increasing empowerment of western cultural values including language, philosophy and world view. In many African countries Nigeria inclusive, English language which is the language of colonization is gradually becoming a global language due to its influence and subsequent adoption as the official language by many African nations which are largely multi-cultural and multilingual under the British colony. This trend has not only relegated the status of Nigerian Indigenous languages to the background but has also threatened their existence in Nigeria which accommodates over 500 native languages. If this trend is left unchecked, the ill-wind of globalization will gradually sweep the native languages including the so-called major ones (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) out of existence particularly in Nigeria. This paper discusses globalization as one of the major factors for language endangerment with respect to Nigeria as a nation, with a view to proffering possible solutions capable of sustaining and empowering the nation’s socio-cultural and economic stability.

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Adejumobi, Saheed A., and Adeline Apena. "Colonization, Commerce, and Enterpreneurship in Nigeria: The Western Delta, 1914-1960." African Economic History, no. 26 (1998): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601703.

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Obiakor, Festus E., and Michael O. Afọláyan. "Analysis and Opinion: Building Paradigms for the Change of Special Education in Nigeria." Journal of International Special Needs Education 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9782/2159-4341-15.1.44.

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Traditionally, colonization and other societal problems such as cultural attitudes and beliefs, negative perceptions, lack of funding, poor teacher education as well as a lack of significant viable legal mandates have culminated to hindering opportunities to help all persons with disabilities in Nigeria. To this end, the article proposes intentional and proactive policy change that the government of Nigeria must embark upon so as to build paradigms that deviate from its current passive attitude to active engagement and conscious support for its people with disabilities.

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Biobaku Oluwafunmilola, R., O. Olaleye Atinuke, F. Adefusi Olorunwa, A. Adeyemi Babalola, O. Onipede Anthony, M. Loto Olabisi, and O. Imaralu John. "Group B streptococcus colonization and HIV in pregnancy: A cohort study in Nigeria." Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 10, no. 1 (April 11, 2017): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/npm-1685.

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Festus, Akomolafe Gbenga, and Rahmad Zakaria. "Soil Factors are the Drivers for Wetlands Colonization by Pneumatopteris afra in Nigeria." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5002-07.

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The relationships between soil factors and plant community characteristics of some wetlands invaded by Pneumatopteris afra and non-invaded ones were investigated. Sixty soil samples were obtained from six wetlands comprising three invaded and three non-invaded in Lafia, Nigeria using sixty quadrants arranged on six 200 m transects. The samples, after air-dried and sieved using 2 mm mesh were analysed for the physico-chemical properties which include pH, organic matter (OM), percentage nitrogen (% N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), exchangeable acidity (EA), percentage base saturation (% BS), particle size, porosity, bulk density (BD), hydraulic conductivity (HC), and moisture content (MC) using standard methods. Direct ordination in canonical correspondence analysis was used to determine the influence of these soil factors on P. afra abundance, Shannon diversity, and species richness of both invaded and non-invaded sites. All sites differ from each other in terms of their physico-chemical parameters. The invaded sites appeared to be more acidic (pH = 3.22), less sandy, more porous (38.11%), low HC (1.23) as compared with non-invaded ones. Soil factors that favoured abundance of P. afra(% OM and EA) correlated negatively with Shannon diversity index of invaded sites which was positively influenced by % N, pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). At the non-invaded sites, Shannon index and density were influenced positively by % BS, pH, AP, and % N. All these observations showed that the soil factors played significant roles in the establishment of P. afra at the invaded sites, and also on the plant diversity at non-invaded sites.

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Ayimoro, Oluwatoyin Dorcas. "Attaining a Lifelong and Equitable Literate Society: The Challenges of National Policies on Education for All." American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 2, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijelr.v2i2.109.

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Evidence abounds on the fact that literacy and education are important for a developed State. Also, there are global records on the movement to a knowledge based economy rather than a resource based. Thus, globally efforts are being put in place to achieve a considerable percentage of literacy among citizens if not for all because a nation that refuses to place high premium on the education of her citizenry may be toying with her level of development. Nigeria is endowed with a rich culture and indigenous education but colonization disrupted the system she would have built upon to sustain her own philosophy. She is a signatory to policy documents on the attainment of Education for All (EFA). However, despite the institution of several policies on the promotion of literacy education from pre-independence till- date, Nigeria is still battling with a large population of illiterates especially, among its females; gender inequality and less development is evident in the society. This is a reflection of inadequate attention to lifelong learning opportunities for the citizenry. Policy formulation without adequate commitment towards development from all stakeholders also pervades the Nigerian society. This, question arise, will Universal Basic Education (UBE) thrive, especially within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) taking into cognizance, the past history and the present situation on the approach to enhancing lifelong and inclusive EFA in Nigeria? Can the Universal Basic Education enhance an equitable society which will create an enabling environment for an all-round oriented sustainable development with equal opportunities for all? More so, education is essential for societal development. This paper thus examine past education initiatives of the Nigerian government within the context of enhancing a lifelong well informed egalitarian society.

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Bolutife Adedoyin, Adedeji. "A Study Investigating Bacterial Colonization on Automated Teller Machines in Ibadan Metropolis, South-West Nigeria." Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asps.2019.03.0286.

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Salami, Ali, and Bamshad Hekmatshoar Tabari. "IGBO NAMING COSMOLOGY AND NAMESYMBOLIZATION IN CHINUA ACHEBE’S TETRALOGY." Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, no. 33 (2020): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.33.2020.2.

