Academic literature on the topic 'Nigeria. Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations'

Nigeria is endowed with a wide variety of economic minerals which are spread across all the geopolitical zones of the nation. The ownership, management and control of natural resources in Nigeria is enshrined in the Constitution, and recognized by the United Nations Organization (UN). In 1962, the General Assembly of the United Nations deliberated and adopted Resolution 1803, (xvii) titled “Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources”. This resolution changed the ownership structure of natural resources from investor ownership to State control of natural resources. The Federal Government of Nigeria, being the owner of natural resources in Nigeria, by virtue of being a member of the United Nations, and a signatory to the treaty which has been transmuted into municipal law, formulates policies which guarantee it receives some compensation for allowing the extraction of these resources. Chief among these policies is the fiscal policy, which is aimed at ensuring that government acquires benefits from the mining of these resources, or simply referred to as taxation or the levying of tax. The legal regime of these fiscal policies is what this presentation seeks to examine, and shall be considered against the backdrop of the obstacles and challenges that mitigate the optimal realization of benefits to be accrued in its implementation, which may be parliamentary or judicial in nature. In doing this, the various extant tax laws on are examined. For clarity, Nigeria operates a presidential system of government and not a parliamentary one, and any reference to parliamentary here strictly means the legislative segment of the government.

The recent vigorous campaign by Nigerian government for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council is, like previous attempts, hinged on the country’s ‘track record’ in peacekeeping operations. However, in recent years, particularly since the uprising of the Boko Haram terrorist group, it appears that Nigeria’s commitment to this role has diminished considerably in its foreign policy priorities. This article, against this background, makes three arguments: First, it argues that Nigeria’s reluctance to keep faith with its peacekeeping mission is undermining the critical platform under which the quest for the seat is based. Second, notwithstanding the possession of the realist’s attributes of a regional leader, Nigeria’s poor image and dearth of soft power has created legitimacy crisis for it among regional states and beyond as none of its traditional allies in the Security Council has thrown its weight behind its bid. Finally, the study shows that the preponderance number of Nigerians does not subscribe to Nigeria’s bid in view of the security and socio-economic crises battling the country. Rather than dissipating energy on the quest, such effort should be channelled towards addressing the myriad domestic challenges threatening human security in the country.

One of the goals of Universal Basic Education (UBE) is to ensure permanent literacy such that the child becomes a productive member of the society, positively affecting all spheres of human existence. Achieving the goals of UBE programme in Nigeria is anchored on the development of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (STME). The challenges encountered in the execution of UBE programme are similar to those of educational programmes before it; ranging from poor funding to insufficient personnel and inappropriate curricula. The rationale for the introduction of STME in Nigeria is in tandem with the goals of the United Nations, UNICEF and AU in the attainment of the rights of the child. To ensure the attainment of the rights of the child, governments have established institutions and agencies, while schools and science educators have also keyed in by forming clubs and societies that advance the course of STME. Here, a case is made for an appropriate and unambiguous redesign of the curriculum to capture basic STME components at the foundational level of Nigeria's education.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the progress made by Nigerian libraries towards the actualization of sustainable developmental goals (SDGs) and to review possible opportunities for better actualisation. The resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 25, 2015, resulted in a 2030 agenda for sustainable development with 17 goals and 169 targets, a transition from the millennium developmental goals, which should stimulate action over the next 15 years. Design/methodology/approach In view of this agenda, sessions at the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Conference were held in 2015 in Cape Town to focus on the post-2015 development agenda available at http://www.ifla.org/node/9727. Session 103 of the 2015 IFLA Conference was on the contribution and mission of libraries and information services or sustainable development. Findings The Registrar of the Librarian’s Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN) during the 6th Induction Ceremony for librarians held on September 13, 2015, stated that the profession will focus on making sustainable developmental goals (SDGs) a reality. In line with this, libraries and librarians in Nigeria have been doing a great deal, especially in the area of creating awareness about the goals by all stakeholders. Originality/value The aim of this paper is to examine the current status of Nigerian libraries toward meeting the SDGs as an example for developing countries and to propose recommendations for meeting these goals.

