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1
Nnazor, Agatha Ifeyinwa. "Structural Adjustment Programmes and the informal sector, the Nigerian case of Jos women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ48685.pdf.
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Muuka, Nkombo. "The impact of Zambia's 1983-1993 structural adjustment programme on business strategy." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20050.
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As Zambia entered the 1980s with its economy continuing to weaken further at every turn, it eventually dawned on policy makers and implementers that the buoyant copper years of the previous decade and half may never come back. Although the country had stand-by-agreements (SBAs) with the IMF from as far back as 1973, there was still hope in the decade that followed that the copper-led problems were transitory. By 1983 these hopes could no longer be sustained, as the country's growth engine -copper - assumed impossible-to-ignore sputtering levels. In came the structural adjustment programme (SAP), whose inevitability and necessity this study completely identifies with. Among the major objectives of Zambia's SAP have been and continue to be: diversification away from copper by promoting non-copper, non-traditional exports; reduction or elimination of balance of payments (BOP) deficits; switching production from non-tradables to tradables and, ultimately, resumption of higher rates of economic performance. Reduction in the level of inflation, reduction in government budget deficits, and reduction in the level of unemployment have also occupied the front rank in the country's recovery efforts. This study - from a Business Policy background by a management scholar - has looked at the impact of Zambia's 1983-93 SAP on manufacturing sector business strategy. It uses as its main contribution, results of an empirical study of the impact of SAP on 43 manufacturing firms in Zambia. At the macro-level, the fundamental causes of Zambia's structural crisis are found to be quite diverse and complex. Some causes are rooted in history, some in nature, some in the external environment, and yet others in wrong domestic policies. Structural rigidities in the economy are found to be largely un-altered despite a 10-year attempt at adjustment. The economy is also plagued by what we have called here the 4-D Syndrome - that is Debt, Drought, Dependence on primary exports and imported raw materials, and Disease.
3
Ogomaka, Uzo E. "The importance of marketing strategies to Nigerian manufacturers since the adoption of structural adjustment program." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1993. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3287.
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This research is aimed at assessing SADCC in relation to the degree to which it has accomplished its own aims, regional economic integration and reduction of dependency. The study has relied on and used the dependency theory which holds that the development in a peripheral capitalist system is a continuous process of dispossessing the less developed countries of their raw materials in favor of maintaining the advancement of the capitalist countries. In short, neo-colonial dependence view of underdevelopment attributes a large part of the Third World's continuing and worsening poverty to the existence and policies of the industrial capitalist and socialist countries and their extensions in the form of small but powerful elite groups in the less developed countries. The research came with the following findings and conclusions. That SADCC countries have been integrated into the capitalist system due to the European colonization. That despite the efforts of SADCC and their proclaimed goals of economic integration and self-reliance, the SADCC region has not reduced dependency but rather there is a new dependency on other external countries. SADCC's committed strategies have not produced self-reliance and economic integration in the region due to the structure and activities of SADCC. In order to correct this imbalance and dependency, few options are possible. SADCC should embark upon the socialist mode of development because socialist methods will diminish the degree of dependency as in the case of Cuba. Intra-regional trade should be encouraged to bring about some form of transaction flows and economic integration. Establish appropriate ways of encouraging agricultural productivity in order to alleviate the shortage of food problems in the region and adopt capital accumulation methods.
4
Benhin, James Kofi Appiah. "The effects of the structural adjustment programme on deforestation in Ghana, with a comparison to Cameroon." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325598.
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Ncube, Douglas. "A country-specific economic structural adjustment programme model for the acgricultural sector : a case study of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Derby, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/200673.
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Traditionally, agriculture has been one of the mainstays of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies and plays a pivotal and vital role in economic activity and development (Westlake, 1994). Africa has been a net importer of foodstuffs over the last thirty years (Smith, 1999). This led the donor community to spotlight the agricultural sector as an area where reforms were badly needed. Since the 1970s the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) have driven Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes (ESAP) in SSA with varying degrees of success (FAO, 1988). Zimbabwe's independence, in 1980, coincided with the start of the first decade of structural adjustment in SSA.