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Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, Arrow of God and A Man of the People, the first four novels by Chinua Achebe, the contemporary Nigerian novelist, are among the most outstanding works of African postcolonial literature. As a matter of fact, each of these four novels focuses on a different colonial or postcolonial phase of history in Nigeria and through them Achebe intends to provide an authentic record of the negative and positive impacts of ‘hybridity’ on different aspects of the life of native subjects. Briefly stated, Achebe is largely successful in taking advantages of variable discursive tools he structures based on the potentials of the hybrid, Igbo-English he adopts. Thus, it might be deduced that reading these four novels in line with each other, and as chains or sequels of Tetralogy, might result in providing a more vivid picture of the Nigerian (African) subjects and the identity crises emerging in them as a result of colonization. To provide an account of the matter, the present study seeks to focus on one of the discursive strategies Achebe relies on in those four novels: Igbo Naming Cosmology and Name-symbolization.

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Salami, Ali, and Bamshad Hekmatshoar Tabari. "IGBO NAMING COSMOLOGY AND NAMESYMBOLIZATION IN CHINUA ACHEBE’S TETRALOGY." Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, no. 33 (2020): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.33.2020.2.

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Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, Arrow of God and A Man of the People, the first four novels by Chinua Achebe, the contemporary Nigerian novelist, are among the most outstanding works of African postcolonial literature. As a matter of fact, each of these four novels focuses on a different colonial or postcolonial phase of history in Nigeria and through them Achebe intends to provide an authentic record of the negative and positive impacts of ‘hybridity’ on different aspects of the life of native subjects. Briefly stated, Achebe is largely successful in taking advantages of variable discursive tools he structures based on the potentials of the hybrid, Igbo-English he adopts. Thus, it might be deduced that reading these four novels in line with each other, and as chains or sequels of Tetralogy, might result in providing a more vivid picture of the Nigerian (African) subjects and the identity crises emerging in them as a result of colonization. To provide an account of the matter, the present study seeks to focus on one of the discursive strategies Achebe relies on in those four novels: Igbo Naming Cosmology and Name-symbolization.

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Ogefere, H. O., G. Umaru, E. E. Ibadin, and R. Omoregie. "Prevalence Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Among Apparently Healthy Students Attending A Tertiary Institution In Benin City, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v27i1.15.

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This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) among apparently healthy students of a tertiary institution in Benin City, Nigeria. A total of 350 students were recruited for the study and nasal swabs were collected alongside demographic data. These swabs were processed microbiologically using standard techniques to recover staphylococci. Antimicrobial susceptibility and methicillin-resistance was determined using a phenotypic method (cefoxitin resistance). A total of 148 (42.3%) of 350 students were culture positive for S. aureus, while 72 (20.6%) were positive for CoNS. Students from Faculty of Dentistry showed the highest prevalence of nasal MRSA (40.0%) and MRCoNS (20.0%). Ofloxacin and gentamicin were the most active antibacterial agents against MRSA with 89.1% and 87.3% respectively been susceptible, while gentamicin was the most active antibiotic against MRCoNS (75.0%). Nasal colonization by MRSA and MRCoNS was unaffected by area of residence and gender (P > 0.05). The nasal carriage rate of MRSA and MRCoNS was 37.2% and 33.3% respectively. The study recommends periodic review of nasal colonization rates among apparently healthy subjects. Regulated use of antimicrobial agents is imperative in order to stem the tide of resistance. Keywords: Methicillin-resistance, Staphylococci, Students, Antibiotics

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Gaddafi, M. S., Y. Yakubu, B. Garba, M. B. Bello, A. I. Musawa, and H. Lawal. "Occurence and Antimicrobial Resistant Patterns of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Among Practicing Veterinarians in Kebbi State, Nigeria." Folia Veterinaria 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2020-0038.

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AbstractMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen incriminated in causing multiple disease conditions in humans and livestock. Studies have shown relationships between livestock rearing and increased MRSA colonization risk among farm workers, and also suggest that livestock may serves as reservoirs of the bacteria and could also infect humans via close contact and consumption of contaminated animal products. The aim of this study was to investigate if practicing veterinarians with significant livestock contacts are at risk for MRSA colonization. Therefore, a non-randomized survey was conducted to establish the presence of MRSA among veterinarians practicing in Kebbi State Nigeria, using both cultural characteristics and molecular detection of the resistant gene (mecA). Forty-one (41) nasal swabs were aseptically collected. The detection rate of MRSA in the veterinarians was 14.6 %. The study revealed a high occurrence rate of MRSA among veterinarians in the study area. The relatively high prevalence recorded among veterinarians in this study could be attributed to the poor understanding of MRSA as a disease, its mode of transmission and its status in the country which have contributed immensely to the little/no awareness of MRSA among veterinarians and hence making it favourable for the bacteria (MRSA) to spread.

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Okafor, Eddie E. "Francophone Catholic Achievements in Igboland, 1883-–1905." History in Africa 32 (2005): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0020.

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When the leading European powers were scrambling for political dominion in Africa, the greatest rival of France was Britain. The French Catholics were working side by side with their government to ensure that they would triumph in Africa beyond the boundaries of the territories already annexed by their country. Thus, even when the British sovereignty claim on Nigeria was endorsed by Europe during the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the French Catholics did not concede defeat. They still hoped that in Nigeria they could supplant their religious rivals: the British Church Missionary Society (CMS) and the other Protestant missionary groups. While they allowed the British to exercise political power there, they took immediate actions to curtail the spread and dominion of Protestantism in the country. Thus some of their missionaries stationed in the key French territories of Africa—Senegal, Dahomey, and Gabon—were urgently dispatched to Nigeria to compete with their Protestant counterparts and to establish Catholicism in the country.Two different French Catholic missions operated in Nigeria between 1860s and 1900s. The first was the Society of the African Missions (Société des Missions Africaines or SMA), whose members worked mainly among the Yoruba people of western Nigeria and the Igbos of western Igboland. The second were the Holy Ghost Fathers (Pères du Saint Esprit), also called Spiritans, who ministered specifically to the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. The French Catholics, the SMA priests, and the Holy Ghost Fathers competed vehemently with the British Protestants, the CMS, for the conversion of African souls. Just as in the political sphere, the French and British governments competed ardently for annexation and colonization of African territories.

