Journal articles: 'Nigerian Structural Adjustment Programme'

1

Nwokedi, Emeka. "Le mythe d'un leadership nigérian dans les relations inter-africaines." Études internationales 22, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702844ar.

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Nigeria's leadership role in inter-African relations remains a myth despite the country's assertiveness in the areas of liberation, conflict mediation and regional economic integration. Rhetoric and posturing in inter-African diplomacy have become a substitute for reality. Furthermore, the weakness of the Nigerian domestic structure and the effects of the structural adjustment programme negate Nigerians capabilities to exert a leadership in inter-African diplomacy.

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Michael Isaac (PhD), OPUSUNJU, and AKYUZ, Murat, PhD. "Effect of Structural Adjustment Programme on the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 5565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v6i8.03.

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The examined the effect of structural adjustment programme on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The research design adopted for the study is ex-post facto and the population of this is all the small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The population of the study is 72838 and was used as the sample size. Structural adjustment programme was measured by import substitution policy and export promotion policy and small and medium scale enterprise performance was measured by SMEs output. The study covered a period of 32 years from 1986-2017. The statistical tools adopted in this study were descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, unit root test and Regression. The analysis was conducted using e-view statistical software and the finding indicates that there was a negative and significant effect relationship between structural adjustment programme and performance of Small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The study also found that LIM has a positive and significant effect on LSMEOPT in Nigeria. Also, LEX has a negative and significant effect on LSMEOPT in Nigeria. The study suggested that Government in Nigeria should reduced the adoption of SAP in Nigeria but should only embark on import substitution since before the adoption of SAP, Nigerian introduced indigenization policy in 1977. Government of Nigeria should designed policy that discourage the people of Nigeria to purchase SMEs manufactured products from the richer countries. They should only sell their primary products on the world market, but their foreign exchange reserves should not be used to purchase the manufactures products from abroad.

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Ekpenyong, Stephen. "The Structural Adjustment Programme and the Elderly in Nigeria." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 41, no. 4 (December 1995): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/78cu-0auh-3bgw-pthn.

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The article analyzes the impact of recent economic changes accompanying the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and ongoing cultural styles on the aged in Nigeria. It argues that during the one decade preceding the introduction of SAP in 1986, Nigeria experienced significant social and economic transformations made possible by the rise in oil prices in the 1970s. The introduction of SAP has also been accompanied by significant social, cultural, and economic changes. Here the effects of these changes on the situation of the elderly in Nigeria are examined using data pooled from observations and surveys in both the pre- and post-SAP years. Findings reveal that compared to the younger generations, the relative position of the elderly has not changed significantly, although the latter's position has deteriorated on dimensions such as access to economic and health resources. Regional and individual differentials in the situation of old people are significant during both the pre- and post-SAP era.

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Adegbite, Oyeyemi. "SME development under the structural adjustment programme in Nigeria." Small Enterprise Development 8, no. 4 (December 1997): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1997.034.

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Ejembi, C. L., E. P. Renne, and H. A. Adamu. "The politics of the 1996 cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in Nigeria." Africa 68, no. 1 (January 1998): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161150.

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The 1996 cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in Nigeria exemplified a medical situation that was linked with political concerns at the local, national, and international levels. It is argued that these political aspects must be understood, as they have implications for the treatment of future outbreaks. This article examines local attempts to stem the epidemic, on the basis of participant observation and epidemiological data collected from the north of Kaduna State. The epidemic is then considered in the national context: general deterioration of the health care system associated with economic decline, a national structural adjustment programme and crisis of political leadership. The local and national contexts of the 1996 epidemic are related to the view, held by many Nigerians, that reports of the epidemic's severity and the subsequent Saudi ban on Nigerians making the pilgrimage to Mecca reflected international politics, particularly the uneasy relations between the Nigerian, Saudi Arabian, and US governments, as well as health concerns. The article concludes with some recommendations for a national policy and for community health initiatives that take the politics and economics of cerebrospinal meningitis immunisation and treatment into account.

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Iyanda, Olukunle. "The structural adjustment programme and marketing in the manufacturing industry in Nigeria." Management Decision 41, no. 3 (April 2003): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740310469431.

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Nwajiuba, Chinedum Uzoma, Bertram E. B. Nwoke, and Chinyere Augusta Nwajiuba. "Structural Adjustment Programme and Public Health Issues in Relation to Migration: Nigeria." Development 50, no. 4 (November 26, 2007): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100436.

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Okafor, Victoria, Ebenezer Bowale, Ademola Onabote, Adedeji Afolab, and Jeremiah Ejemeyovwi. "Financial Deepening and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Johannsen and Error Correction Model Techniques." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p263.