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Mashamba, Mudzibairi Sylvester. "The construction industry in Zambia : opportunities and constraints under the structural adjustment programme and the enabling shelter strategy." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/388.
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In October 1991 Zambia abandoned one party politics and embraced multi-party politics. Upon winning the elections, the MMD Government abandoned UNIP's commandist development strategies for Neo-Liberal ones, in an effort to salvage the ailing Zambian economy and ensure development sustainability. In adopting the Structural Adjustment Programme and its affiliated policy of Enabling Shelter Strategy, the Government hopes among other things to stimulate supply in the hitherto ailing construction industry. It is postulated that, by applying Neo-Liberal policies, an enabling environment for private investment can be created, where an efficient and high productivity private sector is the main provider of construction supply. This research aims at assessing the contributions made by the construction industry to the macroeconomic in Zambia, during the first five years of the Structural Adjustment Programme and the Enabling Shelter Strategy. To do this, the study analyses the adjustment and enablement conditionalities that have been placed on the Zambian economy and then analyses their net effect on the supply-side of the construction market. The contention of in this study is that although the Structural Adjustment Programme and the Enabling Shelter Strategy have made positive contributions to the Zambian Construction industry, there are, however, areas that still need reviewing and changing in light of the experiences of the last five years. The study was conducted using a survey research strategy, using both quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques. Primary data was collected during a field survey trip to Zambia between the 10th of October 1995 and 17th of March 1996. Secondary data on the other hand has mainly come from published literature, business journals, World Bank and IMF publications and Government publications and the media. The conclusions reached at the end of the study are twofold. First they validate the postulations that have been made in both strategies, that enabling policies do indeed break down the structural rigidities in the macro-economy and the construction industry. The result of which has been to promote international and local private participation at different levels in the Zambia construction industry. Secondly, they show that despite the easy entry of construction firms in the industry, especially in the informal sector, the formal construction sector labour market has, however, continued to reduce. The study further concludes that some of the (adjustment and enablement) conditionalites, and Neo-Liberal (Government) measures meant to promote the economy and the industry in particular have had the net effect of reducing construction demand, thereby reducing overall construction output in response to reduced demand. In some cases, however, the study found that surplus local supply was diverted to exports within the region.
7
Munjoma, Thomas. "Property investment under an economic structural adjustment programme : the case of the Harare Central Business District office development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU117158.
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In Zimbabwe, the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) was introduced in 1991, at which time, intense office development activities started in the Harare City Centre. The fundamental aim of this study, therefore, was to identify and explain the driving forces behind office development activities in the Harare City Centre during ESAP (1991-5). Effort was made to reveal the effects of ESAP on the office development process. Three hypotheses from neo-classical (supply and demand), Marxist structuralism (circuits of capital) and structuration (structure and agency) perspectives were proposed to identify and explain the forces driving office development in the Harare City Centre during ESAP. Twenty-four development sites formed the population of properties identified for the study, of which six were selected for detailed examination. This research established that during the early phases of ESAP, demand for office space was fairly robust. With further property development, full occupation of the new space could be achieved only through tenant relocations and 'sweetheart' deals to seduce tenants into occupying new offices. Direct foreign participation in the Harare office development was not significant at all. That was mainly due to a combination of prohibitive legislation relating to foreign investment in property, and the failure of Zimbabwe to compete as an attractive investment destination for global capital. However, important structural changes such as planning policy and practice, reduction of the prescribed asset ratios of institutional investments, increases in inflation and so forth, were identified. Historically, institutional investors were underweight in property and, therefore, used the opportunity to select properties consistent with their long term objectives. It was concluded that the structure and agency approach presented an explanation of the Harare Office development superior to that of the other perspectives. Although ESAP facilitated the procurement of world class facilities and finishes, it had negative implications for the construction industry through high inflation, increases in building costs, the closure of firms and general economic decline.