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Ofuya, T. I. "Effect of weeds on colonization of cowpea byAphis craccivoraKoch (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its major predators in Nigeria." Tropical Pest Management 35, no. 4 (January 1989): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670878909371416.

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Onanuga, Adebola, Ocholi Jonathan Adamu, Babatunde Odetoyin, and Jabir Adamu Hamza. "NASAL CARRIAGE OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT PANTON VALENTINE LEUKOCIDIN POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS OF TUDUN-WADA, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA." African Journal of Infectious Diseases 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.3.

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Background: Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL)-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains have been implicated in serious community-associated invasive infections and their increasing multidrug resistance is a major global health concern. Thus, we investigated the prevalence of the PVL gene and the antimicrobial resistance profile of nasal S. aureus isolates from healthy adults in Tundu-Wada, Gombe State of Nigeria. Methods and Materials: A total of 262 nasal samples from healthy adults were obtained and cultured. The isolates were identified as S. aureus by standard morphological and biochemical methods alongside with the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of their 16S rRNA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion technique and the presence of mecA and PVL genes was determined by PCR analysis. Results: The overall nasal colonization of S. aureus was 17.6%. The prevalence of haemolysin and biofilm production among the isolates was 25(54.3%) and 42(91.3%), respectively. Only 2(4.3%) and 5(10.9%) possessed mecA and PVL genes respectively but none of the isolates harboured these two genes. All the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin but were highly susceptible (93.7%) to gentamicin. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among the isolates was M 45.7% and all PVL-producing isolates were MDR while one of the isolates with mecA gene exhibited extensive-drug resistance (XDR). Conclusion: This is the first report of nasal colonization of MDR PVL-producing S. aureus in healthy adults in Gombe, Northeastern Nigeria. This study highlights the importance of routine surveillance of healthy populations to provide useful strategies for controlling the spread of virulent multidrug-resistant organisms within the community.

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Mikailu, S. A. "The Islamization of Social Sciences in Nigeria." American Journal of Islam and Society 12, no. 1 (April 1, 1995): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v12i1.2391.

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IntroductionThe Islamization of social sciences is part and parcel of developingand promoting knowledge that conforms to the norms of Islam. This canbe attained by motivating scholars to develop scholarship using an Islamicperspective through the introduction of new social science courses basedon Islam, Islamizing (i.e., rearticulating along Islamic lines) existing conventionalsocial science disciplines, and promoting the movement ofIslamic attitude to knowledge.The Islamization of Knowledge undertaking in Nigeria can be tracedto the period of the Sokoto Jihad leaders, whose scholarly writings coveredsuch aspects of life as politics, economics, and medicine. However, withthe passage of time and, more especially, with the coming of the Britishcolonialists and the concomitant infiltration of western scholarship, theIslamization of Knowledge pioneered by the Jihad leaders gradually beganto fade. At first, the North opposed vehemently the spread of the westernsystem of education, because it was linked with Christian missionary propaganda(Fapohunda 1982). As such, the emirs of the North and their subjectsstood fmly against this alien system, a stance that accounts for thedisparity in western education between the South, that had welcomed it,and the North.Unfortunately, like most other Muslim countries, Nigeria continues tosuffer from the colonial legacy of the West. In particular, its elites are theworst victims of colonization of mind by the West’s so-called secular ideology.Its education and other systems of life continue to be based largelyon the structure of that secular ideology.Education is the single most important instrument for grooming andchannelling a society in the desired direction. To rescue Muslim societiesfrom the yoke of western secular civilization and to reestablish Islamiccivilization requires the decolonization of the secularized minds and spiritsof the elites as well as of Muslim intellectuals (the ulama), professionals,and political leaders, on the one hand, and the training of youngpeople in Islamic knowledge and education, on the other. In order toreturn the society to the Islamic system of life, the first task is the Islamizationof the educational system (both formal and informal) for the Muslimsand the Islamization of the country’s ulama ...

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Bigon, Liora. "Between Local and Colonial Perceptions: The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos (Nigeria), 1924-1960." African and Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (2008): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x273088.

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AbstractFollowing the establishment of the British rule in Lagos in the mid-19th century, the pre-colonial settlement became most central in West Africa, economically and administratively. Yet, scarce resources at the disposal of the colonial government and its exploitive nature prevented any serious remedy for the increasingly pressing residential needs. This article examines slum clearances in Lagos from the early 20th century until the de-colonization era in Nigeria (the 1950s), from a perspective of cultural history. This perspective reveals the width of the conceptual gaps between the colonizers and the colonized, and the chronic mutual misunderstanding regarding the nature of slums and the appropriate ways to eliminate them. Tracing the indigenous perceptions and reactions concerning slum clearance shows that the colonial situation was far from being an overwhelmingly hegemonic one.

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Utietiang Ukelina, Bekeh. "The Mis-education of the African Child: The Evolution of British Colonial Education Policy in Southern Nigeria, 1900–1925." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.7-2-3.

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Education did not occupy a primal place in the European colonial project in Africa. The ideology of "civilizing mission", which provided the moral and legal basis for colonial expansion, did little to provide African children with the kind of education that their counterparts in Europe received. Throughout Africa, south of the Sahara, colonial governments made little or no investments in the education of African children. In an attempt to run empire on a shoestring budget, the colonial state in Nigeria provided paltry sums of grants to the missionary groups that operated in the colony and protectorate. This paper explores the evolution of the colonial education system in the Southern provinces of Nigeria, beginning from the year of Britain’s official colonization of Nigeria to 1925 when Britain released an official policy on education in tropical Africa. This paper argues that the colonial state used the school system as a means to exert power over the people. Power was exercised through an education system that limited the political, technological, and economic advancement of the colonial people. The state adopted a curricular that emphasized character formation and vocational training and neglected teaching the students, critical thinking and advanced sciences. The purpose of education was to make loyal and submissive subjects of the state who would serve as a cog in the wheels of the exploitative colonial machine.