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The desire to ascertain the kind of relationship between finance and growth is not new among scholars. This study attempted to give a better understanding of the type of relationship by analysing post-SAP (Structural Adjustment Programme) time-series data since the notable financial reforms began with SAP in Nigeria. The study employed the Johannsen Cointegration, error correction and granger causality as estimation techniques to determine the nexus between financial deepening and economic growth. The variables contained in the model include the ratio of credit to the private sector to gross domestic product (CPS) which proxy bank-based financial deepening, the proportion of market capitalisation to gross domestic product (MCAP) which proxy for stock market development. The result of the analysis revealed that the Nigerian economic growth is influenced by financial deepening positively and significantly, especially the bank-based financial depth.

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Gbadegesin, Adeniyi. "Management of forest resources by women: a case study from the Olokemeji Forest Reserve area, southwestern Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 2 (June 1996): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038492.

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SummaryThe environmental impact of the Nigerian economic Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the livelihood of the rural dwellers has been little studied. A study was conducted amongst 10 villages in the Olokemeji area of Oyo State, Nigeria using standardized interviews of 200 household heads.The oil boom of the 1970s in Nigeria drove many male heads of households in the study area to the cities, but the collapse of the urban unskilled labour market in the 1980s brought men back to the villages. However, by 1990, renewed dominance of female-headed households in the study area has followed further male emigration. Changing roles of women in managing the forest environment are indicated over the three time periods and I argue that female-headed households attempt to conserve and improve the state of the environment more than their male counterparts. This is achieved through the cultivation of less nutrient-demanding crops such as cassava and yam, and using environmentally-friendly farming systems such as terracing and taungya.

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10

Lewis, Peter. "From Prebendalism to Predation: the Political Economy of Decline in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 1 (March 1996): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0005521x.

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Upon taking power in August 1985, General Ibrahim Babangida promised a decisive course of economic and political change for Nigeria. Alongside a phased transition to democratic rule, the new President outlined far-reaching reforms intended to alleviate major distortions in the economy, to resolve a lingering impasse with external creditors, and to reduce a mounting burden of debt. Within a year, a comprehensive structural adjustment programme (SAP) was launched, incorporating key policies advocated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and yielding significant early results in stabilising the economy and arresting decline.

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Igbedioh, S. O. "Undernutrition in Nigeria: Dimension, Causes and Remedies for Alleviation in a Changing Socio-Economic Environment." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609300900101.

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Undernutrition in Nigeria is a long standing problem which has persisted since the 1960s and whose magnitude is on the increase. This is because food consumption, both in quality and quantity, has decreased appreciably, especially with the commencement of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in 1986. Available studies from limited data have indicated that the introduction of economic reforms more than anything else has contributed to reduced food intake and the near collapse of nutrition oriented health delivery services. Since the economic reforms may continue into the next decade and beyond, sustainable remedies for alleviation of the problem are urgently needed. Suggested remedial programmes include increased support for the rural farmers, strengthening of the rural credit schemes that are specifically targeted at the poor, distribution of vitamin A and iron supplements in rural health centres, encouraging production of low cost weaning diets and integrating nutrition education in primary health care schemes and in educational curricula.

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Olowofela, Enitan O., Edward Adedoyin Adebowale, and Ayoola Quadri Adejonwo. "Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria." Binus Business Review 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v9i2.4359.

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This research analyzed the impact of financial reforms on economic growth in Nigeria. The scope of this research covered the period between1986– 2016.This period was chosen because liberalization of Nigeria financial sector began in 1986 with the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), which policy thrust included deregulation of interest rates. Secondary data were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics publications. This research used econometrics analysis. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique and Cochrane Orcutt iterative method were used to analyze the data. The results show that implemented financial reforms during the period has positive impact on economic growth. This research recommends that government should enhance financial reforms and macroeconomic stability and be sensitive to the behavior of interest rates especially, lending rates for overall economic growth in the country.

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Ammani, Aliyu A. "An Assessment of the Impact of Exchange Rate Deregulation and Structural Adjustment Programme on Cotton Production and Utilization in Nigeria." Trends in Agricultural Economics 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tae.2012.1.12.

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14

OMOTOR, DOUGLASON GODWIN, CHRISTOPHER O. ORUBU, and EMMANUEL INONI. "POLICY REFORMS AND AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 04 (December 2009): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003501.

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The role of agriculture in the process of growth and development arises mainly from its linkages with other sectors of an economy. The agricultural sector in developing countries in recent times has recorded secular declines in terms of its contribution to export earning and domestic consumption. This observation is associated with policy inertia among other factors. The Structural Adjustment Programme adopted in Nigeria in the 1980s, is one policy shift aimed at boosting agricultural production. This article aims at empirically verifying the effects of policy reform on agricultural exports in Nigeria by estimating a simple impact assessment model using a slope-dummy method. The estimates among others indicate that agricultural export is significantly influenced by domestic consumption and economic liberalization. The findings suggest that policy reforms on agricultural productivity should go beyond liberalization of the economy.

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Abioro, Tunde, and Hammed A. Adefeso. "The Menace of Poverty and the Challenges of Public Policy Making in Nigeria." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n1p177.