In 31 October, 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted and signed SC Resolution 1325 on Women Peace and Security. Resolution 1325 recognizes that civilian, particularly women and children are the worst affected by conflict. Resolution 1325 call for women participation in conflict prevention and resolution initiative, the integration of gender perspective in peace building, peace keeping mission and the protection of women in regions of conflict. The resolution reaffirms the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace negotiations, peace-building, peace keeping, humanitarian response and in post-conflict reconstruction; stressing the importance of equal participation in peace and security. In Africa, women participation in policy making, peace building and conflict resolution is still faced with setbacks despite the passing of the SCR 1325 two decades ago. Findings from this study has shown that, women have been subjected to domination by men as a result of persisting cultural stereotypes, abuse of religious and traditional practices, patriarchal societal structures in which economic, political and social power are dominated by men while women played the role of followers of male decision-makers. The study identifies such challenges for a change or reforms them. The paper reviewed many of the extant studies on the role and potentials of women in peace building and conflict resolution. Analyzing those challenges inhibiting the participation of women in peace process. The paper adopted the qualitative approach whereby data collected from secondary sources were reviewed, explained and analyzed within the purview of the study. The paper conclude, the views that bringing women into the peace process, as participation of women makes it sustainable and reduces possibility of inadequate outcome or failure of the entire process, may be an illusion. Unless the women are economically and politically empowered, as one of the outstanding equality of peace-makers or negotiators is the amount of political and economic influence they possessed. Only elite centric gender blind composition of negotiation and peace process team cannot ensure sustainable peace process as there could be no peace with one side so disadvantaged.

Abstract Development programs in many African countries include the reallocation of land and the nationalization of mineral resources for the benefit of less privileged communities in those countries. Implementing these programs is, however, quite complicated. This paper pays special attention to the confiscation of the land of white farmers in Zimbabwe as part of a development program, and the rapid decline of the economy of that country in consequence of this program. It serves as a reminder that depriving landowners of their property rights is counterproductive and is therefore not a feasible development strategy. As far as the right to explore natural resources is concerned, the paper highlights the repeated resolutions of the United Nations proclaiming the “inalienable right of all states freely to dispose of their natural resources in accordance with their national interests” as an inherent aspect of sovereignty [e.g. G.A. Res. 626, 7 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 20), at 18, U.N. Doc. A/2361 (1952).], with occasional reminders that developing countries were in need of encouragement “in the proper use and exploitation of their natural wealth and resources” [e.g. E.S.C. Res. 1737, 54 U.N. ESCOR, Supp., No. 1 (1973).]. These resolutions were adopted in the context of the decolonization policy of the United Nations and were mainly aimed at denouncing the exploitation of the mineral resources of African countries by colonial powers [G.A. Res. 2288, 22 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 16), at 48, U.N. Doc. A/6716 (1967)., para 3]. The emphasis of international law relating to the natural resources over time also emphasized the right to self-determination of peoples. As early as 1958, the General Assembly, in a resolution through which the Commission on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources was established, stated that the “permanent sovereignty over natural wealth and resources” of states is “a basic constituent of the right to self-determination” [G.A. Res. 1314, 13 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 18), at 27, U.N. Doc. A/4090 (1958).]. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights similarly provides “All peoples shall freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources. This right shall be exercised in the exclusive interest of the people. In no case shall a people be deprived of it” [Art 21(1)]. This provision featured prominently in several judgments of courts of law, such as the one of the South African Constitutional Court in the case of Bengwenyama Minerals (Pty) Ltd & Others v Gemorah Resources (Pty) Ltd & Others [2011] (3) BCLR 229 (CC) (3) BCLR 229 (CC) and of the African Court of Human and People’s Rights in the case of Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report. AHRLR 60 (Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report.) Communication 155/96. In view of these directives of international law, the paper will critically analyze the South African Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, which deprived landowners of the ownership of unexplored minerals and petroleum products and proclaimed mineral and petroleum resources to be “the common heritage of all the people of South Africa” with the state as the custodian thereof.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound findings as compared to operative findings and positive predictive value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Pak Field Hospital – 7 (Level III) United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Darfur, Sudan, from Mar 2015 to Mar 2016. Methodology: All patients presenting with clinically suspected acute appendicitis (Alvarado’s score >4) were referred for right lower quadrant sonography. Three point scale was used to grade sonographic findings ranging from grade 1 to grade 3. Fifty One patients with persistent symptoms and/or positive sonographic findings were operated. Operative findings were also graded on a 3 point scale. Subsequently, sonographic and operative findings were compared. Surgical findings were considered gold standard to assess diagnostic accuracy of sonography. Results: Out of 51 patients 46 (90.2%) were males and 5 (9.8%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 32.3 ± 7.3 years. Among the study subjects, 15 (29.4%) patients were from Nigeria followed by 12 (23.5%) from Pakistan, 7 (13.7%) from Egypt and 17 (33.5%) from other countries.The sonographic findings were detected positive for acute appendicitis in 40 (78.4%) and negative in 11 (21.6%) out of 51. All Fifty-one patients underwent surgery. The surgical findings were positive for appendicitis in 43 patients (84.3%). Four patients with negative sonographic findings did have acute appendicitis according to surgical findings. The positive predictive value was 90.9%. There was good agreement between sonographicfindings and surgical findings..........