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Ubisse, Armindo Elias. "The structural adjustment programme a food security in Mozambique - a case study production incentives in the traditional agricultural sector." University of the Western Cape, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7899.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPAMozambique has inherited from colonialism a backward agricultural sector based mainly in plantations of export crops, dominated by white settlers and a handful of foreign companies. Production of food crops, especially maize (which constitutes the main cereal food for the population), was mainly undertaken by the traditional agricultural sector. Combined events, from central planning of production to war and natural disasters, have made unsuccessful the governmental objectives of modernising the agricultural sector and making it more productive, in order to ensure a normal food supply, leading to a permanent situation of food shortage. The "free market" economy introduced in 1987 under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), brought very little progress in terms of food crop production, leaving the country reliant on continued foreign food aid and imports. Recent studies of problems of low agricultural output in general and on the SAP performance in particular, have shown that the private sector, which is benefiting from SAP's investments, is biased towards cash crop production. The traditional agricultural sector, the biggest food producer in Mozambique, is facing integration problems into the new "free market" economy. This study has attempted to clarify the problems, which lie behind the difficulties in market integration of this sector of national agriculture. This is of particular importance, especially in this crucial moment of the ongoing regional food security project, within Southern African Development Community. The study has produced evidence of a lack of appropriate incentives within the traditional agricultural sector under SAP, mainly with regard to the marketing network and buyer of last resort in case of market failure. This includes absence of road facilities, rural shops and respective goods and commodities of interest to the peasantry. The study showed also that it is important to regulate commercialisation of food aid and food import, to ease the market for food crops locally produced. This could enable a gradual integration of rural markets. Conscious that the lack of the above-mentioned incentives may not be the only explanation for the persisting food shortage, I therefore suggest further research on the topic on appropriate incentives for the traditional agricultural sector, given its fragility and vulnerability within the free market economy.
9
Lehloesa, Thembinkosi L. "South Africa's growth, employment and redistribution strategy in the context of structural adjustment programmes in the South." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003004.
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This study is a contribution to the ongoing debate concerning the future of South Africa’s macro-economic policy known as the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy. The study attempts to draw parallels between the GEAR macro-economic policy framework and structural adjustment programmes in the South. By making use of this comparison, the study argues that the outcome of the GEAR will be no different from structural adjustment programmes in that it will fail to reduce poverty and cause government to meet the basic needs of the people. These conclusions are drawn from the fact that the GEAR policy is premised on the faith that the market is capable of redistributing income and wealth, and providing people with their basic needs.
10
Nimoh, Felix Geoffrey. "The financial impact of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on parental capabilities to support their children in six primary schools in Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250687.
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Pornwilassiri, Saowalak. "The impact of Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programme (ERSAP) and privatisation policy on the role of Egyptian professional women from 1991-2000." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249067.
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Dasah, Bernard Zori. "Neoclassical economics and the role of information, communication, and culture in socio-economic development : a case study of the structural adjustment programme in Ghana." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35999.
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For close to two decades the leading international financial organizations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, have imposed their structural adjustment programme on Third World countries, notably in Sub-Saharan African, creating forms of neoclassical financial management at an unsurpassed rate. However, the thesis argues that this approach does not distinguish adequately between policies favourable to the growth and prosperity of developed countries and those pertaining to developing countries in part because the paradigm has an impoverished notion of information, communication, and culture. By fostering this economic paradigm in developing countries, these organizations may, in effect, be imposing an inconsistent model on them in many respects. This thesis explores this conundrum with particular reference to the model's concepts of information, communication, and culture and the consequences of these concepts on the application of the model in Sub-Saharan Africa, specifically in Ghana.The thesis employs case studies to demonstrate the impact of cultural imperatives on the neoclassical economic concepts of efficiency of competition, trade liberalization, currency devaluation, public expenditure reduction, and privatization promoted by the structural adjustment programme. It suggests that some of the failures of the programme may be ascribed to the great differences between the imperatives of neoclassical economics and the cultural realities of Sub-Saharan Africa.