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This study contends that poverty is a global phenomenon and no nation is immune to the scourge it is capable of causing especially when determined and clear policy measures are not put in place to check the menace. The objectives that interrogates the nerves of this discourse is to assess the rate of poverty in Nigeria as well as examine the role of government in poverty eradication. Also, to identify the various initiatives that governments in Nigeria have put in place since the pre; through and the post Structural Adjustment Programme era of the nation. Findings from the study reveals that attitudinal response and approach of both the government and the governed is appalling. Also, there exist a sharp disconnect between the government and the governed which has resulted into policy formulations that fail to meet the yearning, demand and desire of the people. Meanwhile, it was established that political and policy instability, poor targeting mechanism and inadequate coordination among the existing three tiers of government have done harm to programme implementation. The paper makes contribution by providing information and it adopt secondary source of data gathering. It concludes by recommending strengthened relationship/ communication between the governments and the governed to ensure proper and adequate policies that will meet their targets are made as well as enforcement of initiatives of governments directed at reducing poverty.

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Alozie, Christopher Enyioma. "Fund accounting and government-wide financial reporting during the Pre-IPSAS implementation era from a Nigerian experience." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-01-2019-0017.

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PurposeThis paper assessed accuracy level in accounting for government funds in Nigeria's federal treasury and their faithful presentation in government financial reporting. It aimed to determine whether the reported annual balances in Nigeria's financial reporting were reliable or otherwise. Data used in analysis were obtained from secondary sources from federal treasury.Design/methodology/approachEx-post “facto” analysis method was adopted in the study involving the use of statistical techniques of absolute or aggregate mean percentage error derived from differences between recomputed and published fund balances and was employed. This was augmented with interactive review meetings of the initial case research report with the management of Nigeria's audit agency.FindingsResults distilled from the consolidated revenue fund (CRF), development fund and public debt show that recomputed values were greater than the fund balances in the gazetted financial statements. Results for contingency fund (CTF), federation account fund (FAF), special trust fund (STF) and sundry deposit fund yield equal figures and accurate. The paper concludes that there were serial understatements of the core public fund balances in the financial statements over the years. This trend of reporting incorrect in three core public funds in financial statements rendered Nigeria's financial position unreliable in the affected years for decisions. It also facilitated frauds, mismanagement of funds and corrupt practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe scope of the research is restricted to assessment of degree of accuracy in fund accounting, faithful representation of the respective fund balance in the liabilities side of FGN balance sheet and the reliability of the financial position. But, it did not consider or cover the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) in federal treasury since FGN had not issued any full IPSAS–oriented financial statements as on 2015.Practical implicationsIdentification of deficiencies in fund account balances, structural defects in fund accounting and acts of understatement of carrying balances in CRF and capital development fund (CDF) implies that the aggregate core fund liabilities reported in financial statement of government entities without corresponding assets do not actually reflect a true and fair financial position in some countries. It reveals remarkable degree of financial information asymmetry in government financial reporting. Illusionary fund accounting has direct linkage to poor fiscal governance in many sovereign with associated sub-optimal delivery of public goods and service level distress syndrome in many economies; lead to poverty, unemployment, crisis and macroeconomic disturbances.Social implicationsThe study contributes to the development of fund accounting system; strengthening government financial reporting architecture and practices. It provides framework for tracking financial information asymmetry in government financial reporting and mismanagement of public funds. It provides platform to effect necessary adjustment (correction) during the “first time 3-year adoption” adjustment window in Nigeria. Flowing from the findings, it advocates for institutionalization of government fund accounting standards and provides evidence for migration to accrual accounting system in countries that have not already implemented it. Evaluation system developed herein will improve fund management in federal treasury and contribute to efficient public financial management, good governance and enhance development of public accounting practice.Originality/valueThis exploratory empirical research is the one to ever evaluate accuracy level of fund accounting in sovereign entities and faithful representation in government's financial position prior to implementation of accrual accounting and financial reporting. The study established substantial level of illusionary accounting for public funds and information asymmetry in published government's financial reporting. It is necessary to rectify these discrepancies in fund accounting and financial reporting prior to and or during the first three years of the IPSAS transition implementation programme. These research deliverables provide adopters with relevant data for adjustment accounting during the transition period in strengthening public financial reporting in order to realize the benefit of full IPSAS accrual accounting.

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Wajim, John. "Youth Unemployment: The Cause of Ethnic Conflict and Criminal Activities in Takum Local Government Area of Taraba State Nigeria." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, no. 04 (April 7, 2020): 5882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i04.01.