7061 Background: Global Oncology is a movement to improve equitable access to cancer control and care, recognizing challenges due to economic and social factors between high, middle, and low-income countries (HIC, MIC, LIC). Access to local, regional, and global cancer data and analysis is a major driver for building a global oncology community. The JCO Global Oncology (JCO GO) online open access journal was established in 2015 with the mission to be the voice of research relevant to populations with limited resources. To assess its goals of encouraging global interaction and increasing MIC and LIC engagement, we analyzed authorship and accessing data. Methods: Logged views of articles published in 2018 were identified by DOI, using Google Analytics during the period 01/01/2018 to 06/30/2019. The country of origin of all authors and the location of downloads were classified according to the 218 economies listed in The World Bank Data (WBC) of 2019. Results: 132 articles were published in JCO GO in 2018 with 88152 views, from which the accessing nation was identified for 99%. Views originated from 180 countries: 35% HIC, 51% MIC, and 14% LIC. The most common accessing countries were: USA (37%), India (14%), United Kingdom (3%), Brazil (3%), and Ethiopia (3%). Corresponding authors came from 34 nations: 60% HIC, 32% MIC, and 8% LIC. The most common economies involved in any authorship were: USA (47%), India (10%), Brazil (5%), Mexico (4%), and Nigeria (3%). Reader origin did not differ according to corresponding author WBC. Article authorship was exclusively from one economic category in 49%: 23% HIC 16% MIC, 2% LIC. For 59% of articles, authorship came from mixed economies: 42% HIC + MIC, 11% HIC + LIC, 0% MIC + LIC, 6% HIC + MIC + LIC. Conclusions: JCO GO ’s reach extends to over 80% of the world´s economies. The majority of articles have authors from mixed WBC countries. Areas identified to address are: low level of LIC corresponding authorship; few papers from authors across all economies; no papers from only LMICs authors; low percentage of views by LIC. This information provides focus for global oncology authorities to target interventions to reduce the academic segregation of LICs, such as global oncology funding opportunities, mentorship and policies to encourage interactions and develop MIC and LIC leaders.

Making progress in the SDGs requires substantial additional resources. Concomitant with the reform priorities identified by the United Nations, World Bank, European Union, and other international development institutions, the mission estimates additional spending of 18 percentage points of GDP by 2030—a level higher than the average low-income and developing countries. Relative to other low-income and developing countries, additional spending is higher in education and water and sanitation, and lower in health, electricity, and roads (Figure).

The manner in which the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is presently constituted remains the greatest challenge to the realization of the ambitions of UNSC permanent seat seekers. For the highly infl uential economic giants better known as the “middle powers”- Japan, India, Brazil, and Germany; and African leading contenders such as Nigeria, South-Africa and Egypt ambitions to yield the desired result, they must mandatorily secure the support of the UNSC Permanent fi ve veto holding members. In light of the foregoing, this paper examines the attempts to reform the UNSC since the late 1960s and the roles of the Permanent fi ve members of the UNSC such as Britain, China, France, USA and Russia regarding this endeavour. Specifi cally, it argues that the Permanent fi ve member’s disposition to this issue has been the major challenge to the much desired reform of the UNSC. The UNSC is the main organ of the United Nations (UN) that is vested with powers to maintain international peace and security. Since its creation in mid 1940s, this organ has been criticized for its undemocratic nature by member states whose region are either not represented in the Security Council (SC) or under-represented.