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Onyilokwu, Samson Amali, Shuaibu Gidado Adamu, Samuel Mailafia, Naphtali Nayamanda Atsanda, Abdulyeken Olawale Tijjani, Fatima Adamu Lawan, Jasini Athanda Musa, and James A. Ameh. "Prevalence of Staphylococcus Lugdunensis Nasal Colonization among Apparently Healthy Ruminants and Their Handlers in Maiduguri Borno State, Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 09, no. 08 (August 2016): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-0908013438.

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ANIBIJUWON, Ibikunle I., Ifeoluwa Deborah GBALA, and Olusoji O. ADEBISI. "Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae among In-Patients of Tertiary Hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10310300.

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The study assessed the incidence and risk factor associated with the occurrence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among hospitalized patients at three tertiary hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was performed over a six-month surveillance period in the locations with a total of 300 blood and urine samples. A structured close-ended questionnaire was also administered to all subjects for review of demographics and potential risk factors. Fifty-nine isolates belonging to genera Escherichia (52.5%), Enterobacter (23.8%), Klebsiella (10.2%) and Proteus (13.6%) were isolated. All the isolates were multi-drug resistant with a notable resistance (100%) to cephalosporins and significant sensitivity to nitrofurantoin. A total of 23 isolates including Escherichia coli (n = 8), Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1) and Proteus mirabilis (n = 5) exhibited resistance to one or both of imipenem and meropenem. The overall incidence of CRE in the three locations at the time of study was 7.7%. Age (p = 0.01) and exposure to invasive devices were significant risk factors for CRE colonization. Although at low incidence, the occurrence of CRE among this group calls for active monitoring because of its implication fatality of infections as well as the propensity to spread.

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Ogban, Godwin Ibitham, Ernest Afu Ochang, Ubleni Ettah Emanghe, Usang Edet Usang, Ubong Bassey Akpan, and Thomas U. Agan. "Rectal Colonization with Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriacieae in Surgical Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Calabar, Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13, no. 1 (2014): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-13134753.

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Raphael Uzoigwe, Ndubisi, Chukwuemaka Ikechukwu Njoku, Gideon Aduk Amuga, and Jael Asabe Yohanna. "Substrate colonization and relative abundance of immature forms of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in river Mada, Nasarawa State Nigeria." Advances in Entomology 01, no. 02 (2013): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2013.12006.

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Olalekan, Adesola Olufunmilayo, Samuel Sunday Taiwo, Stella Ifeanyi Smith, Adebayo Osagie Shittu, Deboye Oriade Kolawole, and Frieder Schaumburg. "Persistent Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in ambulatory human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Nigeria: Risk factors and molecular features." Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 49, no. 6 (December 2016): 992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2014.12.003.

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Medugu, N., K. C. Iregbu, R. E. Parker, J. Plemmons, P. Singh, L. I. Audu, E. Efetie, H. D. Davies, and S. D. Manning. "Group B streptococcal colonization and transmission dynamics in pregnant women and their newborns in Nigeria: implications for prevention strategies." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23, no. 9 (September 2017): 673.e9–673.e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.029.

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Nwalutu, Michael O., and Felicia I. Nwalutu. "The Shifting Feminine Statuses among Indigenous Peoples: Rethinking Colonization and Gender Roles among the WeppaWanno People of Mid-Western Nigeria." Sociology Mind 09, no. 03 (2019): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2019.93012.

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Mai-siyama, I. B., K. O. Okon, N. B. Adamu, U. M. Askira, T. M. Isyaka, S. G. Adamu, and A. Mohammed. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization rate among ruminant animals slaughtered for human consumption and contact persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria." African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 27 (July 2, 2014): 2643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.6855.

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Njoku, Charles, Cajethan Emechebe, and Anthony Agbakwuru. "Prevalence and Determinants of Anogenital Colonization by Group B Streptococcus Infection Among HIV Positive and Negative Women in Calabar, Nigeria." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2018.04.

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Msikita, W., H. Baimey, and B. D. James. "Severity of Curvularia Stem Blight Disease of Cassava in West Africa." Plant Disease 91, no. 11 (November 2007): 1430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-11-1430.

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In diagnostic surveys, Curvularia stem blight affected 9, 13, and 38% of cassava fields, respectively, in Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria. Disease incidence (number of plants with visible symptoms per total sampled) ranged between 0 and 80%, and severity (number of lesions) between 2 and 25 lesions per stem. In greenhouse studies, the fungus inhibited shoot growth depending on the degree of bud colonization, such that when buds were completely colonized, they failed to sprout. Partially colonized buds sprouted, but depending on genotype, overall growth was reduced 20 to 50% compared with healthy stems. Shoot growth for all artificially inoculated cultivars was consistently lower than for the respective noninoculated plants, and they suffered up to 50% leaf abscission. In two field localities, shoot sprouting for cultivars TMS 30572 and Odongbo was reduced 4 to 18% and 26 to 58% compared with noninoculated stems.

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Ani, Uchenna S., and Ikenna Odife. "Oil Exploitation, Neglect of Coal and the Ngwo Society, 1909 - 1987." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i2.2.

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Coal was one of the catalysts of the Industrial Revolution which started in England and spread to other parts of Europe. It provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation. The spread of coal mining to Africa was as a result of European conquest and subsequent colonization. The conquest of Ngwo in 1908 led to the discovery and eventual mining of coal in Enugu-Ngwo from 1915. In the period exploitation lasted, coal from the town furnished the energy needed for transportation, industrialization and urban development in Nigeria. It also provided direct and indirect employment to people across Europe and Africa and as well facilitated international trade between Nigeria and her partners across the world. Since petroleum was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 and as was found a better alternative to coal in terms of energy and wealth generation, the coal industry suffered neglect and gradually collapsed. How the collapse of the coal industry as a result of the rise of petroleum affected Ngwo people is the central theme of this paper. It contends that, though petroleum is regarded as a source of wealth to Nigeria, it is, nonetheless a source of poverty to Ngwo people. The British colonialists dispossessed them of massive farmlands upon which they operated their local economy to set up the colliery and other facilities. Also, more than 8,000 of the people who contributed their youthful years mostly as miners lost their jobs without compensation. The development prospects especially under corporate–social responsibilities and employment generation which the people ought to benefit from with the continued existence of the coal exploitation were lost with the demise of the industry. Primary sources constitute greater percentage of the sources deployed for this historical reconstruction. They include oral tradition granted by reliable informants and source materials acquired from the National Archives Enugu. They are be augmented by secondary sources which include books, journal articles and other un-published materials. Available facts will be analyzed using qualitative research methodology.