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This research work examined youth unemployment: the cause of ethnic conflict and criminal activities in Takum LGA of Taraba State, Nigeria. Unemployment to a large extent remains Nigeria’s socio-economic and political problem. Historically, unemployment situation in the country was heightened by introduction of structural adjustment programme (SAP). Both primary and secondary sources of data collection were employed for the success of the research work. Simple percentages were applied on a cross-sectional data of 120 sampled unemployed youths randomly selected from Takum Local Government Area in 2015. The study revealed that lack of employment opportunities stimulate young people to engage in ethnic conflict and criminal activities such as theft, arm robbery etc. In order to survive and earn material success. The study recommends that government should create more jobs opportunities and industries as unemployed youths can also benefit and meet their immediate needs, as this will drastically curtail ethnic conflict and criminal activities by unemployed youths

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18

Oyejide, T. Ademola. "Adjustment with growth: Nigerian experience with structural adjustment policy reform." Journal of International Development 3, no. 4 (1991): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.4010030405.

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Ismaila, Mohammed. "Exchange Rate Depreciation and Nigeria Economic Performance after Structural Adjustment Programmes ( Saps )." NG-Journal of Social Development 5, no. 2 (2016): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0031175.

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Federici, Silvia, and Arlen Austin. "Nigerian Writings (Fragments)." differences 31, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 117–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10407391-8744553.

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This collection of texts is drawn from the Silvia Federici Papers, recently donated to the Feminist Theory Archives at the Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women. The works presented here date from Federici’s teaching work in Nigeria from 1984 to 1987 and include subsequent scholarship and activism as a member of the Committee for Academic Freedom in Africa in the early 1990s. Consisting of journal entries, short articles, and drafts, the writings provide first-hand accounts of the effects of structural adjustment and military government repression on Nigeria’s economy, environment, and education system with emphasis on the accompanying repression of women. A final draft article from circa 1993 unfolds a broad critique of an international capitalist discourse on structural adjustment in Africa and Latin America. A brief introduction by Arlen Austin contextualizes these works in relation to Federici’s oeuvre and the history they address.

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Adejumobi, Said. "The Structural Adjustment Programme and Democratic Transition in Africa." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 29, no. 4 (1996): 416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1996-4-416.

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22

Benhin, James K. A., and Edward B. Barbier. "Structural Adjustment Programme, Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss in Ghana." Environmental and Resource Economics 27, no. 3 (March 2004): 337–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:eare.0000017653.15107.0f.

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Olaosebikan, Oluwarotimi Oyeniyi, Kehinde Oluyemisi Faniyi, and Henry Muyiwa Babatunde. "Music and the Challenges of Socio-Economic Inequalities in Nigeria: ‘The Small People’s Anthem’ By Sẹ́gun Akinlolú as a Case Study." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.3.1.366.

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Popular music scholarship has tended towards romance, wealth accumulation. Adequate attention has not been paid to the contributions of popular music to fight against socio-economic inequalities of various forms in Nigeria. Inequalities of various forms are part of the realities of life across climes. However, challenges of socio-economic inequalities in Nigeria and other developing countries are particularly more problematic considering the ever-widening gap between the haves and have nots in these countries. While many of the advanced countries of the world have introduced several efforts to mitigate the effects of inequalities on their citizens through the introduction of social safety nets in the area of conditional cash transfer, housing and educational system, the same could not be said about Nigeria and other sub-Sahara countries. The introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of 1986 and the concomitant retrenchment of welfare services in Nigeria has since, exacerbated socio-economic challenges in the country. In addition to the efforts of the constituted governments at various levels in Nigeria, several attempts are also being made between the country and the developed countries of the world both at multilateral and bilateral levels to combat the problem of socio-economic inequalities. This study, therefore, employed archival and library methods of data collection to thematically analyzed the roles of music in combating the ever-increasing socio-economic inequalities in Nigeria, using Sẹ́gun Akinlolú’s music, ‘Small Peoples’ Anthem’ as a point of reference. The study concludes that awareness of the populace about the menace of socio-economic inequalities and their various forms remains inadequate among Nigerians. Improved advocacy and deliberate government actions are viewed as a panacea to the problem of inequality in the country.

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Colman, David, and Aja Okorie. "The effect of structural adjustment on the Nigerian agricultural export sector." Journal of International Development 10, no. 3 (May 1998): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1328(199805/06)10:3<341::aid-jid453>3.0.co;2-8.

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Kydd, Jonathan. "Coffee After Copper? Structural Adjustment, Liberalisation, and Agriculture in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010454.

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In contrast to its policies in the economic sphere, Zambia has one of Africa's most liberal approaches to press freedom. To convey the flavour of public debate during, or immediately after, the 19-month experiment with a market-determined exchange rate, 10 quotations are presented below:Large scale mining will continue for 12 to 20 years, but small-working may go on for 50–60 years.– Francis Kaunda, Chairman, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, June 1987.Coffe after copper.– Campaign slogan of the Coffee Growers Committee of the Commercial Farmers' Bureau.Even real socialist countries have to find and use foreign exchange.– Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister, replying to a question in the National Assembly, August 1986.Zambia's cardinal mistake was to subsidise consumption for a long time, thereby delaying diversification.– Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia, May 1986.The economic reform programme has begun to succeed: devaluation has stimulated exports.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1936, Opening the 21st U.N.I.P. National Council Meeting.It was not socialist principles which ruined the Zambian economy, but unfavourable economic terms which the North has imposed on the South…I have no power…we agreed to the IMF reform programme much against out better judgement.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1986, interviewed by Swedish, West German, and Cuban journalists.