The thesis takes the position that the incorporation of an understanding of culture and economy similar to that of the communicologists' holistic and wider perspective on economics and economic systems would ameliorate many weaknesses of the structural adjustment programmes of the IMF and the World Bank and enhance the effectiveness of future structural adjustment programmes.
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Dasah, Bernard Z. "Neoclassical economics and the role of information, communication, and culture in socio-economic development, a case study of the structural adjustment programme in Ghana." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0018/NQ55318.pdf.
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Chinkonda, Sosten Sylvester Joseph. "Assessment of the role of traditional leadership in facilitating community development in rural Malaw." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004907.
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The study was carried out to assess the extent to which the intervention of traditional leaders is effective in mobilising support for community development projects and to examine the perceptions that communities have about the role of the traditional leaders in development projects. The study has been guided by the critique of neoliberalism which exposes the negative effects of implementing the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in Third World countries. The literature that has been reviewed has looked at the historical and political background of the role of chiefs and other traditional leaders in order to assess the nature of participation that is promoted through their involvement in development projects. An overview of the neo-liberal prescription and its critique has been made in order to expose the effects of the oil embargo of 1973 and the debt crisis of the 1980s on the economies of Third World countries in general and Malawi in particular. On the basis of evidence which has been gathered through a survey and focus group discussion, the study has found that the intervention of traditional leaders is very effective in mobilising communities for development projects. It has further been established that communities have high regard for their traditional leaders and that they perceive them as crucial role players in the conception and implementation of development projects. The study has however established that traditional leaders use unorthodox means such as threats of punishment to solicit the cooperation of the community members which in essence is counterproductive to the participatory approach to development.
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Nnazor, Agatha Ifeyinwa. "Structural adjustment programmes and the informal sector : the Nigerian case of Jos women." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10836.
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This study describes and analyzes the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes
(SAPs) on the Jos women in the informal sector, as well as the strategies women adopt to
ensure the survival of their businesses and families. Studies that have investigated the impact
of SAP on women in the informal sector tend to take a rather disparate approach. Against
this background, the present study develops a coherent conceptual framework for
understanding the impact of SAPs on women in the sector.
From an interview survey conducted with one hundred and fifty (150) Jos women in
the informal urban sector, the study elicited data on the activities of the women and the ways
SAPs affect their access to productive and reproductive resources, as well as on the
responses of the women to SAPs-engendered socio-economic hardships. The data reveal that
the Jos women engage in numerous income-generating activities, mostly in small-scale, low-income
circulatory and service activities which are largely marginalized and bereft of
institutionalized resources. In addition to their productive and income-generating activities,
the Jos women perform the bulk of the reproductive and domestic work necessary for the
support of the family. As well, the women perform some extra-household work for the
welfare of the community and environment. The study shows that the Jos women are
adversely affected by SAPs. Structural Adjustment Programmes are further limiting their
access to business commodities, credit, stalls, information and training, food, healthcare,
education and transportation facilities. Consequently, women are finding it difficult to
maintain their businesses and families. Amidst the adverse effects of SAPs, the women are
resiliently and innovatively responding to SAPs through numerous business and familial
survival strategies. In addition to the responses of the Jos women, the Nigerian State, is
attempting to reduce poverty among women through its various women-centered
programmes.
The study attributes the adverse and limiting effects of SAPs on the Jos women's
access to resources to a number of forces. These include (a) the Nigerian limited and
discriminatory opportunity structures which predispose women to the largely marginalized
informal activities, (b) the small-scale and low-income nature of women's informal
activities, (c) the unequal and exploitative relationship between the informal and formal
sectors in which women provide consumer goods at low-cost for the regeneration of
capitalist labour, (d) the circulatory and service nature of women's informal activities, (e)
the gender- and class-biased structures inherent in SAPs, as well as in SAPs' implementing
mechanisms and institutions and (f) women's altruistic and selfless attitudes.