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Sanda, M. I., and A. M. Idris. "Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among Horses and Horse Handlers in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.026.

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Staphylococcal species are important opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can asymptomatically colonize both human and animals bodies. The presence of nasopharyngeal carriage Staphylococci has been an increased risk factor of acquiring an infection with this pathogen. The present study aimed at determining the nasopharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcal aureus in horses and horse handlers in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. One hundred and sixty (160) non-duplicated nasopharyngeal samples were collected using sterile swab stick from each horse and 100 from consented horse handlers. All the samples were analyzed using a standard bacteriological procedure. Antibiotics susceptibility testing to eight (8) most commonly used antibiotics was carried out using a modified Kirby Bauer method. One hundred and forty-two (88.8%) staphylococcal isolates were recovered from horses and 84 (84.0%) from horse handlers. Among all the isolated staphylococci high sensitivity was observed in response to Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics, while Tetracycline was found to have the least activity. The report of this study showed a high prevalence of Staphylococci among horses and horse handlers. Moreover, it confirmed the tendency of Staphylococcal isolates cross-transmission between horses and handlers in the study site. This study indicated the importance of increase in handler's awareness of possible risk factors of staphylococcal colonization that can lead to invasive infection. Keywords: Antibiotics, Horses, Horse Handlers, Nasopharyngeal, Staphylococci

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Ofuya, Thomas I. "Colonization and control of Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) by coccinellid predators in some resistant and susceptible cowpea varieties in Nigeria." Crop Protection 14, no. 1 (February 1995): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(95)91111-r.

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Neemann, K., E. K. Olateju, N. Izevbigie, G. Akaba, G. M. Olanipekun, J. C. Richard, C. I. Duru, et al. "Neonatal outcomes associated with maternal recto-vaginal colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in Nigeria: a prospective, cross-sectional study." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 26, no. 4 (April 2020): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.07.013.

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Agnes, Aladesami Ọmọ́bọ́lá. "Colonization and Cultural Values of Yorùbá People: A Case of Traditional Drums in Yorùbá Land." Journal of Language and Literature 19, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v19i2.2144.

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Culture is one of the marks by which a community of people of a nation is normally identified. Culture is a phenomenon that distinguishes one ethnic tribe from the other. Various cultures can be identified among the people that are found in a particular community setting. Some cultures can be similar among different people but cultures that differ one from the other are peculiar to people of various tribes. Culture and tradition are sometimes used interchangeably. However, these two concepts have some differences. Tradition is rooted in religious beliefs of a people while culture is embedded in the social activities and social values of a people. Culture is multi-dimensional. Among the Yorùbá ethnic group of South Western Nigeria, there are different cultures that can be identified. Some of these cultures include but not limited to: tribal marks, mode of greetings, dressing/hairstyle and music in which drums are embedded. The focus of this paper is on the use of traditional drums among the Yorùbá. The paper shall examine the origin of drum beating, types of drums and the type of drum beating that is peculiar to each activity and the phenomenon of drum beating in the past and now. The paper discusses the influence the modern technological development has brought into the issue of traditional drums both in positive and negative ways. The paper concludes that this culture is gradually fading away among the Yorùbá people and observed that this is due to the fact that not much value is placed on Yorùbá culture anymore and this is very inimical to the socio-cultural belief of the people.Keywords: culture, traditional Drums, technology, socio-cultural belief_________________________________________DOI > <a href="https://search.crossref.org/?q=10.24071%2Fjoll.2019.190214">https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.2019.190214</a>

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Udo, Idorenyin Asukwo, Michael Ifeanyichukwu Uguru, and Rufus Omemaramadu Ogbuji. "Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne Incognita Race 1 on Tomato as Influenced by Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Bioformulated Paecilomyces Lilacinus in a Dysteric Cambisol Soil." Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0011.

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Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the single and combined effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and bioformulated Paecilomyces lilacinus against M. incognita race 1 on tomato. Dysteric Cambisol soil was used. The experiment took place in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out as a 3x6 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Three applications of the bionematicide were combined with five species of AMF plus an uninoculated control. The results indicated that AMF species differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in their efficacy of gall and egg mass inhibition, tomato root colonization rate as well as growth and fresh fruit yield enhancement. Glomus etunicatum and G. deserticola were the most efficient species. Two applications of the bionematicide more significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced galling and egg production than a single application. Individual combinations of two AMF (G. etunicatum and G. deserticola) with a double application of the bionematicide, resulted in the greatest gall and egg mass inhibition and consequently the greatest growth and fresh fruit yield enhancement.

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Brown, Carolyn A. "Locals and Migrants in the Coalmining Town of Enugu (Nigeria): Worker Protest and Urban Identity, 1915–1929." International Review of Social History 60, S1 (November 27, 2015): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000486.