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Anwar, Tilat. "Structural Adjustment and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.911-926.

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Despite the external shocks in the 1980s, the economy continued to grow at a respectable rate. However, increasing internal and external imbalances caused an economic crisis in 1988 and lead to an implementation of a medium term structural adjustment programme within the framework of the IMF and the World Bank. Neither theory nor existing evidence gives a conclusive verdict about the effects of adjustment policies on poverty. Hence, the paper examines the actual changes in absolute poverty during the period of adjustment. The actual changes in the distribution have been examined from two comparable household income and expenditure surveys (HIES) for 1987-88 and 1990-91, spanning the period of adjustment. Evidence suggests that the stylised facts of structural adjustment policies are consistent with actual changes in the absolute poverty. The first order stochastic dominance test suggests that not only the absolute poverty incidence but also the intensity and severity of poverty increased significantly by all poverty lines and poverty measures over the period of adjustment. Structural adjustment created new poor in urban areas amongst the low income groups (mainly Clerical and Sales workers) whose real wages were eroded over the period. Poverty also increased unambiguously among self-employed (smallholders in the informal sector) and unemployed who seems to have been affected adversely by the overall economic contraction. Though, the government has the priority to achieve the fiscal balance, it should seek to ameliorate the most distressing cost arising in the short run. Excessive reliance on demand management in scale or speed is counter-productive for adjustment. Adjustment strategies need to account for the trade-off between shortterm gains and long-term benefits foregone.

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Bassett, Mary Travis, Leon Bijlmakers, and David M. Sanders. "Professionalism, patient satisfaction and quality of health care: Experience during Zimbabwe's structural adjustment programme." Social Science & Medicine 45, no. 12 (December 1997): 1845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00122-6.

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Kawamura, Yusuke. "Structural adjustment and social protection in the Middle East and North Africa: food subsidies in Jordan." Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.976405.

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Jordan has been praised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) as a successful case of social protection reform. While implementing a structural adjustment programme (SAP), Jordan accepted the WB's policy assistance and successfully eliminated food subsidies, which the IMF/WB have repeatedly criticized for their inefficiency as a poverty alleviation programme. Nevertheless, even while officially suspending food subsidies, the Jordanian government still continued to fund them. Moreover, it officially reinstituted the subsidies in 2005. This fact demonstrates that the policy assistance is not powerful enough to change the food subsidy system, which is in-built in the social contract in Jordan.

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Owusu, J. Henry. "Determinants of export-oriented industrial output in Ghana: the case of formal wood processing in an era of economic recovery." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003524.

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Like many other Sub-Saharan African countries, Ghana implemented an orthodox Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), to resuscitate its ailing economy, in the early 1980s. Subsequently, there has been a dramatic expansion in the production and export of processed wood. Based on an empirical study of Ghana's formal wood processing industry, this paper discusses the various determinants that have combined to boost the export-oriented output in the industry, particularly in the first decade of the programme, and assesses the extent to which the SAP-based policy actions account for the change. The study concludes that adjustment played a major role in the change, and suggests that even though SAP supporters and critics disagree on the nature, dynamics and effects of the programme, government measures under the programme are an indicator of what real commitment on the part of African governments can do to engender production expansion in comparable African manufacturing industries.

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Bawumia, Mahamudu. "Understanding the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. A closer look at the distributional impact of Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme." Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1998): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002632.

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This article attempts to explain the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. In this election, rural voters voted overwhelmingly for the incumbent and urban voters did the opposite. It is argued that Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme (1983–92) was distributionally favourable to rural households and unfavourable to urban households. A link is therefore drawn between the distributional impacts of the Structural Adjustment Programme and the voting patterns of rural and urban households.The relationship between the state of the economy and the fortunes of political parties at the polls is one which has generated a lot of debate. This debate has largely taken place within the confines of Western democracies, not least because of the absence of Western-style democracy in many developing countries. We are, however, seeing a movement towards ‘democracy’ in many developing countries, with pressures for economic liberalisation going hand in glove with those for political liberalisation. The increasing democratisation by many African countries undertaking Structural Adjustment Programmes provides us with an opportunity to investigate the relationships between the welfare implications of these programmes and the voting behaviour of the electorate. Is voting behaviour in Africa any different from that in Western democracies?

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Isah, Abubakar D., Tareef Hayat Khan, and Abdullah Sani Bn Ahmad. "Exploring Socio-Economic Design Implications of Public Housing Transformation; The Nigerian Experience." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.211.

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Occupancy and funding are crucial attributes of culture in predicting public housing transformation in Nigeria. The study investigates the implication of occupancy and funding as salient socio-economic factors of housing transformation. Questionnaire survey method was used to assess users’ experience which was analysed using statistical analysis with structural equation model (SEM). The result indicated a good model fit of occupancy and funding as socio-economic predictors that motivates residents’ housing adjustment decisions. Thus, the study recommends that socio-economic indices of occupancy and ease of funding future public housing adjustments can be considered by developers at the design stage.