The study observes that the responses of both the Jos women and the Nigerian State
to SAPs-engendered hardships are, at best, palliative or even cosmetic. The responses do not
address the strategic needs of women. Hence the study makes a case for a transformatory
strategy through the empowerment of women.
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Dipeolu, Adeyemi Olayiwola Kayode. "Policy reforms and economic development : an institutional perspective on the Nigerian experience (1986 to 1993)." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18012.
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African economies, including Nigeria continued to perform poorly despite the adoption of economic policy
reforms in the 1980s. An explanation for the failure of economic policy reforms was therefore sought from
an institutional perspective. Since active state intervention in the economy was the rationale given for the
economic crisis of developing countries, the conventional case for an active state which rested on the need
to correct for market failure was counterposed with the argument that the economy was best coordinated by
market forces given that the state was not benevolent, omniscient or omnipotent. However, the state has
played an important role in the transformation of late developers while a state-market dichotomy takes no
account of institutional factors.
The widespread adoption of economic policy reforms owed more to an ideological shift in the development
paradigm than to the debt crisis and there was a great deal of controversy about the theoretical foundations
and impact of these reforms contrary to claims of a consensus. An institutionalist political economy which
recognises that the market is not the only institution and that economic transformation requires the positive
use of political power was proposed. Such an approach takes account of history, politics and the institutional
diversity of capitalism. A more nuanced view of state intervention was therefore advocated. The importance
of institutional arrangements in the quest for economic transformation underscored the inadequacy of
structural adjustment which was hampered by the lack of price and institutional flexibility as well as other
institutional constraints.
The Nigerian experience of structural adjustment shows that long term growth prospects were not enhanced
and that the reforms tended to favour the financial sector over the real sector. The failure of economic policy
reforms in Nigeria can be attributed to the continued presence of constraining institutional factors and the
absence of a positive use of political power.Economics
D. Comm. (Economics)
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"An analytical investigation of the structural adjustment programme for television receiving sets, with special reference to possible alternatives." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13255.
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Mucharambeyi, Kudakwashe Godfrey. "The effects of economic structural adjustment programme and the shelter development strategy on the housing construction industry in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2665.
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The motive behind this dissertation involved the scholastic empirical testing of the impacts of development policy, pursued at macro-economic level in housing and construction industry in Zimbabwe during Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) between 1990-1995. It further explores the understanding of the variety of interconnections between macro-economic in light of structural adjustment and Shelter development Strategy. The introductory focuses on conceptualisation of the dissertation in relation to contemporary policy and academic debates. A historical review of both macroeconomic and shelter industry management policies experienced in Zimbabwe prior to ESAP are examined. Architecture structure of the adjustment programe specifically in the in creating an enabling environment in respect to the overall macro-economic reforms in relation to the shelter industry is sketched. Party Two deals with housing and Zimbabwean construction finance both prior and after ESAP, comparison with other African countries is reviewed-positive impacts of liberalizing a sophisticated financial sector, limited impact in attracting foreign investment and negative impact of reduced government investment on the housing construction industry. The final section deals with the impact of adjustment and shelter strategy on job creation and income levels. Also focuses on the responsiveness of the construction supply to adjustment and enablement policies. The development of ideas surrounding this research and methodology of fieldwork are also discussed. Conclusion and recommendations are drawn to fulfill the dissertation-Scholarly.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, 2001.
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Mambwe, Evaristo M. "The challenge of poverty for the church in Zambia : a response to the effects of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3760.
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The effects of the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) that have been the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) prescribed economic reforms have accentuated poverty levels in Zambia.
For the majority ofthe population, the Structural Adjustment Programmes have exacerbated poverty if not directly contributing to it. This paper argues that poverty has a historical aspect dating back to the colonial strategy of establishing and perpetuating rural-urban dual structures. The Zambian government upon attainment of independence continued this dual economic structure. The dualist approach favoured urban areas at the expense of rural areas in terms of social and economic development. To date it is estimated that 80% of Zambia's population of about ten million people (2000 Census) lives under conditions of abject poverty.