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AbstractThis article focuses on the varied workforce in and around the Enugu Government Colliery, located in south-eastern Nigeria and owned by the British colonial state. Opened in 1915 at Udi and in 1917 at Iva Valley and Obwetti, the mines were in a region with a long history of slave raids, population shifts, colonization, and ensuing changes in local forms of political organization. The mines brought together an eclectic mixture of forced and voluntary unskilled labor, prisoners, unskilled contract workers, and voluntary clerical workers and artisans. Moreover, the men were from different ethno-linguistic groups. By taking into account this complex background, the article describes the gradual process by which this group of inexperienced coalminers used industrial-protest strategies that reflected their habituation to the colonial workplace. They organized strikes against the village men, who, as supervisors, exploited them in the coalmines. Their ability to reach beyond their “traditional” rural identities as “peasants” to attack the kinsmen who exploited them indicates the extent to which the complex urban and industrial environment challenged indigenous identities based on locality as well as rural status systems and gender ideologies. One of the major divisions to overcome was the one between supposedly backward “locals”, men who came from villages close to the mine, and more experienced “foreigners” coming from more distant areas in Nigeria: the work experience as “coalmen” led “locals” to see themselves as “modern men” too, and to position themselves in opposition to authoritarian village leaders. The article thus traces the contours of the challenges confronting a new working class as it experimented with unfamiliar forms of affiliation, trust, and association with people with whom it shared new, industrial experiences. It investigates the many ways that “local” men maneuvered against the authoritarian control of chiefs, forced labor, and workplace exploitation by “native” and expatriate staff.

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Egwuatu, Tenny G. O., Adesola O. Olalekan, Godwin O. Orkeh, Tochukwu F. Egwuatu, Vincent O. Rotimi, and Folasade T. Ogunsola. "Characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus Isolated from Neonatal, Postnatal and Labour Wards in Lagos, Nigeria." Pan African Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/pajols/9102/20(0110).

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Introduction: Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an important etiological agent of hospital infections but its epidemiological significance has not been studied in our institution. We therefore determine the prevalence, colonization rates and source of hospital-acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH) in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Axilla and umbilicus swab samples were collected from neonates (346), hand, nasal and axilla from health care workers (125), HVS from mothers (26) at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and also samples from the environment (28). Using standard bacteriological methods, the samples were screened for S. haemolyticus. Possible person–to-person transmission was investigated by means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Results: Out of 525 samples collected, 112 (21.3%) were S. haemolyticus of which 17 (15.2%) were (MRSH). Neonates’ samples had 8 (15.0%) MRSH and 6 (30%) were Medical Doctors had their samples positive for MRSH. Also, 3 (11.1%) nurses’ samples were MRSH. None of the S. haemolyticus obtained from the mothers and the environment was MRSH. Pulsed field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) identified three main PFGE types (Type 1, 2 and 3) in the hospital. Type 1 and type 3 from babies in Neonatal unit. Type 2 and type 3 in babies from post-natal ward. Four doctors in the labour and neonatal wards had type 1 which was also recovered from a nurse on the labour ward. Conclusion: It appeared that the source of MRSH was from the hand and anterior nares of Healthcare workers in labour ward and Neonatal unit. This further highlights the need for proper infection con-trol practice in the institution, especially single use of gloves for patients’ management.

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Atolagbe, Cecilia T., Babajide A. Tytler, Olanrewaju Jimoh, Adebola T. Olayinka, and Busayo Olayinka. "Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of coagulase-negative staphylococci obtained from nares of adult patients admitted to Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria." AROC in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology 01, no. 01 (August 3, 2021): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocpb01013443.

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Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are part of the normal microbial flora of the skin and mucous membranes. Nasal colonization with antibiotic-resistant CoNS represents both a risk factor for the colonized individual and their immediate contacts. This study determines the antibiotics susceptibility pattern and resistance phenotypes to a specific group of antimicrobial agents in CoNS isolate from the nares of adult patients from Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty-three presumptive staphylococci isolate from nasal colonization surveillance cultures of adult patients were collected from the diagnostic medical microbiology laboratory of ABUTH, Zaria and were characterized using standard microbiological procedures and their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents determined using the guideline of European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST). A total of 60 of the 123 (49%) staphylococcal isolate were CoNS. Characterization of the sixty CoNS isolate showed that the most predominant species were S. chromogenes (30.0%), S xylosus (15.0%) and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (13.3%). The highest level of resistance was observed to Cefoxitin (95.0%) and the lowest to Tigecycline (1.7%). S. epidermidis isolates were observed to show ≥60% resistance to all tested antibiotics with the exception of Tigecycline (0%) and Gentamicin (20%). Analysis of the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) showed that majority (96.7%) of the isolates were resistant to 3 or more of the antimicrobial agents. No isolate was resistant to all the tested antimicrobial agents. A very high proportion of the CoNS isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, penicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and vancomycin. In conclusion, the high proportion of isolates with MARI of 0.3 and above indicates a high level of antibiotic use or exposure in the study area. These findings revealed the need for continued surveillance for resistant phenotype to inform clinical therapy decisions

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Okon, Okon G., G. D. O. Eneh, G. D. Uboh, and P. P. Uyon. "Enhancement of Salt Tolerance via Glomus geosporum Inoculation in Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. Seedlings." International Letters of Natural Sciences 76 (August 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.76.13.

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The leafy vegetable Telfairia occidentalis is a tropical vine grown in West Africa; it is indigenous to Southern Nigeria and is usually subjected to extreme salt stress in Southern Nigeria as well as in the world that results in significant loss of T. occidentalis production. Therefore, the present investigation was aimed at evaluating the response of T. occidentalis seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus geosporum) in saline soil and further to determine the threshold of T. occidentalis salinity tolerance in association with G. geosporum. The total photosynthetic pigments contents in saline soil treatment were significantly (p=0.05) reduced as well as percentage arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization (53.97 to 22.41%). Mycorrhizal dependency was significantly (p=0.05) higher in saline soil treatments compared to control (100.00% to 15.13%). Mineral analysis of T. occidentalis leaves revealed increased uptake and accumulation of Na+ (500.00 mg/kg in control to 2920.13 mg/kg in saline soil treatment). Saline soil treatments significantly (p=0.05) reduced the K, Mg, N, P and Ca. AM Fungi significantly (p=0.05) increased the photosynthetic pigments and minerals both in saline and non-saline soil treatments. Using different mechanisms T. occidentalis by association with G. geosporum showed better salt tolerance thank the uninoculated plants. G. geosporum was able to impose some physiological and root morphological changes such as an extensive network of the mycorrhizal-plant roots to improve water and mineral nutrient uptake. Physiologically G. geosporum inoculation enriched T. occidentalis vigour, attuned the rate of K+/Na+ which restored nutrient and water balance in the plant and directly resulting in the enhancement of salt tolerance in T. occidentalis seedlings, thus improving growth and yield.