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Suehara, Tatsurou. "Hideyuki Tsujimura, Rural Cooperatives in Southern Africa: Roles and Development Strategies under the Structural Adjustment Programme." Journal of Rural Problems 35, no. 2 (1999): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7310/arfe1965.35.99.

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Iqbal, Zafar, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Income Distribution in Pakistan A SAM-based Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.377-397.

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Domestic poverty and income distribution are closely related to the state of the economy, which is linked with internal and external economic policies. Since 1988, under the rubric of structural adjustment programme (SAP), Pakistan has made use of fiscal, monetary and trade policies to correct her macro economic imbalances. It is hard to substantiate with proof that these programmes protect the poor. A number of studies have found that income distribution has been getting worse during the adjustment period in Pakistan.1 For example, Kemal (1994); Jaffery and Khattak (1995) and Anwar (1996) found that SAP accompanied with rising income inequality and poverty in Pakistan. But these studies are restricted as they did not employ an adequate methodology to assess the impact of structural adjustment reforms on income distribution.2 This paper, however, uses a simple static fixed-price SAM-based framework to analyse distributional outcome of incomes for rural and urban households. This methodology is useful because social accounting matrix (SAM) represents the whole economy and it does not need a large data set.

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Ravenhill, John. "Adjustment with Growth: a Fragile Consensus." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010430.

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Six years of intense debate have produced a measure of agreement on a solution for Africa's malaise. This is captured by the latest catchphrase of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, ‘Adjustment with Growth’, which implicitly acknowledge past errors by African governments – or, minimally, that a continuation of previous policies is no longer tenable in a changed external environment. An emphasis on ‘growth’ recognises that ‘adjustment’ must encompass more than ‘stabilisation’, that the continent needs additional externally-provided financial resources on concessional terms if import strangulation is not to exacerbate the downward economic spiral in which many countries are currently trapped. This fragile consensus is facing its first serious practical test as the World Bank attempts to extend its Structural Adjustment Lending programme in Africa. Clearly, significant differences remain between the attitudes of African governments and external donors, and within the academic community, on the sources of the continent's problems and on the policy measures that are needed to counteract them.

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SAWERS, LARRY, and RAQUEL MASSACANE. "Structural Reform and Industrial Promotion in Argentina." Journal of Latin American Studies 33, no. 1 (February 2001): 101–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00005897.

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This article is a case study that shows the difficulty and complexity of structural adjustment by examining in great detail the reform of a single programme, the promotion of industrial investment in the less developed regions of Argentina. The article describes how the programme grew after 1956 when industrial promotion was first implemented so the reader can fully understand its intricate complexity. The reform process is described in detail, from the time that officials first became aware that the program was costing several percent of GDP to the present. Changing the system was an elaborate process of thrust and parry and counterthrust by government reformers and entrenched supporters of the old regime. The Congress, the Supreme Court, provincial officials and various international institutions were all able to exert considerable influence over the pace and nature of reform. The reform effort also illustrates the role of a free press and public opinion. A cadre of economists working within the government and in private research institutes carried out an effective campaign to inform the public about the programme's excesses. The end result is a precarious and far from simple or transparent, though decidedly less expensive, set of compromises that pleases no one.

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Post, Jerry, and Albert Kagan. "Evaluating Uses Of Information Technology In Health Care Administration." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v14i2.5710.

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<span>This paper examines the distributional properties of stock returns in the Nigerian stock market. Because emerging stock markets present several institutional, political and economic barriers, we hypothesize that the structural adjustment program begun in 1986 resulted in a sustained increase in the variability of stock returns. Conventional variance homogeneity tests could not reject the hypothesis of changing volatility in the security returns process. However, the Lagrange multiplier test reveals the presence of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) effect in the stock returns.</span>

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Ayadi, O. Felix, Lloyd P. Blenman, and C. Pat Obi. "Stock Return Characteristics In A Thin Incipient Stock Market." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 14, no. 3 (August 31, 2011): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v14i3.5709.

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<span>This paper examines the distributional properties of stock returns in the Nigerian stock market. Because emerging stock markets present several institutional, political and economic barriers, we hypothesize that the structural adjustment program begun in 1986 resulted in a sustained increase in the variability of stock returns. Conventional variance homogeneity tests could not reject the hypothesis of changing volatility in the security returns process. However, the Lagrange multiplier test reveals the presence of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) effect in the stock returns.</span>

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Mbithe, Dr Pauline, Dr Prof Germano Mwabu, and Mr Maurice Awiti. "IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS ON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR GROWTH IN KENYA." Journal of Agricultural Policy 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jap.122.