The Zambian economy did well in the first ten years of independence (1964 -1974), but went on a continuous decline from that period to date. Both internal and external factors have contributed to the continuous steep decline ofthe economy and subsequent increase in poverty levels.
Among efforts to turn round the economy, the Zambian government in cooperation with the IMF and World Bank embarked on the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP). President Kenneth Kaunda
hesitatingly introduced the first SAP in 1981. The economic reforms, particularly the decontrol of prices and abolition of subsidies resulted in the increase of prices of foodstuffs leading to civil disobedience, violence, riots, looting and deaths in 1986. The SAP also contributed to income
disparities. In 1991 when Frederick Chiluba won the presidency, he implemented the SAP fully. The implementation ofthe SAP meant the decontrol of prices and removal ofall forms of subsidies. The immediate effect was a rapid rise in prices and poverty levels.
This paper argues that in the face of this poverty the involvement of the Church has not been as comprehensive as taught by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Emphasis has r-emained on spiritual emancipation with little stress on material well-being. Equally there has not been participation in
decision-making by the affected people as the government and the donor-community make most decisions without consulting the citizens.
There also seems to have evolved a culture ofdependence on "handouts" or free things, and lack of good work ethics and standards.
The improvement in the standards of life of the people may be realized if the Church through its prophetic ministry challenges global capitalism so that the powerful and rich western countries accept
the New World Order that the Third World has been advocating for many years. The Church should also voice the fact that the Zambian politics and economic policies should not be motivated by profit making and individual gain but by a desire for hard work and fair distribution of the world and
nation's wealth. It is further proposed that the best economic and development policies are those that sustain human life and bring a better life in every human community. This ideal may be fulfilled if the
Church through its diaconal ministry gets involved in developmental issues.Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
Christian Aid (UK) through the University of Natal, School of Theology,
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Korb, Ilonka Suzanna. "The implementation of a RDP public works programme in the Greater Johannesburg TMC." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7097.
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M.A.The South African development context is characterized by high levels of unemployment and poverty. It is therefore imperative to address these two aspects if any advancement in regard to development is to be achieved. Several options are available to development agents and government structures alike. The pre-requisite, however, for the selection of an option is sustainability. A Public Works Programme (PWP) holds the potential of impacting on South Africa's high levels of unemployment and poverty. Although this programme needs to be implemented alongside similar economic upliftment initiatives, a PWP can contribute significantly to the improvement of the SA development situation. The nature of a PWP has changed from purely creating jobs, to including training and education as essential components of a PWP. Only by including the latter components, can a PWP be deemed sustainable and impact directly on the lives of the participants. With the transformation to a new political dispensation in April 1994, SA also embarked on formulating a holistic and comprehensive development approach and vision. The final product was the Reconstruction and Development Programme. This Programme established the broad framework in which development policy and implementation take place. The RDP consists of various development aspects, all aimed at improving the SA development context. One of these aspects is focused at the upliftment and stimulation of the economy. The PWP forms part of the overall economic strategy. From this theoretical point of departure, the National PWP was formulated. One of the main factors that contributed to the slow development and implementation of the NPWP was the absence of local government structures. Local government structures underwent similar changes to those experienced at national level. In addition to the structural and geographical changes, the responsibilities of local government increased due to decentralisation of powers and functions from national government. Now local government holds the position of "development facilitator" instead of being a mere supplier of municipal services. Local economic development within the specified area has been emphasised as an urgent matter that needs to be developed and supported by local government. The NPWP fits perfectly into this mould. This study investigates the nature of the NPWP and the role of local government in its implementation with specific reference to a Gauteng local authority, the Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council.
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Kiboiy, Kiptoo Lelei. "The dynamics of student unrests in Kenya's higher education : the case of Moi Uinversity." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32399.