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Ako-Nai, KwashieAjibade, BlessingItohan Ebhodaghe, AdeniyiKolade Aderoba, WinstonA Anderson, and OlakunleO Kassim. "Candida colonization of the vagina of HIV-seropositive pregnant women and their seronegative counterparts at selected health-care centers in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 9, no. 6 (2016): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1755-6783.193934.

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Bello, Olorunjuwon O., Edward O. Oyekanmi, Babatunde A. Kelly, Olakunle O. Mebude, and Temitope K. Bello. "Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Bacteria from Diabetic Foot Infections in Selected Teaching Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria." International Annals of Science 4, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.4.1.1-13.

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One of the serious complications associated with diabetes is foot ulcer and this condition affects the quality of life in patients in all classes, races and ages. Chronic wounds are prone to colonization by wide array of microorganisms which could be extremely hazardous to patients if effective and timely therapeutic intervention is not made. This study was conducted to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacteria from diabetic foot infections in southwestern Nigeria. Samples were collected from a total of 142 diabetic foot ulcer patients with moistened sterile cotton swabs. Nutrient agar, Mac-Conkey agar, blood agar and mannitol salt agar media were used for the isolation of total viable bacteria, Gram-negative non-spore forming lactose fermenters, fastidious bacteria and staphylococci, respectively. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of pure cultures were determined in accordance with standard laboratory criteria. API 20 E and API 20 NE were used for the confirmation of identity of the bacterial isolates. The disc diffusion technique was employed for the determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates in accordance with standard procedures. The antibiotics investigated included amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin, imipenem, linezolid, methicillin, netilmicin, ofloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, piperacilin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and vancomycin. One hundred and seventy-seven isolates were encountered and these were characterized into eleven bacterial species. These included Staphylococcus aureus (22.03%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.95%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.43%), Proteus mirabilis (8.48%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.91%), E. coli (7.35%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6.78%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5.65%), Morganella morganii (5.09%), Citrobacter freundii (4.52%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (2.83%). Gram-negative bacteria showed 76.99% susceptibility to the antibiotics while 22.85% was resistant. Gram-positive bacteria showed 93.75% susceptibility and 5.01% resistance to the antibiotics. This study revealed that there is no definite aetiologic bacterial agent for diabetic foot infections and many of the associated bacteria are sensitive to certain antibiotics.

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Jibrin, Mustafa O., Neha Potnis, Sujan Timilsina, Gerald V. Minsavage, Gary E. Vallad, Pamela D. Roberts, Jeffrey B. Jones, and Erica M. Goss. "Genomic Inference of Recombination-Mediated Evolution in Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and X. perforans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84, no. 13 (April 20, 2018): e00136-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00136-18.

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ABSTRACT Recombination is a major driver of evolution in bacterial populations, because it can spread and combine independently evolved beneficial mutations. Recombinant lineages of bacterial pathogens of plants are typically associated with the colonization of novel hosts and the emergence of new diseases. Here we show that recombination between evolutionarily and phenotypically distinct plant-pathogenic lineages generated recombinant lineages with unique combinations of pathogenicity and virulence factors. Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Xanthomonas perforans are two closely related lineages causing bacterial spot disease on tomato and pepper worldwide. We sequenced the genomes of atypical strains collected from tomato in Nigeria and observed recombination in the type III secretion system and effector genes, which showed alleles from both X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans. Wider horizontal gene transfer was indicated by the fact that the lipopolysaccharide cluster of one strain was most similar to that of a distantly related Xanthomonas pathogen of barley. This strain and others have experienced extensive genomewide homologous recombination, and both species exhibited dynamic open pangenomes. Variation in effector gene repertoires within and between species must be taken into consideration when one is breeding tomatoes for disease resistance. Resistance breeding strategies that target specific effectors must consider possibly dramatic variation in bacterial spot populations across global production regions, as illustrated by the recombinant strains observed here. IMPORTANCE The pathogens that cause bacterial spot of tomato and pepper are extensively studied models of plant-microbe interactions and cause problematic disease worldwide. Atypical bacterial spot strains collected from tomato in Nigeria, and other strains from Italy, India, and Florida, showed evidence of genomewide recombination that generated genetically distinct pathogenic lineages. The strains from Nigeria and Italy were found to have a mix of type III secretion system genes from X. perforans and X. euvesicatoria, as well as effectors from Xanthomonas gardneri. These genes and effectors are important in the establishment of disease, and effectors are common targets of resistance breeding. Our findings point to global diversity in the genomes of bacterial spot pathogens, which is likely to affect the host-pathogen interaction and influence management decisions.

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Ayimoro, Oluwatoyin Dorcas. "Voter Education on Radio as Determinant of Voting Pattern of Indigenous Elderly Women in Akoko Land, Ondo State, Nigeria." American International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 8, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijhass.v1i2.127.