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Purpose: The study was an examination of the impact of structural adjustment programs on agricultural growth in Kenya.Methodology: The study examined the short run and long run determinants of agricultural sector performance in Kenya. To achieve this, the study use time series regression modeling for data spanning from 1975 to 2010. Tests of normality, unit roots test and cointergration test was applied to determine the properties of the data. Upon proof of cointergration, an error correction model was estimated to link the short run and the long run relationships.Results: The results indicated that structural adjustment programme (SAPs) had a negative and significant long run effect on per capita agriculture GDP. The study concluded that Post Election Violence had a negative and significant long run effect on the per capital agriculture GDP. The study also concluded that the lagged per capital agricultural performance had a positive and significant effect on the per capita agricultural performance. The results also led to the conclusion that the long run per capita agricultural growth may be linked to the short run growth by an error correction term of -0.242583 which indicates that 0.242% of the disequilibria in short run per capita agricultural sector GDP achieved in one period are corrected in the subsequent period. The results also led to the conclusion that weather indicators (temperature and precipitation), and per capita infrastructure did not have a significant effect on the short run and long run per capita Agricultural GDP.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that some harmful policies need to be eliminated such as the removal of subsidies. Other policy recommendations are to enhance the adaptation of privatized agricultural institutions; encouragement of value addition in primary agricultural products; non price mechanisms such as infrastructure should be encouraged especially in the rural areas; and enhancement of the political stability of the country especially during electioneering years.

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Bengali, Kaiser, and Qazi Masood Ahmed. "Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.453-466.

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Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In this paper we mainly examine the fiscal and monetary policy package since 1988 when the Pakistan committed to a set of conditionalities under the Structural Adjustment Programme of the IMF. The fundamental question that has risen was the relative efficacy of stabilisation oriented versus growth oriented policies on development and welfare. Admittedly, stabilisation and growth are not mutually exclusive and any policy package has to incorporate both the elements. However, the manner in which the policy has been implemented in Pakistan has tended to pursue stabilisation at the expense of growth.

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Baillot, Hélène. "A Well-Adjusted Debt: How the International Anti-Debt Movement Failed to Delink Debt Relief and Structural Adjustment." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 9, 2021): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000146.

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AbstractThis article analyses the process by which the issues of debt and structural adjustment were redefined by a plurality of actors, from institutional experts to activists, during the 1980s and 1990s. Although it mainly focuses on the 1990s, when the Jubilee 2000 campaign emerged, blossomed, and died, it takes into account the institutional mobilization preceding it. It then points to the need to think about the dynamics of competition and the division of labour among international players. While the leading Jubilee 2000 coalition in the Global North opposed debt on economic and religious grounds, African anti-structural adjustment programme (SAP) activists who joined the Jubilee Afrika campaign promoted an alternative framework: according to them, debt was not just economically “unsustainable”; it was first and foremost “illegitimate”, as were any conditions attached to its reduction, beginning with the implementation of SAPs. The story of the anti-debt campaign is the story of their failure.

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Akhtar, Naeem. "C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.300-303.

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The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.

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Drafor, Ivy, Glen Filson, and Ellen W. Goddard. "Cereal producers and the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in Ghana: A welfare analysis of the first decade of SAP." Development Southern Africa 17, no. 4 (October 2000): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350050173895.

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Rao, Mohan. "The Writing on the Wall Structural Adjustment Programme and the World Development Report 1993: Implications for Family Planning in India." Social Scientist 22, no. 9/12 (September 1994): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517914.

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Appiah-Kubi, Kojo. "State-owned enterprises and privatisation in Ghana." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 2 (June 2001): 197–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003597.

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Between 1987 and 1999, Ghana's privatisation programme generated revenues for the government equivalent to about 14 per cent of GDP from a moribund public sector which had previously been dependent on state subventions, and thus succeeded in fulfilling a key role in easing the fiscal crisis and in fostering the Structural Adjustment Programme. The big question remained, however, whether the privatisation process would help the growth of Ghana's economy and help maximise political gains. This article reviews the experience of Ghana in privatising public enterprises, and assesses the impact of the ongoing privatisation programme on the Ghanaian economy. It suggests that, in spite of the high proceeds, the net direct revenues from privatisation have been relatively modest, due to the high outstanding credit sales, the high costs of divestiture and high outstanding liabilities of privatised firms. It also appears that the programme has placed too much emphasis on public finance rationalisation and faith in the market system, and too little on sociopolitical and regulatory issues. Equally, the inadequate attention given to post-privatisation regulation of privatised businesses, and the use of the divestiture programme as a political patronage instrument to reward the regime's friends and political insiders, has conferred limited success for privatisation in achieving its goal of enhancing efficiency, private sector investment and employment.

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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Democracy and Adjustment in Niger: A Conflict of Rationales." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 12, 2021): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000183.