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Higher education in post-independence Kenya from 1963 to 2009 has been characterized by rapid expansion - both in terms of student enrolment and in a sharp increase in the number of both private and public universities. While national and institutional mechanisms, such as the establishment of a revolving fund, the Higher Education Loans Board and the introduction of the Privately Sponsored Students Programme, have been initiated to address the sharp demand for higher education against a backdrop of diminishing financial support, violent student unrest - which seriously undermined these efforts - has persisted. A sustained period of student unrest has characterized Kenya‟s higher education. This has manifested itself in the form of violent protests, riots, boycotts and strikes. Statistics indicate that the intensity/frequency and violence of the strikes has steadily increased over the years. For example, between 1969 and 2000 sixty-nine cases of student strikes were recorded at all the public universities. Of these cases, twenty-two (31.88%) occurred within a time span of 20 years (1969-1989) while forty-seven cases (68.12%) occurred in a short period of just one decade (1990-2000).At Moi University twenty-four cases of strikes, which affected its colleges and campuses, were recorded between 1985 and 2009. In terms of radical policy adaptation at both national and institutional levels, one would expect a downward trend in unrest. Instead, however, the frequency and intensity of violence associated with strikes has increased at an alarming rate with several deaths being reported.
As such, this study has investigated the factors that have contributed to, and informed, a sustained period of student unrest with a specific focus on Moi University in order to identify policy lessons. Global, national and institutional aspects were examined. A case study strategy was applied - with Moi University as its focus. Data was collected through an in-depth review of the relevant literature, document analysis and interviews. Past and present senior management staff members at Moi University, including Deans of Faculties, Deans of Students, Heads of Departments, and Heads of Sections as well as former student leaders were interviewed. The study concludes in its findings that the university is operating within a highly dynamic and unstable social-political environment, leading to the emergence of inadequate policy adaptations. The resultant shortcomings in the operations of the university attract the wrath of an informed student population in the form of unrest. The students action is not however simply reactionary, as they too, as change agents have their own agenda that evolves over time as they seize opportunities created by the policy shortcomings to pursue it. The study summarized the salient factors responsible for the violent unrest in five broad thematic areas. These include: (i) Unrest associated with flawed international and national policies and social pressure; (ii) Unrest associated with critical national issues and identification with progressive change agents; (iii) Unrest associated with student politics;(iv) Unrest associated with social identity and threats of their welfare from organized groups; and (v) Unrest associated with the prevalence of institutional catalyzing factors. A typical strike develops through four main phases: (i) The development/ brewing phase; (ii) The heightened tension phase; (iii) The full blown strike phase; and (iv) The dissipation/uneasy calm phase. Organizational disequilibrium describes the general state of instability characterizing the university, while organizational paranoia is associated with instances of devastating strikes during a heightened tension phase. A strike matrix of Spontaneous vs Orchestrated and Flash vs Protracted typify the strikes. Unrest has led to the disruption of academic programmes; the destruction of property and deaths; a loss of critical study time; and damage to students‟ careers caused by suspensions and expulsions. The need for a well-considered policy that involves exhaustive consultation with all the stake-holders emerges as critical for the future stability of universities.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
am2013
Education Management and Policy Studies
unrestricted
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Kerslake, Maria Talaitupu. "Maloafua : structural adjustment programmes : the case of Samoa : a thesis submitted to Massey University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Sociology Programme, School of Social and Cultural Studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1423.