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Indigenous Nigerian society respect and believe so much in her elderly. Males and female elderly are transmitters of traditional norms and values in a sustainable manner in each community. As such, they are the sage and kingmakers appointing, decision makers through careful and flawless selection from character check overtime, delving into family history and divination of the traditional oracle. After coronation, such leaders are never corrupt; they live up to expectation by promoting the wellbeing of the masses. However, this practice has been eroded by colonization and westernization for a democratic way of appointing leaders through voting; as such countries design voter education for her citizenry. This study thus examined voter education as a determinant of voting pattern of indigenous elderly women in Akoko land through these research questions: (i) what is the demographic characteristics of the elderly women in the study area? (ii) What kind of voter education programmes is available on the selected radio stations? (iii) What is the level of participation of the women on the programme on radio? (iv) To what extent has the women benefited from their participation in voter education programme on radio? (v) How has the voter education received influenced the voting pattern of the women? The study adopted the descriptive survey research through multi stage sampling technique by purposively selecting sixty indigenous elderly women from areas of the four Local Government ( Okorun, Ese, Agbaluku, Iwaro-Oka, Supare, Oba, Erusu, Okeagbe. Findings of the study showed that voter education in the study area impacted minimally on the respondents resulting in their skewed knowledge and voting pattern (Grand mean 2.71+2.46+2.19+2.13=116.9/4=29.2). It is recommended among others that voter education should include indigenous education, a larger coverage and quality.

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Josephat, OC, CC Onyeke, and NV Chiejina. "Evaluation of some organic substrates for the growth and yield of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.Fr.) Kumm in southeast Nigeria." Bio-Research 18, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 1085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v18i1.3.

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Four organic substrates; Mahogany Sawdust (MSD), Corn Cobs (CC), Oil Palm Fruit Fibre (OPFF) and Rice Bran (RB) were evaluated for their effects on growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.Fr.) Kumm. The completely randomized experimental design was adopted for the study with 4 treatments replicated 10 times. Results on mean number of days for spawn run, primordial formation and formation of fruit body were 19.90±0.28(CC)-25.20±0.29(MSD), 45.10±0.28(CC)-47.90±0.23(MSD) and 56.50±0.22(CC)-59.40±0.27(MSD), respectively. Similarly, height of stipe, diameter of stipe and diameter of pileus ranges were 3.28±0.13 (MSD)-3.51±0.06 (RB),1.26±0.06 (OPFF)-1.39±0.05(RB) and 4.08±0.05(CC)-4.70±0.04(OPFF), respectively. Fresh weights (g), dry weights (g) and biological efficiency were 10.20±0.31(OPFF)-11.05±0.14(MSD), 3.18±0.15(CC)-3.38±0.13(RB) and 4.14±0.14 (OPPF)-4.42±0.06(MSD), respectively. Results on mushroom growth showed that CC took the least duration for full mycelial colonization and the longest duration occurred on MSD. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the durations required for primordia formation among the four organic substrates. The results on mushroom yield showed that mean fresh weights of harvested mushrooms varied from 10.20±0.31 g on OPFF to 11.05±0.14 g on MSD. There were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in the biological efficiency of mushrooms grown on MSD, CC and OPFF substrates. Considering the growth and yield attributes RB was observed to be the best substrate and could be used for commercial production of P. ostreatus among the various organic substrates used in this study.

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Ajani, T. A., C. J. Elikwu, V. Nwadike, T. Babatunde, C. G. Anaedobe, O. Shonekan, C. C. Okangba, et al. "Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students of a private institution in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 21, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.7.

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Background: Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major factor for its transmission especially from the health workers and medical students to their patients. There are a number of published data on the prevalence of MRSA among health workers but data on nasal colonization of medical students by MRSA are sparse in Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA among medical students of the Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria, and identify risk factors associated with this nasal carriage. Methodology: A case control study involving 100 clinical (study group) and 100 pre- clinical (control group) medical students was undertaken between March 2018 and October 2019. Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic information and potential risk factors. Nasal swab was collected from each student and cultured for isolation of S. aureus by standard microbiology techniques. Phenotypic MRSA was detected by the cefoxitin 30μg disk diffusion method according to the guideline of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The mecA gene was detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among the study group was 14% (14/100) while the prevalence among the control group was 6% (6/100) (p=0.097). The prevalence of phenotypic MRSA among the study group was 4% (4/100) and 1% (1/100) among the control group (p=0.3687) while mecA gene was detected in 3 of the 4 (75%) phenotypic MRSA positive study participants and in the only (100%) phenotypic MRSA positive (1%) control group. Antibiotics usage without prescription, antibiotic treatment of common cold, and use of antibiotics in the previous one year, were significantly associated with MRSA carriage among the study group. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among clinical and pre-clinical medical students was not statistically significant, the risk factors identified with carriage of MRSA among the study group indicates the need for antimicrobial stewardship program to reduce carriage and transmission of MRSA by medical students. Keywords: methicillin resistant, Staphylococcus aureus, mecA gene, nasal carriage, medical students

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Soretire, Adeniyi Adebowale, Nurudeen Olatunbosun Adeyemi, Muftau Olaoye Atayese, Olalekan Suleiman Sakariyawo, and Ademola Adewunmi. "Nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max L.) as influenced by phosphorus fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2020-0003.

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AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be used to promote the productivity of legumes on phosphorus- (P) deficient soils. The present study investigates the inoculation effects of three AMF species (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and the control (uninoculated) on nitrogen fixation efficiency and growth performance of tropical soybean cultivar (TGx1448-2E) under varying P fertilizer rates (0, 20, and 40 kg P2O5 ha−1) in a derived savannah of Nigeria. The results showed that shoot and root dry matter, number of nodules, relative ureide abundance (RUA), nitrogen derived from atmosphere (Ndfa), total N fixed, shoot P uptake, grain, and biomass yield significantly increased with AMF inoculation, with better performance observed in plants inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae compared to Claroideoglomus etunicatum. Similarly, the soybean growth variables, P uptake, and nitrogen fixation activities increased with increasing P application rates. Conversely, AMF root colonization significantly reduced with increasing P rate. Interaction of AMF inoculation and P rates significantly influenced soybean growth and nitrogen fixation. R. intraradices inoculation with 20 kg P2O5 ha−1 resulted in the highest amount of RUA, Ndfa, N fixed, and grain yield. It could be concluded from this study that R. intraradices with moderate P rate could be used to enhance nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and soybean yield in P-deficient soils.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nigeria – Colonization'

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