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AbstractIn the early 1990s, Niger saw growing anger towards the military regime in power, not only because of police violence, but also due to its economic and social policies, particularly its first structural adjustment programme. After several months of revolts, the regime fell, giving way to a democratic government in 1991. Under pressure from international financial institutions, the new government quickly embarked on the same economic and social path as the previous one and adopted an adjustment policy, resistance to which had played a fundamental role in its accession to power. The government faced increasing street protests, and was overthrown by the army in January 1996, with most of the population not mobilizing to protect the democratic institutions. This article examines the conflicts of rationales that marked these few years, and shows how, by whom, and to what extent these rationales were opposed in practical terms. It also offers a social history of the adjustments by looking at how they were received by the people. By so doing, it looks back at a moment that has profoundly marked Niger's recent history: in this country, as in others, the adjustments have reconfigured rivalries, produced violence, and left an indelible mark on the political imaginary up to the present day.

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Bhatt, Ela R. "Economic Reforms and the People Sector." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919980109.

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In recent years⁄ there has been considerable discussion in India on Structural Adjustment Programme and its impact on the economy. However⁄ the moot question is whether restructuring efforts have benefited the ‘people sector’ that includes the workers who are informal⁄ unorganized, and selfemployed. Based on years of experience with SEWA, Ela Bhatt argues that most economic policies including the recent economic reforms have largely benefited the large corporate bodies and have completely ignored the poor and the women. According to her⁄ it is possible to benefit from the reforms if the focus of economic reforms is shifted to the micro level.

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Mmieh, Frederick, Nana Owusu-Frimpong, and Chima Mordi. "Evaluating the contribution of the export sector to real GDP growth rate under structural adjustment programme (SAP): The case of Ghana." Thunderbird International Business Review 54, no. 4 (June 22, 2012): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.21479.

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Irfan, Muhammad. "Poverty in South Asia." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 1141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.1141-1151.

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In this paper, an attempt is made to document and analyse the poverty situation in South Asia. Available data on poverty levels and trends are discussed in the first section. Major focus of the paper is to examine the progress made during the decade of 1990s. During this decade, it may be noted that all the countries of the region were implementing some variant of structural adjustment and stabilisation programme. Performance of the national economies discussed briefly in the second section of the paper provides some clues regarding the possible effects of the reforms on poverty reduction. The safety-networks and targeting issues to improve their cost effectiveness are discussed in the final section.

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Amonya, Fred. "Post-COVID world: The controls of moulding states." Corporate Law and Governance Review 2, no. 2 (2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/clgrv2i2p4.

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Crises force us to stop and think. And COVID-19 should. This paper examines the prospect of deep reform of national planning in the young post-colonial states (the moulding states). The paper is a contrasted case study of Kenya and Uganda. The attempt at generalisation across moulding states draws on a shared history of state formation. Two trunks define that history – post-independence conflicts and structural adjustment programme (SAP). A contrast between the two countries teases out a tension, which tension the paper uses to illuminate the two policy spaces. The analytical frame draws on control theory. The paper argues that neither country is likely to see structural reform of their national planning. Yet, the epistemological thrust of the paper is not that deduction but questions arising along with the scrutiny of the policy spaces. Those questions should provoke Africa and more broadly, the emerging economies

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Jacob, Aristotle, and Wakama Ateduobie. "SOCIAL CHANGE, CRIMINALITY AND COVID-19: THE NIGERIAN CASE STUDY." International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development 6, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v6.i1.02.

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This study examine how covid-19 has induced social changes and criminality in Nigeria as a result of economic lockdown, restriction on inter-state movement, closure of international borders, restriction of religious worship, restrictions on all forms of marital rites, ban on all burial and funeral activities, suspension of all educational activities, and social interactions replaced by social distancing. Due to this alteration of the normal human life, and since survival is key, hence the issue of criminality. This paper examined cases of criminality in the country during lockdown, government interventions to mitigate the increase in criminality as a result of the pandemic, implication of covid-19 on fashion, determinant, forms and resistance to social change. The paper is qualitative in nature and relied principally on secondary data to achieved the scope of the study, these includes publications sourced from text books, bulletins, journals, government documents, newspapers and internet. The conflict and conspiracy theory of social change was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. The findings in this study showed that the government with the aim to mitigate the spread of the pandemic in the country restricted the movement of its citizens with compulsory sit-at-home, thus affecting the normal life of its citizens, government intervention at the federal, state and local level is grossly inadequate to cushion the effect of the epidemic on the vulnerable citizens of the country, several structural factors helped triggered Nigeria’s current economic crises such as poor public health infrastructure, institutional corruption, weak and underdeveloped digital economy, lack of social welfare programme, leadership problem, over-dependent on oil sector of the economy, lack of saving culture and, high debt profile of Nigeria. The paper recommends that government should create an enabling environment to increase the standard of living of its citizens as poverty fuels criminality, the government should not politicalize the distribution of relief materials to victims in the face of emergencies, since the protection of the welfare and well-being of the people is the reason for governance, need for good governance and the rule of law, and government should improve capacity-building strategies for adequate security of life and property in Nigeria.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nigerian Structural Adjustment Programme'

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