Full textAbstract:
Structural adjustment programmes have been promoted globally by international financial institutions as an answer to the financial problems of developing countries like Samoa. This thesis is a study of the history of structural adjustment programmes in the Independent State of Samoa, and focuses specifically on a case study of one particular programme: the restructuring and privatisation of the former Public Works Department (PWD). It seeks to compare the claims made for the reform process by development economists, development consultants and planners, politicians and reform managers, with the experiences of those who were involved in various roles in a particular type of reform: the privatisation of a Government utility. The PWD was chosen by the Samoan Government to kick-start its institutional reform programme. The Department had, over the years, suffered from poor management, corrupt practices, overspending and unaccounted funds which were all revealed in an Auditor General's Report tabled in Parliament in Samoa in 1994. This caused great embarrassment to the Government which had then to respond to these accusations. Government saw the reform of the PWD as a means to respond to public criticism of its lack of oversight, and discontent with the standard of the department's services in public works, institutional construction, repair and maintenance programmes. The study used a case study methodology to interview the people that were involved in the privatisation of the old Public Works Department (PWD). Various people who were, and are still, involved in the process of reforming Government institutions were interviewed. These included the politicians who both advocated and opposed the implementation of the reforms, the consultants who managed them for the Government and international agencies, and employees at all levels of the former Public Works Department. It explored PWD employees' personal and institutional experiences of the period before, during and since the reform of the agency. Despite the propaganda on the benefits that reform programmes have for the countries that implement them, the study has revealed different findings. It identifies and examines some important differences between the claims made by various stakeholders about the reforms, and the experiences of those who were directly involved in various ways. It has shown that people in different positions have different experiences of the same programmes, and that their experiences are significantly influenced by their social location and, specifically, whether they are "insiders" or "outsiders." It concludes by suggesting that since the structural reform project is likely to continue in Samoa for the foreseeable future, it is useful to identify those lessons from the PWD privatisation which might be applied to future projects to mitigate their social and organisational impact.
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Mabhoyi, Lloyd Chaurika. "Narratives of at-risk students in secondary schools in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23114.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the experiences of at-risk secondary school students in the Chitungwiza District, Zimbabwe. At-riskiness is defined as a condition in which students are likely to produce poor academic achievement, irregular school attendance, grade retention or dropout due to various individual and social factors. At-riskiness has increased in Zimbabwe’s school population since the adoption and subsequent failure of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) which has contributed to poverty and concomitant poor social conditions. A literature study explored at-riskiness in the light of socio-cultural perspectives on at-riskiness and also discussed contextual factors in the Zimbabwean schooling system which influence students’ vulnerability to at-riskiness. A qualitative inquiry using a narrative approach explored at-riskiness in the life stories of three male and three female secondary school students attending two selected schools in Chitungwiza, an economically deprived area close to Harare. Selection of schools was based on high levels of absenteeism and sustained poor performance in the national school leaving examinations. Purposeful participant selection was based on school records on grade repetition, absenteeism and poor behaviour. Semi-structured Interviews with participants, based on the Dan MacAdams framework for life story research, were used to gather rich data. Ethical compliance included written parental consent and participant assent and the assurance of anonymity, confidentiality and the right to refuse information. Findings were categorized under family related factors, school related factors and resource limitations. At-riskiness was exacerbated by parental unemployment, poor socio-economic conditions at home and a lack of cultural capital. Participants were compelled to undertake casual work to supplement household income in addition to the fulfillment of academic responsibilities. Poor school conditions comprising poor discipline and unprofessional teacher conduct increased at-riskiness especially among female participants. Resource limitations included poor nutrition, lack of basic necessities required for personal hygiene, in adequate parenting and the absence of psycho-social support mechanisms. Based on the literature study and empirical inquiry, recommendations were made for a more inclusive educational model, poverty alleviation and special support for disadvantaged students to reduce at-riskiness among students in Zimbabwe.Educational Foundations
D. Ed. (Socio-Education)
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Mazibuko, Sibonginkosi Godfrey. "Education and development : an exploratory study of the impact of GEAR in Gauteng." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18184.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of formal education in socioeconomic development is an established fact.
Formal education leads to better living standards through improved productivity, health and earnings. However, opportunities to acquire quality education are a function of a country's economic policy.
This study inquires into the capacity ofthe South African macroeconomic strategy of Growth, Employment and Redistribution( GEAR) to afford people the opportunities to get quality education. The study shows close linkages between GEAR and structural adjustment
programmes( SAPs). The study argues that SAPs and thus GEAR tend to have negative impact on the poor as social spending is reduced and education gets affected. This study concludes that
GEAR is likely to impoverish the public formal education system, particularly in poorer communities.Development Studies
M. Admin. (Development Administration)